Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Diagnostic médicale'
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Zitouni, Djamel. "De la modelisation au traitement de l'information médicale." Antilles-Guyane, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2010AGUY0382.
Full textThe intensive care unit is a complex environment ; the practice of medicine is specific. The handling of a patient during his/her stay should be done by care staffs with specific knowledge. To help care staffs in their tasks, a plethora of equipment is dedicated to them. These equipments evolve constantly. In the search of a continuous improvement in this activity, the use of automated increasingly appears as a major support and a future challenge for medical practices. Over the last thirty years, several attempts have been made to develop automated guidelines. However, most of these tools are prone to numerous unsolved issues, both in the translation of textual protocols to formal forms and in the treatment of information coming from biomedical monitors. To overcome biases of diagnosis support systems, we chose a different approach. We have defined a formalism that allows caregivers formalizing medical knowledge. We spent the last three years in the intensive care unit of the university hospital of Fort de France with the aim to develop a complete chain of data processing. The final goal was the automation of guidelines in the room, at the patient’s bedside. We propose a set of methods and tools to establish the complete chain of treatment follow-up for a patient, from admission to discharge. This methodology is based on a bedside experimental station: Aidiag (AIDe aux DIAGnostic). This station is a patient-centered tool that also adequately fits to medical routines. A genuine methodology for analyzing biomedical signals allows a first signal processing prior to their physiological interpretation. An artificial intelligence engine (Think!) and a new formalism (Oneah)
Sommer, Sandrine. "Les procédures en biologie médicale : exemple des examens de parasitologie." Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05P017.
Full textQuintero, Ortiz Jose Matias. "Raisonnement collaboratif dans le diagnostic médical en radiologie." Rennes 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008REN1S145.
Full textIn this thesis we have described the information flow and the interactions of the different strategies of medical reasoning in decision-making diagnostic of hospital cases. One highlight is the repetitive sequence that may have the same reasoning strategies for formulating a hypothesis. The same strategy can derive different hypothesis. In general, specialization has been the most widely used strategy. The collaborative variables (negotiation and integration) are highly dependent on the overall analysis of the cases, and physicians in charge integrated patient data provided by other specialists. The decision of the radiological diagnostic hypothesis is important for the pure characteristics of the images regarding a pathology condition known. Radiologists found a complete consensus on at least one of the observations of x-ray film. Practical knowledge will be the most widely used by radiologists
Lamy, Brigitte. "Évaluation en bactériologie médicale : intérêt de la modélisation pour revisiter les pratiques." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10020.
Full textMarquié, Laetitia. "Les mécanismes cognitifs du diagnostic médical dans un service d'urgences." Toulouse 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU20046.
Full textThe main interrogation of this thesis is: "How to describe cognitive mechanisms of the physician's medical diagnosis in the complex situation of an emergency department? ". To answer this question, we test a model suggested by Raufaste (2001) called "the model of the three values of rationality" describing the cognitive mechanisms during the diagnosis. The first empirical study is a based on diagnostic errors that occurred in Toulouse hospitals. This test appears conclusive because it shows the existence of these three values. The two last studies carry out more detailed investigation of one among five values, "flexibility". This value is defined as the capacity of the subject to change its representation taking into account new information. We show that information can thus be transformed, modified and adjusted according to its coherence with other information of the representation but also according to the nature of the activity which the physician achieves
Balvet, Daniel. "La pièce à conviction : approche anthropologique de l'imagerie médicale." Paris 5, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA05H054.
Full textMedical images, plastic representations of the body (in part or as a whole) are used in scientific medicine in hospitals and universities, in popular medicine, in acupuncture, in homeopathy. . . However, it has rarely been a subject for research or analysis either in the field of epistemiology or art history. On the basis of nearly 600 medical documents, in black and white and in color, it was possible to demonstrate its inventive richness and its plastic quality and to highlight its typographical peculiarities and especially its ubiguitous presence in medical theory and practice. The analysis is based mainly on the iconic signifiance and internal "physiology" rather than on the function of each model this approach gives a new dimension to themes such as medical pluralism and the often polemical relationship between science and "soft" or "parallel" methods. The various styles demonstrate the cultural and historical dimension attached to all medical models, even the most scientific. Thus, the overabundance of comtemporary scientific imagery and a certain psychoanalytical or homeopathic aniconism are used to put into question the epistemiological and anthropological status of these different medical models
Coudouy-Berdoues, Sophie. "Exploration anatomique du tissu adipeux par imagerie médicale." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU32040.
Full textTognarelli, Bruno. "Bilan d'extension des cancers digestifs : laparoscopie ou imagerie médicale ?" Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON11156.
Full textLopes, Renaud. "Analyses fractale et multifractale en imagerie médicale : outils, validations et applications." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10100/document.
