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Journal articles on the topic 'Diarrhea – therapy'

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Published: 30 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Ismail, Rudi, Achiriul Bakri, Mohammad Nazir, and Ryanto Haridawati. "Antibiotic Therapy for Invasive Bacterial Diarrhea." Paediatrica Indonesiana 34, no. 1-2 (November 1, 2018): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi34.1-2.1994.26-37.

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To evaluate the effectiveness of the standard practice of antibiotic prescribing in diarrheal diseases (DD) at Palembang General Hospital, we performed this single blind clinical trial. Subjects were children with DD, without E. histolytica.. or G. Iamblia in their stool, 6 to 59 months of age, seen at the OPD from May 20, 1991 until March 31, 1992. Antibiotic treatment (AT) was given to the treated group (n=289), and was withheld from the control group (n=298). The effectiveness of antibiotic treatment was measured by rate of reconsultation, need for subsequent AT, duration of diarrhea, vomiting, and fever as measured by home visitors. The treated group has a significantly shorter duration of diarrhea and a significant difference in the need for additional AT. Subjects whose diarrhea persist more than 7 days were significant statistically only in bloody diarrhea and in subjects whose fecal leukocytes were more than 9 per high power field. Profuse diarrhea and mother's anxiety were the main reasons for further consultation, which were strikingly greater in control than in treated group. Mothers seeked reconsultation 12.5 times more often for bloody diarrhea and 19.5 times for mucoid diarrhea plus fever. This study reconfirmed that AT in DD shortens the duration of diarrhea, diminishes the rate of reconsultation, and need for subsequent antibiotics in bloody and mucoid diarrhea.

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Suardiana, I. Kadek, and A. A. Gede Rai Yadnya Putra. "REVIEW OF SOME TRADITIONAL HERBALS INCLUDED IN USADA TENUNG TANYA LARA AS DIARRHEA THERAPY AGENTS." Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Application 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jpsa.2020.v02.i02.p01.

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Background: Diarrhea is one of the most extraordinary diseases in the world, with a number of 2.195 children die every day, and 801.000 children die from diarrhea every year. Diarrhea therapy has actually been conducted by society, but the use of synthetic drugs is limited for diarrhea cases since it will trigger undesirable effects, such as abdominal pain and resistance to pathogenic bacteria. Bali, with its unique culture, has Usada Tenung Tanya Lara, which contains procedures for treating diarrhea using plants. Objective: This work aimed to review traditional medicine, which is written in Usada Tenung Tanya Lara, that has been intensified nowadays and can be an alternative in the treatment of diarrhea. Methods: This article review using a primary data source and secondary data sources. Result: Some of the plants that have been collected have anti-diarrheal activity in the usada Tenung Tanya Lara are turmeric (Curcuma longa), banana (Musa paradisiaca) and ancak (Ficus religiosa). These three plants mostly have anti-diarrheal activity by inhibiting and killing pathogenic bacteria that cause diarrhea, such as Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio cholerae. Aside from being antibacterial, all three plants also have several mechanisms to cure diarrhea. Conclusion: It was revealed that turmeric, banana, and ancak leaf could act as agents of diarrhea therapy with their respective mechanisms of actions. Keywords: Diarrhea, Usada Tenung Tanya Lara, Curcuma longa, Musa paradisiaca, Ficus religiosa.

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Santos-Ocampo, Perla D., Alicia O. Caspellan, Ninofar Z. Porras, Maridel Borja, Carmelita Belmonte-Cuyugan, and Celerino Bernas. "Diarrhoeal Disorders in the Philippines." Paediatrica Indonesiana 18, no. 11-12 (June 13, 2017): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi18.11-12.1978.299-318.

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Lactose malabsorption exists in almost half of Filipinos, however, diarrhea due to lactose malabsorption found in association with diarrheas is very commonly encountered. This paper mentions solutions to the problem of diarrheal disorders, including early and accurate diagnosis and management. Specific management stresses both oral and intravenous rehydration, dietary management, correction of protein-energy malnutrition and antibiotic therapy, as necessary.

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Shakhmardanov, Murad Z., and V. V. Nikiforov. "ETIOTROPIC THERAPY OF INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) 23, no. 6 (December 15, 2018): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9529-2018-23-6-301-307.

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The issues of etiotropic therapy of infectious diarrhea require a differentiated approach not only depending on the etiological factor, but also on the type of diarrhea caused by the location of the pathological process. Infectious diarrhea occur in the form of three main types: secretory, osmotic, inflammatory (invasive). Secretory and osmotic type of diarrhea are found in infectious gastroenteritis. In the mechanisms of elimination of infectious gastroenteritis pathogens, the following factors play a leading role: the destructive effect on pathogens in the lumen of the small intestine of trypsin, chemotrypsin and acid duodenal content entering the small intestine; the «killer» action of interepithelial large granular lymphocytes (M-cells) on pathogens; the increase in resistance of the small intestine epithelium under the influence of M-cell cytokines; the difficulty of intercellular distribution of pathogens due to faster than in the gut, small intestine epithelial cell renewal; microbial antagonism of representatives of normal intestinal microflora. The appointment of etiotropic agents in cases of infectious gastroenteritis, at least, suppresses the manifestations of microbial antagonism on the part of representatives of the normal intestinal microflora, creating prerequisites for the delay of the pathogen in the body. The inflammatory type of diarrhoea occurs when invasion of pathogens to the mucosal lining of the colon, with subsequent development of the destructive changes and the possibility of further translocation. Obstacles to adhesion, penetration and intercellular spread of invasive pathogens in the colon mucosa is much less than in the small intestine. Pathogens of the same genera, species and serological variants (e.g. Salmonella, Campylobacter) can cause both secretory and invasive types of diarrhea. However, the appointment of antibacterial therapy will depend on the location of the pathological process. When gastroenteritis etiotropic therapy in most cases is impractical. In the presence of clinical manifestations of colitis, involving the implementation of invasive properties of the causative agent, the appointment of etiotropic treatment is justified.

