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Academic literature on the topic 'DIARRHEA MITIGATION'
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Journal articles on the topic "DIARRHEA MITIGATION"
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Abu, Mumuni, and Samuel Codjoe. "Experience and Future Perceived Risk of Floods and Diarrheal Disease in Urban Poor Communities in Accra, Ghana." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12 (December 12, 2018): 2830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122830.
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Diarrheal disease is a critical health condition in urban areas of developing countries due to increasing urbanization and its associated problems of sanitation and poor access to good drinking water. Increasing floods in cities have been linked to the risk of diarrheal disease. There are few studies that specifically link flooding with diarrhea diseases. This may be due to the fact that secondary data mainly hospital recorded cases, and not individual cases at the household level are used. Furthermore, of the few papers that consider the flood-diarrheal diseases nexus, none have considered risk perceptions in general, and more specifically, whether households that have experienced floods which resulted in a reported case of diarrhea, have higher perceived risks of future occurrences of the two phenomena compared to households that had different experiences. Yet, this is critical for the development of interventions that seek to increase protective behaviors and reduce the risk of contracting diarrhea. We surveyed 401 households in some selected urban poor communities in Accra, the capital of Ghana. Results show that households that experienced floods which resulted in a reported case of diarrhea, have higher perceived risk of future occurrence of the two phenomena compared to other households. We recommend public education that reduces the risk of exposure to flood and diarrhea through flood mitigation measures, including the construction of drains in communities and educating communities on good sanitation.
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McClain, James, J. Boima Kiazolu, Peter Saah Humphrey, and Plenseh Diana Paye. "Studies on diarrhea prevalence in selected communities in greater Monrovia, Liberia." International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijbas.v9i2.30570.
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Diarrhea is an epidemic that threatens the livelihood of children less than five years in developing countries. Control and mitigation pose a severe challenge in these countries. The subjective of the study is to assess the prevalence of and factors associated with diarrhea among families in Greater Monrovia. The study recruited 257 families from three communities and geographically and randomly assigned to the two groups (A & B). Socio-demographic survey and knowledge and behavior questionnaires on diarrhea prevalence were used to collect data. Reports from the study indicate that family in Group A (93%) and Group B (83.6%) have significant knowledge associating contaminated drinking water and contaminated food with diarrhea; X2 =11.2, p = 0.001. The family behavior shows that Group A (33%) and Group B (51%) do not treat their drinking water before consumption. The findings from this study recommend an education and awareness intervention on diarrheal and related illnesses to increase family knowledge and improvement of the behavior community public health improvement process.
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Lalani, Tahaniyat, Jamie Fraser, Mark S. Riddle, Ramiro L. Gutierrez, Patrick W. Hickey, and David R. Tribble. "Deployment Infectious Disease Threats: IDCRP Initiatives and Vision Forward." Military Medicine 184, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2019): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz182.
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Abstract Background Infectious diseases pose a significant threat to health and readiness of military personnel deployed globally during wartime and peacekeeping activities. Surveillance and improvement in mitigation through research of infectious disease threats remain an integral part of Force Health Protection. Herein, we review research efforts of the Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program related to deployment and travel-related infections. Methods The objectives of the Deployment and Travel-Related Infections Research Area are to (1) provide epidemiologic and clinical data, including pathogen-specific estimates of disease incidence among deployed troops, (2) execute clinical trials and effectiveness studies to improve recommendations regarding prevention and treatment of infections during deployment, and (3) evaluate the knowledge and practice patterns of health care providers engaged in deployment/travel medicine and the impact on outcomes. The centerpiece protocol of the research area is the Deployment and Travel-Related Infectious Disease Risk Assessment, Outcomes, and Prevention Strategies cohort study (TravMil), which was initiated in 2010 and collects data on a broad range of deployment-related infections. Results To date, 4,154 deployed military personnel and traveling Department of Defense (DoD) beneficiaries have been enrolled in TravMil. Surveillance data collected through the TravMil study provide assessment of deployment and travel-related infectious disease threats, and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies. The incidence of travelers’ diarrhea, influenza-like illness, and undifferentiated febrile illness is 20.48%, 9.34%, and 6.16%, respectively. The cohort study also provides necessary infrastructure to execute clinical trials. The TrEAT TD clinical trial evaluated the effectiveness of single-dose antibiotic therapy for travelers’ diarrhea in the deployed setting. When compared to levofloxacin, azithromycin was not inferior; however, inferiority was not demonstrated with use of single dose of rifaximin. The trial findings supported the development of a deployment-related health guideline for the management of acute diarrheal disease. A clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of rifaximin for prevention for travelers’ diarrhea (Prevent TD) is underway. Conclusions The research area has proven its ability to conduct impactful research, including the development of field-expedient diagnostics, the largest DoD multi-site travelers’ diarrhea randomized control trial in peacetime and combat settings, and informed Force Health Protection guidance. The research area continues to provide surveillance data to military commands via an established collaborative network of military treatment facilities, DoD laboratories (both within and outside the continental United States), foreign militaries, and academia. The conduct of clinical and translational research in a deployment setting presents significant challenges, most notably in recruitment/enrollment and compliance with study-related procedures during deployment.
