Academic literature on the topic 'Diammines'

Treatment of the chelated palladium(II) complex, trans-[Pd(K2-Sac-CH2O)2].2H2O with one mole equivalent of the diammines (L-L), L-L = 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy),. ethylene diamine (en), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), or N,N-dimethyl ethylene diammine (dmen) in EtOH solvent afforded mixed ligand complexes of the type [Pd(K1-Sac-CH2O)2(L-L)] in 82-93% yield. While treatment of trans-[Pd(K2-Sac-CH2O)2].2H2O with two mole equivalents of the monoamines (L), L=pyridine (py), 3-methylpyridine (3-mpy) or 3-aminopyridine (3-apy) in EtOH solvent gave trans-[Pd(K1-Sac-CH2O)2(L)2] complexes in 86-89% yield The prepared complexes were characterized by elemental CHN analysis, .conductivity measurements,. infrared and 1H nmr spectra.

Beryllium difluoride BeF2 reacts with liquid ammonia forming discrete diammine difluoro beryllium( II) [BeF2(NH3)2] molecules. The colorless compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 4.8815(2), b = 6.8528(3), c = 10.3690(5) Å, β = 92.01(1)◦, V = 346.65(3) Å3 at 123 K with Z = 4. [BeF2(NH3)2] is the first structurally characterized example of a berylliumammonia complex. The compound has been investigated further by Raman, IR, and DTA-TG measurements and by quantum chemical ELF, AIM and NBO calculations.

Platinum(IV) compounds like oxoplatin (cis, cis, trans-diammine-dichlorido-dihydroxido-platinum(IV)) show increased stability and therefore can be applied orally. In a panel of 38 human cancer cell lines this drug induced S-phase arrest and cell death with IC50 values 2.5-fold higher than cisplatin. Oxoplatin may be converted to cisplatin by intracellular reducing agents, however, exposure to 0.1 M HCl mimicking gastric acid yielded cis-diammine-tetrachlorido-platinum(IV) exhibiting twofold increased activity. Similar results were obtained for another platinum(IV) compound, JM 149 (ammine-dichlorido-(cyclohexylamine)-dihydroxido-platinum(IV)), but not for its parent drug JM 216/satraplatin. Genome-wide expression profiling of H526 small cell lung cancer cells treated with these platinum species revealed clear differences in the expression pattern of affected genes between oxoplatin and cisplatin. In conclusion, oxoplatin constitutes a potent oral agent that is either reduced or converted to distinct active compounds, for example, by gastric acid or acidic areas prevailing in solid tumors, in dependence of the respective pharmaceutical formulation.

Infertility is estimated to affect approximately 9-12% of reproductive aged couples worldwide. The causes of infertility can be attributed to several pathological conditions affecting one or both partners. The introduction of “Assisted Reproduction Technologies” (ART) has allowed remarkable scientific and medical advances in the field of assisted reproduction. ART consists of different strategies to overcome some infertility factors, thereby improving reproduction efficacy. Infections of the urogenital tract may contribute to infertility with different sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) being directly or indirectly associated to infertility. Among the pathogens that have been associated to infertility, there is Enterococcus faecalis. This microorganism, previously considered just as a member of the gut microbiota of both animals and humans, is now acknowledged as an important human pathogen responsible for a variety of infections, including infections of the urogenital tract, but also life-threating infections such as sepsis and endocarditis. The presence of acquired resistance to major antibiotic classes, in addition to natural intrinsic resistance, is a relevant issue for the treatment of enterococcal infections. Aminoglycosides in combination with β-lactams is the frontline drug combination therapy for severe enterococcal infections. Of special concern is the acquisition, by horizontal transfer, of genes coding for aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs) which confer resistance to high levels of aminoglycosides (HLA) and eliminate the synergistic bactericidal activity with β-lactams. Despite genital tract infections can affect human fertility, there are no consensus guidelines available on their management (i.e., microbial screening, antibiotic treatment, therapy outcome) in infertile couples undergoing ART treatment. In the present thesis, an attempt was made to better understand how infections impact on couple fertility. We have also explored the effect of hormone therapy on vaginal microbiota and reproductive outcomes of females undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). In addition, we have characterized the antibiotic susceptibility and population structure of a collection of E. faecalis clinical strains isolated from the genital tract of infertile couples to provide clinicians with relevant data to implement management of urogenital infections in infertile couples. Chapter 2 is a general introduction to infertility-associated infections with a special focus on E. faecalis. In the first section, virulence determinants, disease pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of E. faecalis are described. Then, treatment of enterococcal infections with a broad overview on action and resistance mechanisms of major antibiotic classes is provided. Chapter 3 explores the role of urogenital infections on couple fertility starting from a collection of vaginal/endocervical