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1
Hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke: Surgical, interventional, imaging, and medical approaches. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers, 2011.
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2
Budiarto, Gunawan. Patofisiologi, perkembangan diagnostik, dan pengobatan stroke iskemik akut: Menyongsong abad ke-21 dengan optimisme. [Surabaya]: Airlangga University Press, 1998.
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3
Rabinstein, Alejandro A. Practical neuroimaging in stroke: A case-based approach. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier, 2009.
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4
Brulhart, Franck. Les 7 points cle s du diagnostic strate gique: Avec la me thode des cas. Paris: E ditions d'organisation, 2009.
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5
Brenda, Freishtat, Zoltan Barbara, and Siev Ellen, eds. Perceptual and cognitive dysfunction in the adult stroke patient: A manual for evaluation and treatment. Thorofare, N.J: SLACK, 1986.
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6
Engineers, Society of Automotive, and SAE International Congress & Exposition (1992 : Detroit, Mich.), eds. Two-stroke engine diagnostics and design. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1992.
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7
Gonzalez and Koroshetz. Hyperacute Stroke: Imaging and Intervention. ISIS Medical Media, 2001.
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8
Diagnostic Strategies In Cerebral Ischemia. Clinical Publishing Services, 2011.
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9
Bernhard, Schaller, ed. State-of-the-art imaging in stroke. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2006.
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10
Schaller, B. State-of-the-Art Imaging in Stroke, Volume 2. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2008.
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11
(Foreword), K. Sartor, Rüdiger von Kummer (Editor), and Tobias Back (Editor), eds. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Ischemic Stroke (Medical Radiology / Diagnostic Imaging). Springer, 2005.
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12
Caplan, Louis R., Michael G. Hennerici, Kristina Szabo, and Rolf Kern. More Case Studies in Stroke. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2014.
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13
Pendlebury, Sarah T., Ursula G. Schulz, Aneil Malhotra, and Peter M. Rothwell. Oxford Case Histories in TIA and Stroke. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199539345.001.0001.
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Based around the core curriculum for specialist trainees, Oxford Case Histories in Stroke features 51 well-structured, peer-reviewed cases from the Oxford Hospitals giving detailed coverage of the specialty, including diagnostic and management dilemmas.
14
Engineers, Society of Automotive. Two-Stroke Engine: Diagnostics and Design (S P (Society of Automotive Engineers)). Society of Automotive Engineers Inc, 1992.
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15
Alexandrov, Andrei V. Neurovascular Examination: The Rapid Evaluation of Stroke Patients Using Ultrasound Waveform Interpretation. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2013.
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16
Alexandrov, Andrei V. Neurovascular Examination: The Rapid Evaluation of Stroke Patients Using Ultrasound Waveform Interpretation. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2013.
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17
Alexandrov, Andrei V. Neurovascular Examination: The Rapid Evaluation of Stroke Patients Using Ultrasound Waveform Interpretation. Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
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18
Munshi, Sunil K., and Rowan Harwood, eds. Stroke in the Older Person. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198747499.001.0001.
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Stroke in the Older Person will inform the readers about every aspect of stroke disease and traverses the entire stroke pathway. It explores all aspects of stroke and in particular those singular features of stroke that afflict older people. Nearly three-quarters of all strokes occur in people over the age of sixty-five. Each chapter is a synthesis of up-to-date work and practical approaches, relevant to stroke physicians, geriatricians, neurologists, researchers, doctors of all grades, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech and language therapists, advanced nurse practitioners, and neuropsychologists. The important themes addressed are the patient’s perspective, epidemiology, aetiopathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnostic work-up including imaging, primary and secondary prevention, thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, and all aspects of rehabilitation. It addresses transient ischaemic attack (TIA), atrial fibrillation, intracerebral haemorrhage, carotid revascularization, nutrition, and stroke mimics, dysphagia, the burden of cerebrovascular disease in the community, cognitive impairment, ethical and moral dilemmas including do not attempt resuscitation (DNAR), advanced directives, and end-of-life care. Stroke predominantly affects older people but there is a great shortage of literature in this age group. The editors have put together an excellent collection of chapters written by frontline clinicians or well-known academicians in their field. Special attention has been paid to make the book very readable, with plenty of practical tips. Only through a greater awareness of every aspect of stroke in older people can we make progress and treat our older people with the excellent care and dignity that they deserve.