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Shakhmardanov, Murad Z., and V. V. Nikiforov. "ETIOTROPIC THERAPY OF INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) 23, no. 6 (December 15, 2018): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9529-2019-23-6-301-307.

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The issues of etiotropic therapy of infectious diarrhea require a differentiated approach not only depending on the etiological factor, but also on the type of diarrhea caused by the location of the pathological process. Infectious diarrhea occur in the form of three main types: secretory, osmotic, inflammatory (invasive). Secretory and osmotic type of diarrhea are found in infectious gastroenteritis. In the mechanisms of elimination of infectious gastroenteritis pathogens, the following factors play a leading role: the destructive effect on pathogens in the lumen of the small intestine of trypsin, chemotrypsin and acid duodenal content entering the small intestine; the «killer» action of interepithelial large granular lymphocytes (M-cells) on pathogens; the increase in resistance of the small intestine epithelium under the influence of M-cell cytokines; the difficulty of intercellular distribution of pathogens due to faster than in the gut, small intestine epithelial cell renewal; microbial antagonism of representatives of normal intestinal microflora. The appointment of etiotropic agents in cases of infectious gastroenteritis, at least, suppresses the manifestations of microbial antagonism on the part of representatives of the normal intestinal microflora, creating prerequisites for the delay of the pathogen in the body. The inflammatory type of diarrhoea occurs when invasion of pathogens to the mucosal lining of the colon, with subsequent development of the destructive changes and the possibility of further translocation. Obstacles to adhesion, penetration and intercellular spread of invasive pathogens in the colon mucosa is much less than in the small intestine. Pathogens of the same genera, species and serological variants (e.g. Salmonella, Campylobacter) can cause both secretory and invasive types of diarrhea. However, the appointment of antibacterial therapy will depend on the location of the pathological process. When gastroenteritis etiotropic therapy in most cases is impractical. In the presence of clinical manifestations of colitis, involving the implementation of invasive properties of the causative agent, the appointment of etiotropic treatment is justified.

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6

Ford, Edward G., L. Michelle Jennings, and Richard J. Andrassy. "Therapy for intractable diarrhea." Journal of Pediatrics 110, no. 5 (May 1987): 815–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(87)80033-1.

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7

Okunribido, Osibamke O., William R. Brieger, O. O. Omotade, and A. A. Adeyemo. "Cultural Perceptions of Diarrhea and Illness Management Choices among Yoruba Mothers in Oyo State, Nigeria." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 17, no. 3 (October 1997): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/w07w-b4fx-tex7-wc3k.

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Home management of childhood illness is a norm throughout most of the world. Decisions about treatment are influenced by cultural perceptions of the illness, and diarrheal illnesses are no exception. A group of 473 mothers and their pre-school age children in rural communities outside Ibadan metropolis in Nigeria were followed over a two-month period. Data were collected on actual diarrhea illness episodes: mothers' names for these illnesses were recorded, and reported treatment actions were noted. Six major ethno-medical diarrheal illnesses were identified and were grouped broadly into watery diarrheas and dysentery-like diarrheas. Although few (40%) women used home-made sugar-salt solution (SSS) in case management, those who labeled their child's illness as a watery diarrhea were more likely to use SSS. Modern and herbal medicines were commonly and equally applied to both groups of diarrheal illnesses. While very few mothers reported decreased fluid intake by their children, many said the child had reduced appetite, especially if the child had a watery diarrhea. The findings indicate that twelve years after the national Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) Program was launched, few mothers practice the recommended actions of giving SSS, increasing food intake and avoiding drugs. Lack of attention to studies that describe the cultural basis for mothers' decisions could be part of the reason why the ORT has not been more successful.

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Chauhan, Aman, Reema Anil Patel, Laura Luque, Holly Chitwood, Fariha Siddiqui, Zachary Tarter, Katherine Mitchell, James Cloud, Rachel C. Miller, and Lowell Brian Anthony. "Amino acid mixture (enterade) as a new approach to reducing cancer therapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity: A retrospective study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e24107-e24107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e24107.

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e24107 Background: Gastrointestinal toxicity is a common side effect of cancer therapy. Pre-clinical studies using a proprietary mixture of amino acids, demonstrated a reduction in mucositis and gastrointestinal toxicity following irradiation via tightening of the mucosal barrier, increasing proliferation of crypt cells, increasing villous height and increasing absorption of fluid, electrolytes and nutrients. A novel 5-amino acid mixture “enterade” was previously evaluated in a Phase II clinical trial for anti-diarrheal effects in post bone marrow transplant patients at Dana Farber Cancer Institute (NCT02919670). Signs of anti-diarrheal efficacy were found in treatment-compliant patients.Enterade is currently being tested in two prospective Phase II studies (NCT03722511 and NCT04073017) in neuroendocrine tumor patients with quality of life limiting diarrhea. We conducted a pilot study to evaluate early antidiarrheal signals in oncologic treatment-induced diarrhea. Methods: An IRB-approved retrospective chart review was conducted at Markey Cancer Center between Sept 2019 and Dec 2019. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for all solid tumor patients who received enterade for chemotherapy or immunotherapy-induced diarrhea. Patients were instructed to consume one 8-oz bottle of enterade twice a day for at least one week in addition to standard of care antidiarrheal medications. Results: A total of 46 patients were offered enterade. Antidiarrheal efficacy data was available on 17 patients. 11 were female and the mean age of the cohort was 64 years. Six out of 17 patients had a previous history of bowel resection. Four patients had immune checkpoint induced colitis. Three patients developed diarrhea from TKI use and rest were on cytotoxic chemotherapy at the time of the diarrheal episode. Eighty-eight percent (15/17) of patients reported a reduction in diarrhea frequency after consuming enterade. On average, patients noticed an improvement in diarrhea frequency after 3.6 days of enterade consumption, with 86% (13/15) of responders reporting at least 50% reduction in diarrhea frequency. Conclusions: Patient-reported diarrheal improvement after enterade consumption is consistent with pre-clinical data. Results suggest the amino acid mixture may alleviate symptoms of cancer therapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity (i.e. diarrhea). A prospective clinical trial is warranted to substantiate the observed improvement in chemotherapy and immunotherapy induced diarrhea.