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Niederwerder, Megan. "Risk and Mitigation of African Swine Fever Virus in Feed." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030792.
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Since the 2013 introduction of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus into the United States (U.S.), feed and feed ingredients have been recognized as potential routes for the introduction and transmission of foreign animal diseases of swine. Feed ingredients for swine diets are commodities traded worldwide, and the U.S. imports thousands of metric tons of feed ingredients each year from countries with circulating foreign animal diseases. African swine fever (ASF) is the most significant foreign animal disease threat to U.S. swine production, and the recent introduction of ASF into historically negative countries has heightened the risk for further spread. Laboratory investigations have characterized the stability of the ASF virus (ASFV) in feed ingredients subjected to transoceanic shipment conditions, ASFV transmissibility through the natural consumption of plant-based feed, and the mitigation potential of certain feed additives to inactivate ASFV in feed. This review describes the current knowledge of feed as a risk for swine viruses and the opportunities for mitigating the risk to protect U.S. pork production and the global swine population from ASF and other foreign animal diseases.
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Denno, Donna M., Eileen J. Klein, Vincent B. Young, James G. Fox, David Wang, and Phillip I. Tarr. "Explaining unexplained diarrhea and associating risks and infections." Animal Health Research Reviews 8, no. 1 (June 2007): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252307001302.
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AbstractGastrointestinal illnesses are common afflictions. However, knowledge of their etiology is often lacking. Moreover, most cases of infections with reportable enteric pathogens (Campylobacter jejuni,Escherichia coliO157:H7,Salmonella,Shigella,Yersinia,CryptosporidiaandGiardia) have sporadic modes of acquisition, yet control measures are often biased towards mitigation of risks discerned by outbreak analysis. To determine the etiology of unexplained diarrhea it is important to study populations that can be matched to appropriate controls and to couple thorough classic microbiologic evaluation on receipt of specimens with archiving and outgrowth capabilities. Research evaluations should address the potential roles of a broad panel of candidate bacterial pathogens including diarrheagenicE. coli,Listeria monocytogenes, Helicobacters andjejuniCampylobacters, and also apply novel massively parallel sequencing and nucleic acid detection technologies that allow the detection of viral pathogens. To fill voids in our knowledge regarding sources of known enteric pathogens it will be critical to extend case-control studies to assess risk factors and exposures to patients with non-epidemic illnesses and to appropriate controls. By filling these gaps in our knowledge it should be possible to formulate rational prevention mechanisms for human gastrointestinal illnesses.
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Pinior, Beate, Clair L. Firth, Veronika Richter, Karin Lebl, Martine Trauffler, Monika Dzieciol, Sabine E. Hutter, et al. "A systematic review of financial and economic assessments of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) prevention and mitigation activities worldwide." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 137 (February 2017): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.12.014.
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Chakraborty, Rishika, Khalid M. Khan, Daniel T. Dibaba, Md Alfazal Khan, Ali Ahmed, and Mohammad Zahirul Islam. "Health Implications of Drinking Water Salinity in Coastal Areas of Bangladesh." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (October 4, 2019): 3746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193746.
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Coastal areas in South Asian countries are particularly vulnerable to elevated water salinity. Drinking water salinity has been found to be associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD), diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Our study aimed to find if excess drinking water salinity was associated with increased hospital visits with an array of health effects in coastal sub-districts of Bangladesh. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 157 participants from three coastal sub-districts. A face-to-face interview was conducted to collect salinity exposure and hospital visit data. Water samples were collected from both drinking and other household water sources for the measurement of salinity and total dissolved solids (TDS). CVD, diarrhea, and abdominal pain related hospital visits were found to be significantly associated with high water salinity and TDS. Households exposed to high salinity demonstrated a higher frequency of hospital visits than the low salinity-exposed households. People exposed to high salinity seemed to lack awareness regarding salinity-inducing health effects. Water salinity is a public health concern that will continue to rise due to climate change. Therefore, raising awareness about the health risks of water salinity is essential for the government to frame policies and mitigation strategies to control this emerging threat.
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Xue, Zhiqiang, Zhenbo Yang, Hui Sun, Jinghuan Ren, Mengzi Sun, Jiagen Li, Anning Zhang, et al. "Epidemiological analysis of respiratory and intestinal infectious diseases in three counties of Sichuan: the baseline survey of Disaster Mitigation Demonstration Area in western China." PeerJ 7 (July 23, 2019): e7341. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7341.
