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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Dowling, Pat. "The Discharge Brokerage Program." Australian Journal of Primary Health 2, no. 1 (1996): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py96019.

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In response to government policies on case mix funding and Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs), Caulfield Community Care Centre, in consultation with the Inner South Community Health Service in Victoria, made a submission for government funding to run an early discharge program. It was called a Discharge Brokerage Program rather than an early discharge program, because of not wanting patients to be anxious about leaving hospital early.

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Peck, Blake, Daniel Terry, and Kate Kloot. "The Socioeconomic Characteristics of Childhood Injuries in Regional Victoria, Australia: What the Missing Data Tells Us." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 7005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137005.

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Background: Injury is the leading cause of death among those between 1–16 years of age in Australia. Studies have found that injury rates increase with socioeconomic disadvantage. Rural Urgent Care Centres (UCC) represent a key point of entry into the Victorian healthcare system for people living in smaller rural communities, often categorised as lower socio-economic groups. Emergency presentation data from UCCs is not routinely collated in government datasets. This study seeks to compare socioeconomic characteristics of children aged 0–14 attending a UCC to those who attend a 24-h Emergency Departments with an injury-related emergency presentation. This will inform gaps in our current understanding of the links between socioeconomic status and childhood injury in regional Victoria. Methods: A network of rural hospitals in South West Victoria, Australia provide ongoing detailed de-identified emergency presentation data as part of the Rural Acute Hospital Data Register (RAHDaR). Data from nine of these facilities was extracted and analysed for children (aged 0–14 years) with any principal injury-related diagnosis presenting between 1 February 2017 and 31 January 2020. Results: There were 10,137 injury-related emergency presentations of children aged between 0–14 years to a participating hospital. The relationship between socioeconomic status and injury was confirmed, with overall higher rates of child injury presentations from those residing in areas of Disadvantage. A large proportion (74.3%) of the children attending rural UCCs were also Disadvantaged. Contrary to previous research, the rate of injury amongst children from urban areas was significantly higher than their more rural counterparts. Conclusions: Findings support the notion that injury in Victoria differs according to socioeconomic status and suggest that targeted interventions for the reduction of injury should consider socioeconomic as well as geographical differences in the design of their programs.

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3

Fehlberg, Trafford, John Rose, Glenn Douglas Guest, and David Watters. "The surgical burden of disease and perioperative mortality in patients admitted to hospitals in Victoria, Australia: a population-level observational study." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (May 17, 2019): e028671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028671.

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ObjectivesComprehensive reporting of surgical disease burden and outcomes are vital components of resilient health systems but remain under-reported. The primary objective was to identify the Victorian surgical burden of disease necessitating treatment in a hospital or day centre, including a thorough epidemiology of surgical procedures and their respective perioperative mortality rates (POMR).DesignRetrospective population-level observational study.SettingThe study was conducted in Victoria, Australia. Access to data from the Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset was obtained using the Dr Foster Quality Investigator tool. The study included public and private facilities, including day-case facilities.ParticipantsFrom January 2014 to December 2016, all admissions with an International Statistical Classification of Diseases-10 code matched to the Global Health Estimates (GHE) disease categories were included.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAdmissions were assigned a primary disease category according to the 23 GHE disease categories. Surgical procedures during hospitalisations were identified using the Australian Refined Diagnosis Related Groups (AR-DRG). POMR were calculated for GHE disease categories and AR-DRG procedures.ResultsA total of 4 865 226 admitted episodes were identified over the 3-year period. 1 715 862 (35.3%) of these required a surgical procedure. The mortality rate for those undergoing a procedure was 0.42%, and 1.47% for those without. The top five procedures performed per GHE category were lens procedures (162 835 cases, POMR 0.001%), caesarean delivery (76 032 cases, POMR 0.01%), abortion with operating room procedure (65 451 cases, POMR 0%), hernia procedures (52 499 cases, POMR 0.05%) and other knee procedures (47 181 cases, POMR 0.004%).ConclusionsConditions requiring surgery were responsible for 35.3% of the hospital admitted disease burden in Victoria, a rate higher than previously published from Sweden, New Zealand and the USA. POMR is comparable to other studies reporting individual procedures and conditions, but has been reported comprehensively across all GHE disease categories for the first time.