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Tatlisumak, Turgut, and Lars Thomassen, eds. Ischaemic Stroke in the Young. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.001.0001.
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Stroke in the young is different, complex, and challenging. This book delivers a comprehensive review of the different aspects of young ischaemic stroke. Incidence, risk factors, and aetiology differ notably from those seen in the elderly. There is an increased prevalence of traditional risk factors already at a young age, but the book also focuses on special risk factors in young stroke patients. In many young stroke patients, aetiology remains unclear. The book outlines an extensive diagnostic workup and a stroke subtype classification adapted for young strokes. Gender differences are prevalent in young stroke. The book describes risk factors that are either unique or more prevalent in women and the importance of treating them aggressively. Stroke symptoms in children are comparable to those in adults, but there is a dramatic bystander delay in diagnosing the stroke. The text therefore also deals with rapid stroke recognition and adaption to the special needs in children. Young stroke patients are under-represented in randomized controlled treatment trials. In the emergency setting, unusual clinical findings and off-label situations may be faced and the decision-making process may be challenging. Recommendations for secondary prevention are also mainly extrapolated from studies in older individuals. The authors extrapolate data and draw conclusions on the acute and prophylactic treatment of young stroke. Prognosis after young stroke is poor. Even minor stroke may have devastating life-long consequences for quality of life, education, and working capacity. The book points to the opportunity for lifelong prevention of vascular events.
20
More Case Studies in Stroke: Common and Uncommon Presentations. Cambridge University Press, 2014.
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21
Tanislav, Christian, and Manfred Kaps. Classification. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.003.0003.
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The classification of a cerebrovascular event distils information obtained in the workup and other related case history to a category indicating a specific pathophysiology, with direct implications for the subsequent secondary prevention management. A minimum standard of diagnostics is required for a precise classification. In young stroke victims, the conventional Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) stroke subtype classification may only address the aetiopathogenesis in 30–60% of the individuals who are affected by vascular risk factors. Applying the criteria defined by TOAST for large-artery atherosclerosis, cardioembolism, and small artery disease is reliable for young stroke victims as verified in many clinical investigations. However, in a considerable proportion of stroke patients, the stroke aetiology remains unclear. For this group, some patients need to be treated in a particular manner, such as those with two or more possible aetiologies or those with suspected paradoxical embolism. In patients remaining purely cryptogenic despite an extensive diagnostic workup, imaging findings may help to identify potential triggers, particularly when an embolic infarction pattern in the acute brain imaging is obvious. Despite its shortcomings, the TOAST classification is the most universally used classification in ischaemic stroke patients. New developments in the field are addressed in this chapter and aspects are incorporated for the nominated classification adapted for the specific group of young stroke patients.
22
V, Mok, ed. Poststroke dementia and imaging. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.
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23
Jood, Katarina, and Turgut Tatlisumak. Special aetiologies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.003.0006.
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The chapter ‘Special aetiologies of ischaemic stroke in young adults’ provides an overview of the broad spectrum of non-conventional causes of ischaemic stroke. It reviews the more common of these unusual conditions categorized as non-atherosclerotic non-inflammatory arteriopathies, non-atherosclerotic inflammatory arteriopathies, vasospastic syndromes, haematological disorders, genetic disorders, and miscellaneous disorders. It discusses strategies for aetiological diagnosis in young ischaemic stroke, provides a detailed overview of useful clinical clues obtained from patient history and physical examinations, and describes a patient-tailored step-wise diagnostic strategy based on clinical clues and findings from a group of basic diagnostic tests.
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L, Sutton Amy, ed. Stroke sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about stroke, including ischemic, hemorrhagic, and mini strokes, as well as risk factors, prevention guidelines, diagnostic tests, medications and surgical treatments, and complications of stroke ; along with rehabilitation techniques and innovations, tips on staying healthy and maintaining independence after stroke, a glossary of related terms, and a directory of resources for stroke survivors and their families. 2nd ed. Detroit: Omnigraphics, 2008.