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Fanny, Kesatrianita Mawarni, Wahyu Damayanti, and Mohammad Juffrie. "Effect of adding tyndallized probiotics to the World Health Organization standard therapy for acute diarrhea in children." Paediatrica Indonesiana 52, no. 2 (April 30, 2012): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi52.2.2012.91-94.

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Background Diarrhea is the major cause of morbidity and mortalityin children. Probiotics can decrease the frequency and durationof diarrhea. There are two types of probiotics, live and tyndallized.Tyndallized probiotics have been stetilized, so they are unable to produceactive metabolites, but may have an effect on human immunity.Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of supplementing WHOstandard therapy with tyndallized probiotics in children withacute, watery diarrhea.Methods We performed a randomized, single-blind, controlledtrial in children aged 3-60 months who were diagnosed with acute,watery diarrhea at Gunungsitoh General Hospital, Nias, NorthSumatera. Subjects were collected by consecutive sampling byway of parent interviews.Results One hundred subjects with acute, watery diarrhea weredivided into 2 groups of 50. One group was treated with onlyWHO standard therapy for acute, watery diarrhea. The othergroup was treated by WHO standard therapy with the additionof tyndallized probiotics. There were no significant differences inbasic characteristics between the two groups. Diarrheal durationfor the group receiving WHO standard therapy only was 3.95 ±1.3 days, while that of the group receiving both WHO standardtherapy and tyndallized probiotics was 4.6 ± 2.3 days (P > 0.05).Diarrheal frequency on the fifth day in the WHO standard therapygroup was 1.90 ± 0.99 times per day, while that of the tyndalhzedprobiotic group was 1.56 ± 0.67 times per day (P > 0.05).Conclusion There were no significant differences between WHOstandard therapy alone and WHO standard therapy with the additionof tyndallized probiotics for decreasing the duration and frequency ofdiarrhea in children. [Paediatr lndones. 2012;52:91-4].

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Saad Mohmed, Eiman Ahmed, and Mohammed AbdallaIbrahim Abdalla. "Awareness and Knowledge of Mothers Regarding Home Management of Diarrheal Disease for Children Less Than Five." International Journal of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, no. 73 (July 11, 2021): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ijhms.73.58.62.

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Background: Diarrhea is the major cause of morbidity and mortality among children less than 5 years of age. Adequate rehydration therapy is the most important aspect of management. Home-based Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) prevents morbidity and mortality. In this study, our objective was to assess the awareness and knowledge of mothers regarding home management of the diarrheal disease for children less than five years in Gaffer Ibnauf specialized children’s hospital. Methods: This study was descriptive cross-sectional in gaffer ibnauf specialized children hospital. A questionnaire was provided to all the mothers admitted by children under five. in gastroenteritis word. Results: A total of 50 mothers60% of mothers have an aware understanding of the term childhood diarrhea. 52% of mothers were aware of signs of diarrhea. 48.0% of mothers aware of the severe symptoms noticed in children with diarrhea. 40.0% of mothers identify the mode of diarrhea spread, and more than halve the mothers had poor knowledge. 52.0% of mothers are aware of the danger of diarrhea. 42.0% of respondents were aware that dehydration is associated with acute loss of water and salt from the body. 52.0% of responders had good knowledge about the management of diarrhea. 64.0% of the respondents were aware of the composition of oral rehydration therapy. 48.0% of the respondents had knowledge of how to avoid some diets (like fat and fiber) in order to prevent diarrhea. Conclusions:- The study concluded that mothers had good knowledge about definition, signs, symptoms, main danger of diarrhea, the composition of ORT, importance of fluid and breastfeed continuation, and they had poor knowledge about the diet control types of diarrheal diseases and mode of its transmission.

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Sukawaty, Yullia, Rusdiati Helmidanora, and Fitri Handayani. "Profil Peresepan Obat Peyakit Diare pada Pasien Rawat Inap Anak di RSU Dr. Kanujoso Djatiwibowo Balikpapan." Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan 5, no. 2 (February 27, 2018): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30650/jik.v5i2.63.

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Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of death especially in children. Approximately 10% of cases of diarrhea in children under five years old (toddlers) worldwide are bloody diarrhea or dysentery.The purpose of this study was to determine profile of the diarrhea prescribing of children inpatients at hospital Dr. Kanudjoso Djatiwibowo Balikpapan period October to December 2015.This research was conducted by non experimental retrospectively method with purposive sampling and analyzed descriptively using microsoft excel.Profile of the diarrhea prescribing of children inpatients at hospital Dr. Kanudjoso Djatiwibowo Balikpapan encompasses the use of the single most antibiotic ceftriaxone 24%, the most commonly used combination antibiotic, ampicillin combination with chloramphenicol 12%, rehydration therapy widely used lactate ringer 38%, supplement therapy widely used zinc 90%.Prescribing medication for diarrheal disease of inpatients at hospital Dr. Kanudjoso Djatiwibowo Balikapapan has been in accordance with the procedure of diarrhea treatment of Ministry of Health RI (MOH RI 2011) five steps to solve diarrhea.