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Iansek, Robert, and Mary Danoudis. "Patients’ Perspective of Comprehensive Parkinson Care in Rural Victoria." Parkinson's Disease 2020 (March 31, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2679501.

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Introduction. There is a higher prevalence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) in rural Australia and a poorer perceived quality of life of rural Australians with PD. Coordinated multidisciplinary teams specialised and experienced in the treatment of PD are recommended as the preferred model of care best able to manage the complexities of this disorder. There remains a lack of team-based specialised PD services in rural Australia available to people living with PD. This study aims to explore how the lack of specialised PD services impacts on the person’s experiences of the health care they receive in rural Victoria. This study compared the health-care experiences of two different cohorts of people with PD living in rural Victoria; one cohort living in East Gippsland have had an established comprehensive care model implemented with local trained teams and supported by a metropolitan PD centre, and the other cohort was recruited from the remainder of Victoria who had received standard rural care. Methods. This descriptive study used a survey to explore health-care experiences. Questionnaires were mailed to participants living in rural Victoria. Eligibility criteria included having a diagnosis of PD or Parkinsonism and sufficient English to respond to the survey. The validated Patient-Centred Questionnaire for PD was used to measure health-care experiences. The questions are grouped accordingly under one of the 6 subscales or domains. Outcomes from the questionnaire included summary experience scores (SES) for 6 subscales; overall patient-centeredness score (OPS); and quality improvement scores (QIS). Secondary outcomes included health-related quality of life using the disease-specific questionnaire PDQ39; disease severity using the Hoehn and Yahr staging tool; and disability using the Movement Disorders Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, part II. Results. Thirty-nine surveys were returned from the East Gippsland group and 68 from the rural group. The East Gippsland group rated significantly more positive the subscales “empathy and PD expertise,” P=0.02, and “continuity and collaboration of professionals,” P=0.01. The groups did not differ significantly for the remaining 4 subscales (P>0.05) nor for the OPS (P=0.17). The QIS showed both groups prioritised the health-care aspect “provision of tailored information” for improvement. Quality of life was greater (P<0.05) and impairment (P=0.012) and disability were less (P=0.002) in the East Gippsland group. Conclusion. Participants who received health care from the East Gippsland program had better key health-care experiences along with better QOL and less impairment and disability. Participants prioritised provision of information as needing further improvement.

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5

Cossette, Adam P., Amanda J. Adams, Stephanie K. Drumheller, Jennifer H. Nestler, Brenda R. Benefit, Monte L. McCrossin, Frederick K. Manthi, Rose Nyaboke Juma, and Christopher A. Brochu. "A new crocodylid from the middle Miocene of Kenya and the timing of crocodylian faunal change in the late Cenozoic of Africa." Journal of Paleontology 94, no. 6 (September 8, 2020): 1165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2020.60.

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AbstractBrochuchus is a small crocodylid originally based on specimens from the early Miocene of Rusinga Island, Lake Victoria, Kenya. Here, we report occurrences of Brochuchus from several early and middle Miocene sites. Some are from the Lake Victoria region, and others are in the Lake Turkana Basin. Specimens from the middle Miocene Maboko locality form the basis of a new species, Brochuchus parvidens, which has comparatively smaller maxillary alveoli. Because of the smaller alveoli, the teeth appear to be more widely spaced in the new species. We also provide a revised diagnosis for Brochuchus and its type species, B. pigotti. A phylogenetic analysis supports a close relationship between Brochuchus and tube-snouted Euthecodon, but although relationships among crocodylids appear poorly resolved in the set of optimal trees, this is because Brochuchus and Euthecodon, along with early Miocene “Crocodylus” gariepensis from the early Miocene of Namibia, jointly adopt two distinct positions—either closely related to the living sharp-nosed crocodile (Mecistops) or to a group including the living dwarf crocodiles (Osteolaemus). Character support for a close relationship with Mecistops is problematic, and we suspect a closer relationship to Osteolaemus will be recovered with improved sampling, but the results here are ambiguous. In either case, Brochuchus is more closely related to living groups not currently found in East Africa. This material helps constrain the timing of crocodylian faunal turnover in the East African Rift Valley System, with endemic lineages largely being replaced by Crocodylus in the middle or late Miocene possibly in response to regional xerification and the replacement of continuous rainforest cover with open grasslands and savannas.UUID: http://zoobank.org/e6f0b219-5f3e-44e5-bdb9-60a4fae8d126

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Clapperton, Angela, Stuart Newstead, Lyndal Bugeja, and Jane Pirkis. "Differences in Characteristics and Exposure to Stressors Between Persons With and Without Diagnosed Mental Illness Who Died by Suicide in Victoria, Australia." Crisis 40, no. 4 (July 2019): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000553.