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25
(Editor), S. Castellani, and G. F. Gensini (Editor), eds. Stroke: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Pathways: 11th National Congress of the Italian Interdisciplinary Neurovascular Society, Sinv, Florence, December 2002: Abstracts (Cerebrovascular Diseases). 5th ed. S Karger Pub, 2002.
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26
Gattringer, Thomas, Christian Enzinger, Stefan Ropele, and Franz Fazekas. Brain imaging (CT/MRI). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.003.0007.
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In the acute phase of a suspected stroke, timely brain imaging with rapid and qualified interpretation is a crucial diagnostic step to inform patient management. While brain computed tomography is usually sufficient to indicate thrombolysis within the approved time window (by rapidly excluding intracranial haemorrhage), it often fails to show the actual site and extent of infarction as well as other pathologies, which may mimic a stroke. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has a much higher sensitivity and specificity for ischaemic vascular brain changes and thus allows direct demonstration of the area(s) of acute ischaemic damage. This helps in the diagnosis of clinically uncertain cases, may give aetiological clues, and can also provide pathophysiologic insights into stroke evolution with respective consequences for patient treatment. The capability to rule out many other disorders that may mimic stroke is also an important asset of MRI. All these advantages make MRI the preferred tool in the workup of young individuals with suspected stroke. However, this needs ready availability and adequately tailored and short imaging protocols in order not to delay treatment.
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Gattringer, Thomas, Christian Enzinger, Stefan Ropele, and Franz Fazekas. Vascular imaging (CTA/MRA). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.003.0008.
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Non-invasive computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) constitute an integral part of the diagnostic workup of stroke patients, which—among the various techniques to image the complex cerebrovascular tree—can be conceptually placed between duplex sonography and digital subtraction angiography. CTA and especially MRA can be performed with different techniques and protocols that need to be used according to the clinical questions. In the setting of acute ischaemic stroke with the therapeutic option of endovascular thrombectomy, the rapid and reliable detection of large vessel occlusion has become of paramount importance. Both CTA and MRA can accomplish this and there is no need for contrast material when performing intracranial MRA. Vascular imaging is also essential to identify vessel-related causes of stroke such as large artery atherosclerosis, dissection, and some forms of arteritis mandating specific management or therapeutic intervention to avoid recurrence. Considering these aspects, frequent and targeted use of CTA or MRA is highly encouraged and especially relevant in young patients with stroke.
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Waje-Andreassen, Ulrike, and Nicola Logallo. Vascular imaging: Ultrasound. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.003.0009.
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After computed tomography and computed tomography angiography or magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography at admission, ultrasound is the most important diagnostic tool to confirm angiographic findings and to closely follow-up patients until the clinical situation has stabilized. Thrombolysis and interventional therapy have given transcranial ultrasound a very important role in bedside monitoring of occlusions, collaterals, cerebral haemodynamics, and vasoreactivity. Detection of flow changes in sickle cell disease, circulating emboli, and right-to-left shunts may guide treatment decisions. Sonothrombolysis and targeted drug delivery are today’s research projects for acute treatment by ultrasound. Extracranial cerebrovascular ultrasound is an ‘all-round’ diagnostic tool modifying angiographic results, showing minor arterial wall disease, plaques, and plaque instability. Microembolic signals during scanning may contribute to finding the cause of stroke. In stroke prevention, ultrasound delivers the possibility for staging of arteries and improving targeted intervention. Ultrasound images may also serve as educational tools for patients to underline the need for continuous medical treatment and lifestyle changes, and may improve compliance.
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Amin, Sandeep. Cervical Facet Dysfunction. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0005.
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Cervical facet dysfunction poses a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma in patients with axial neck pain due to either degenerative changes or whiplash injuries as it presents with a paucity of diagnostic radiologic or examination findings. The specific orientation of the cervical facet joints renders them particularly vulnerable to whiplash injury. This chapter examines the clinically relevant anatomy with nuances unique to the cervical spine, etiology of the structural changes, diagnostic tools, and treatment of cervical facet dysfunction. Understanding the relevant anatomy and referral patterns of cervical facet joints allows for more targeted diagnosis and treatment. There are strong evidence-based options in the treatment of cervical facet joint dysfunction.