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Ruddock, Brent. "Antibiotic Therapy for Travellers' Diarrhea." Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada 137, no. 1 (February 2004): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/171516350413700103.

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Brown, Joel D. "Oral Rehydration Therapy for Diarrhea." Military Medicine 150, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/150.11.577.

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Ericsson, Charles D., Herbert L. DuPont, and Philip C. Johnson. "Nonantibiotic Therapy for Travelers' Diarrhea." Clinical Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_2 (May 1, 1986): S202—S206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/8.supplement_2.s202.

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Levine, Myron M. "Antimicrobial Therapy for Infectious Diarrhea." Clinical Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_2 (May 1, 1986): S207—S216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/8.supplement_2.s207.

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DuPont, Herbert L., Charles D. Ericsson, Randall R. Reves, and Emma Galindo. "Antimicrobial Therapy for Travelers' Diarrhea." Clinical Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_2 (May 1, 1986): S217—S222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/8.supplement_2.s217.

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17

Desforges, Jane F., Mary Ellen Avery, and John D. Snyder. "Oral Therapy for Acute Diarrhea." New England Journal of Medicine 323, no. 13 (September 27, 1990): 891–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199009273231307.

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Snyder, John D., A. Majid Molla, and Richard A. Cash. "Home-Based Therapy for Diarrhea." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 11, no. 4 (November 1990): 438–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-199011000-00003.

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Bhandari, Nita, M. K. Bhan, and Shinjini Bhatnagar. "Fluid therapy in acute diarrhea." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 58, no. 6 (November 1991): 733–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02825429.

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Chirla, Suman, and Satish Datla. "Efficacy of zinc therapy in acute diarrhea in children." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, no. 6 (October 22, 2018): 2228. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20184285.

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Background: Diarrhoea is a major public health problem in developing countries. An estimate of 1.5 billion episodes of diarrhoea occurs each year and 3 million children under the age of 5 years die due to diarrhoea. Its effect is particularly devastating on children below 2 years of age, with eighty percent (80%) of deaths due to diarrhoea occurring during the first 2 years of life. Diarrhoeal diseases constitute 18% of under five deaths in Asia-Pacific countries.Methods: The present study was carried out in Anil Neerukonda hospital, Visakhapatnam from July’2015 to July’2017 over a period of 2 years. A detailed clinical study of 100 children between the age group of 6 months to 5 years with acute diorrhea was done. Zinc was given to 50% of cases and was not given to the rest of 50%. Duration of hospital stay (in days) and duration of diarrhoeal episodes (in days) were compared in both the groups.Results: Incidence of acute gastroenteritis was maximum below 2 years of age (77%). Patients administered with Zinc had significantly less duration of hospital stay 3.35 days vs. 5.34 days (in patients who were not administered zinc) with t=8.170 and a strongly significant p<0.001.Conclusions: Incidence of acute gastroenteritis is maximum below 2 years of age. Patients in zinc group had significantly less duration of hospital stay and less proportion diarrhoeal episodes on follow up compared to the non-zinc group.

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Jo, Hoon Gil, and Yong Sung Kim. "Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy-associated Diarrhea." Korean Journal of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research 21, no. 3 (September 10, 2021): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7704/kjhugr.2021.0037.

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Eradication of Helicobacter pylori has contributed to the treatment of peptic ulcers and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Moreover, it has possibly decreased the prevalence of gastric cancer. However, eradication therapy is associated with various adverse effects, of which diarrhea is the most common. The incidence of diarrhea after eradication treatment varies from 8% to 48%. In particular, the incidence is higher in patients who receive first-line standard triple therapy compared with those who receive second-line therapy. Both antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors, components of eradication therapy, have short-term and long-term impacts on gut microbiota. The alterations of gut microbiota may not recover until 1 year after eradication therapy. Most cases of diarrhea that occur after eradication therapy are antibiotic-associated diarrhea caused by the destruction of the normal gut microbiota. In some cases, Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea occurs after eradication therapy. If bloody diarrhea occurs after eradication therapy and the Clostridioides difficile toxin is not detected, antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis associated with Klebsiella oxytoca infection should be suspected. It is crucial to explain the possibility of diarrhea before initiating eradication therapy to increase compliance. Furthermore, probiotics may be administered to reduce diarrhea. If severe diarrhea or symptoms other than the usual antibiotic-associated diarrhea occur during or after eradication therapy, antibiotics should be discontinued. In addition, appropriate tests to determine the cause of diarrhea should be performed. This review summarizes the alteration of the gut microbiota, the causes of diarrhea after Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy, and its management.

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Cohler, Cher M. "Diarrhea - Marathon." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200405001-00703.

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Cohler, Cher M. "Diarrhea - Marathon." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-00703.

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Eskander, Ayman E., Lobna S. Sherif, Mohammad Nabih, Nevine R. El Baroudy, Ghobrial C. Marcos, Ehsan A. Badawy, and Amira S. El Rifay. "Serum Zinc Level and Its Correlation with Vesikari System Scoring in Acute Pediatric Diarrhea." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 5, no. 5 (August 12, 2017): 677–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2017.097.