Full textFractal geometry is an emerging concept used in medical image analysis. The aim of this geometry is to measure global and local heterogeneities (1D, 2D or 3D). In medical imaging, it is often used to characterize 1D and 2D signals and restricted to discriminate between 2 states (healthy/pathological) by a global analysis of a signal. This thesis aims at providing 3D fractal geometry based tools for the measures of global (volume) and local (voxel) heterogeneities. Two indices are used: fractal dimension and multifractal spectrum (Hölder exponents). Since these algorithms estimate the theoretical value, fractal and multifractal synthetic volumes were used for the validation. This work also proposes texture segmentation tools. Two applications were studied; characterization of epileptic foci on single photon emission computed tomography images and the detection of prostatic tumors on T2-weighted MR images. The effectiveness of fractal and multifractal features are studied through a framework of supervised classification. The results for both applications demonstrate the usefulness of this geometry and its adaptability to several applications in medical imaging
Ansari, Ehsanollah. "Apport de l'imagerie médicale actuelle dans le diagnostic et traitement des dysplasies fibromusculaires de l'artère rénale." Montpellier 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON11130.
Full textLavenas, Magali. "Synthèse de nanoparticules multifonctionnelles pour le diagnostic et l’imagerie médicale avec de futures applications en radiothérapie." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0803/document.
Full textCancer is one of the main cause of mortality in the world. Recently, nanotechnologies have led tonew approaches in cancer therapy. In this context, it is important to design multimodal nanoparticles (NPs) andassess their therapeutic potential. The inorganic NPs studied here are based on metal oxides (e.g., TiO2 and HfO2)exhibiting functionalities that allow their localization and tracking using various techniques (MRI, luminescence),as well as their quantification. For this purpose, rare-earth elements are inserted in the metal oxide matrices. Asthe lethal temperatures for healthy and tumor cells are different, it is also important to ascertain thetemperature of the cells during ionizing radiation treatment. This may be achieved based on the light emissionof suitable pairs of rare-earth elements.Thus, titania and hafnia nanoparticles were synthesized by the hydrothermal method enabling the control ofmorphology and size. Furthermore, the hafnia matrices were doped with rare-earth elements, such as europium,terbium and gadolinium, endowing NPs with functionalities such as luminescence tracking, magnetic resonanceimaging and nanothermometry. The chemical characterizations were performed and the relaxivity constantswere assessed. The luminescence response was also studied, and one nanothermometer with a sensitivity atroom temperature ca. 0.1 %.K-1 was obtained
Jamgotchian, Lucie. "Micelles fluorées et polydiacétyléniques pour la thérapie et le diagnostic." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASF037.
Full textIn recent years, medicine is an area in which nanotechnologies have shown great promise, particularly for diagnostic and drug delivery applications. The challenge of nanomedicine is to pass active molecules through the various biological barriers and reach specific targets in an effective and non-toxic way. In the laboratory, we are particularly interested in micellar nanoparticles. Micelles are amphiphilic molecules consisting of two distinct regions with opposite affinities. They self-assemble as colloidal particles with a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic corona. When used as an aqueous carrier, micelles can effectively solubilize pharmaceuticals in their core and thus enhance their therapeutic and/or diagnostic activity. It is in this context that my thesis work is part of. In a first part, we will discuss the synthesis of stabilized polydiacetylenic micelles. These micelles will be used for the management of an anti-inflammatory compound and the formulation will be validated in vitro and in vivo for the treatment of atherosclerosis. The micelles will also be combined with a ligand for active plaque targeting. In a second part, we will focus on the development of micelles incorporating a perfluorinated core for diagnostic application. Here we will exploit the ability of micellar objects to target tumor tissues by EPR effect and the accumulation of micelles will be visualized by fluorine-19 MRI in vivo. Finally, in a last part, gold nanoparticles will be encapsulated in fluorinated micelles and used for CT-scan imaging targeting tumor tissues. The presence of gold ensures X-ray contrast and the fluorinated phases provide oxygen solubilization. We would like to exploit the latter property in order to transport oxygen to the cancerous tissues (which are most often hypoxic) and thus potentiate radiotherapy treatments by generating larger quantities of reactive cytotoxic oxygen species
Mounanga, Christian-Nazaire. "Outils biocliniques d'évaluation et de contrôle dans les programmes internationaux de lutte contre les filarioses humaines." Tours, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUR4050.
