Relevant bibliographies by topics / Diagnosis of bones

Academic literature on the topic 'Diagnosis of bones'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Diagnosis of bones"

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Jeanty, P., S. R. Silva, and C. Turner. "Prenatal diagnosis of wormian bones." Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 19, no. 12 (December 2000): 863–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7863/jum.2000.19.12.863.

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Corazza, Gino Roberto, Michele Di Stefano, Eduardo Mauriño, and Julio C. Bai. "Bones in coeliac disease: diagnosis and treatment." Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology 19, no. 3 (June 2005): 453–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2005.01.002.

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Palarie, Victor Petru. "The Diagnosis and Treatment of Nasal Bones Fractures." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 65, no. 9 (September 2007): 33.e6–33.e7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2007.06.203.

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Casu, Cinzia. "Central Giant Cell Granuloma: A Narrative Review of Radiological Features and Differential Diagnosis." General medicine and Clinical Practice 3, no. 2 (September 16, 2020): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2639-4162/030.

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The Central Giant Cell Granuloma is an uncommon lesion, accounting less than 7% of all benign jaw lesions. In 1953, Jaffe was the first to describe these lesions as a giant cell reparative granuloma of the jaw bones, and in 1971, thanks to Pindborg and Kramer, it was included in the current nomenclature. The aetiology of CGCG is unknown, there is also a peripheral type that some authors consider the most common in maxillary bones. WHO defines CGCG as an intraosseous lesion consisting of cellular fibrous tissue that contains multiple foci of hemorrhage, aggregations of multinucleated giant cells, and some trabeculae of woven bone. The radiographic appearance of CGCGs is not pathognomonic. CGCGs should be differentiated from other lesions of the jaws such as Brown’s tumour of hyperparathyroidism, fibrous dysplasia, aneurysmal bone cysts, giant cell tumours, fibro-osseous lesions, and other malignancies that arise in the jaw bones. Furthermore, it needs to be differentiated even from some genetic syndromes, such as Cherubism, type 1-neurofibromatosis and Noonan’s syndrome. The aim of this study is to focus on radiographic features of CGCG in order to achieve an appropriate tool for diagnosis.
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Watanabe, Ken-ichi, Toshihiko Kikuchi, Yukio Katori, Hiroko Fujiwara, Reiji Sugita, Tomonori Takasaka, and Sho Hashimoto. "The usefulness of computed tomography in the diagnosis of impacted fish bones in the oesophagus." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 112, no. 4 (April 1998): 360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100140460.

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AbstractThe usefulness of computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of fish bone impaction in the oesophagus was evaluated. Thirty-two patients were examined by plain X-ray followed by direct oesophagoscopy for suspected fish bone impaction. Among 25 cases in which fish bones were actually removed, foreign bodies were not clearly demonstrated by plain X-ray in 14 cases (56 per cent). Eleven cases underwent CT prior to the oesophagoscopic examination. Fish bones were clearly demonstrated by CT in all patients. CT also clearly visualized secondarily-induced inflammatory changes in the neighbouring structures. In order to confirm this result, we made a simulation model of oesophageal fish bone impaction, using fish bones of three different species surrounded by a water bag. In comparison with plain X-ray, CT depicted a superior image of fine fish bones and provides extremely useful information for the management of impacted fish bones in the oesophagus.
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G., V. "Differential diagnosis of pelvic exudates and tumors." Kazan medical journal 20, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj76970.

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Stembalska, Agnieszka, Małgorzata Rydzanicz, Magdalena Klaniewska, Lech Dudarewicz, Agnieszka Pollak, Mateusz Biela, Piotr Stawinski, Rafal Ploski, and Robert Smigiel. "Prenatal Diagnosis of Jeune Syndrome Caused by Compound Heterozygous Variants in DYNC2H1 Gene—Case Report with Rapid WES Procedure and Differential Diagnosis of Lethal Skeletal Dysplasias." Genes 13, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 1339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13081339.