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BACKGROUND: Diarrhea remains the most common infectious disease worldwide. Zinc has been studied extensively recently for its potential effect on prevention, control and treatment of acute diarrhoea.AIM: This study was designed to correlate the level of zinc with the severity of pediatric diarrhoea estimated by Vesikari Scoring System.PATIENTS AND METHODS: The present study included 80 children aged two months to 30 months from those suffering from the acute diarrheal episode and admitted to Pediatric Hospital "Abo El Rish" Cairo University. Serum Zinc level was assessed by a colorimetric method with a spectrophotometer.RESULTS: Zinc deficiency was detected in 45 (56.2%) patient of the studied group Significant negative correlations were found between serum zinc level and severity of dehydration and duration of hospitalization (p < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Zinc level has an essential role in acute pediatric diarrhoea. Zinc therapy should be considered beside Oral rehydration salts (ORS) to achieve maximum impact on diarrheal diseases; clinical trials are recommended to support the zinc supplementation in developing countries.

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Dewan, Pooja, Dhano Mardi, Sunil Gomber, and Rumpa Saha. "A prospective cohort study of enteric pathogens in human immunodeficiency virus-infected Indian children and their relationship with diarrheal recurrence." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 6 (October 21, 2019): 2634. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20194745.

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Background: Opportunistic intestinal infections can increase the risk of death 11- fold in Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children presenting with diarrhea. Understanding the etiology of diarrhea and its predictors can help strategize a targeted approach to reduce child mortality due to diarrhea in this vulnerable group. Authors aim was to compare the enteric pathogens in HIV-infected children with and without acute diarrhea, to assess the association between carriage of enteric pathogens in HIV-infected children and the occurrence of diarrhea within the next 3 months and to ascertain the relationship between enteric pathogens in HIV-infected children with their immunological and nutritional status.Methods: Stool samples were collected from HIV-infected children with acute diarrhea (n=41) and without diarrhea (n=52). All samples were subjected to microscopic examination, modified acid-fast and Trichrome staining, hanging drop examination, and bacterial culture. Serology for Cryptosporidium parvum was determined. Children who had received any antimicrobial therapy within the previous 2 weeks were excluded. Participants were followed up for three months for occurrence of diarrhea.Results: Intestinal pathogens were isolated in 48.8% and 42% of children in the diarrheal and non-diarrheal group respectively. The most common pathogens isolated in the diarrheal and non-diarrheal group were Cryptosporidium parvum and Escherichia coli (29.3% vs. 17.3%). During follow up, 8 children in each group had diarrheal occurrence. The pathogen isolated in subsequent episodes matched with the initial isolate in 3 children in each group.Conclusions: HIV-infected children without diarrhea also harbour enteric pathogens in comparable proportions to symptomatic children, which can predispose them to diarrheal occurrence in future, hence indicating need for assessing the need for preventive screening and prophylactic antibiotic regimens in this vulnerable group.

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Holland, R. E. "Some infectious causes of diarrhea in young farm animals." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 3, no. 4 (October 1990): 345–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.3.4.345.

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Escherichia coli, rotaviruses, and Cryptosporidium parvum are discussed in this review as they relate to enteric disease in calves, lambs, and pigs. These microorganisms are frequently incriminated as causative agents in diarrheas among neonatal food animals, and in some cases different strains or serotypes of the same organism cause diarrhea in humans. E. coli causes diarrhea by mechanisms that include production of heat-labile or heat-stable enterotoxins and synthesis of potent cytotoxins, and some strains cause diarrhea by yet undetermined mechanisms. Rotaviruses and C. parvum induce various degrees of villous atrophy. Rotaviruses infect and replicate within the cytoplasm of enterocytes, whereas C. parvum resides in an intracellular, extracytoplasmic location. E. coli, rotavirus, and C. parvum infections are of concern to producers, veterinarians, and public health officials. These agents are a major cause of economic loss to the producer because of costs associated with therapy, reduced performance, and high morbidity and mortality rates. Moreover, diarrheic animals may harbor, incubate, and act as a source to healthy animals and humans of some of these agents.

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Dupont, H. L. "Progress in Therapy for Infectious Diarrhea." Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 24, sup169 (January 1989): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365528909091324.

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Lifschitz, Carlos H., and Robert J. Shulman. "Nutritional Therapy for Infants with Diarrhea." Nutrition Reviews 48, no. 9 (April 27, 2009): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1990.tb02975.x.

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Oh, Sung-Hee. "Antimicrobial Therapy in Patients with Diarrhea." Korean Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 9, no. 1 (2002): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14776/kjpid.2002.9.1.19.

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Schenfeld, L. A., and H. H. Pote. "Diarrhea Associated with Parenteral Vancomycin Therapy." Clinical Infectious Diseases 20, no. 6 (June 1, 1995): 1578–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/20.6.1578.

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RuDusky, Basil M., and Basil M. RuDusky. "Cholestyramine Therapy for Quinidine-Induced Diarrhea." Angiology 48, no. 2 (February 1997): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000331979704800211.

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DuPont, Herbert L. "Travelers' diarrhea: antimicrobial therapy and chemoprevention." Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2, no. 4 (April 2005): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncpgasthep0142.

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Pescovitz, Mark D., and Mercidita T. Navarro. "Immunosuppressive therapy and post-transplantation diarrhea." Clinical Transplantation 15, s4 (August 2001): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0012.2001.00023.x.

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Varavithya, Wandee, Rujanee Sunthornkachit, and Boonchuay Eampokalap. "Oral Rehydration Therapy for Invasive Diarrhea." Clinical Infectious Diseases 13, Supplement_4 (March 1, 1991): S325—S331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/13.supplement_4.s325.