Full textFilariasis affects more 600 million people in the world and their consequences drove the World Health Organization (WHO) to launch the campaign against filariasis. We studied tools for evaluation and control of these programmes. We measured parasitological indice by thick, thin blood films, skin snips, leucoconcentration and serological indice by ELISA, western blotting, electrosyneresis, immunoelectrophoresis bidimensional, immunochromatographic Test ICT. Antigens fractions of Ascaris lumbricoides (FSom, FLpc, FOg) have been tested. Serums have been gotten to Gabon, to the Comores and Yemen. We showed in assessment, the clinic diagnosis, the leucoconcentration and the skin snip are reference tools. In control, the ICT for detection of circulating antigens of Wuchereria bancrofti and the ELISA are absolutely necessary. The other tools remain difficult to use in mass campaign against filariasis. Ascaris antigen was revealed of a sufficient value for the diagnosis
Chevalier, Frédéric. "Le diagnostic assisté par ordinateur de l'image tomodensitométrique : étude de paramètres adaptés." Paris 12, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA120036.
Full textBasterreix, Stéphanie. "Prise en charge des patients lombalgiques en médecine générale." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR2M072.
Full textKouvahe, Amélé Eyram Florence. "Etude du remodelage vasculaire pathologique : de la caractérisation macroscopique en imagerie TDM à l’analyse en microscopie numérique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAS019.
Full textThis research focuses on the study of the vascular network in general, in several imaging modalities and several anatomo-pathological configurations. Its objective is to discriminate vascular structures in image data and to detect and quantify the presence of morphological modifications (remodeling) related to a pathology. The proposed generic analysis framework exploits a priori knowledge of the geometry of blood vessels and their contrast with respect to the surrounding tissue. The originality of the developed approach consists in exploiting a multidirectional locally connected filter (LCF) adapted to the dimension of the data space (2D or 3D). This filter allows the selection of curvilinear structures in positive contrast in images whose cross-sectional size does not exceed the size of the filtering window. This selection remains effective even at the level of vessel subdivision. The multi-resolution approach makes it possible to overcome the difference in vascular calibers in the network and to segment the entire vascular structure, even in the presence of a local caliber change. The proposed segmentation approach is general. It can be easily adapted to different imaging modalities that preserve a contrast (positive or negative) between the vessels and their environment. This has been demonstrated in different types of imaging, such as thoracic CT with and without contrast agent injection, hepatic perfusion data, eye fundus imaging and infrared microscopy (for fiber segmentation in mouse brain).From an accurate and robust segmentation of the vascular network, it is possible to detect and characterize the presence of remodeling due to a pathology. This is achieved by analyzing the vessel caliber variation along the central axis which provides both a global view on the caliber distribution in the studied organ (to be compared with a "healthy" reference) and a local detection of shape remodeling. The latter case has been applied for the detection and quantification of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVM).Initially planned in a study of tumor angiogenesis, the segmentation method developed above was not applicable to infrared microscopy because of lack of vascular contrast in the spectral bands analyzed. Instead, it was exploited for the extraction of brain fibers as a support element for image interpolation aiming the 3D reconstruction of the brain volume from the 2D sub-sampled data. In this respect, a 2D-2D interpolation with realignment of the structures was developed as a second methodological contribution of the thesis. We proposed a geometric interpolation approach controlled by a prior mapping of the corresponding structures in the images, which in our case were the tumor region, the fibers, the brain ventricles and the contour of the brain. An atlas containing the unique labels of the structures to be matched is thus built up for each image. Labels of the same value are aligned using a field of directional vectors established at the level of their contours, in a higher dimensional space (3D here). The diffusion of this field of vectors results in a smooth directional flow from one image to the other, which represents the homeomorphic transformation between the two images. The proposed method has two advantages: it is general, which is demonstrated on different image modalities (microscopy, CT, MRI, atlas) and it allows controlling the alignment of structures whose correspondence is targeted in priority
Cauvin, Jean-Michel. "Raisonnement médical et aide à la décision en endoscopie digestive." Rennes 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN1B052.
Full textSebbe, Raphaël. "Diagnostic assisté par ordinateur de l'embolie pulmonaire en imagerie CT (computer tomography) opacifiée." Orléans, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ORLE2066.
Full textArnaud, Sabine. "Mise en récit et enjeux politiques d'un diagnostic : l'hystérie entre 1730 et 1820 : construction et circulation d'une catégorie médicale." Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0039.
Full textMy work begins with a study of terminology, retracing terms used during the eighteenth century to discuss what would eventually be recognized as hysteria. I t studies doctors' formation of symptoms into a category and efforts to convey an idea of hysteric maladies despite their contradictory expressions. It delves into how power relationships structure encounters between doctors and patients. It analyzes physicians' writing strategies and employ of literary genres. It regards the use of hysteria as a pretext for theorizations around class, sexual difference, geography, and race, and its invocation during the crisis of the Convulsionaries and French Revolution. In theatrical pieces, fables, and anecdotes, symptoms function as a system of signs. In novels, pathology is used to contrast conflicting interpretations of expressions and interrogate representation. French and English medical, political, philosophical and literary texts constitute the corpus of this study
Etchandy, Marie-Pierre. "Etude critique de l'apport de l'imagerie médicale dans le résultat chirurgical des microadénomes responsables de la maladie de Cushing." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR23037.
