Academic literature on the topic 'Diarrhea Thailand Prevention'

The development of an epizootic situation for emergent infections is characterized by the emergence of the pathogen beyond the borders of countries and even continents. In some developed countries, the epizootic situation of PED is complex and tense. The emergence of the disease is facilitated by various factors: insufficient level of biosecurity and biosafety of farms, lack of information on the spread of infection, mechanisms of transmission of the pathogen, lack of effective means of specific prevention, etc. Changing the form of the epizootic process and the emergence of PED outbreaks in new territories have caused economic consequences for pork producers in the USA, China, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam and others. The purpose of our work was to identify the historical aspects and epizootic situation about the PED. Scientific publications were used to analyze epizootic data. In studying the epizootic situation of PED in Ukraine, the results of laboratory studies of the Research Center for Biosafety and Environmental Control of the Agroindustrial Complex of the Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University during 2015–2018 were used. The first is from the time of the description of the disease until 2010. During this period, there was a gradual spread of PED to European and Asian countries. Epizootic outbreaks of the disease were rare and isolated, and in certain territories were enzootic. The second – from 2010 and to the present. As a result of the genome mutation, the PED virus has acquired high virulence and emergent properties. There was a transcontinental introduction of the pathogen and rapid expansion of the nosoareal of the disease. The epizootic process of PED is characterized by epizootic and panzootic forms of manifestation. Despite preventive and well-being anti-epizootic measures, the epizootic situation regarding PED in Ukraine is consistently unfavorable: Zaporizhzhia, Cherkasy, Dnipropetrovsk and Kharkiv regions were identified as the most unfavorable in relation to the PED.

This article presents the results of data analysis or references on etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, therapy and prophylaxis of Zika virus infection. The article presents the results of the literature analysis of the data on the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, treatment and prevention of Zika virus infection. Currently Zika fever is common in tropical climates (Uganda, Brazil, Haiti, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Venezuela, Jamaica, Thailand, etc.). However, a large number of travelers and areolas mosquito habitat Αedes kind of make this a global problem. Acquired Zika virus infection usually occurs in mild and/or moderate forms. The development of severe forms occurs mainly in people with a weakened immune system or autoimmune diseases. Patients affected with Zika virus may develop neurological complications such as encephalitis, myelitis, optic neuritis, meningoencephalitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome. Transplacental and sexual transmissions contribute to an increase in the number of cases among children, including newborns. Zika congenital infection is characterized with brain damage, hearing and sight. Acquired Zika fever in children is accompanied by the presence of the following syndromes: subfebrile fever, mild intoxication, maculopapular rash with a landmark distribution, arthralgia, myalgia, photophobia and conjunctivitis, diarrhea rarely observed. In the laboratory diagnosis are used virological, molecular biological and serological methods. There are no specific prophylactic methods.To treat Zika virus infection, may be used recombinant human inteferona α2β and interferon inducers.

This study investigates the effects of socioeconomic and health programme factors on preventive and curative health behaviors and assesses the impact of preventive health behaviors on the incidence of diarrhoea among children under five years of age. Methodological approaches included focus groups to uncover local definitions of diarrhoeal disease, a baseline survey which collected data on maternal preventive health behaviors for 1, 364 children, and a monitoring system which collected data on the incidence of diarrhoea and on maternal curative behaviors among the same group of children. Results indicate that socioeconomic status and exposure to health programmes showed significant relationships with selected maternal preventive behaviors. Children whose mothers washed their hands before breastfeeding, gave their child food immediately after cooking and warmed foods each time before meals had significantly lower proportions with diarrhoea than children of mothers who did not practice these behaviors, and 70 percent of the children with diarrhoea were exposed to high risk of severe dehydration and related health complications. Implications of these findings for health programmes are discussed.

Canine coronavirus (CCV) and canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) are the causative agents of gastroenteritis in dogs. Seventy fecal samples from dogs with signs of gastroenteritis (vomiting and diarrhea), twenty-five fecal samples from healthy dogs and one CPV-2 vaccine strain were amplified by semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and semi-nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), aimed at specifically studying the gene encoding the most abundant capsid protein VP2 of CPV-2 and spike protein of CCV. The specificity of the CCV RT-PCR product was evaluated by sequencing. Positive specimens comprised 44 samples (62.8%) and 9 samples (12.8%) for CPV-2 and CCV, respectively. In nine CCV positive samples, seven displayed co-infection between CCV and CPV-2. Our CCV sequence (AF482001) showed a 94.9% nucleotide identity to CCV reported in GenBank accession number D13096. High prevalence of CCV and CPV-2 infections was found in 1–2 month- and 3–6 month-old dogs, respectively. Molecular biology of these viruses is important primarily for epidemic control and preventive measures.