swabs and semen samples from 285 infertile couples. The impact of different bacterial species on the outcome of IVF was examined. The results showed the negative impact of E. faecalis on sperm quality and the association of different bacterial pathogens with reduced levels of vaginal lactobacilli. Interestingly, the presence of E. faecalis together with Ureaplasma urealyticum/Mycoplasma hominis in genital samples of infertile couples was predictive for a negative outcome of IVF. Chapter 4 describes the phenotypic and genotypic features of 41 “infertility-associated E. faecalis” (IAF) strains described in chapter 3. Antibiotic susceptibility of different drugs was carried out (Vitek, MIC and disk diffusion methods) and assessed using EUCAST guidelines. The majority of IAF isolates were susceptible to clinically relevant antibiotics, except for 8 strains that were resistant to HLA and 1 which was also resistant to fluoroquinolones. In order to characterize the IAF isolates, whole genome sequences were used to get insights into the IAF population structure and analyse the genetic bases of antimicrobial resistance. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) showed a high diversity of the IAF population. However, a clonal structure of HLA resistant strains was found, as 6 out of 8 resistant IAF isolates belonged to the same clonal complex (CC)/sequence type (ST) CC16/ST480. The work described in chapter 5 evaluates the effect of treatment with exogenous gonadotropins on the vaginal microbiota of 108 infertile women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation prior to being subjected to IVF. A significant increase of vaginal diamines was observed following hormonal treatment. Analysis of vaginal swabs revealed that a shift occurred after hormone treatment from a Lactobacillus-based microbiota to a microbial population mostly constituted by streptococci, enterococci, enterobacteria, staphylococci and yeasts. A highly significant association between reduced amounts of vaginal lactobacilli and the presence of above mentioned pathogens was found. Finally, IVF outcome was significantly decreased in the patients whose vaginal samples were positive for high levels of diamines and presence of bacterial pathogens, suggesting that a link may exist between vaginal microbiota dysbiosis due to hormonal treatment and IVF failure. Chapter 6 contains a short paragraph with the main conclusions of this Ph.D. thesis.

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016
Reducing AgNO3 by glucose at basic pH coated the surface of silica spheres with a high density of hemispherical silver nanoparticles (average diameter 3.2±1 nm). A much lower silver concentration than is standard favored heterogeneous nucleation of silver on the silica surface at the expense of homogeneous nucleation in solution. The slow growth rate of the nuclei promoted the formation of discrete silver particles rather than a continuous shell. Based on scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, the surface coverage of silver seed particles was as high as 25% at 10 °C without prior functionalization of the silica. The particles were composed of metallic silver based on x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. There was a sharp increase in the silver surface coverage and decrease in the particle size when the temperature was raised from 5 °C to 10 °C and the amount of silica was decreased from 0.2 to 0.025 V/V. The size was controlled by the diffusion barrier through the ion shell surrounding the silica spheres and by maintaining reaction conditions where the particles on the surface compete for silver.

ABSTRACT SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLY(DIHALOPHENYLENE OXIDE)S AND ITS DERIVATIVES FROM DIAMMINE BIS(TRIHALOPHENOLATO) Cu(II) COMPLEXES Sonsuz, Muammer M.S., Department of Chemistry Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gü
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Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Duygu Kisakü
rek September 2004, 62 pages In this study, synthesis and characterization of poly(dihalophenylene oxide)s were done by thermal decomposition of diamminebis(trichlorophenolato) copper(II) and diamminebis(tribromophenolato) Cu(II) complexes in solid state. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP) and ammonia were used as ligands in the complex syntheses. The complexes were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, FTIR, DSC, mass spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility and C, H, N elemental analyses. Synthesized complexes were decomposed thermally in solid state for the production of poly(dihalophenylene oxide)s. Polymerizations were carried out at two different conditions. In the first condition, the decomposition time was kept constant at 3 hours and temperature was varied for each sample to observe the effect of temperature on decomposition. In the second condition, the decomposition temperature was kept constant at maximum conversion temperature and the period of time was varied from 3 hours to 48 hours in order to define the effect of time on the decomposition. Synthesized polymers were characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, DSC, SEM, FAAS and viscometric measurements. At the end of the study, it was observed that, the percent conversion and the structure of the polymeric product depend on polymerization condition and the type of the starting complex.