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Abstract. Background: Mental illness is an established risk factor for suicide. To develop effective prevention interventions and strategies, the demographic characteristics and stressors (other than, or in addition to, mental illness) that can influence a person's decision to die by suicide need to be identified. Aim: To examine cases of suicide by the presence or absence of a diagnosed mental illness (mental illness status) to identify differences in factors associated with suicide in the groups. Method: Logistic regression analyses were used to investigate mental illness status and exposure to stressors among 2,839 persons who died by suicide in Victoria, Australia (2009–2013), using the Victorian Suicide Register. Results: Females, metropolitan residents, persons treated for physical illness/injury, those exposed to stressors related to isolation, family, work, education, and substance use and those who had made a previous suicide attempt had increased odds of having a diagnosed mental illness. Employed persons had decreased odds of having a diagnosed mental illness. Limitations: The retrospectivity of data collection as well as the validity and reliability of some of the data may be questionable owing to the potential for recall bias. Conclusion: The point of intervention for suicide prevention cannot always be a mental health professional; some people who die by suicide either do not have a mental illness or have not sought help.

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SHARIF, NAVEED, NAZIR AHMED, FAWAD HAMEED, Nosheen Rehan, and Jawad Khan. "PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS." Professional Medical Journal 18, no. 01 (March 10, 2011): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2011.18.01.1865.

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Objective: To study the age related radiological finding in pulmonary tuberculosis. Study design: A cross sectional study. Place and duration of study: From January 2009 to December 2009 pulmonary department of Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawal Pur. Patients and method: The cases diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis of either gender above age of 12 years were included in the study. Patients suffering from extra pulmonary tuberculosis, treatment failure, relapse, drug resistant tuberculosis and HIV sero-positive patients were excluded from the study. Patients were divided into groups according to the age. Group 1 consist of patients having age ≥ 50years while group 2 consist of patients having <50 years. Data was recorded on the Proforma and was analyzed statistically on SPSS 11. Results: this study consists of 106 patients and divided into two groups. It has been found that apical zone of lung involvement was more common in patients younger than 50 years while involvement of lower zone was more common in patients with age ≥50years. No significant difference was found regarding the involvement of middle zone, multiple zones and the type of lesions as the p-value was >0.05. Conclusions: the elderly patients with pulmonary tuberculosis have predominant involvement of lower zones. So, lower zone involvement of radiological lesions should be evaluated for pulmonary tuberculosis to start the treatment earlier and to minimize the risk of missing the diagnosis.

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8

Otome, Ohide, Alexander Wright, Vanika Gunjaca, Steve Bowe, and Eugene Athan. "The Economic Burden of Infective Endocarditis due to Injection Drug Use in Australia: A Single Centre Study—University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Victoria." Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2022 (December 16, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6484960.

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Background. Injection drug use (IDU) is a well-recognized risk factor for infective endocarditis (IE). Associated complications from IDU result in significant morbidity and mortality with substantial cost implications. The aim of this study was to determine the cost burden associated with the management of IE due to IDU (IE-IDU). Methods. We used data collected prospectively on patients with a diagnosis of IE-IDU as part of the international collaboration on endocarditis (ICE). The cost of medical treatment was estimated based on diagnosis-related groups (DRG) and weighted inlier equivalent separation (WIES). Results. There were 23 episodes from 21 patients in 12 years (2002 to 2014). The costing was done for 22 episodes due to data missing on 1 patient. The median age was 39 years. The gender distribution was equal. Heroin (71%) and methamphetamine (33%) were the most frequently used. 74% (17/23) required intensive care unit (ICU) admission. The median ICU length of stay (LOS) was 4 days (IQR (Interquartile range); 2 to 40 days) whilst median total hospital LOS was 40 days (IQR; 1 to 119 days). Twelve patients (52%) underwent valve replacement surgery. Mortality was 13% (3/23). The total medical cost for the 22 episodes is estimated at $1,628,359 Australian dollars (AUD). The median cost per episode was a median cost of $ 61363 AUD (IQR: $2806 to $266,357 AUD). We did not account for lost productivity and collateral costs attributed to concurrent morbidity. Conclusion. Within the limitations of this small retrospective study, we report that the management of infective endocarditis caused by injection drug use can be associated with significant financial cost.