Abstract Background: Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of hospitalization and economic burden. Frequent exacerbations impair quality of life and effect decline of lung function. Objective: We evaluated characteristics of COPD patients with frequent exacerbations. The precipitating causes, outcomes, hospital stay, and cost of admission were also determined. Methods: The study population included COPD patients admitted because of acute COPD exacerbation at Srinagarind Hospital between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2010. Results: Over the 5-year period, 183 patients were admitted. Their mean age was 74.9 (SD 9.28) years and the male to female ratio was 170:13. Most patients (144; 79%) had one exacerbation per year and 39 (21%) had more than one per year. The group with more exacerbations, had a higher stage of the disease than those with only one exacerbation (p = 0.023), but there was no significant difference in the mortality rate (18% vs 14%, p = 0.53). A total of 245 episodes of acute exacerbation of COPD occurred in 183 patients. The mean duration of symptoms was 4.1 (SD 3.46) days. Forty-seven percent presented with Anthonisen type III, 42.4% with Anthonisen type II, and 10.6% with Anthonisen type I exacerbations. For 44 exacerbations (18%), the precipitating causes were not determined. The most common precipitating cause was pneumonia, which occurred in 90 episodes (36.7%). The second common was bronchitis (27.8%); followed by heart failure (8.2%), infected bronchiectasis (5.3%), diarrhea (1.2%), acute urinary retention (0.8%), unstable angina (0.4%), pneumothorax (0.4%), urinary tract infection (0.4%), atrial fibrillation (0.4%) and drug induced cough (0.4%). The organisms responsible for respiratory tract infection were identified in 31% cases of pneumonia and 18% of bronchitis cases. The top three common pathogens for pneumonia were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9%), Acinetobacter baumannii (8%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (8%). The top three common pathogens for bronchitis were P aeruginosa (7%), Haemophilus influenza (6%), and K pneumoniae (4%). About one quarter (25.3%) of acute exacerbations were complicated by respiratory failure. The mean duration of admission was 17.3 days (range 1-682 days). The mean cost of admission per exacerbation was 80,010 Thai baht (US $2,666) (range, 2,779-3,433,108 baht). The total cost for 245 exacerbations was 19.6 million baht ($653,000). Conclusion: Respiratory tract infections were common causes of COPD exacerbation and one quarter of which developed respiratory failure. Preventive measures such as vaccination, smoking cessation, lung rehabilitation, and appropriate drug use are helpful.

Intestinal capillariasis is an emerging fish-borne helminthic disease caused by the round worm Capillaria philippinensis. Chronic infection may lead to death if the disease is misdiagnosed and inappropriate treatment is given. We used a rapid lateral-flow immunochromatographic test for screening of intestinal capillariasis in patients with chronic diarrhea. We screened 292 chronic diarrhea patients who had visited hospitals in Thailand. Sixty-six (22.6%) cases were positive according to the kit. All positive patients received mebendazole at 200 mg twice per day for 30 consecutive days or albendazole at 200 mg twice per day for 10 consecutive days. Later, stool concentration techniques, used to examine stool samples from all serologically positive individuals on three consecutive days, revealed C. philippinensis eggs, larvae, and/or adults. The kit is useful for screening and rapid diagnosis of intestinal capillariasis in chronic diarrhea patients in an endemic area for prevention of serious disease and facilitates treatment.

Background: Senecavirus A (SVA), is a positive sense small non-enveloped RNA virus which belongs to Picornaviridae family and is responsible for porcine vesicular disease. The disease has been reported in many countries since late 2014, 2015 and 2016 like USA, Canada, Brazil, China and Thailand. Methods: In this study, the metagenomic study was performed on faecal samples of pigs/piglets suffering from diarrhea in Haryana, India with the help of next generation sequencing. The cDNA library was prepared from the faecal samples and run on the Illumina MiSeq instrument followed by identification and genomic characterization. Result: This study revealed the presence of SVA in the samples. The characterization of complete genome sequence of this strain showed complete nucleotide identity (100%) with SVA genomes reported from Canada, however, the polyprotein shares 98-99% amino acid sequence similarity with the genomes currently available in the GenBank. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of SVA infection in pigs/piglets of Haryana, India. It demonstrates that an active and urgent surveillance of the swine population is required in the region. Additionally, the veterinarians must pay immediate attention to this vesicular disease and adopt preventive measures for its control.