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1
Sutton, David G., and Colin J. Martin. Diagnostic radiology—Facility. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.003.0013.
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The exposure to radiation of staff and members of the public is restricted by seeking suitable compromises between the three basic elements of time, distance, and shielding. This chapter deals with the design of X-ray facilities to ensure that the distance and shielding elements are used appropriately. Criteria in the form of dose constraints for staff and the public based on the ALARP principle are used together with occupancies of adjacent areas to determine acceptable dose levels. Methods for calculating doses from workloads in terms of patient dose data are described. The results are then combined with the dose criteria to derive transmission requirements for protective barriers. Specific requirements for secondary scattered radiation and primary beams in radiography are considered. The methodology is described together with practical examples of room design for different X-ray techniques and elements of personnel radiation protection are discussed.
2
One-leg hop for distance in the anterior cruciate ligament deficient population: Diagnostic ability and determinants of performance. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2001.
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3
Riveros-Perez, Efrain, and Mauricio Perilla. Specialty Practice Situations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190885885.003.0008.
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Recent advances in surgical and interventional procedures have led to a significant and increased demand for anesthesia services in locations distant from the traditional operating room. Special settings such as ophthalmologic surgery, interventional radiology, and the electrophysiology lab present unique challenges to the anesthesia provider. In addition to the remote location of the procedure rooms, the lack of familiarity with the equipment and distance from emergency back-up make for a challenging situation. Judicious preparation and set up of anesthesia equipment and materials as well as communication between the anesthesiologist, proceduralist, technicians, and nursing staff are key to performing these procedures in a safe fashion. Finally, procedures involving radiation exposure require awareness of occupational and patient safety concerns. This chapter discusses relevant anesthetic considerations for interventions performed in special settings including ophthalmologic surgery, gastrointestinal endoscopy, interventional radiology, cardiac diagnostic, and magnetic resonance imaging suites.
4
Martin-Joy, John. Diagnosing from a Distance. Cambridge University Press, 2020.
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5
Kunzel, Regina. The Rise of Gay Rights and the Disavowal of Disability in the United States. Edited by Michael Rembis, Catherine Kudlick, and Kim E. Nielsen. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190234959.013.27.
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Homosexuality has a complex history of entwinement with disability, marked most notably by its long-standing designation as a form of mental illness. That attribution was anticipated by nineteenth-century sexologists and promoted by mid-twentieth-century psychiatrists. In the years that followed, gay and lesbian activists worked to distance themselves from that stigmatizing association, successfully lobbying to remove “homosexuality” from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1973. Revisited here is the history of the gay liberationist battle against the psychiatric establishment as viewed through the analytical lenses offered by critical disability studies and disability history. Also tracked are the exclusionary and stigmatizing effects of the insistence on homosexuality as “healthy.”
6
Carlino, Ricardo. Distance Psychoanalysis: The Theory and Practice of Using Communication Technology in the Clinic. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
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7
Carlino, Ricardo. Distance Psychoanalysis: The Theory and Practice of Using Communication Technology in the Clinic. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
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8
Distance Psychoanalysis The Theory And Practice Of Using Communication Technology In The Clinic. Karnac Books, 2011.
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9
Diagnosing from a Distance: Debates over Libel Law, Media, and Psychiatric Ethics from Barry Goldwater to Donald Trump. Cambridge University Press, 2020.
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10
Martin-Joy, John. Diagnosing from a Distance: Debates over Libel Law, Media, and Psychiatric Ethics from Barry Goldwater to Donald Trump. Cambridge University Press, 2020.
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11
Youssef, Samuel J., and John A. Elefteriades. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of aortic dissection. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0148.
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Aortic dissection represents a splitting apart of the layers of the aortic wall, with blood under pressure entering the dissection plane and propagating for long distances along the aorta. The pain is said to be the most severe that a human being can experience. Pain is felt substernally with ascending dissection and between the shoulder blades for descending dissection. A high degree of clinical suspicion is essential in order for the diagnosis not to be missed. Because the dissection process can impair any branch of the aorta, the patient may present with symptoms related to any organ in the body. D-dimer is 100% sensitive at detecting aortic dissection (but non-specific). The ‘Triple Rule-Out CT Scan’ can confirm the clinical suspicion of aortic dissection, while at the same time ruling-out the other two cardiac conditions that can take a patient’s life acutely. Ascending dissection (Type A) is a surgical emergency because of the likelihood of intra-pericardial rupture. Descending dissection (Type B) is usually treated medically (with ‘anti-impulse’ therapy with β-blockers and afterload reducers). This condition is highly litigated and lethal if missed on initial presentation. Using D-dimer and liberal imaging will prevent mis-diagnosis and save lives.