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9

Gibbs, Cedric C. J. "Diagnosis related groups." Medical Journal of Australia 143, no. 6 (September 1985): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1985.tb122949.x.

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10

Tonkin, David. "Diagnosis related groups." Medical Journal of Australia 143, no. 6 (September 1985): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1985.tb122972.x.

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11

Last, Peter M. "Diagnosis related groups." Medical Journal of Australia 145, no. 10 (November 1986): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1986.tb139485.x.

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12

DUCKETT, S. J. "Diagnosis related groups." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 29, no. 4 (August 1993): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1993.tb00507.x.

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13

Safran, Charles, Douglas Porter, Warner V. Slack, and Howard L. Bleich. "Diagnosis-Related Groups." Medical Care 25, no. 10 (October 1987): 1011–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005650-198710000-00010.

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14

Mang, H., U. Kunzmann, and M. Bauer. "Diagnosis Related Groups." Der Anaesthesist 56, no. 9 (August 19, 2007): 867–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00101-007-1255-0.

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Michel, A., and E. O. Martin. "Diagnosis Related Groups." Der Anaesthesist 56, no. 9 (August 19, 2007): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00101-007-1257-y.

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16

Greenberg, Larrie W. "Diagnosis-Related Groups." American Journal of Diseases of Children 139, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1985.02140070098046.

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17

Rivany, Ronnie. "Indonesia Diagnosis Related Groups." Kesmas: National Public Health Journal 4, no. 1 (August 1, 2009): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v4i1.194.

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Di Amerika dan Australia, Kelompok Diagnosis Terkait (Diagnosis Related Group’s ) (DRGs) adalah suatu cara mengidentifikasi dan mengelompokkan pasien yang mempunyai kebutuhan dan sumber yang sama dirumah sakit berdasarkan alur perjalanan klinis (Clinical Pathway ). Penyakit yang mempunyai co morbidity atau co mortality, disebut Casemixdan mempunyai kode yang memperlihatkan derajat keparahan kelompok penyakit sehingga secara linear akan mem-pengaruhi besaran biaya perawatan. Dengan demikian, pembayaran perawatan di rumah sakit akan dilakukan berdasarkan “kesembuhan“ (cost of treatmentper diagnosis ), dan bukan berdasarkan penggunaan pelayanan medis dan non medis (fee for services). Di Indonesia sampai kini belum ada model perhi-tungan biaya untuk pembayaran perawatan mulai pasien masuk sampai sembuh dan keluar rumah sakit berdasarkan diagnosis (cost of treatment per diag-nosis). Pola pembiayaan yang digunakan di rumah sakit masih didasarkan pada fee for services. Dalam bentuk tesis, konsep Indonesia – DRG/ INA –DRG kami kembangkan di Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Indonesia, mengacu pada Australian DRG.Kata kunci : INA-DRG, kelompok diagnosis terkait, alur perjalanan klinisAbstractIn America, and Australian, Diagnosis Related Groups, known as DRGs is a method to identify and classify inpatients that have the same resources within hospitals based on Clinical Pathway. It has numbering/coding system used like a menu for determining the cost. The co morbidity and/or co mortality of a di-sease is called the Casemix, where it has numbering/coding that shows the degree of severity, which the cost linearly increased. Therefore the financing is based on the in-patients’ ”recovery” (cost of treatment per diagnosis), and not based on the utility of the medical and non medical treatments ( fee for services). One of the issues arise in Indonesia’s health financing system is that it does not have the costing model for health care financing, for inpatients from ad-mission to discharge (cost of treatment per diagnosis). Therefore the financing system used is based on fee for services. Using Australian DRG as reference, the concept of Indonesia–DRG / INA–DRG is developed by the researcher with Graduate Students in the Public Health and Hospital Administration Program, Postgraduate Studies Faculty of Public Health University of Indonesia, in Thesis.Keywords : INA-DRG’s, diagnosis related groups, clinical pathway

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18

Elsner, H., B. B�tz, T. Magerkurth, and St R�th. "German Diagnosis Related Groups." Der Nervenarzt 74, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00115-003-1499-0.