30
Cohen, Jeffrey A., Justin J. Mowchun, Victoria H. Lawson, and Nathaniel M. Robbins. A 72-Year-Old Female with Facial Weakness and Droopy Eyelids. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190491901.003.0030.
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Fatigable weakness is the hallmark of myasthenia gravis (MG). It may present with false localizing signs leading to an itinal incorrect diagnosis of a brainstem stroke. MRI scanning of the brain with specific sequences can rule out the diagnosis of stroke. Differential diagnosis of MG may also include also motor neuron disease. Electromyography is very helpful in confirming the diagnosis of motor neuron disease. The two major diseases of the neuromuscular junction are MG and Lambert-Eaton syndrome (LEMS). A table presents the differing characteristics of each. LEMS can be associated with malignancy and MG with thyoma. Laboratory examinations have greatly assisted in differentiating these two conditions. There is specific antibody testing for each condition. Repetitive stimulation and single fiber electromyography also improve diagnostic acumen.
31
Hawkes, Christopher H., Kapil D. Sethi, and Thomas R. Swift. Instant Neurological Diagnosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199361953.001.0001.
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Experienced neurologists work fast. They ask few questions, maybe perform a brief examination, and come up with the right answer. Sometimes they do neither and their conclusions are accurate—but how do they do it? Traditionally, the diagnostic process includes pattern recognition and probabilistic, causal, or deterministic methods. The aeronautical expert uses so-called demons—which are essentially memorized diagnostic shortcuts that help to solve problems rapidly. In this text they are called Handles. Another complementary diagnostic process is the use of caveats, or Red Flags, which are negative Handles in the sense that if one encounters a Red Flag, then the diagnosis should be reconsidered. This book provides diagnostic shortcuts, collected by the authors through their own observations, with many others identified at grand rounds and conferences. Thus a diagnosis may be reached rapidly by applying a mixture of Handles and Flags. The Handles and Flags are grouped into regions based on standard neurological history and examination, and others in relation to specific diseases. The book contains thirteen chapters, which for the most part focus on a particular neurological condition, namely demyelination, headache, epilepsy and sleep, myopathy and motor neuron disorders, movement disorders, stroke, peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar ataxia, and dementia. The remaining chapters are concerned with the clinician’s initial impressions (first encounters), cranial nerves, limbs and trunk, spinal lesions, and cerebrospinal fluid. At the end of each chapter is a summary of the salient points and a few key references. Most Handles, are illustrated by a table, figure, or video clip to reinforce a particular message.
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Kallmeyer, Andrea, José Luis Zamorano, G. Locorotondo, Madalina Garbi, José Juan Gómez de Diego, and Miguel Ángel García Fernández. Non-invasive haemodynamic assessment. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0005.
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The diagnostic power of two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography resides not only in its capability of providing anatomical information and of studying myocardial contractile function, but also in the possibility of performing a non-invasive haemodynamic assessment. Such non-invasive haemodynamic assessment is the subject of this chapter.2D echocardiography, colour flow imaging, and Doppler modality make this haemodynamic assessment possible, by studying the following parameters: ◆ Blood flow velocities. ◆ Transvalvular pressure gradients. ◆ Valvular areas. ◆ Stroke volume, regurgitant volume, and regurgitant fraction. ◆ Cardiac function.The application of these concepts in clinical practice will be explained through this chapter. They can be summarized in the following points: ◆ The study of valvular insufficiencies. ◆ The study of the valvular stenosis. ◆ The study of intracardiac shunts. ◆ The study of myocardial systolic and diastolic function. ◆ The estimation of intracardiac pressures.Finally, non-invasive haemodynamic study represents an alternative to invasive procedures in some clinical circumstances and it is very important in the diagnostic and therapeutic decision making. Therefore, it is necessary for the cardiologist to understand how this echocardiographic study is performed, as well as its advantages and limitations.
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Barker, Richard. Lessons from the last 20 years. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737780.003.0004.
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A review of a dozen case examples of pharmaceutical innovation—from HIV to stomach ulcers—and others from vaccines, diagnostics, and medical devices give many pointers to the way forward to more productive and sustainable medical innovation. A sense of urgency, strong patient and public engagement, regulatory flexibility, cross-sector collaboration, and creativity on payment mechanisms all need to be built need to our new models, as we move into an era of precision medicine. We can also learn from other industries—from aerospace to IT—greater innovation around increased cost-effectiveness.