Thermochemical heat storage (TCS) is a thermal energy storage (TES) technology used to store thermal energy for later use. TCS can provide heating or cooling services from intermittently available thermal energy, often low grade waste heat. The system studied here stores and releases the energy in the form of chemical energy by utilizing reversible chemical reactions. TCS has potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increase infrastructure system efficiency, lower society-wide energy system costs and by that contribute to sustainable development. This thesis is part of a joint TCS research project named Neutrons for Heat Storage (NHS), involving three research institutes. The project is funded by Nordforsk and KTH Royal Institute of Technology. KTH´s objective in the NHS project is to design, build and operate a bench-scale TCS system using strontium chloride (SrCl2) and ammonia (NH3) as a solid-gas reaction system for low-temperature heat storage (40-80 ℃). Here, absorption of NH3 into SrCl2⋅NH3 (monoammine) to form SrCl2⋅8NH3 (octaammine) is used for heat release, and desorption (of NH3 from SrCl2⋅8NH3 to form SrCl2⋅NH3) for heat storage. Prior to this thesis project, this TCS system, as well as its reactor+heat exchanger (R-HEX) units, were numerically designed at KTH, and the R-HEX units were manufactured. This system is now being built at the laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration division at the Department of Energy Technology, KTH. The initial system is comprised of a shared storage tank, expansion valve, ammonia meter and an R-HEX (absorption path); and an R-HEX, ammonia meter, gas cooler, compressor, condenser, and the storage tank (desorption path), to accommodate absorption, desorption, and NH3 storage. This thesis was originally planned to include commissioning, operation and experimental data acquisition, and performance evaluation of this system. However, due to various delays and shortcomings discovered at the beginning of the project, its objectives were then redefined to review the system and its components and propose necessary design adaptations of the initially designed (and partially built) system. This thesis project was partly a joint project, where Harish Seetharaman performed various tasks in the overarching NHS project as part of his own thesis project, performed alongside the work described in this report. For various information and results, referring to Harish´s report therefore will be necessary. A literature review of the research into SrCl2-NH3 systems was conducted, with emphasis on performance evaluation, kinetics, and reaction paths. TES performance evaluation is discussed concerning the TCS key performance indicators, with the 2018 IEA's Annex 30 as a guideline and 2013 IRENA´s E17 technology brief as a comparative reference. Much progress and refinement has been made in the 5-year span between the publications of these documents, but some adaptations and interpretations still need to be made to the Annex 30 approach for a good approach to a TCS system of similar nature as the one studied in this report. Review of the latest research on the kinetics and reaction path of the SrCl2-NH3 reaction pair revealed that the 100-year-old single-line-and-path reaction expression is an oversimplification of the actual chemistry. The reaction path seems to be dependent on the kinetics of the reaction, and varies with heating rate, temperature, and pressure. Various literature was found and compared, which show that the reaction enthalpies and entropies are not settled science. This demonstrates the necessity for further research into the SrCl2-NH3 reaction pair before application-scale product design and commercialization can take place. A comprehensive equipment and system review was conducted, whereby multiple issues were found and addressed, that if gone unnoticed, would have caused difficult setbacks for the project.  