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19

Wienke, A. "Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs)." HNO 49, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 569–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001060170085.

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Lungen, M., B. Dredge, A. Rose, C. Roebuck, E. Plamper, and K. Lauterbach. "Using diagnosis-related groups." European Journal of Health Economics 5, no. 4 (November 2004): 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10198-004-0267-9.

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21

Roberts, Sharon L. "The future marriage between diagnosis related groups and nursing diagnosis related groups." Critical Care Nursing Quarterly 9, no. 4 (March 1987): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002727-198703000-00010.

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Bergstrom, Debra J., Wanda S. Hasegawa, and Peter Duggan. "Effects of G-CSF vs. No G-CSF on Outcomes Post-Autologous Stem Cell Transplant - A Two-Centre Retrospective Study." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 5133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.5133.5133.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION In management of patients post-autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT), there continues to be controversy regarding the benefit of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GCSF) given post-autologous stem cell transplantation on length of time to engraftment and rates of febrile neutropenia. We conducted a chart review on all patients who received autologous stem cell transplants with follow-up at two tertiary care centres, the Health Sciences Centre in St. John’s, Newfoundland, and Victoria General Hospital in Halifax, Nova Scotia from February 2001 to February 2006. METHODS Comparison was made between two groups, either receiving (Group A) or not receiving (Group B) planned GCSF (starting 5 days post ASCT) for engraftment purposes. Patients who were not intended to receive GCSF but later received it due to delayed engraftment or febrile neutropenia remained in the non-intervention arm for analysis. Patients were excluded who had CD34+ infusion doses of < 2.5 cells x 106/kg body weight as all these patients received planned GCSF to promote engraftment at both centers. Also, we excluded patients who were transferred from the treatment center (Halifax or St. John’s) to their referring center for post transplant care prior to engraftment as follow up data would not be available for these cases. Primary outcomes included time to neutrophil engraftment and days to hospital discharge. Secondary outcomes included episodes of febrile neutropenia, number of packed red cell and platelet transfusions, days to platelet engraftment and transplant related mortality. Comparison between groups of episodes of febrile neutropenia was performed using Fisher’s exact test and all other variables were analyzed using the unpaired t-test. RESULTS 215 patients were included, having received autologous stem cell transplants at the above centres from February 2001 to February 2006. There were no significant differences between the two groups in age, sex, or diagnoses. More patients in Group B received etoposide/melphalan conditioning whereas there were more treated with BEAM in group A. Mobilizing regimens also differed significantly, with more patients in the group B receiving GCSF alone. Median time to neutrophil engraftment differed between group A and group B (11 vs. 14 days respectively, p<0.0001). There was a higher incidence of febrile neutropenia in patients in group B (89%) compared with group A (76%, p<0.01). However, there was no significant difference between days to hospital discharge, platelet and packed red cell transfusions, or transplant related mortality. One distinct weakness of the study was in evaluating the duration of hospital stay as this was determined by date of final discharge post transplant and did not take into account delayed admissions or periods of discharge between recurrent admissions for transplant-related issues. CONCLUSION We observed a significant difference between the rate of febrile neutropenia and duration to neutrophil engraftment in those routinely receiving GCSF as part of post-transplant care vs. those who receive it either not at all or only for delayed engraftment. However, the clinical significance of these findings is unclear, particularly as the time to hospital discharge and the transfusion requirement was the same between the groups. Nonetheless, these results indicate a need for further study in this area, and suggest that more dedicated research into cost-effectiveness of the intervention may be useful.

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Moreno-Rodríguez, Francisco Javier. "Outliers in diagnosis-related groups." ACTUALIDAD MEDICA 99, no. 793 (December 31, 2014): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15568/am.2014.793.or02.