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Adachi, Javier A., Luis Ostrosky‐Zeichner, Herbert L. DuPont, and Charles D. Ericsson. "Empirical Antimicrobial Therapy for Traveler's Diarrhea." Clinical Infectious Diseases 31, no. 4 (October 2000): 1079–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/318119.

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Brown, Andrew J., and Cynthia M. Otto. "Fluid Therapy in Vomiting and Diarrhea." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 38, no. 3 (May 2008): 653–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.01.008.

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D., Vidjeadevan, Vinoth S., and Ramesh S. "Role of Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus clausii in reducing the duration of diarrhea: a three-armed randomised controlled trial." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, no. 5 (August 24, 2018): 1811. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20183511.

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Background: Diarrhea is a major public health problem. Probiotics have been recommended as an add-on therapy for the treatment of diarrhea. Recently Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus clausii, yeast and spore forming bacilli are among the probiotics in use for diarrheal disorder.Methods: This was a three armed randomised controlled trial conducted in pediatrics department, in a tertiary level care at Chidambaram. The randomisation was done using permuted blocks method. Of the three groups, Group A received ORS and zinc; Group B ORS, zinc and S. boulardii and Group C ORS, zinc and B. clausii. The outcome variables included duration of diarrhea and duration of stay in hospital.Results: The duration of diarrhea decreased significantly in Group B and C than Group A. Both the probiotics had similar effect in reducing the duration of diarrhea. There was no significant difference in duration of stay at hospital between the groups.Conclusions: Addition of probiotics as an add-on therapy would aid in decreasing the duration of diarrhea rather than giving ORS and zinc alone. The duration of stay in hospital was unaffected by the change in regimen of treatment.

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Abdillah, Hafaz Zakky, Supriatmo Supriatmo, Melda Deliana, Selvi Nafianti, and Atan Baas Sinuhaji. "Zinc therapy for different causes of diarrhea." Paediatrica Indonesiana 53, no. 6 (December 30, 2013): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi53.6.2013.334-8.

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Background The incidence of diarrhea in Indonesia has declinedin the past five years. In spite of the increasing number of studieson the treatment for acute diarrhea, especially the use of zinc,it is not known if bacterial vs. non-bacterial etiology makes adifference in the reduction of severity of acute diarrhea in childrenon zinc therapy.Objective To assess the effect of zinc therapy in reducing theseverity of acute bacterial and non-bacterial diarrhea.Methods We performed a cross-sectional study in the SecanggangDistrict, Lan gkat Regen cy of North Sumat era, from Augustto November 2009 in children aged 2 months to 14 years .Microscopic stool examination s were undertaken to separatesubjects into the acute bacterial or non-bacterial diarrhea groups.Both groups received 10 mg/day ofzinc sulphate for subjects aged<6 months or 20 mg/day for those aged 2:6 months for 10 days.Measurement of disease severity was based on the frequency ofdiarrhea (times/day) and the duration of diarrhea (hours) afterinitial drug consumption . We performed indepen dent T test forstatistical an alysis.Results Sixty-two children participated in this study, with 31children in the acute bacterial group, and the remainder in thenon-bacterial group. There were no significant differences betweenthe two gro ups in frequency of diarrhea (2 .61 vs 2.70 times/day,respectively, P=0.27) or in duration of diarrhea (63.39 vs 66.68hours, respectively, P= 0.06) .Conclusion Zinc is not more effective in reducing the severityof acute bacterial diarrhea compared to non-bacterial diarrhea inchildren.

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Canovic, Predrag, Zoran Todorovic, Olgica Gajovic, Ljiljana Nesic, and Zeljko Mijailovic. "Pseudomembranous colitis during antibiotic therapy." Medical review 56, no. 7-8 (2003): 381–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0308381c.

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Introduction The use of antibiotics is commonly accompanied by diarrhea: idiopathic diarrhea with a benign process and diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile and pseudomembranous colitis. Clostridium difficile colonizes the gastrointestinal tract and produces a toxin in cases when normal flora is suppressed by antibiotics. Pseudomembranous colitis most frequently appears after application of clindamycin, lincomycin, ampicillin, cephalosporins and other antibiotics. Diagnosis is established after rectoscopic findings of adherent pseudomembrane and pathohistological verification. The diagnosis is confirmed if there is evidence of Cl. difficile toxin in feces. Case report We report about the clinical course of two patients with antibiotic-associated colitis. The diagnoses were made by clinical examinations, rectoscopy and pathohistologic verification of biopsy specimen of the intestinal mucosa. Neutralization test was not done due to technical reasons. Patients were treated with metronidazole. Unwanted side-effects of metronidazole therapy were not observed. Discussion Both our patients confirmed that they previously used different antibiotics. In the first case, diarrhea appeared during the antibiotic therapy, and in the second case, after finishing it. After antibiotic use, diarrhea appears in 5.30% cases, but fortunately pseudomembranous colitis is rare. However, taking into consideration that pseudomembranous colitis has a severe course and requires urgent treatment, one has to consider the possibility of pseudomembranous colitis when diarrhea appears during and after antibiotic use in order to initiate adequate therapy.

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SWAIN, RANDALL A. "Exercise-induced diarrhea." Medicine & Science in sports & Exercise 26, no. 5 (May 1994): 523???526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199405000-00001.

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Sullivan, Stephen N. "Overcoming Runner's Diarrhea." Physician and Sportsmedicine 20, no. 10 (October 1992): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1992.11947502.