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Stewart, Robert. Vascular and mixed dementias. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0034.
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Vascular disease is the most important environmental risk factor for dementia but this research area has been hampered by inadequate outcome definitions – in particular, a diagnostic system that attempts to separate overlapping and probably interacting pathologies. There is now substantial evidence that the well-recognised risk factors for cardiovascular disease and stroke are also risk factors for dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease. However, these risk factors frequently act over several decades, meaning that the chances of definitive randomised controlled trial evidence for risk-modifying interventions are slim. This should not obscure the wide opportunity for delaying or preventing dementia through risk factor control and uncontroversial healthy lifestyles. Care should also be taken that comorbid cerebrovascular disease is not considered as excluding a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, particularly now that this determines treatment eligibility.
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Miller, Michelle A. The genetics of sleep. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778240.003.0006.
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The genetic regulation of normal sleep and sleep disorders is complex and often shows strong environmental interactions. This is a relatively new, and rapidly expanding, area of research, and the number of sleep conditions with established, underlying genetic components is growing. The genetic basis regulating the sleep–wake cycle has identified the Period genes. Their polymorphisms appear to determine the morning/night preferences of individuals. At present, the public health benefits are limited, but will increase as the identification and understanding of genetic causes for sleep conditions improve. This may lead to new diagnostic and treatment options including genetic counselling, improved therapeutic regimes, and new drug treatments.
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Chan, Chee M., and Andrew F. Shorr. Prevention and management of thrombosis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0271.
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Venous thromboembolism (VTE) represents a significant challenge in the care of critically-ill patients. Because of a combination of factors including comorbidities, their acute illness, and medical interventions, patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) face a heightened risk for VTE. In addition, because of their impaired physiological reserves, critically-ill subjects will not tolerate events, such as pulmonary emboli (PEs), well. A number of recent studies better describe the epidemiology and outcomes related to VTE acquired in the ICU. New research also explores optimal approaches for VTE prevention and better defines the risk for bleeding associated with pharmacological preventive options. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of, outcomes related to, and preventive strategies for VTE in the ICU. It also discusses diagnostic options in addition to focusing on selected populations at very high risk for VTE in the ICU, namely trauma patients and those who have suffered a stroke.
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Anderson, Michael, and Corinne Roughley. Causes of Death. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805830.003.0017.
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The principal reported causes of death have changed dramatically since the 1860s, though changes in categorization of causes and improved diagnosis make it difficult to be precise about timings. Diseases particularly affecting children such as measles and whooping cough largely disappeared as killers by the 1950s. Deaths particularly linked to unclean environments and poor sanitary infrastructure also declined, though some can kill babies and the elderly even today. Pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchitis were eventually largely controlled. Reported cancer, stroke, and heart disease mortality showed upward trends well into the second half of the twentieth century, though some of this was linked to diagnostic improvement. Both fell in the last decades of our period, but Scotland still had among the highest rates in Western Europe. Deaths from accidents and drowning saw significant falls since World War Two but, especially in the past 25 years, suicide, and alcohol and drug-related deaths rose.
38
Shaibani, Aziz. Pseudoneurologic Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0022.
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The word “functional” has rightly replaced the word “psychogenic” in the medical literature to describe disorders for which no organic etiology is found. Pseudoseizures, tremors, weakness and numbnessare the most common functional neurological disorders. It takes experience and knowledge of the patterns of presentation of neuromuscular disorders and some understanding of the common functional disorders in order to diagnose the latter correctly and early enough to avoid unnecessary investigations. Some genuine neuromuscular disorders such as myasthenia gravis, small fiber neuropathy, and chronic inflammatory sensory polyradiculopathy may be diagnosed as functional due to the lack of objective clinical and lab abnormalities. One has to differentiate functional disorders (hysterical conversion, somatization) from malingering, hypochondriasis, and factitious disorders. Some organic disorders are modified by “sickness behavior” leading to diagnostic confusion such as a hand numbness due to carpal tunnel syndrome may lead to functional numbness of the that entire side to mimic an imagined stroke.