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Skeletal dysplasias (SDs) are a large, heterogeneous group of mostly genetic disorders that affect the bones and cartilage, resulting in abnormal growth and development of skeletal structures. The high clinical and genetic diversity in SDs cause difficulties in prenatal diagnosis. To establish a correct prognosis and better management, it is very important to distinguish SDs with poor life-limiting prognosis or lethal SDs from other ones. Bad prognosis in foetuses is assessed on the basis of the size of the thorax, lung volumes, long bones’ length, bones’ echogenicity, bones’ angulation or presented fractures, and the concomitant presence of non-immune hydrops or visceral abnormalities. To confirm SD diagnosis and perform family genetic consultation, rapid molecular diagnostics are needed; therefore, the NGS method using a panel of genes corresponding to SD or whole-exome sequencing (WES) is commonly used. We report a case of a foetus showing long bones’ shortening and a narrow chest with short ribs, diagnosed prenatally with asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy, also known as Jeune syndrome (ATD; OMIM 208500), caused by compound heterozygous variants in the DYNC2H1 gene, identified by prenatally performed rapid-WES analysis. The missense variants in the DYNC2H1 gene were inherited from the mother (c.7289T>C; p.Ile2430Thr) and from the father (c.12716T>G; p.Leu4239Arg). The DYNC2H1 gene is one of at least 17 ATD-associated genes. This disorder belongs to the ninth group of SD, ciliopathies with major skeletal involvement. An extremely narrow, bell-shaped chest, and abnormalities of the kidneys, liver, and retinas were observed in most cases of ATD. Next to lethal and severe forms, clinically mild forms have also been reported. A diagnosis of ATD is important to establish the prognosis and management for the patient, as well as the recurrence risk for the family.
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Schalch, Paul, and Jason H. Kim. "3D CT for Diagnosis of Facial/Mandibular Fractures." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 139, no. 2_suppl (August 2008): P30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2008.05.098.

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Objective To describe how the use of 3-D reformatted computer tomographic (CT) images increases the accuracy of diagnosis of facial and mandibular fractures and influences surgical planning. Methods Retrospective review of 20 patients with facial and/or mandibular fractures between 2005 and 2006, diagnosed with CT facial bones (axial and coronal images and 3-D renderings). The study was conducted at a university- affiliated institution. Standard CT facial bones protocol consisting of 1.5mm contiguous axial and coronal sections were performed on a 40-slice scanner (Philips Medical Systems, Cleveland, OH). 3-D reconstructions were then obtained. Scans were reviewed by the consulting surgeon. Pre-operative diagnoses were confirmed intraoperatively. Results Patient mean age was 31 years (17–46). Pre-operative diagnoses included: 18 mandible fractures, 8 zygomatico-maxillary/orbital floor, and 4 midface fractures. Mechanisms of injury included assault, motor-vehicle accidents, sports- and work-related injuries, and falls. Diagnosis and surgical planning was influenced in 1/3 of fractures after reviewing 3-D reformatted images. 3-D reformatting did not add any cost to the CT scans performed, did not expose patients to additional radiation, nor did it significantly increase the time to obtain the study. Conclusions 3-D CT reformatting is an inexpensive, easy-to-obtain diagnostic imaging modality that increases the accuracy of diagnosis and helps improve planning of surgical repair of facial and mandibular fractures.
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Stankovic, Milan, Ivica Lalic, Aleksandar Djuricin, and Nemanja Gvozdenovic. "Isolated metastasis of lung cancer to carpal bones." Vojnosanitetski pregled 74, no. 11 (2017): 1078–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp151126296s.