Consequently, the previous purchased ammonia flow meters and ammonia compressor, were exchanged for new and better suiting equipment. The original ammonia flow meters were undersized due to miscalculations of converting flow units of NLPH (Normal Liters Per Hour) to the project units of g/s, while wrongly using the density of compressed ammonia to convert to g/s, instead of it at the defined normal conditions. Furthermore, these flow meters were of the wrong type, as they had no digital output for data acquisition. The original compressor was also severely undersized, only capable of evacuating 7-14% of the expected maximum desorption flow. This was due to a similar miscalculation during conversion of NLMP (Normal Liters Per Minute) to g/s, as well as an unrequested compressor stroke reduction. New solutions and additional equipment were then required to accommodate the operational limitations discovered in the final chosen equipment and system configuration. These include limiting the compressor inlet pressure to a maximum of 1.1 bar(a); avoiding risk of NH3 condensation at them inlets of the new mass flow meters and compressor; and maintaining the flow meter and compressor inlet temperatures below 40 °C. The pressure limitations required considerable design adaptations. Firstly, an ammonia by-pass is introduced to keep feeding ammonia into the compressor during low desorption flows. The inlet pressure limitation necessitated active pressure management in the form of pressure reduction valves, which were thus introduced. Secondly, the condensation regulation and temperature management required a new approach, as the cooling and condensation temperatures in the original design were too low, causing risks of far too low temperature and pressure in the desorption path, as well as counter-acting simultaneous heating and cooling between the condenser and the storage tank heating sleeve. As a solution, a shunt pump is proposed, where constant cooling water temperature provides condensation on a tight temperature range using an infinite cold wall approach. Along with reviewing the equipment and the system design, new procedures concerning investigating and confirming homogeneous heat transfer properties of the reactors are proposed. Furthermore, improvements are suggested concerning the commissioning of the experimental rig, that include equipment testing with N2-gas and stepwise changes in temperature in sequential cycles to gain a good understanding of the likely behaviors of the system before it is run at the extremes of the operating range. In conclusion, a new and improved process flow diagram, showing all these adaptations, additions, and changes from the original diagram is presented herein as the final key contribution to the overarching NHS-project. This is complemented with an instruction manual, to allow the next researchers a smooth continuation, in terms of the system build, and later commissioning and operation. Finally, some suitable next steps in the project are suggested. These include a conceptualization of descriptive functions for the performance and behavior of the specific system and reactors. These functions are proposed with temperature and pressure as independent variables, as these are two main variables influencing the kinetics of the reaction in the given system. As no experimental data exists yet, the form of the proposed functions is generic. Furthermore, a suggestion is made for a future adaptation for achieving the phase change from NH3(g) to NH3(l) (which is the storage form of ammonia in the system) by deep cooling at the desorption pressure, resulting in only a liquid pump being required to raise the pressure of the NH3(l) in the storage tank.
Termokemisk energilagring (TCS) är en teknik inom termisk energilagring (TES) som används för att lagra termisk energi för senare bruk. TCS kan tillhandahålla värme och kyla från periodvis tillgänglig termisk energi, ofta lågtemperatur spillvärme. Systemet lagrar energin som kemisk energi genom att använda reversibla kemiska reaktioner och massaseparation av reaktions-produkterna. TCS har potential att minska utsläppet av växthusgaser, öka effektiviteten av system i vår infrastruktur, minska energikostnader i samhället och därmed bidra till hållbar utveckling. Detta exjobbsprojekt är en del av ett gemensamt TCS-forskningsprojekt som heter Neutrons for Heat Storage (NHS), där tre forskningsinstitut deltar. Projektet är finansierat av Nordforsk och Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan. KTH:s mål med NHS-projektet är att projektera, bygga, samt driva ett TCSsystem i bänkskala med strontiumklorid (SrCl2) och ammoniak (NH3) som ett fast-gasreaktionssystem för lågtemperaturvärmelagring (40-80 ℃). Här används absorption av NH3 till SrCl2⋅NH3 (monoammin) för att bilda SrCl2⋅8NH3 (oktaammin) för