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Background Natural disasters can indirectly induce epidemics of infectious diseases through air and water pollution, accelerated pathogen reproduction, and population migration. This study aimed to explore the epidemiological characteristics of the main infectious diseases in Sichuan, a province with a high frequency of natural disasters. Methods Data were collected from the local Centers for Disease Control infectious disease reports from Lu, Shifang and Yuexi counties from 2011 to 2015 and from the baseline survey of the Disaster Mitigation Demonstration Area in Western China in 2016. Principal component regression was used to explore the main influencing factors of respiratory infectious diseases (RIDs). Results The incidence rates of RIDs and intestinal infectious diseases (IIDs) in 2015 were 78.99/100,000, 125.53/100,000, 190.32/100,000 and 51.70/100,000, 206.00/100,000, 69.16/100,000 in Lu, Shifang and Yuexi respectively. The incidence rates of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) was the highest among RIDs in the three counties. The main IIDs in Lu and Shifang were hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and other infectious diarrhea; however, the main IIDs in Yuexi was bacillary dysentery. The proportions of illiterate and ethnic minorities and per capita disposable income were the top three influencing factors of RIDs. Conclusions TB was the key point of RIDs prevention among the three counties. The key preventable IIDs in Lu and Shifang were HFMD and other infectious diarrhea, and bacillary dysentery was the major IIDs in Yuexi. The incidence rates of RIDs was associated with the population composition, the economy and personal hygiene habits.
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Gebhardt, J. T., J. C. Woodworth, M. D. Tokach, J. M. DeRouchey, R. D. Goodband, C. K. Jones, and S. S. Dritz. "285 Medium Chain Fatty Acid Mitigation Activity Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) in Nursery Pig Diets after 40 d of Storage." Journal of Animal Science 96, suppl_2 (April 2018): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky073.282.
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Cochrane, R. A., L. L. Schumacher, S. S. Dritz, J. C. Woodworth, A. R. Huss, C. R. Stark, J. M. DeRouchey, et al. "Effect of pelleting on survival of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus–contaminated feed." Journal of Animal Science 95, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 1170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2016.0961.
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Abstract Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a heat-sensitive virus that has devastated the U.S. swine industry. Because of its heat sensitivity, we hypothesized that a steam conditioner and pellet mill mimicking traditional commercial thermal processing may mitigate PEDV infectivity. Pelleting, a common feed processing method, includes the use of steam and shear forces, resulting in increased temperature of the processed feed. Two thermal processing experiments were designed to determine if different pellet mill conditioner retention times and temperatures would impact PEDV quantity and infectivity by analysis of quantitative reverse transcription PCR and bioassay. In Exp. 1, a 3 · 3 · 2 factorial design was used with 3 pelleting temperatures (68.3, 79.4, and 90.6°C), 3 conditioning times (45, 90, or 180 s), and 2 doses of viral inoculation (low, 1 · 102 tissue culture infectious dose50 (the concentration used to see cytopathic effect in 50% of the cells)/g, or high, 1 · 104 tissue culture infectious dose50/g). Noninoculated and PEDV-inoculated unprocessed mash were used as controls. The low-dose PEDV–infected mash had 6.8 ± 1.8 cycle threshold (Ct) greater (P < 0.05) PEDV than the high-dose mash. Regardless of time or temperature, pelleting reduced (P < 0.05) the quantity of detectable viral PEDV RNA compared with the PEDV-inoculated unprocessed mash. Fecal swabs from pigs inoculated with the PEDV-positive unprocessed mash, regardless of dose, were clinically PEDV positive from 2 to 7 d (end of the trial) after inoculation. However, if either PEDV dose of inoculated feed was pelleted at any of the 9 tested conditioning time · temperature combinations, no PEDV RNA was detected in fecal swabs or cecum content. Based on Exp. 1 results, a second experiment was developed to determine the impact of lower processing temperatures on PEDV quantity and infectivity. In Exp. 2, PEDV-inoculated feed was pelleted at 1 of 5 conditioning temperatures (37.8, 46.1, 54.4, 62.8, and 71.1°C) for 30 s. The 5 increasing processing temperatures led to feed with respective mean Ct values of 32.5, 34.6, 37.0, 36.5, and 36.7, respectively. All samples had detectable PEDV RNA. However, infectivity was detected by bioassay only in pigs from the 37.8 and 46.1°C conditioning temperatures. Experiment 2 results suggest conditioning and pelleting temperatures above 54.4°C could be effective in reducing the quantity and infectivity of PEDV in swine feed. However, additional research is needed to prevent subsequent recontamination after pelleting as it is a point-in-time mitigation step.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "DIARRHEA MITIGATION"
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DAS, NIVEDITA. "IN SILICO SCREENING OF QUERCETIN ANALOGUES AS POTENTIAL INHIBITORS OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA FOR DIARRHEA MITIGATION IN IRINOTECAN CANCER TREATMENT." Thesis, 2023. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/19909.