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Kynes, Patricia M. "On surviving diagnosis-related groups." Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing 12, no. 1 (January 1985): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152192-198501000-00016.

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Kugler, C., S. Freytag, R. Stillger, P. Bauer, and A. Ferbert. "Australian Refined Diagnosis Related Groups." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 125, no. 51/52 (December 31, 2000): 1554–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-9554.

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Eggli, Yves. "Diagnosis related groups: Quelles perspectives?" Sozial- und Präventivmedizin SPM 34, no. 4 (July 1989): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02080402.

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Latal, A. T., W. Fiori, H. Bunzemeier, and N. Roeder. "German Diagnosis Related Groups 2016." Zeitschrift für Herz-,Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie 30, no. 3 (April 14, 2016): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00398-016-0072-7.

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Horstmeier, P., J. Oberfeld, N. Roeder, and A. T. Latal. "German Diagnosis Related Groups 2018." Zeitschrift für Herz-,Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie 32, no. 5 (May 14, 2018): 412–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00398-018-0241-y.

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Tresch, Donald D. "Coping With Diagnosis Related Groups." Archives of Internal Medicine 148, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1988.00380060157028.

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Mullin, Robert L. "Diagnosis-Related Groups and Severity." JAMA 254, no. 9 (September 6, 1985): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1985.03360090098028.

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DUBOIS, R. S., and D. T. CASS. "ARE DIAGNOSIS RELATED GROUPS (DRG) REALLY RELATED?" Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 30, no. 2 (April 1994): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00609.x.

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PHELAN, P. D. "ARE DIAGNOSIS RELATED GROUPS (DRG) REALLY RELATED? REPLY." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 30, no. 2 (April 1994): 189a—189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00610.x.

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Lichtig, Leo K., Robert A. Knauf, Albert Bartoletti, Lynn-Marie Wozniak, Robert H. Gregg, John Muldoon, and William C. Ellis. "Revising Diagnosis-Related Groups for Neonates." Pediatrics 84, no. 1 (July 1, 1989): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.1.49.

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Groups of neonates who are usually treated at hospitals that provide specialized pediatric care are not adequately classified by the use of diagnosis-related groups (DRGs). Therefore, a set of revised DRGs, pediatric modified DRGs (PM-DRGs), have been developed. Use of PM-DRGs substantially improves the classification of neonates in the following ways: a single pediatric modified major diagnostic category has been defined to include only and all neonates (patients younger than 29 days of age when admitted to the hospital); deaths and transfers of newborns are no longer combined into a single group; birth weight (rather than diagnosis) is used as the primary variable to differentiate categories of neonates; and duration of mechanical ventilation, presence of major problems, and surgery are used to define specific PM-DRGs. A total of 46 PM-DRGs have been developed to replace the 7 DRGs for neonates. Based on a sample of discharged patients from 13 children's hospitals, the overall variance reduction in duration of stay for neonates using PM-DRGs was 38.7% compared with 20.4% for DRGs. Variance reduction for PM-DRGs was 45.9% compared with 16.3% for DRGs when operating cost per case was used instead of duration of stay. After removing outliers at 150 days, the duration of stay variance reduction was 53.3% vs 23.6%, respectively, and the operating cost variance reduction was 58.8% vs 17.8%, respectively.

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Morton, Anthony. "Diagnosis related groups: To the Editor." Medical Journal of Australia 145, no. 10 (November 1986): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1986.tb139486.x.

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McMahon, Laurence F. "Diagnosis-Related Groups: Past and Future." Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 9, no. 10 (October 1988): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30145166.

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McMahon, Laurence F. "Diagnosis-Related Groups: Past and Future." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 9, no. 10 (October 1988): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/645747.

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Introduction of the diagnosis-related group (DRG)-based Medicare Prospective Payment System is one of a series of major innovations that has occurred in the payment and delivery of health care over the past ten years. Changes such as the increased prevalence of health maintenance organizations, preferred provider organizations, third-party utilization review programs, and the peer review organizations for Medicare patients have all altered the way health care is financed and delivered. The DRG-based Medicare Prospective Payment System is the most visible of these changes, given its breadth of application and its radical departure from the previous retrospective reimbursement for hospital care. The Medicare Prospective Payment System has been in effect since October, 1983. As we approach the fifth anniversary of this program, it is a good time to review its history and to make some judgments as to its future.