Full textDemazeux, Steeves. "Le lit de Procuste du DSM-III : classification psychiatrique, standardisation clinique et ontologie médicale." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010533.
Full textFeldman, Vera. "Système pour le diagnostic du cancer du sein exploitant la diffusion RX à petit angle." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAY057.
Full textCurrent breast imaging methods, such as mammography or ultrasounds, sometimes yield inconclusive results and require a biopsy to confirm the absence of pathology. This leads to a large number of biopsies, which are invasive, stressful and time-consuming. To address this problem, new diagnostic methods, including coherent X ray scattering, are explored. Coherent X ray scattering is a promising method for improving diagnosis, as it yields information about the molecular structure of the breast tissues.This thesis explores the use of coherent X ray scattering to refine in vivo breast tissue characterization, as a supplementary technique, in addition to suspicious mammography. An experimental set-up for coherent X ray scattering spectra acquisition and an associated data processing methods, including classification, are proposed. The delivered dose is also studied in view of an in vivo application. The complete method is experimentally validated on plastic and biological phantoms. Obtained results are very encouraging, however improvement is still needed in order to meet clinical requirements. A few ways of improvements are suggested for the continuation of this project
Kuzio, Sylvain. "Automatisation et optimisation de l'activité biologie moléculaire d'un laboratoire d'analyses de biologie médicale." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28732.
Full textBellafqira, Reda. "Chiffrement homomorphe et recherche par le contenu sécurisé de données externalisées et mutualisées : Application à l'imagerie médicale et l'aide au diagnostic." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IMTA0063.
Full textCloud computing has emerged as a successful paradigm allowing individuals and companies to store and process large amounts of data without a need to purchase and maintain their own networks and computer systems. In healthcare for example, different initiatives aim at sharing medical images and Personal Health Records (PHR) in between health professionals or hospitals with the help of the cloud. In such an environment, data security (confidentiality, integrity and traceability) is a major issue. In this context that these thesis works, it concerns in particular the securing of Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) techniques and machine learning (ML) which are at the heart of diagnostic decision support systems. These techniques make it possible to find similar images to an image not yet interpreted. The goal is to define approaches that can exploit secure externalized data and enable a cloud to provide a diagnostic support. Several mechanisms allow the processing of encrypted data, but most are dependent on interactions between different entities (the user, the cloud or a trusted third party) and must be combined judiciously so as to not leak information. During these three years of thesis, we initially focused on securing an outsourced CBIR system under the constraint of no interaction between the users and the service provider (cloud). In a second step, we have developed a secure machine learning approach based on multilayer perceptron (MLP), whose learning phase can be outsourced in a secure way, the challenge being to ensure the convergence of the MLP. All the data and parameters of the model are encrypted using homomorphic encryption. Because these systems need to use information from multiple sources, each of which outsources its encrypted data under its own key, we are interested in the problem of sharing encrypted data. A problem known by the "Proxy Re-Encryption" (PRE) schemes. In this context, we have proposed the first PRE scheme that allows both the sharing and the processing of encrypted data. We also worked on watermarking scheme over encrypted data in order to trace and verify the integrity of data in this shared environment. The embedded message is accessible whether or not the image is encrypted and provides several services
Bonneric, Jean. "Bilan initial de l'utilisation des prélèvements bronchiques protégés dans le diagnostic bactériologique des bronchopneumopathies nosocomiales : expérience du service de réanimation médicale." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR25143.
Full textDary, Christophe. "Analyse géométrique d'image : application à la segmentation multi-échelle des images médicales." Nantes, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NANT07VS.
Full textBesson, Gérard. "Utilisation d'outils statistiques pour le diagnostic de certains infarctus cérébraux, au lit du malade." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE19006.
Full textNacer, Toufik. "Focalisation automatique sélective pour l'analyse d'images cyto-bactériologique." Lille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIL10039.
Full textRousseau, Bénédicte Marie Yen Bay. "Ethique et moralité ordinaire dans la pratique du diagnostic prénatal." Paris, ENMP, 2003. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005674.
Full textDuong, Hong Phuoc. "Comment optimaliser le diagnostic et le traitement des infections urinaires de l’enfant." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/277110.
Full textDoctorat en Santé Publique
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Tararbit, Karim. "Assistance médicale à la procréation et cardiopathies congénitales : études en population." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T024/document.