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Introduction. Lung cancer often gives metastases in the bone system, of which the wrist accounts for 0.1% and the bones of the wrist are primarily affected in only 17% of cases. We presented a patient with the delayed diagnosis and a rare localization of isolated metastases of lung cancer to carpal bones which ended with upper arm amputation. Case report. A 56-year-old, a laborer, healthy, smoker, coughing for decades with occasional expectoration, hoarseness, during the last 3 months felt pain in his right wrist. He denied trauma. Physical examination led to the diagnosis of tendovaginitis of the hand. He visited a physiatrist and began treatment. After the therapy, symptoms were partially decreased and later began to worsen with symptoms of the median nerve compression. The neurologist diagnosed it as the carpal tunnel syndrome. The patient?s condition worsened and he was sent to the Emergency Center of the Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia with the diagnosis of arthritis of the wrist. The final diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma with isolated metastasis to bone tissue was made with a biopsy of the tumor and examination by an oncologist. Primary tumor localization was diagnosed with a computed tomography (CT) scan and skeletal scintigraphy. The patient underwent upper arm amputation and was sent to an oncologist. Conclusion. Carefully taken anamnesis, detailed general and local examination, and frequent monitoring of patients could help make a correct diagnosis of this rare localization of the lung cancer, before the spreading process and the occurrence of severe complications.
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Vaish, Abhishek, Raju Vaishya, Lokesh Kumar Singh, and Vikas Kashyap. "Langerhans cell histiocytosis of a metatarsal bone in an adult female." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 10 (October 2019): e231343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-231343.

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Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) commonly occurs in children. It mimics infection and many benign and malignant tumours. This disease mainly involves the spine, skull and long bones, and its incidence is sporadic in the small bones of the foot and hand. We could not find any case reports with the involvement of a metatarsal bone, and hence, awareness about its possibility is essential to suspect it as a differential diagnosis of lytic lesions in the foot bones and therefore treat it judiciously. We have reported a case of a 35-year-old woman with spontaneous onset of pain over her right foot for the last year. An extensive curettage was performed, where the histology confirmed the features of LCH. Awareness about this entity and its differential diagnosis may help to clinch and early diagnosis and to treat effectively.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Diagnosis of bones"

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Söderlund, Veli. "Combined radiology and cytology in the diagnosis of bone lesions : a study of 494 patients /." Stockholm, 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-353-8/.

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Al-Rowaih, Ahmad. "Osteonecrosis of the knee with special reference to diagnosis and prognosis /." Lund : Dept. of Orthopedics, University Hospital, 1995. http://books.google.com/books?id=pCpsAAAAMAAJ.

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Van, Greunen Francois. "Microcomputer-assisted diagnosis of inherited disorders of the skeleton." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25754.