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37

Fetter, Robert B. "Diagnosis Related Groups: Understanding Hospital Performance." Interfaces 21, no. 1 (February 1991): 6–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.21.1.6.

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38

Bühring, M., and R. Brenke. "‘Diagnosis Related Groups’ in der Naturheilkunde." Complementary Medicine Research 8, no. 2 (2001): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000057198.

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39

Brooten, Kenneth E. "Legal Implications of Diagnosis-Related Groups." Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy 20, no. 7-8 (July 1986): 597–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002808602000721.

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The legal ramifications of diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) on the health-care system in general and on pharmacists in particular are undetermined. As pharmacists continue to play an increasing role in therapeutic decisions, their exposure to malpractice suits will continue to rise. Pharmacists' liability in medical malpractice actually began prior to the introduction of DRGs, with the adoption by many states of “generic substitute” laws. Situations that can lead to judgments against pharmacists are reviewed. The majority rule of joint and several liability is explained. The conclusion that “DRGs are not a legal defense” is underscored by a dramatic presentation of a hypothetical court case.

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40

Horn, Susan D., Roger A. Horn, Phoebe D. Sharkey, Robert J. Beall, John S. Hoff, and Beryl J. Rosenstein. "Misclassification Problems in Diagnosis-Related Groups." New England Journal of Medicine 314, no. 8 (February 20, 1986): 484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm198602203140805.

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41

Oyebode, Femi, Stuart Cumella, Gillian Garden, and Sharon Binyon. "Diagnosis-related groups: implications for psychiatry." Psychiatric Bulletin 14, no. 1 (January 1990): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.14.1.1.

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The escalating cost of medical care in most industrial countries has given impetus to several different strategies designed to impose limitations on cost and introduce efficiency into health care systems. In the United States of America, legislation was passed in 1983 to introduce a system of prospective payment for Medicare hospital expenditures. This change was a departure from the previous cost based reimbursement method and was based upon a categorisation of medical conditions into discrete groups termed diagnosis-related groups (DRGs). The intention of the American Congress in passing the legislation was to encourage hospitals to reduce cost without sacrificing quality of care.

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Muñoz, Eric, Ronald Greenberg, Glen Faust, Jonathan D. Goldstein, Simmy Bank, and Leslie Wise. "Gastroenterology, Diagnosis-Related Groups, and Age." Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 11, no. 4 (August 1989): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004836-198908000-00015.

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43

Young, Donald A. "Synthesis: Experience with Diagnosis Related Groups." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 2, no. 1 (January 1986): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300002798.

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The Medicare prospective payment system (PPS) for inpatient hopital service was enacted in 1983. It uses a classification based on diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) to determine payment for services provided.

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44

Eggli, Yves. "What future for diagnosis related groups?" Sozial- und Präventivmedizin SPM 34, no. 4 (July 1989): 150–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02080403.

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45

Spiegel, Allen D., and Florence Kavaler. "The debate over Diagnosis Related Groups." Journal of Community Health 10, no. 2 (June 1985): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01326513.

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Osiński, Krzysztof. "Diagnosis-Related Groups: Various system applications." Nursing and Public Health 7, no. 3 (September 29, 2017): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17219/pzp/69711.

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47

Segal, M. J. "Diagnosis-related groups for physician reimbursement?" JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 254, no. 18 (November 8, 1985): 2639–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.254.18.2639.

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Segal, Mark J. "Diagnosis-Related Groups for Physician Reimbursement?" JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 254, no. 18 (November 8, 1985): 2639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1985.03360180143045.

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Resnick, Michael B., Mario Ariet, Randolph L. Carter, Andres Cao, Robert R. Furlough, Janet H. Evans, Allan G. W. McLeod, et al. "Prospective pricing system by diagnosis-related groups: Comparison of federal diagnosis-related groups with high-risk obstetric care groups." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 156, no. 3 (March 1987): 567–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(87)90052-4.

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Wood, Trevor J., Susan E. Thomas, and George R. Palmer. "Diagnosis related groups — implications for Australian physicians." Medical Journal of Australia 143, no. 6 (September 1985): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1985.tb122961.x.

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