Full textUsing population-Based data, we: 1) assessed the risk of congenital heart defects (CHD) in assisted reproductive techniques (ART) conceived fetuses; and 2) evaluated the effects of ART on prenatal management and perinatal outcomes of fetuses with CHD. We observed that ART were associated with a 40% increased risk of CHD without associated chromosomal anomalies (adjusted OR = 1.4 95%CI 1.1-1.7). We also found varying associations between the different methods of ART and categories of CHD. We observed that ART were associated with 2.4-Higher odds of tetralogy of Fallot (adjusted OR = 2.4 95%CI 1.5-3.7), whereas no statistically significant association was found for the three other specific CHD included. In our population, ART exposure did not seem to modify prenatal diagnosis and termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly in fetuses with CHD compared to fetuses with CHD conceived spontaneously. The risk for premature birth in fetuses with CHD conceived following ART was 5-Fold higher as compared to fetuses with CHD conceived spontaneously (adjusted OR = 5.0 95%CI 2.9-8.6). Using a path-Analysis method, we found that multiple pregnancies contributed for about 20% to the higher risk of tetralogy of Fallot associated with ART that we had found. Finally, multiple pregnancies contributed for the 2/3 of the risk of premature birth associated with ART in fetuses with CHD
Fayad, Hadi. "Respiratory motion modeling for use in diagnostic imaging and radiation therapy." Brest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BRES2058.
Full textOne of the most important parameters reducing the sensitivity and specificity in the thoracic and abdominal areas is respiratory motion and associated deformations which represent today an important challenge in medical imaging. In addition, respiratory motion reduces accuracy in image fusion from combined positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET/CT) systems. Solutions presented to date include respiratory synchronized PET and CT acquisitions. However, differences between acquired 4D PET and corresponding CT image series have been reported due to differences in respiration conditions during PET and CT acquisitions. In addition, the radiation dose burden resulting from a 4D CT acquisition may not be justifiable for every patient. The first objective of this thesis was to generate dynamic CT images from one reference CT image; based on deformation matrices obtained from the elastic registration of 4D non attenuation corrected PET images. Such an approach eliminates, on one hand the need for the acquisition of dynamic CT, while at the same time ensuring the good matching between CT and PET images. The second objective was to develop and evaluate methods of building patient specific respiratory motion models and at as a second step more developed generic respiratory motion models. These models relate the internal motion to the parameters of an external surrogate signal (PET respiratory signal or patient's surface) that can be acquired during data acquisition and treatment delivery. Finally, the two developed models were validated and used in the PET respiratory motion and attenuation correction and in radiation therapy applications
Gorincour, Guillaume. "Aspects éthiques de la prise de décision dans l'interruption médicale de grossesse : le point de vue des soignants." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20731.
Full textAfnouch, Marwa. "Machine Learning Applications in Medical Diagnosis, case study : bone metastasis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Valenciennes, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPHF0039.
Full textMetastases are a group of abnormal cells that develop outside the original organ bound aries and spread to other organs. In particular, bone metastases originate in one organ of the body, such as the breast, lung, or prostate, and spread to the bone. Although this disease was discovered more than a century ago, it is still not well defined, and exist ing treatments are weakly effective, possibly because it is difficult and time-consuming to detect. To help physicians, new machine learning technologies promise to improve overall accuracy. This dissertation aims to help radiologists routinely detect bone metas tases using machine learning algorithms. The discovery of methodological biases in studies of bone metastasis diagnosis and the lack of consensus on the interpretability of machine learning have shifted the focus of this dissertation. It now focuses primarily on data collection and overcoming the challenges of validation and interpretability of machine learning. In order to properly assess the ability of machine learning to detect bone metastases, three experimental studies were conducted. The first proposing a novel segmentation approach supported by an attention mechanism to localize bone lesions. The second is a study of machine learning methods for identifying bone metastases cases. Finally, the last study highlights the lack of robustness of classification using machine learning methods and proposes a method to improve accuracy based on both CNN and Transformer approaches. The experimental results of this dissertation are evaluated on our introduced BM-Seg dataset, which is the first benchmark dataset for bone metasta sis segmentation and classification using CT-scans. This novel open-source dataset was used to improve the reproducibility of machine learning experiments. The results of the various preliminary studies are encouraging and promising
Busson, Laurent. "Evolution of direct diagnostic techniques in Virology; analytical performances and clinical input." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/313391.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences médicales (Médecine)
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Bittar, Eric. "Modèles déformables surfaciques, implicites et volumiques, pour l'imagerie médicale." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004869.
Full textRamadier, Lionel. "Indexation et apprentissage de termes et de relations à partir de comptes rendus de radiologie." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT298/document.