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Several hundred inherited disorders of the skeleton have been delineated. Individually these conditions are rare, but as a group they cause much crippling and hardship. Several factors, including the rarity and complexity of the manifestations of these conditions, as well as semantic overlap, impede the accurate diagnosis which is essential for effective treatment. In this regard, the adoption of microcomputers warrants evaluation as a high technology aid. Microcomputers have developed tremendous capabilities during recent years. The state of the art has become such that a diagnostic aid facility on such a device has been demonstrated in various disciplines of medicine and may also be feasible in the area of inherited skeletal disorders. The study which forms the basis of this thesis, concerns the investigation of this feasibility and has led to the development of an effective working model which sets the basis for microcomputer-aided diagnosis. The design features followed in this project are similar to those conventionally employed for "Expert systems" on mainframe computers. A comprehensive knowledge base consisting of over 200 skeletal disorders and 700 radiographic and clinical manifestations, has resulted. Furthermore, the application is capable of "learning", although inference as employed by the inference engines of real expert systems, is not employed. In this context learning implies that the knowledge base, with the passage of time, improves considerably when used by experts. Serendipitous findings in this regard are: • 1) Considerable improvement of existing profile descriptions can occur without any increased demands on computer memory and storage space; • 2) Growth of the knowledge base in the form of additional disease profiles can be effected with very modest inroads on memory and storage resources. The computerized diagnostic aid which resulted from this thesis, has been demonstrated to be successful in both the Department of Human Genetics of the University of Cape Town and the Department of Paediatrics of the Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz. Evaluated both in terms of efficiency and utility, the system provides an enhancement to the specialist genetic diagnostician. These achievements have been effected by means of a unique newly developed application of compressed bit-mapping, attained by writing the applicable programs in Turbo Pascal and 8086- assembler languages. Calculations indicate that much larger data bases may possibly be implemented on present-day microcomputers by means of the methods developed in this project.
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Elmadani, Ahmed Elkhidir. "An investigation of the contribution of Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography to the diagnosis of skeletal metastases using bone scan in the African context." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53279.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Planar bone scintigraphy is highly sensitive but it may not be sensitive enough to detect subtle lesions in complex bony structures such as the spine. The accurate anatomic localisation of lesions in regions such as this is also limited using planar images. Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) results in a higher lesion contrast resulting in an improved sensitivity for the detection of subtle lesions. SPECT also enables improved lesion localisation, often valuable in distinguishing benign from malignant disease in the spine. A number of previous studies have demonstrated that the addition of SPECT of the spine significantly enhances the value of bone scintigraphy for the detection of bone metastases compared to planar imaging alone. These studies were however not done in the African context where patients typically present with more advanced disease. In a retrospective study of 576 patients with known primary tumors sent to our institution for bone scintigraphy for the diagnosis of bone metastases, we evaluated 119 patients in whom both planar imaging and SPECT were obtained. The studies were graded for the probability of metastatic disease, and the number of spinal lesions was determined with and without SPECT. The influence of adding SPECT on the interpretation of the study was determined in terms of the reported probability of metastatic disease, the exclusion and confirmation of metastatic disease, the decisiveness of interpretation, and the number of spinal lesions. The addition of SPEeT resulted in a statistically significant change in the interpretation of studies, although the actual numbers of patients affected were relatively small. SPEeT resulted in a more decisive interpretation of bone scintigraphy. There was a significant increase in the number of spinal lesions detected after the addition of SPEeT. It was concluded that although the use of SPEeT is ideal, acceptable results could be achieved using planar imaging alone in this patient population. This is particularly relevant in the African context, where SPEeT is often unavailable or scarce and in great demand.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Planare beenflikkergrafie is hoogs sensitief, maar moontlik nie sensitief genoeg om subtiele letsels in ingewikkelde beenstrukture soos die werwelkolom aan te toon nie. Akkurate anatomiese lokalisasie van letsels in die genoemde strukture is beperk wanneer slegs planare beelde gebruik word. Enkelfoton-uitstraling Rekenaartomografie (EFERT) lewer 'n hoër letsel kontras, wat 'n verbeterde sensitiwiteit vir die opsporing van subtiele letsels tot gevolg het. EFERT lei ook tot verbeterde letsel lokalisasie, wat dikwels van waarde is om onderskeid tussen benigne en maligne siekte in die werwelkolom te tref. Reeds met 'n aantal vorige studies is aangetoon dat die toevoeging van EFERT van die werwelkolom die waarde van beenflikkergrafie in die opsporing van beenmetastases beduidend verhoog bo dié van planare beelding alleenlik. Hierdie studies is egter nie in omstandighede eie aan Afrika gedoen nie, waar pasiënte kenmerkend met gevorderde siekte voordoen. In In terugskouende studie van 576 pasiënte met bekende primêre tumore, wat na ons instelling verwys is vir beenflikkergrafie om beenmetastases op te spoor, het ons 119 pasiënte, wat beide planare beelding en EFERT ondergaan het, ge-evalueer. Die studies is gegradeer volgens die waarskynlikheid vir metastatiese siekte, en die hoeveelheid werwelkolom letsels, met en sonder EFERT, is bepaal. Die invloed van EFERT op die vertolking van die studie is bepaal in terme van die waarskynlikheid van metastatiese siekte, die bevestiging en uitskakeling daarvan, die beslistheid van vertolking, en die hoeveelheid werwelkolom letsels. Die toevoeging van EFERT het tot 'n statisties beduidende verandering in die vertolking van studies gelei, alhoewel die werklike getal pasiënte wat hierdeur geraak is, relatief min was. EFERT het 'n meer besliste vertolking van beenflikkergrafie tot gevolg gehad. Daar was 'n beduidende toename in die hoeveelheid werwelkolom letsels wat opgespoor is na die toevoeging van EFERT. Daar is tot die slotsom gekom dat, alhoewel die gebruik van EFERT wenslik is, aanvaarbare resultate met slegs die gebruik van planare beelding in hierdie pasiënt bevolkingsgroep verkry kan word. Dit is veral van belang in Afrikaomstandighede, waar EFERT dikwels onbeskikbaar of skaars is, en ook in groot aanvraag is.
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Serena, Alberto. "Synovial membrane microarthroscopy of the equine midcarpal joint technique application and evaluation of four vital stains /." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Summer/master's/SERENA_ALBERTO_5.pdf.