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Yablon, Stuart A., Robert Krotenberg, and Karen Fruhmann. "DIARRHEA IN HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 71, no. 2 (April 1992): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002060-199204000-00008.

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Vasconcelos, Artur Bibiano de, Vitoria de Andrade, Ana Carolina Izidoro de Moraes, Elísia Maria Oliveira de Almeida Ramos, Andrezza Caroline Aragão da Silva, Danilo Alves de França, Catarina Bibiano de Vasconcelos, Adriano Sakai Okamoto, and Karla Patrícia Chaves da Silva. "Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella spp. in calves from the Mesoregion Sertão of Alagoas, Brazil." Acta Veterinaria Brasilica 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21708/avb.2021.15.1.9363.

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The diarrhea in calves, caused by Salmonella spp., provocates serious economic damage to cattle farming. This study aimed was to verify the occurrence of diarrhea and the isolation of strains of Salmonella spp. in diarrheal feces of calves from farms located in the Sertão from the state of Alagoas municipalities, and to characterize the in vitro resistance profile of Salmonella spp. isolated against conventional antimicrobials. The study was carried out with 431 calves from 10 to 90 days old. Of the total number of animals evaluated, 111 presented a diarrhea table, being analysed 111 samples of diarrhoeal faeces. The samples were sown in enrichment broths and selective culture media and the phenotypic and molecular characterization were performed. Among the animals evaluated, 25.75% (111/431) had diarrhea. The presence of Salmonella spp. was evidenced in 13.33% (2/15) of the studied establishments. Have been isolated 2.71% (3/111) strains of Salmonella spp. and have all been shown to be resistant to Cefotaxime and sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin and Norfloxacin. Salmonella spp. and other infectious agents associated with diarrhea were confirmed in calves in the Sertão Alagoas mesoregion. The antimicrobial potential of the tested drugs reinforces the importance of their responsible and judicious use in the treatment of Salmonellosis, not being indicated the antibiotic therapy with Cefotaxima. The treatment based on Gentamicin, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin in the treatment of these animals, is recommended.

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Hatta, Muhammad, Supriatmo Supriatmo, Muhammad Ali, Atan Baas Sinuhaji, Berlian Hasibuan, and Fera Luna Nasution. "Comparison of zinc-probiotic combination therapy to zinc therapy alone in reducing the severity of acute diarrhea." Paediatrica Indonesiana 51, no. 1 (February 28, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi51.1.2011.1-6.

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Background Although the incidence of diarrhea in Indonesia has declined in the last five years, the mortality rate in children under five years old is still high. Therefore, appropriate and comprehensive management of diarrhea is essential. There have been many studies on the role of zinc therapy and probiotic therapy in reducing the severity of acute diarrhea, but not many studies have compared the use of a combination of the two therapies tozinc therapy alone.Objective To compare the efficacy of zinc-probiotic combination therapy to zinc alone in reducing the severity of acute diarrhea.Methods We conducted a randomized, open-label, controlled trial from July 2009 to January 2010 in Adam Malik Hospital and Pirngadi Hospital, Medan. Children aged between 1 month and 5 years who met the criteria were divided into two groups. Group I received zinc sulphate (aged <6 months: 10 mg/day; aged 2:6 months: 20 mg/day) combined with heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus (3x101O CFU/day) for 10 days. Group II received only zinc sulphate at the same dosage as group I. Measurement of disease severity was based on the frequency of diarrhea (times/day) and the duration of diarrhea (hours) after initial drug consumption.Results Eighty subjects were enrolled, randomised, and divided equally into two groups. 40 children received zinc-probiotic in combination (group I) and the remainder (group II) received zinc alone. We observed significant differences in frequency of diarrhea (2.1 vs 3.1 times/day, P=0.001, 95%CI -1.62 to -0.49), and duration of diarrhea (52.1 vs. 72.6 hours, P=0.00l, 95%CI -30.91 to -10.18) in the two groups.Conclusion Combination of zinc-probiotic therapy was more effective in reducing the severity of acute diarrhea than zinc therapy alone in children under five years of age.

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Veerapandiyan, Ajayprakash, Deepti Pandit, Sujatha Sridharan, and L. Umadevi. "Compliance with 14 day zinc therapy for acute diarrhoea: a prospective observational study." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 7, no. 4 (March 21, 2020): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20201153.

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Background: Acute diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality in young children. The effective implementation of provision of zinc in addition to low osmolarity ORS remains very poor.Methods: A prospective observational study was done to determine compliance with zinc therapy on 103 children aged between two months to five years with acute gastroenteritis. They were started on WHO ORS and zinc in the form of syrup (20 mg/day in those >6 months of age and 10mg/day in those <6 months of age) and advised to continue for 14 days. Further episodes of diarrhea was considered as the primary outcome variable. Number of days zinc taken was considered as the primary explanatory variable. p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The mean age was 19.49±14.41 months. The compliance to complete 14-day zinc therapy was 62.14%. The mean number of days zinc was taken was 11.28±3.81 days. In 11.65% of participants, there was further episodes of diarrhea. The main reasons for discontinuation were diarrhea stopped (45%), Ignorance (37.5%), URI (12.5%).Conclusions: Findings indicate that the syrup formulation is acceptable, but further efforts are required to enhance adherence. These findings also highlight the importance of guiding in ensuring adherence to zinc duration while also addressing the tendency of caregivers to terminate treatment once a child appears to have recovered from an acute diarrheal episode.

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Saliba, F., R. Hagipantelli, J. L. Misset, G. Bastian, G. Vassal, M. Bonnay, P. Herait, et al. "Pathophysiology and therapy of irinotecan-induced delayed-onset diarrhea in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: a prospective assessment." Journal of Clinical Oncology 16, no. 8 (August 1998): 2745–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1998.16.8.2745.