Full textIn the medical field, the computerization of health professions and development of the personal medical file (DMP) results in a fast increase in the volume of medical digital information. The need to convert and manipulate all this information in a structured form is a major challenge. This is the starting point for the development of appropriate tools where the methods from the natural language processing (NLP) seem well suited.The work of this thesis are within the field of analysis of medical documents and address the issue of representation of biomedical information (especially the radiology area) and its access. We propose to build a knowledge base dedicated to radiology within a general knowledge base (lexical-semantic network JeuxDeMots). We show the interest of the hypothesis of no separation between different types of knowledge through a document analysis. This hypothesis is that the use of general knowledge, in addition to those specialties, significantly improves the analysis of medical documents.At the level of lexical-semantic network, manual and automated addition of meta information on annotations (frequency information, pertinence, etc.) is particularly useful. This network combines weight and annotations on typed relationships between terms and concepts as well as an inference mechanism which aims to improve quality and network coverage. We describe how from semantic information in the network, it is possible to define an increase in gross index built for each records to improve information retrieval. We present then a method of extracting semantic relationships between terms or concepts. This extraction is performed using lexical patterns to which we added semantic constraints.The results show that the hypothesis of no separation between different types of knowledge to improve the relevance of indexing. The index increase results in an improved return while semantic constraints improve the accuracy of the relationship extraction
Contrepois, Alain. "Transformations de la pratique clinique liées à la théorie de germes et au développement de la bactériologie médicale en France, 1870-1918." Paris 7, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA070042.
Full textBetween 1870 and 1918, the field of infectious pathology developed in france. It was not founded only on bacteriology but consisted of an overall reorganization; clinicians attempted to associate a "germ" with the living patient's signs, symptoms and detectable lesions. A clinical symptomatology of infectious diseases was progressively elaborated, diagnostic procedures evolved, techniques of "hunting" for the germs and anti-infectious therapy were devised in parallel with the development of microbiological techniques to isolate and culture the microorganisms. Around 1870, this "germ theory", not yet that of pasteur, was assimilated into the established anatomical-clinical approach that merely required some revision. Etiology became a central question, albeit not a new one. During the 1880's, hospital physicians, for example, s. Jaccoud, g. Dieulafoy and c. Bouchard, refused to separate clinical medicine from that of the laboratory, claiming the necessity to combine the two. Based on clinical observations, doctors deduced the infectious nature of a disease; bacteriology added diagnostic and etiological elements. At the end of the 19th century, the idea of submitting a clinical diagnosis to the "verdict" of a bacteriological test progressively took form: "hunting" for the germs by taking samples and then inoculating them into culture medium. This concept entails lab work closely associated with the clinical diagnostic procedure. Bouchard actively sought the antiseptics the best adapted to fight against certain infectious entities. According to him, to evaluate the therapeutic value of an antiseptic, it has to be established that it shortens the duration and counters the effects of the infection. Although the fundamental argument is clearly clinical, it must first be proven that the medication is effective against the microbe in vitro and that it is as non-toxic as possible in animals. At the beginning of the 20th century, bouchard classified "infectious diseases" into two categories depending upon whether the etiological agent was specific or not. At the paris school of medicine, the field of "medical bacteriology" took form around the concept of "infectious diseases", then located at claude bernard's hospital, in competition with pasteur's institut
Mvoulana, Amed. "Vers un ophtalmologiste "augmenté" : analyse d'images rétiniennes pour l'aide au diagnostic précoce du glaucome." Thesis, Université Gustave Eiffel, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UEFL2007.
Full textOcular diseases are at the core of major public health issues. One of them, glaucoma, requires early screening to ensure effective treatment of affected patients, and prevent irreversible visual damages. The advent of so-called computer vision and deep learning approaches has led to a paradigm shift in the field of ophthalmology, providing unprecedented support in diagnostic and therapeutic choices. In this thesis, we propose new methods for the development of intelligent systems dedicated to the early detection of glaucoma from retinal images. In particular, we aim at deploying of mobile-based computer-aided diagnosis systems, for remote screening. Firstly, we proposed a method aiming at analyzing the optic nerve head, featured by morphological changes in the presence of glaucoma. Based on a precise algorithm for segmenting the structures of the optic disc and the cup within it, the method extracts clinically relevant measures such as the cup-to-disc ratio, the inferior-superior-nasal-temporal (ISNT) sectors and the neuroretinal rim area. A clinical protocol based on ophthalmic references is drawn to screen for glaucoma, and give indications about the stages of development of the neuropathy (early, moderate or advanced glaucoma). Although very accurate screening, with a performance rate of 94% on the evaluation base (DRISHTI-GS1), this method has highlighted the need to improve generalizability, particularly in the presence of glaucomatous nerve heads without excavation (false negatives) or large healthy nerve heads (false positives). Secondly, we proposed a method based on deep learning algorithms, allowing an automated interpretation of healthy or glaucomatous retinas. This work exploits state-of-the-art convolutional neural networks (VGG-16, ResNet50, Inception-v3, MobileNet and DenseNet121), and proposes an efficient transfer learning method to adapt these networks to the glaucoma screening. These models achieve an AUC of more than 0.97, however, this comparative study has identified the needs for developing efficient models for deployment in clinical conditions: 1) a consistent retinal image dataset in terms of size, inter-class balance, diagnostic reliability and clinical variability, 2) interpretable and explainable models, allowing specialists to understand and discuss the screening result.In this sense, we propose in a third step a method exploiting recent advances in semi-supervised learning, for the generation of synthetic retinal images. The proposed algorithm, BAGAN (for Balancing GAN), allows to produce from a reference image dataset (REFUGE), a new dataset filling the inter-class imbalance potentially responsible for diagnostic bias, while meeting the criteria of image quality and clinical diversity. We have demonstrated the relevance of such dataset in the further development of semi-supervised diagnosis algorithms. Finally, a brand new interface, available on desktop and mobile platforms, has been designed for ophthalmologists and health professionals. Smart and intuitive, it integrates various functionalities based on the developed algorithms, and allows real-time screening to contribute to the improvement of eye health care
Roux, Christian. "Evaluation de l'os humain par ultrasons : application à l'ostéoporose." Compiègne, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997COMP1049.