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Björnsdóttir, Sigrídur. "Bone spavin in Icelandic horses : aspects of predisposition, pathogenesis and prognosis /." Uppsala : Dept. of Clinical Radiology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences ([Institutionen för klinisk radiologi], Sveriges lantbruksuniv, 2002. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2002/91-576-6382-3.pdf.

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Maj, Jan Stanislaw. "The histopathological diagnosis of myelodysplasticsyndromes and acute nonlymphoblastic leukaemia using glycol methacrylate embedded bone marrow biopsies." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25622.

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Jardine, Brittany A. "Differential diagnoses of temporal bone defects and zygomatic bone lesions found in fetal and infant individuals from the Kellis 2 cemetery, Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4777.

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The Kellis 2 cemetery site within the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt provides a unique study opportunity due to the large number of infant, perinatal, and fetal individuals that have been recovered. Several of the infant and fetal remains have undiagnosed circular defects on the temporal bone, and others have undiagnosed lesions on the zygomatic bone. Of the 268 individuals under one year of age that have been analyzed from the Kellis 2 cemetery, twenty-six individuals have the temporal bone defect and six have the zygomatic bone lesions. A survey of clinical and paleopathological research provided possible pathological conditions that could cause abnormalities such as defects or lesions on the temporal bones or zygomatic bones in the fetal and infant population. For this study, the temporal bone defects and zygomatic bone lesions were macroscopically observed and a descriptive analysis was created. The information garnered from the literature survey was then compared to the individuals from the Kellis 2 cemetery that had the temporal bone defects and zygomatic bone lesions to create a differential diagnosis. A differential diagnosis of the temporal bone defects includes mastoid emissary vein defects and petrosquamous sinus anomalies. A differential diagnosis of the zygomatic bone lesions includes scurvy. Contributing factors may also have been present in order for these defects and lesions to occur. Creating a differential diagnosis of the defects and lesions can provide information on the health, growth, and morbidity of the youngest members of the society related to the Kellis 2 cemetery.
ID: 030646216; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-94).
M.A.
Masters
Anthropology
Sciences
Anthropology; Archaeological Investigation Track
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Ellmann, Daniel, Andreas Klar, Philipp Sembdner, Stefan Holtzhausen, Christine Schöne, and Ralph Stelzer. "NC-gestützte Fertigung von Bohrschablonen für die dentale Implantation." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-214976.

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Einleitung Bei Zahnverlust ist das Setzen eines Implantates eine gängige und etablierte Behandlungsmethode. Zahnimplantate bieten für den Patienten viele Vorteile. Im Vergleich zum Einsatz einer klassischen Brücke müssen keine Nachbarzähne beschliffen werden. Gesunde Zahnsubstanz bleibt erhalten. Der künstliche Zahn sitzt fest und sicher im Kiefer und bietet Schutz vor Knochenverlust. Ein Implantat leitet die beim Kauen entstehenden Kräfte gleichmäßig in den Kieferknochen. Ein weiterer Vorteil ist die Sicherstellung der natürlichen Funktionen wie Kauen, Sprechen oder Lachen. Somit trägt implantatgetragener Zahnersatz erheblich zur Verbesserung der Lebensqualität bei. Zur Planung des chirurgischen Eingriffs und dem eigentlichen Setzen des Implantates sind die Zahnärzte und Zahntechniker auf Softwarelösungen angewiesen, welche nicht nur die Möglichkeit der Befundung, Analyse und Diagnostik bieten, sondern gleichermaßen die Informationen liefern, die erforderlich sind, um mit Hilfe eines Computers die Fertigung einer Bohrschablone zu planen (CAM-System) und mittels CNC-Fertigung herzustellen.
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Doody, Claire. "Heating of fetal bone by diagnostic ultrasound." Thesis, University of Bath, 1998. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266460.