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PURPOSE Irinotecan (CPT-11), a camptothecin derivative, has shown efficacy against colorectal cancer. Delayed-onset diarrhea is its main limiting toxicity. The aim of this study was to determine the pathophysiology of CPT-11-induced delayed-onset diarrhea and assess the efficacy of combined antidiarrheal medication in a phase II, prospective, successive-cohorts, open study. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-eight patients with advanced colorectal cancer refractory to fluorouracil (5-FU) therapy received CPT-11 350 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. The first cohort of 14 consecutive patients explored for the mechanism of diarrhea received acetorphan (a new enkephalinase inhibitor) 100 mg three times daily; the second 14-patient cohort received, in addition to acetorphan, loperamide 4 mg three times daily. Before treatment, and if late diarrhea occurred, patients underwent colon mucosal biopsies for CPT-11 and topoisomerase I levels; intestinal transit time; fecalogram; fat and protein excretion; alpha1-antitrypsin clearance; D-xylose test; blood levels for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, glucagon, gastrin, somatostatin, prostaglandin E2, and carboxylesterase; CPT-11/SN-38 and SN-38 glucuronide pharmacokinetics; and stool cultures. RESULTS Delayed-onset diarrhea occurred during the first three treatment cycles in 23 patients (82%). Electrolyte fecal measurements showed a negative or small osmotic gap in nine of nine patients and an increased alpha1-antitrypsin clearance in six of six patients. There were no modifications in stool cultures or hormonal dysfunction. Four of 11 patients (36%) with delayed-onset diarrhea in the first cohort responded to acetorphan, whereas nine of 10 patients (90%) responded to the combination of acetorphan and loperamide (P < .02). CONCLUSION CPT-11-induced delayed-onset diarrhea is caused by a secretory mechanism with an exudative component. Early combined treatment with loperamide and acetorphan seems effective in controlling the diarrheal episodes.

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Zulqarnain, Arif, Zeeshan Jaffar, and Imran Iqbal. "MALNOURISHED CHILDREN WITH DIARRHEA." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 05 (May 10, 2015): 610–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.05.1275.

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Objectives: “To assess the frequency of serum electrolytes (Na+, K+ & Ca+)disturbances in malnourished children with diarrhea”. Study Design: Cross-sectional.Setting: Pediatrics Department Nishtar Hospital Multan. Period: 01-07-2013 to 31-12-2013.Methodology: Approval from the institutional ethical committee was taken. Malnourishedchildren with diarrhea admitted to Pediatrics Department Nishtar Hospital Multan wereregistered. Children meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria enrolled in the study. Results:In this study there were 90 patients which were found to be malnourished and having diarrhea.The average age of patients was 3.28±1.2 years and the average duration of diarrhea was4.67±0.821 days. There were 58(64.4%) males and 32(35.5%) female patients. Hyponatremiawas present in 28(31.1%) patients, Hypokalemia was present in 55(61.1%) while Hypocalcemiawas present in 12(13.3%).Conclusion: Serum electrolyte disturbances in malnourished childrenare obvious during diarrheal illness particularly in those patients with Grade III malnutrition andmeasurement of these Serum electrolytes is helpful for immediate therapy to avoid serious lifethreatening situations.

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Bekhtereva,, M. K., Yu V. Lobzin, M. Ya Ioffe, L. V. Razdyakonova, I. V. Lazarevа, and K. D. Ermolenko. "IS THERE A PROBLEM OF ETIOTROPIC THERAPY OF INVASIVE DIARRHEA (CLINICAL CASE)?" Journal Infectology 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2019-11-1-104-112.

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Infectious diarrheas are a current problem of children’s age. Despite prevalence in structure of acute intestinal infections at children of a viral gastroenteritis dysentery keeps the relevance owing to development of severe forms of a disease and serious complications. The choice of drug for etiotropic treatment of bacterial diarrheas at children’s age taking into account the existing international and Russian recommendations is difficult and ambiguous. The efficiency of many modern antibacterial drugs which are traditionally used for treatment of a shigellosis and others infectious diarrheas decreases because of high prevalence of polyresistant strains. It is known that so far, at infectious diarrheas unreasonably long antibacterial therapy with change of 3–4 medicines is carried out, repeated courses of germicides at a reconvalescents bacterioexcretion of activators of infectious diarrheas are widely appointed, unfairly short antimicrobial therapy takes place less often. Despite existence modern diagnostic the test of systems antibiotic-associated diarrheas are often late diagnosed that lead to development of severe forms of a disease or complications. The negative C. difficile toxins test does not allow to exclude the antibiotic-associated nature of diarrhea completely. The clinical case of dysentery of Fleksneri at the child caused by a strain with a multiple antimicrobial resistance and which led to development of antibioticassociated colitis and dynamic intestinal impassability is given as an example in article. Therefore, when choosing antimicrobial drug means for treatment of infectious diarrheas it is necessary to consider regional features of the circulating activator strains.

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Santosham, M., K. H. Brown, and R. B. Sack. "Oral Rehydration Therapy and Dietary Therapy for Acute Childhood Diarrhea." Pediatrics in Review 8, no. 9 (March 1, 1987): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.8-9-273.

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Borbély, Yves M., Alice Osterwalder, Dino Kröll, Philipp C. Nett, and Roman A. Inglin. "Diarrhea after bariatric procedures: Diagnosis and therapy." World Journal of Gastroenterology 23, no. 26 (2017): 4689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v23.i26.4689.

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