Full textGarbay, Catherine. "Images, stratégies perceptives et stratégies cognitives d'analyse." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Grenoble 1, 1986. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00320009.
Full textHache, Jean. "Vers la prévention et l'anticipation dans la pratique médicale : réflexions sur l'épistémologie des biomarqueurs dans le cas de la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H204/document.
Full textThis dissertation develops epistemological reflections on the notion of biomarkers in the case of Alzheimer’s disease. It focuses on the challenge posed by the transfer of knowledge from the field of biology to medical and clinical practices, with a special attention to the techniques of early diagnosis and especially the role of Big Data. Alzheimer's disease presents a particular temporality, its appearance being insidious with a long asymptomatic phase. It differs from cancer by not being amenable to genomic analysis of specific cells, and thus allows a different approach to the epistemic status of biomarkers. The biomarker whether it be a molecule, network of interactions, or even an algorithm, sheds light on the disease in the absence of any direct causal links between the biomarker and the disease. It is primarily an indicator rather than the representation of a body condition. As a consequence, it is always surrounded by uncertainty and never fully mastered, nor fully given. The biomarker is an object whose relations with the environment are an integral part of its functioning. Biomarkers are essential in transforming medical practices towards anticipating and monitoring the evolution of a subject's health condition. By highlighting elements that transform risk factors into a pathology, biomarkers invite everyone to monitor themselves and make it possible to support people well ahead of the appearance of clinical signs of an evolving disease
El, Kanfoud Ibtissam. "Résolution de problèmes de rayonnement électromagnétique appliqués à l’imagerie médicale avec FreeFEM++." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4000/document.
Full textThe use of microwaves for diagnosis is booming in the medical field. One of the latest applications is the detection of strokes by microwave imaging. The company EMTensor GmbH based in Vienna, Austria is currently studying such a system in collaboration with LEAT, the LJAD of the Côte d’Azur University and the LJLL of Sarbonne University, for the diagnosis and control of the treatement efficiency. The purpose of this work is to model the brain imaging measurement system developed by EMTensor GmbH. It is a transmission/ reception system consisting of 160 antennas arranged in 5 rings of 32 antennas distributed on a cylinder metal tank of semi-open circular section. One of the major issues of this work is the modeling and electromagnetic simulation (EM) of the complete system including a realistic brain model. The difficulty lies both in the size of the EM problem to be simulated beacause of the relationship between the considerable size of the system and the the very small size of certain inhomogeneities within the brain, and the great heterogeneity of the dielectric permittivities present inside the brain. We decided to use an open source software, FreeFem++ for this modelling because it is well adapted to high performance computing through domain decomposition methods, which is mandatory for the complexity of the EM problem. First, we compared the simulation results of the vacuum matching measurement system (without the brain) to the measurements and the results obtained by the FEM-based EM HFSS simulation software to those obtained by FreeFem++. We then simulated a virtual threedimensional head model, from brain imaging system cuts (CT scan and MRI), in partnership with EMTensor, looking for the position and type of stroke (ischemic and hemorragic). The influence of the measurement noise, the value of the adaptation gel used, the coupling between the sensors and the coupling between the head and the sensors are also studied. In order to validate these models, two simple cases have been studied. A large tube and a small plastic tube are fielld with adaptation liquid with the dielectric characteristic of a brain to find the shape of the tubes used by qualitative imaging. Finally, with the MEDIMAX project partners and the EMTensor company we applied a quantitative method to the detection of ischemic stroke by the microwave tomography. The direct problem has been solved with the help of FreeFem++, using hight order elements and parallel preconditioners for the domain decomposition method. We solved the inverse problem by a minimization algorithm, in order to reconstruct tomographic images of the brain in times compatible with medical imperatives defined by clinicians.”
Mecheri, Miloud. "Réalisation d'un système pour la compression et la transmission d'images médicales." Compiègne, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000COMP1262.