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Books on the topic "Diagnosis of bones"

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1938-, Dalinka Murray K., and Karasick David, eds. Edeiken's roentgen diagnosis of diseases of bone. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1989.

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Bone tumors: Diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1991.

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1945-, Jauregui Luis E., ed. Diagnosis and management of bone infections. New York: M. Dekker, 1995.

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Murray, Ronald O. The radiology of skeletal disorders: Exercises in diagnosis. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1990.

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Murray, Ronald O. The radiology of skeletal disorders: Exercises in diagnosis. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1990.

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Murray, Ronald O. The radiology of skeletal disorders: Exercises in diagnosis. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1990.

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Murray, Ronald O. The radiology of skeletal disorders: Exercises in diagnosis. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1990.

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Paul, Grech, ed. Diagnosis of metabolic bone disease. London: Chapman and Hall Medical, 1985.

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Skeletal radiology: The bare bones. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health, 2010.

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Covas, Mario E. López, and Elí Arroyo Ramírez. Osteomyelitis: Risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment options. New York: Nova Biomedical, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Diagnosis of bones"

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Martini, M. "Diagnosis." In Tuberculosis of the Bones and Joints, 12–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61358-6_4.

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Joseph, Benjamin. "Brittle Bones and Frequent Fractures." In Paediatric Orthopaedic Diagnosis, 299–310. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2392-4_30.

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Righi, Alberto. "Osteofibrous Dysplasia of Long Bones." In Diagnosis of Musculoskeletal Tumors and Tumor-like Conditions, 55–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29676-6_13.

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Grupe, Gisela, and Ute Dreses-Werringloer. "Decomposition Phenomena in Thin Sections of Excavated Human Bones." In Histology of Ancient Human Bone: Methods and Diagnosis, 27–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77001-2_3.

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Istace, Kathy. "Out of place: malocclusions." In An introduction to pet dental care: for veterinary nurses and technicians, 110–22. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248869.0006.

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Abstract Malocclusions are deviations in the position of individual teeth or disparities in the length or width of the bones of the face. This chapter highlights the clinical aspects, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of malocclusions in pet animals.
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Khalilzadeh, Omid, Clarissa Canella, and Laura M. Fayad. "Wrist and Hand." In IDKD Springer Series, 41–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71281-5_4.

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AbstractThe wrist and hand have complex anatomy with small bones and supporting soft tissue structures, which limits the diagnostic yield for radiologic assessment. Knowledge of anatomy and different clinical entities is key to the radiologic diagnosis. Some of the essential anatomic and clinical topics in radiologic interpretation include knowledge of the topographic tendon anatomy of wrist and hand, the intrinsic and extrinsic carpal ligaments, the thumb ligaments, thumb carpometacarpal ligaments, the triangular fibrocartilage complex, the extensor mechanism, and the flexor tendons and pulleys. In this chapter, common traumatic injuries affecting the wrist and hand are reviewed.
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Luong, Huong Hoang, Lan Thu Thi Le, Hai Thanh Nguyen, Vinh Quoc Hua, Khang Vu Nguyen, Thinh Nguyen Phuc Bach, Tu Ngoc Anh Nguyen, and Hien Tran Quang Nguyen. "Transfer Learning with Fine-Tuning on MobileNet and GRAD-CAM for Bones Abnormalities Diagnosis." In Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems, 171–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08812-4_17.

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Vazquez-García, Blanca L., Mikel San-Julian, Ana Patiño-García, Luis Sierrasesúmaga, Antonie H. M. Taminiau, and P. D. Sander Dijkstra. "Consequences of Delayed Diagnosis." In Cañadell's Pediatric Bone Sarcomas, 139–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24220-0_8.

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Rai, Anshul. "Fractures of the Mandible." In Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery for the Clinician, 1053–84. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1346-6_52.