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Hawkes, Christopher H., Kapil D. Sethi, and Thomas R. Swift. Instant Neurological Diagnosis. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190930868.001.0001.
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Experienced neurologists work fast. They ask few questions, maybe perform a brief examination, and they come up with the right answer. Sometimes they do neither and their conclusions are accurate—but how do they do it? This book holds the answers. The book is divided into 14 chapters which, for the most part, focus on a particular neurologic condition, namely: demyelination, headache, epilepsy and sleep, myopathy and motor neuron disorders, movement disorders, stroke, peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar ataxia, and dementia. The remaining chapters are concerned with the clinician’s initial impressions (first encounters), cranial nerves, limbs and trunk, spinal lesions, and cerebrospinal fluid. At the end of each chapter is a summary of the salient points and a few key references. The final chapter relates to the fast neurological examination. Most diagnostic clues or “Handles” are illustrated by a table, figure, or video clip to reinforce a particular message, and the text is marked with Red Flags that the clinician must be alert for.
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Hildebrandt, Thomas, and Ashley Heywood. Neurobiology of Eating Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0066.
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Eating disorders are recognized by a primary disturbance in eating that results in impairing levels of distress. Commonly beginning in adolescence and affecting primarily females, these illnesses have diagnostic criteria that are actively debated but retain core features including disturbances in the maintenance of a healthy weight, episodic binge eating and/or compensatory behaviors, and body image disturbances. This chapter will provide a summary of the primary neurobiological understanding of eating disorders form experiments using animal models as well as the growing literature in humans. Dysregulation in appetite hormones and peptides, adrenal hormones, ovarian hormones, the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems, and several central nervous system neurocircuits all show strong correlation to the development and maintenance of these chronic and frequently relapsing disorders.
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Poplack, Shana. The role of phonetics in borrowing and integration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.003.0010.
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This chapter revisits the question of whether speakers marshal phonetic integration as a strategy to distinguish code-switching, nonce borrowing, and established loanwords. Systematic comparison of the behavior of individuals, diagnostics, and language-mixing types reveals variability at every level of the phonetic adaptation process, providing strong confirmation that individuals do not phonetically integrate other-language words, whether nonce or dictionary-attested, into the recipient language in a systematic way. Nor do they share a phonetic strategy for handling any of their language-mixing types. This is in striking contrast to the morphosyntactic treatment they afford this same material when borrowing it: immediate, quasi-categorical, and consistent adaptation community-wide. This confirms that phonetic and morphosyntactic integration are independent. Only the latter is a reliable metric for distinguishing language-mixing types.
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Leirisalo-Repo, Marjatta, and John D. Carter. Infection and spondyloarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0009.
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Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is the designation encompassing a group of inflammatory diseases with several features in common. The patients have mono- or oligoarthritis with or without inflammatory back symptoms. Distinctive extra-articular inflammatory symptoms also characterize the diseases. The diagnostic subgroups in the SpA family include reactive arthritis (ReA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis arthritis (PsA), and some forms of juvenile-onset arthritis. These diseases share a strong association with a genetic marker, HLA-B27, absence of rheumatoid factor, tendency to family aggregation, and frequently occurring extra-articular manifestations. This chapter discusses the role of infections, either as triggering of the disease, most evident in the case of ReA, or as possibly contributing factors in the development of chronic forms of SpA and AS.
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Witter, Sophie, and Maja Jakobsen. Choices for Spending Government Revenue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0026.
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This chapter examines a broad range of opportunities for addressing the pressing human development needs of low-income countries by using new oil, gas, and mineral discoveries. It assesses how much of an impact can be made on the funding gaps for health and education by new oil and gas revenues, and what other uses of those revenues are likely to arise. The chapter argues that there is a strong case for investing natural resources revenues in social sectors, as they provide an opportunity to help to close the financing gaps in the African countries examined. However, the chapter also highlights that the political economy risks of this revenue stream are higher than for other types of revenues. Finally, it illustrates how a simple diagnostic framework can be used to help to guide social-sector investment decisions in the light of new natural resources revenues.
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Sanders, Mark. Photographic Field Guide to Australian Frogs. CSIRO Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486313266.
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Australia is home to more than 240 species of frogs, many of which cannot be found anywhere else in the world.