värmeurladdning och desorption (av NH3 från SrCl2⋅NH3 till SrCl2⋅NH3) för värmelagring. Innan detta exjobbsprojekt började hade detta TCS-system, samt systemets reaktor+värmeväxlare (R-HEX) enheter varit numeriskt projekterad vid KTH, och R-HEX-enheterna hade redan tillverkats. Detta system byggs nu på laboratoriet för Avdelningen för tillämpad termodynamik och kylning vid Institutionen för Energiteknik, KTH. Det initiala systemet består av en gemensam lagringstank, expansionsventil, ammoniakmätare, och en R-HEX (systemets absorptionssida) och en R-HEX, ammoniakmätare, gaskylare, kompressor, en kondensor, och en gemensamma lagringstanken (desorptionssidan), for att rymma absorption, desorption (samtidigt) och NH3-lagring. Exjobbsprojektet var ursprungligen planerat att inkludera driftsättning, drift och experimentdatainsamling samt utvärdering av systemet. På grund av olika förseningar och brister som upptäcktes i projektet, omdefinierades projektets mål och består nu av att granska systemet och, samt att föreslå nödvändiga designanpassningar av det ursprungligen konstruerade systemet och dess komponenter. Projektet var delvis ett gemensamt arbete, där Harish Seetharaman utförde olika uppgifter i det övergripande NHS projektet som en del av sitt eget exjobbssprojekt. För olika uppgifter och resultat kommer det därför att vara nödvändigt att hänvisa till Harishs rapport. Litteraturstudié av forskningen kring SrCl2-NH3 system genomfördes, med betoning på prestandautvärdering, kinetik och reaktionsvägar. Prestandautvärdering av TES system diskuteras angående TCS-nyckelindikatorer, med 2018 års IEA:s Annex 30 som riktlinje och IRENA:s E17 Teknologi-sammandrag från 2013 som en referens. Många framsteg och förbättringar har gjorts under femårsperioden mellan dessa publikationer, men vissa anpassningar och tolkningar måste fortfarande härledas till metoderna i Annex 30 för att få ett bra förhållningssätt till ett TCS-system av liknande karaktär som det som studeras i detta projekt. Granskning av den senaste forskningen avseende reaktionskinetik och reaktionsvägar för SrCl2-NH3 reaktionsparet visade att det hundraåriga enkellinje-och-reaktionsväg-formuleringen är en förenkling av den faktiska kemin. Reaktionsvägen verkar beroende av reaktionens kinetik och varierar med uppvärmnings-takten, temperaturen och även trycket. Olika litteratur jämfördes som visar att reaktionsentalpierna och entropierna inte är fastställd vetenskap. Detta visar behovet av ytterligare forskning avseende SrCl2-NH3 innan produktdesign och kommersialisering i applikations-skala kan utföras. En omfattande granskning av systemet och dess komponenter genomfördes, där flera problem hittades och åtgärdades. Om dessa problem hade gått obemärkt förbi skulle det ha orsakat svåra bakslag för projektet. Följaktligen byttes de tidigare köpta ammoniakflödesmätarna ut till nya och en ammoniakkompressor byttes ut mot en ny, för tillämpningen bättre anpassad. De ursprungliga ammoniak-flödesmätarna var underdimensionerade pga. felberäkningar i omvandling av flödesenheter för NLPH (normal liter per timme) till projektenheterna g/s. Samtidigt var densiteten av komprimerad ammoniak felaktigt använt för omvandling till g/s, istället för densiteten vid de definierade normala förhållandena; 1 bar (a) och 20 ° C. Dessutom var dessa flödesmätare av fel typ, eftersom de inte hade någon digital utgång för datainsamling. Den ursprungliga kompressorn var också kraftigt underdimensionerad, endast kapabel att evakuera 7-14% av det förväntade maximala desorptionsflödet. Detta berodde på en liknande felberäkning vid konvertering av NLPM (normal liter per minute) till g/s, samt en oönskad kompressorslagsminskning. Nya lösningar och ytterligare utrustning krävdes för att tillgodose de operativa begränsningar som upptäcktes i den slutgiltigt valda utrustningen och systemutformningen. Dessa inkluderar: begränsa kompressorns inloppstryck till maximalt 1,1 bar(a); undvika risk för NH3 kondens i de nya massflödesmätarna och kompressorn; samt bibehålla flödesmätarens och kompressorns inloppstemperaturer under 40 °C. Tryckbegränsningarna krävde omfattande projekteringsanpassningar. För det första införs en ammoniak-by-pass för att fortsätta mata ammoniak till kompressorn under låga desorptionsflöden. Inloppstrycksbegränsningen nödvändiggjorde aktiv tryckhantering i form av tryckreduceringsventiler. För