Full textHarms, Fabrice. "Imagerie des tissus à haute résolution en profondeur par tomographie de cohérence optique plein champ : approches instrumentales et multimodales pour l'application au diagnostic per-opératoire du cancer." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066702/document.
Full textAmong medical imaging techniques, optical imaging methods have been significantly developped during the past decades. More specifically, among recently proposed optical imaging techniques, Full-Field Optical Coherence Tomography – or FFOCT – provides unique capabilities, in particular regarding resolution and instrumental simplicity, which allows to consider its application to cancer diagnosis. This thesis demonstrates the design and implementation of new FFOCT devices for use in a clinical context, targeting improvement and optimization of the technique. Two major development parts have been realized : A translational part, comprising the development of a FFOCT microscope adapted to a clinical use for intraoperative diagnosis of cancer on tissue biopsies, and the assessment of its diagnosis performance for several clinical cases : the intraoperative diagnosis of breast tissue, of brain resections, and the preoperative qualification of corneal grafts. A research part - mainly instrumental - targeting the improvement of the diagnosis performance of the technique, based on new multimodal (fluorescence contrast, dynamic contrast) and multiscale approaches, or on the miniaturization of the device by developing a handheld rigid endoscope for clinical use
Favre, Romain. "En quoi le niveau de connaissance médicale et la position des médecins respectent-ils ou non le consentement des patientes dans le cadre du dépistage de la Trisomie 21?" Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05T009.
Full textWe evaluate the knowledge of the doctors in prenatal screening for Down syndrome (DS) using first trimester ultrasound screening (USS) and maternal serum screening (MSS) as well as there personal positions regarding these two tests. In a second time, we evaluate the relationship of these two parameters on the level of informed consent of their patients. A first questionnaire was sent to the professional. 276 doctors have answered back. They are clearly in favour of USS (92. 4 %), but theirs knowledge are very low, only 35. 5 % have a good level. 18. 8 % have a partisan position towards theirs patients. Only 31. 9 % are in a position promoting theirs patients' consents. The MSS is less appreciated by the doctors, only 57. 9 % are in favour of this test. On the other hand theirs test's knowledge are better. 57. 2 % of the practitioners have a good level. Only 6. 9 % of these doctors are partisan. Three independent factors have a favourable influence on the patients: the hospital's practitioners, the obstetricians and the professional working in a large city. 434 questionnaires were filled by the patients. Only 24. 2 % of the patients have an informed consent to USS. 69. 4 % are favourable, but have poor knowledge. 6. 2 % are not in favour of this test. 76 % of the patients agree blindly. The MSS have a higher rate of informed consent, 38 %, but 64. 5 % agree blindly. Concerning USS, the doctor's knowledge influence directly the knowledge's level of their patients. The attitude of the professionals for both tests have an influence on the maternal attitude. Finally, for the ultrasound screening the autonomist position of the medical population have a positive impact on the rate of informed consent of their patients. The factors who could influence on the low rate of informed consent are discussed, in particular the impossible patient's autonomy because of the absence of alternative to medical termination
Tresvaux, du Fraval Frédéric. "Le dispositif d'annonce du cancer : reflet de l'évolution de la place du patient dans le système sanitaire français." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA070008.
Full textIn this manuscript we try to solve the following problem: Does the French cancer announcement guideline is a witness of the patient's status evolution in the French health System? Through a historical, epistemological and ethical study of the medical information and the disease announcement concepts, we observe that the cancer announcement guideline actually reflects the changing role of the patient in the French medical System (patient becomes informed-accompanied), the recent direction taken by the system's organization (a power redistribution within the health System) and gives the keys to the systemic recommendations development suited to this emerging System (ethical reforms and epistemological consideration)
Champenois-Rousseau, Bénédicte. "Éthique et moralité ordinaire dans la pratique du diagnostic prénatal." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005674.
Full textBopp, Cécile. "The proton as a dosimetric and diagnostic probe." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAE023/document.
Full textProton computed tomography is being studied as an alternative to X-ray CT imaging for charged particle therapy treatment planning. By directly mapping the relative stopping power of the tissues, the uncertainty on the range of the particles could be reduced. A proton scanner consists in a calorimeter or range-meter to obtain the information on the energy lost by each proton in the object, as well as two sets of tracking planes to record the position and direction of each particle upstream and downstream from the object. This work concerns the study of the outputs of a proton scanner and the possible use of all the recorded information. A reconstruction study made it possible to show that the information on the transmission rate and on the scattering of each particle can be used to produce images with visual properties that could be of interest for diagnostics. The proof of concept of the possibility of quantitative imaging using this information is also put forward. These results are the first step towards a clinical use of proton imaging with all the recorded data
Rousseau, Loi͏̈c. "Etude des rehaussements du sein en IRM (à propos de 137 cas issus d'une série de 260 patientes) en pratique médicale courante dans une consultation des maladies du sein." Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON11040.
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