The Photographic Field Guide to Australian Frogs provides readers with the tools to confidently identify 242 species and five recognised subspecies. It includes detailed information on the distribution, habitat preferences and call of each frog species, as well as fully illustrated keys to genera to assist with identification. Multiple photographs of each species show variation in colour and pattern as well as features used for identification such as thigh colouration, skin texture, belly colour and patterning, eye colour and extent of webbing between the toes.
With a strong focus on illustrating variation and key diagnostic features, this guide will enable frog enthusiasts, environmental professionals and research scientists to identify Australian frog species with a high level of confidence.
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Baer, L., A. Fang, N. C. Berman, and W. E. Minichiello. Mood and Anxiety Disorder Comorbidity in OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0054.
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Primary OCD, like primary anxiety disorders, has high rates of both current and lifetime comorbidity, with a range of mood and anxiety disorders typically greater than 50% and 75%, respectively. This chapter begins with a review of several recent large-scale studies of OCD sufferers on three continents, indicating high levels of mood and anxiety comorbidity. Possible explanations for this high degree of comorbidity are reviewed, including flaws in the current diagnostic system and personality, neurobiological, and cognitive problems that may underlie both OCD and comorbid disorders; this may also account for their considerable phenomenological overlap. It reviews the lack of strong evidence for a negative impact of mood or anxiety comorbidity on OCD treatment outcome, and provides guidance for clinicians in: (1) differential diagnosis between OCD and related conditions including social anxiety, generalized anxiety, illness anxiety, and depression, and (2) suggestions to tailor exposure-based treatment for OCD sufferers with these comorbidities.
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Johnson, Nicholas J., and Judd E. Hollander. Management of cocaine poisoning. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0324.
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Cocaine is powerful central nervous system (CNS) stimulant derived from the coca plant. It affects the body via a number of mechanisms including blockade of fast sodium channels, increased catecholamine release, inhibition of catecholamine reuptake, and increased concentration of excitatory amino acid concentrations in the CNS. It is rapidly absorbed via the aerodigestive, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary mucosa, and also may be injected. When injected intravenously or inhaled, cocaine is rapidly distributed throughout the body and CNS, with peak effects in 3–5 minutes. With nasal insufflation, absorption peaks in 20 minutes. Its half-life is approximately 1 hour. Common clinical manifestations include agitation, euphoria, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and hypertension. Chest pain is a common presenting complaint among cocaine users; 6% of these patients will have myocardial infarction. Other life-threatening sequelae include stroke, intracranial haemorrhage, seizures, dysrhythmias, and rhabdomyolysis. Clinical signs and symptoms, as well as severity of intoxication, should dictate the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of cocaine intoxicated patients. If the patient has chest pain, an ECG, chest radiograph, and measurement of cardiac biomarkers should be performed. A brief observation period may be useful in these patients. Many manifestations of cocaine intoxication, including agitation, hypertension, and chest pain, are effectively treated with benzodiazepines. Beta-blockers should be avoided in patients with suspected cocaine intoxication. Special attention should be paid to pregnant patients and those who present after ingesting packets filled with cocaine, as they may exhibit severe toxicity if these packets rupture.
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Chopra, Amit, Piyush Das, and Karl Doghramji, eds. Management of Sleep Disorders in Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190929671.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
‘Management of Sleep Disorders in Psychiatry’ provides an in-depth and evidence-based review of sleep-wake disorders included in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) that are associated with a range of psychiatric disorders including mood, anxiety, psychotic, neurocognitive, eating, and substance use disorders. It also includes special sections on sleep-wake disorders associated with pediatric and neurological disorders, and reviews forensic issues encountered in the practice of psychiatry as they relate to sleep disorders. The book is unique in its focus on clinical assessment and management of sleep-wake disorders, and provides in-depth insight into the impact of disturbed sleep and wakefulness on clinical course and treatment outcomes of comorbid psychiatric conditions. Treatments reviewed include both evidence-based pharmacological and behavioral strategies to address sleep-wake disorders in patients with psychiatric disorders. Case vignettes are added to assist in the understanding of key clinical concepts of sleep and psychiatric comorbidity and multiple-choice questions are added for self-assessment. This comprehensive text aims to cater to the needs of the clinicians in a wide range of medical specialties including psychiatrists, sleep medicine physicians, psychologists, primary care physicians, and neurologists who strive to improve the sleep and clinical outcomes of their patients with psychiatric disorders.