det andra krävde kondensregleringen och temperaturhanteringen en ny strategi, eftersom kyl- och kondenseringstemperaturerna i den ursprungliga utformningen var för låga. Detta orsakade risker för alldeles för låg temperatur och tryck på desorptionssidan, samt samtidigt motverkande uppvärmning och kylning av kondensorn och förvaringstankens värmehylsa. Som en lösning föreslås en shunt där konstant kylvattentemperatur ger kondens i ett tätt temperaturintervall med en oändlig kallväggsinriktning. Tillsammans med granskning av utrustningen och systemutformningen föreslås nya tillvägagångssätt för undersökning och bekräftelse av reaktorers förmodade homogena värmeöverförings-egenskaper. Dessutom föreslås förbättringar av idrifttagningen av den experimentella riggen, som inkluderar utrustningstestning med N2-gas och stegvisa temperaturförändringar i sekventiella körningar för att få en god förståelse för systemets troliga beteenden innan det körs i ytterligheterna av systemts arbetsområde. Sammanfattningsvis presenteras ett nytt och förbättrat processflödesdiagram, som visar alla utförda anpassningar, tillägg och ändringar från det ursprungliga diagrammet, som är avhandlingsprojektets huvudbidrag till det övergripande NHS-projektet. Detta kompletteras med en bruksanvisning för att smidigt fasa in kommande forskare avseende systemets konstruktion, driftsättning, och drift. Slutligen föreslås några lämpliga kommande steg i projektet. Dessa inkluderar en konceptualisering av beskrivande funktioner för prestanda och beteende av det specifika systemet och reaktorer. Dessa funktioner föreslås med temperatur och tryck som oberoende variabler, eftersom dessa är två huvudvariabler som påverkar reaktionens kinetik. Eftersom inga experimentella data ännu finns, är formen för de föreslagna funktionerna generisk. Vidare ges förslag om framtida anpassning för att uppnå fasändringen från NH3(g) till NH3(v) (som är lagringsformen för NH3 i systemet) genom djup nedkylning vid desorptionstrycket, vilket resulterar i att endast en vätskepump krävs för att höja trycket för NH3(v) i lagringstanken.

Radiolabeled compounds, cis-diammine-(1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylato)-$\sp{\rm 193m}$Pt(II) (carboplatin) and dipyrrolidinedithiocarbamato-$\sp{212}$Pb(II) (Pb(PDC)$\sb2$) were synthesized in microscale quantities. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques were employed as both a synthetic tool and mode of product analysis. The specific activities of the purified radiochemicals were in the gigabecquerel per mg range. This was adequate for radiobiological experiments and is several orders of magnitude higher than that required for tracer studies. The radionuclide $\sp{\rm 193m}$Pt with 4.3 day half-life emits numerous low energy Auger electrons by virtue of its 3-step isomeric decay essentially by internal conversion. The yields and energies of the electrons were calculated using Monte Carlo methods. This radionuclide was produced by the $\sp{192}$Pt(n,$\gamma)\sp{\rm 193m}$Pt reaction. Other avenues of production, $\sp{192}$Os($\alpha$,3n)$\sp{\rm 193m}$Pt, were also considered. The $\beta$ emitting $\sp{212}$Pb, which decays to $\alpha$ particle emitting daughters, was isolated from a $\sp{226}$Ra generator. The clonogenic survival of Chinese hamster V79 cells was investigated using both radiolabeled and nonradiolabeled forms of the compounds. The effects of the two types of ionizing radiation (Auger electrons and $\alpha$ particles), kinetics of cellular uptake and retention, and subcellular distribution of these compounds were studied. The dosimetry calculations were performed using the radiation spectra, biokinetics, and Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) formalism. The mean lethal values of dose (D$\sb{37}$) for the radiolabeled carboplatin and $\sp{212}$Pb(PDC)$\sb2$ were 0.453 grays and 0.85 grays, respectively. The values of relative biological effectiveness (RBE) were estimated to be about 8.8 for radiolabeled carboplatin and 4.6 (2.4 with recoil of the daughter nuclei included) for radiolabeled $\sp{212}$Pb(PDC)$\sb2.$ The results confirm the inadequacy of the current methods of dose calculation (MIRD) and International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) and point to the potential usefulness of $\sp{\rm 193m}$Pt-carboplatin in chemo-Auger combination therapy of cancer.