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Diarrhea can be caused due to many reasons in an oncological patient. It could
be due to radiation therapy, graft vs host infections, chemotherapeutic agents.
Early diagnosis of causative agent can help to prevent diarrhea in cancer
patients. Chemotherapeutic agents such as 5 fluorouracil with leucovorin,
capecitabine and irinotecan are main causative agent of diarrhea. Loperamide
and Octreotide are two recommended treatments for chemotherapy induced
diarrhea. Loperamide can only treat grade 1 or 2 diarrhea, it becomes ineffective
in severe cases of diarrhea. Octreotide is especially for treating grade 3 or 4
diarrhea but one drawback is that it requires hospitalization for fluid
resuscitation due to dehydration in patients which thus increases the cost of
treatment. The therapeutic potential of TNF- alpha inhibition for conditions
including cancer, diabetes, and particularly autoimmune illnesses is significant.
Even though there are several small molecule inhibitors of TNF- that have been
discovered, no orally active treatment has yet been revealed that necessitates the
urgent need for a small molecule drug against TNF- alpha.
This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of autodocking results
obtained from virtual screening experiments conducted on a library of plant
natural compound as inhibitor - Quercetin. The objective was to identify
potential lead compounds with high binding affinities and favourable binding
modes against the Tumor Necrosis Factor – alpha. Our findings reveal
promising candidates for further investigation as potential therapeutics in the
treatment of chemotherapy induced diarrhoea.
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Lanyon, Sasha Renee. "Control and mitigation of bovine viral diarrhoea in Australian cattle populations." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/93516.
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Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD), more commonly in Australia as Bovine Pestivirus, is an economically important disease of cattle. The causative agent, BVD virus (BVDV), is a member of the genus Pestivirus in the family Flaviviridae, closely related to Border Disease Virus and Classical Swine Fever Virus. An increased incidence and severity of secondary disease and potentially dramatic reproductive loss associated with BVDV infection results in ongoing financial impacts in infected herds. Fortunately, the epidemiology of BVD is such that the disease can be effectively controlled, and losses mitigated, by identification and removal of persistently BVDV infected (PI) cattle. Regional or national control schemes have been shown to be economically beneficial. In Australia, however, no regional schemes are active for the control of BVD. The first clinical case of BVD was reported in Australia in 1957. Recent serological evidence suggests that BVD may be the most prevalent infectious disease of cattle in Australia today. Despite this, BVD fails to be acknowledged as a major animal health priority. A postal survey of 631 South Australian cattle farmers showed that while interest in BVD was high, many producers did not believe their herds to be infected and failed to acknowledge the true impact the disease may have in an affected herd. The survey results revealed that farmers that practiced disease management through quarantine procedures, regular vaccination, participation in disease control and attendance at seminars were most likely to have high knowledge and perceived understanding of BVD. The survey results suggest that a BVD education program (which could be targeted to farmer demographics that were observed to have the lowest knowledge of BVD) and subsequent control scheme would likely be well received. Control schemes rely on accurate diagnosis of BVD, with rapid, inexpensive tests (such as ELISA and RT-PCR) available for detection of specific antibody, viral antigen and viral RNA. A thorough understanding of the pathogenesis of BVD allows veterinarians and diagnosticians to appropriately select diagnostic samples and tests that are most appropriate and cost-effective for a particular diagnostic goal. Milk samples represent an alternative for testing of lactating animals for BVDV-specific antibodies, with test performance observed to be very good compared to serum testing. Furthermore, bulk milk may be tested to produce an estimate of seroprevalence within the milking herd and, in turn, the likelihood of the herd being actively infected. In non-milking cohorts, including beef animals and young stock, pooled serum can be tested for a similar result. These bulk samples are a highly cost-effective testing option. An experimental trial investigated diagnostic opportunities in pregnant females and their resultant calves. In pregnant females, very high antibody levels should cast suspicion of fetal PI, while low positive results may coincide with neurological deformation (hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia) in the developing calf, resulting in clinical signs such as ataxia, astasia and wide-based stance. In the calves, ingestion of colostrum interfered with diagnosis of PI status until maternal antibody levels waned. Ear notch samples were least affected by interference, while serum and swab samples were similarly affected.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2014
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Lokuge, Kamalini. "An investigation of the impact of arsenic mitigation on disease burden in Bangladesh, and a randomised controlled trial of selected interventions and their impact on childhood diarrhoeal disease." Phd thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151400.
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