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Callison, Candis, and Mary Lynn Young. Reckoning. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190067076.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The book is about how journalists know what they know, who gets to decide what good journalism is, and how we know when it’s done right. Until a couple decades ago, these questions were rarely asked by journalists. When journalists were questioned by malcontented publics and critics about how they were doing journalism, these questions were easily ignored. Now, if you’re on social media, you’re likely to see multiple critiques of journalism on a daily basis. It seems not only convenient but pragmatic to give most of the credit to digital technologies and/or market failure for how relationships between journalists and diverse audiences have changed. This book rests on a different assumption, however. We contend that technologies offer a diagnostic to understand much deeper, persistent, and structural problems confronting journalism. Counter to much of the recent journalism scholarship, we argue that you can’t talk about the role journalists and journalism organizations could, should, and have played in society without talking about gender, race, other intersectional concerns—and settler-colonialism. Drawing on mixed methods and ethnography as well as interdisciplinary scholarship, this book examines the reckoning under way between journalists, their methods and their audiences in sites as diverse as social media, legacy newsrooms, journalism startups, novel forms of journalism memoir, and among indigenous journalists. The book explores journalism’s long-standing harms alongside repair, reform, and transformation. It suggests that a turn to strong objectivity and systems journalism provides a path forward.
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Xue, Yongkang, Yaoming Ma, and Qian Li. Land–Climate Interaction Over the Tibetan Plateau. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.592.
Full textAbstract:
The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is the largest and highest plateau on Earth. Due to its elevation, it receives much more downward shortwave radiation than other areas, which results in very strong diurnal and seasonal changes of the surface energy components and other meteorological variables, such as surface temperature and the convective atmospheric boundary layer. With such unique land process conditions on a distinct geomorphic unit, the TP has been identified as having the strongest land/atmosphere interactions in the mid-latitudes.Three major TP land/atmosphere interaction issues are presented in this article: (1) Scientists have long been aware of the role of the TP in atmospheric circulation. The view that the TP’s thermal and dynamic forcing drives the Asian monsoon has been prevalent in the literature for decades. In addition to the TP’s topographic effect, diagnostic and modeling studies have shown that the TP provides a huge, elevated heat source to the middle troposphere, and that the sensible heat pump plays a major role in the regional climate and in the formation of the Asian monsoon. Recent modeling studies, however, suggest that the south and west slopes of the Himalayas produce a strong monsoon by insulating warm and moist tropical air from the cold and dry extratropics, so the TP heat source cannot be considered as a factor for driving the Indian monsoon. The climate models’ shortcomings have been speculated to cause the discrepancies/controversies in the modeling results in this aspect. (2) The TP snow cover and Asian monsoon relationship is considered as another hot topic in TP land/atmosphere interaction studies and was proposed as early as 1884. Using ground measurements and remote sensing data available since the 1970s, a number of studies have confirmed the empirical relationship between TP snow cover and the Asian monsoon, albeit sometimes with different signs. Sensitivity studies using numerical modeling have also demonstrated the effects of snow on the monsoon but were normally tested with specified extreme snow cover conditions. There are also controversies regarding the possible mechanisms through which snow affects the monsoon. Currently, snow is no longer a factor in the statistic prediction model for the Indian monsoon prediction in the Indian Meteorological Department. These controversial issues indicate the necessity of having measurements that are more comprehensive over the TP to better understand the nature of the TP land/atmosphere interactions and evaluate the model-produced results. (3) The TP is one of the major areas in China greatly affected by land degradation due to both natural processes and anthropogenic activities. Preliminary modeling studies have been conducted to assess its possible impact on climate and regional hydrology. Assessments using global and regional models with more realistic TP land degradation data are imperative.Due to high elevation and harsh climate conditions, measurements over the TP used to be sparse. Fortunately, since the 1990s, state-of-the-art observational long-term station networks in the TP and neighboring regions have been established. Four large field experiments since 1996, among many observational activities, are presented in this article. These experiments should greatly help further research on TP land/atmosphere interactions.