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AbstractFracture of Mandible is the most common occurrence in comparison to any other bone of the maxillofacial region. Various classifications are put forward which are helpful in diagnosing the mandible fracture. This chapter focuses on the general and clinical examination of the maxillofacial region which helps in clinical diagnosis, different radiographic techniques, various approaches, emergency as well as surgical management and outcome with various modalities of treatment.
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Steinberg, M. E., D. Thickman, H. H. Chen, A. Alavi, L. Axel, M. Fallon, H. Y. Kressel, et al. "Early Diagnosis of Avascular Necrosis by Magnetic Resonance Imaging." In Bone Circulation and Bone Necrosis, 281–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73644-5_58.

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Conference papers on the topic "Diagnosis of bones"

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"An Informative Machine-Learning Tool for Diagnosis of Osteoporosis using Routine Femoral Neck Radiographs." In InSITE 2019: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Jerusalem. Informing Science Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4350.

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Aim/Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the structure of the bone tissue by using texture analysis of the bone trabeculae, as visualized in a routine radiograph of the proximal femur . This could provide objective information regarding both the mineral content and the spatial structure of bone tissue. Therefore, machine-learning tools were applied to explore the use of texture analysis for obtaining information on the bone strength. Background: One in three women in the world develops osteoporosis, which weakens the bones, causes atraumatic fractures and lowers the quality of life. The damage to the bones can be minimized by early diagnosis of the disease and preventive treatment, including appropriate nutrition, bone-building exercise and medications. Osteoporosis is currently diagnosed primarily by DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry), which measures the bone mineral density alone. However, bone strength is determined not only by its mineral density but also by the spatial structure of bone trabeculae. In order to obtain valuable information regarding the bone strength, the mineral content and the spatial structure of the bone tissue should be objectively assessed. Methodology: The study includes 17 radiographs of in-vitro femurs without soft tissue and 44 routine proximal femur radiographs (15 subjects with osteoporotic fractures and 29 without a fracture). The critical force required to fracture the in-vitro femurs was measured and the bones were divided into two groups: 11 solid bones with critical fracture force higher than 4.9kN and 6 fragile bones with critical fracture force lower than 4.9kN. All the radiographs included an aluminum step-wedge for calibrating the gray-levels values (See Figure 3). An algorithm was developed to automatically adjust the gray levels in order to yield equal brightness and contrast. Findings: The algorithm characterized the in-vitro bones with as fragile or solid with an accuracy of 88%. For the radiographs of the patients, the algorithm characterized the bones as osteoporotic or non-osteoporotic with an accuracy of 86%. The most prominent features for estimating the bone strength were the mean gray-level, which is related to bone density, and the smoothness, uniformity and entropy, which are related to the spatial distribution of the bone trabeculae. Impact on Society: Analysis of bone tissue structure, using machine-learning tools will provide a significant information on the bone strength, for the early diagnosis of osteoporosis. The structure analysis can be performed on routine radiographs of the proximal femur, with high accuracy. Future Research: The algorithm for automatic structure analysis of bone tissue as visualized on a routine femoral radiograph should be further trained on a larger dataset of routine radiographs in order to improve the accuracy of assessing the bone strength.
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"Semi-Automatic Modeling of Bones for Real-Time Surgery Support." In International Workshop on Medical Image Analysis and Description for Diagnosis Systems. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0001814000130023.

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Agcaoglu, Serife, Vikas Kaul, and Ozan Akkus. "Feasibility of Portable Acoustic Emission Approach for Prognosis of Stress Fractures." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192778.

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Repetitive mechanical loading induces microscale damage in bone to accumulate and may lead to stress fractures [1]. People with weakened bones due to disuse or disease, or, healthy people who have excessive exercise regimes (soldiers and athletes) experience these fractures [2]. Stress fractures interrupt training, reduce fitness and may even lead to discharge from the military in certain occasions [3]. Therefore, early prognosis and prevention of stress fractures would be desirable. Currently, following methods are being used for diagnosis: plain radiography, computed tomography (CT), bone scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The sensitivity of plain radiography is very low, 15–35% [4]. CT is less sensitive than radiography except some very special and rare cases of stress fractures [5]. Among these diagnostic methods, scintigraphy and MRI are more sensitive. However, the former lacks specificity because it may confound infections, tumors, bone infarctions, periostisis and osteonecrosis [2,5]. Furthermore, it is radioactive [5]. MRI has immense economical and logistical limitations [6].
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Ramos, João Victor Bezerra, João Lucas Pordeus de Menezes, Louyse Jerônimo de Morais, and Maurus Marques de Almeida Holanda. "Case report of fibrous dysplasia in a pediatric patient: importance of adequate treatment to avoid malignization." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.574.