12
Eckert, J., P. Deplazes, and P. Kern. Alveolar echinococcosis (Echinococcus multilocularis). Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0061.
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In this chapter three forms of echinococcosis in humans are described that are caused by a larval stage (metacestode) of Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863, Echinococcus oligarthrus (Diesing, 1863) or Echinococcus vogeli Rausch and Bernstein, 1972. E. multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis (AE). In the human host the metacestode of E. multilocularis behaves like a malignant tumour, characterized by infiltrative proliferation and the potential to induce serious disease. The liver is nearly exclusively the primary site of metacestode development, but metastases may by formed in adjacent and distant organs. Typically AE exhibits a chronic progressive clinical course, which finally leads to death in up to 90% of untreated patients within 10 years after diagnosis. An undefined proportion of cases are abortive with inactivation of the parasite. Evidence has accumulated in recent years that anti-parasitic therapy with benzimidazoles (albendazole or mebendazole) over many years or lifelong, if necessary combined with interventional procedures, can inhibit disease progression and improve or stabilse the patient’s clinical condition. Radical surgery in an early stage of the infection combined with anti-parasitic therapy for two years may lead to cure. The introduction of benzimidazole therapy of AE (1977), combined with improved diagnostic and surgical procedures, has resulted in significantly increased life-expectancies of adequately treated AE patients. In highly endemic areas ultrasound population screening (partially combinated with antibody detection) has been successfully used for early detection of AE cases. Countrywide annual AE incidence rates are mostly low at approximately < 0.1 to 2.0 per 100,000 inhabitants, but they can be much higher locally. Furthermore, there are indications of emerging case numbers in some areas of Europe and Asia. In spite of relatively low case numbers, AE is a significant disease due to its severity and high costs of treatment (median costs of approximately 145,800 per case).
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Ajithkumar, Thankamma, Ann Barrett, Helen Hatcher, and Natalie Cook. Concepts of multidisciplinary management. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199235636.003.0003.
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Cancer prevention 18Cancer screening 22Cancer genetics 24Genetic counselling 28Principles of cancer diagnosis and management 32Principles of surgical oncology 38Radiotherapy 42Principles of systemic therapy 46Carcinogenesis is a multistep process consisting of progressive molecular and cellular changes leading to early invasive cancer and finally to distant metastasis and death. The initiation and progression of cancer usually takes years. Attempts are being made to reverse the molecular and cellular changes at an early state of cancer initiation or progression. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that at least one-third of all cancers are preventable and cancer prevention is the most cost-effective long-term strategy for the control of cancer....
14
Rawat, S., L. Horgan, and C. M. S. Royston. Laparoscopic surgery. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198510567.003.0009.
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Laparoscopic staging for abdominal malignancies 324Laparoscopic splenectomy 326Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair 328Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication 332Laparoscopic cholecystectomy 336Laparoscopic appendicectomy 342Obesity surgery 346Laparoscopy is an effective and useful tool for the diagnosis and staging of abdominal malignancies. Staging is of paramount importance in planning treatment for localized and advanced disease. It is imperative to accurately identify those patients with a potentially resectable, localized tumour and those patients with advanced disease or distant metastasis. Despite improvements in preoperative staging with dynamic computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic ultrasonography, unexpected liver or peritoneal metastases are found in 10–20% of patients with oesophageal, gastric and pancreatic cancer. The need for laparotomy can therefore be obviated in these patients....
15
Charnavel, Isabelle. Locality and Logophoricity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190902100.001.0001.
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Anaphors such as English herself, French elle-même, and Mandarin ziji are usually claimed to obey locality requirements stated by Condition A of Binding Theory. But we observe that in various languages, the same anaphors can be exempt from these locality requirements under certain conditions. The goal of this book is to describe and explain this widespread dual behavior of anaphors on the basis of French, English, Mandarin, Korean, and Icelandic. First, several strategies are proposed for distinguishing between the two possible behaviors of anaphors. Plain instances of anaphors require local and exhaustive binding, as well as sloppy readings in ellipsis. Exempt instances of anaphors, however, only require a logophorical interpretation, that is, to occur in phrases expressing the first-personal, mental perspective of their antecedent. Second, a new theory of exempt anaphora is proposed, which consists in deriving all properties distinguishing exempt from plain anaphors to one: the presence of a silent, syntactically represented logophoric operator introducing a local, perspectival binder for superficially exempt anaphors. This hypothesis parsimoniously reduces exempt to plain anaphors obeying Condition A, thus directly accounting for the cross-linguistically widespread morphological identity of plain and exempt anaphors. Under this proposal, the reason why exempt anaphors appear to escape locality requirements is that their binder is implicit, and their mandatory logophoric interpretation derives from the nature of this binder. Finally, several diagnostics are provided for testing the hypothesis that so-called long-distance anaphors can be analyzed just like exempt instances of anaphors.
16
Goodey, C. F., and M. Lynn Rose. Disability History and Greco-Roman Antiquity. Edited by Michael Rembis, Catherine Kudlick, and Kim E. Nielsen. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190234959.013.3.
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To obtain a historical perspective on disability, we need to know what questions people of the past asked about each other and thus how they grouped human types. This effort involves removing the carapace of modern forms of classification and avoiding their imposition on the primary sources of an era so distant from our own (“retrospective diagnosis”). At least three major forms are identifiable: (1) the post-Cartesian divide between mind and body; (2) the tightening of forms of human categorization in general since the late Middle Ages; and (3) the thoroughly modern divide between the scientific/medical and the social. Human disparities and putative disabilities, ranging widely from the ancient era to the start of the Middle Ages and including the body, the senses, cognition, speech, social behavior, and sexual make-up, are discussed. These may or may not correspond with modern categorizations.
17
Roth, Andrew, and Chris Nelson. Psychopharmacology in Cancer Care. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197517413.001.0001.
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Clinicians who care for adult cancer patients have many tools to manage symptoms of depression, anxiety, cognitive changes, insomnia, and fatigue. Non-prescribing clinicians, such as psychologists, nurses, social workers, and occupational and physical therapists, provide frontline psychosocial interventions and physical support for cancer patients. Psychotropic treatments are sometimes required to resolve complex syndromes that mingle both medical and psychiatric features. Psychiatric medications are most frequently prescribed to cancer patients by oncologists, general medical practitioners, general psychiatrists, and psychiatric advanced practice providers such as nurse practitioners and physician assistants, as few oncology practices have dedicated psycho-oncologists. Non-prescribing practitioners who care for people with cancer are often the first to identify a psychiatric syndrome that requires a referral for psychopharmacologic intervention. They can also play an important role in educating patients about how psychopharmacologic agents can augment their cancer care. After psychotropic medications are started, non-prescribers can observe for improvement and detect problematic side effects if they arise, thus improving adherence with medication regimens. Practitioners who read this book will benefit from the highlighted clinical pearls to follow, and the potholes to avoid, regarding the tricky diagnostics and pharmacologic treatment of psychiatric syndromes. All clinicians will learn communication strategies that bridge distances of professional specialty and geography so that treatment by multiple providers may be more seamless, which it is hoped will enrich outcomes, both medical and emotional.
18
Radović, Milan, and Adalbert Schiller. Balkan endemic nephropathy. Edited by Adrian Covic. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0090_update_001.
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Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) is a chronic, slowly progressive tubulointerstitial nephritis, with familial clustering, occurring in several endemic rural regions in countries of the Balkan Peninsula. BEN is characterized by anaemia, tubular proteinuria, renal shrinkage, and slowly declining glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Up to one-third of patients may also develop upper urothelial tumours. The aetiology of BEN is unclear; chronic exposure to aristolochic acid and a polygenic predisposition are the most likely contributing factors. The major pathological characteristics of BEN are symmetrically shrunken, smooth-shaped kidneys, with interstitial fibrosis, mild interstitial inflammation, and tubular atrophy. Diagnosis is usually based upon positive family history of BEN, past or current residence in endemic regions, tubular proteinuria, tubular dysfunctions (such as urine acidification defects, salt wasting, and impaired excretion of ammonia, uric acid, and phosphate), scant urinary sediment, bilateral and symmetrically reduced kidney size, accompanied by severe anaemia, disproportionate to the degree of GFR reduction. There is no specific therapy for BEN; patients should therefore be treated as all patients with chronic kidney disease, in general. The use of distant water supplies or moving to another residence area should be advised to affected families. Careful evaluation for urothelial cancers is mandatory in patients with haematuria.