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Background: Fibrous dysplasia is a congenital and benign bone tumor. There may be malignant transformation in some cases, with a mortality rate of 53.6%. Objectives and Methods: To describe a patient with fibrous dysplasia in childhood in the parietal and temporal bones, and to report the importance of surgical correction to prevent malignant transformation. The case was studied and came from a referral hospital – João Pesssoa, PB. Results: History of daily headache and bulging in the temporal and parietal regions on the right. Computed tomography revealed lesions in the aspect of “ground glass”. Surgery was performed with exposure of two lesions, with craniectomy, followed by cranioplasty. Such an approach should be recommended, since malignant transformation occurs in up to 1% of cases, but after radiotherapy this rate can reach 44% of cases, mainly osteosarcoma. In this case, the anatomopathological study revealed a diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia and the patient has been followed up for 20 years without recurrences, which are common in adolescence. Conclusions: It is important to make a differential diagnosis with malignant diseases, in addition to contraindicating radiotherapy to prevent malignant transformation; long-term follow-up is essential to avoid relapses and / or complications resulting from the disease.
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Marchiori, Julia Gabriela Oliveira, Jennyfer Paulla Galdino Chaves, Maria Cecilia Closs Ono, and Adriana Keijiro Maeda. "Trigonocephaly associated with myelomeningocele in infant: Case report." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.040.

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Context: Trigonocephaly is a type of craniostenosis due to the early closure of the metopic suture. His diagnosis is eminently clinical, but imaging tests are essential. The recommended treatment is surgical and should preferably be performed at the age of 3 to 9 months. Association between craniosynostosis and neural tube defect (NTDs) is rare and was sometimes considered as mere coincidence. However, Martinez-Lage et al. hypothesize that there is a causal relationship between these malformations since myelomeningocele reduces intracranial pulse pressure, which stimulates the early closure of cranial sutures. For Graham et al. the restriction of fetal movements in NTD carriers predisposes to craniosynostosis, as they are likely to keep the skull fixed against the mother’s pelvic bones. Case report: Male patient, 11 months, with West Syndrome. He congenitally presented myelomeningocele, and this deformity was corrected on his first day of life. He subsequently developed a keel-shaped forehead, protrusion of metopic suture, and hypertelorism. The diagnosis of trigonocephaly was ratified by computed tomography of the skull with three-dimensional reconstruction. Surgery was performed at 11 months. The access chosen was coronal and there was a wide exposure of the calvarium. Then all the metopic suture was removed through a bifrontal craniotomy, which allowed the remodeling of the frontal bone. Conclusions: It is necessary to make a diagnosis and early treatment of both comorbidities since delays in the conduct can result in disastrous consequences. In addition, there is a need to conduct more research to elucidate the interrelationship between craniosynostosis and NTD.
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Silva, Bruno Custódio, Giulia Righetti Tuppini Vargas, Jéssica Karine Hartmann, Laira Francielle Ferreira Zottis, Mateus Arenhardt de Souza, Maria Isabelle Nakano Vieira, Guilherme Rocha Spiller, Paulo Ricardo Gazzola Zen, and Rafael Fabiano Machado Rosa. "Unilateral ocular ptosis in a patient with type 1 neurofibromatosis." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.078.

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Context: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic condition characterized by “café au lait” spots, axillary and inguinal ephelides and cutaneous neurofibromas. Case report: A 16 year-old famele patient with description that her father and other family members had the “café au lait” spots. From the age of 5, she started with slight facial asymmetry, which increased over time. On physical exam at 16 years old, she had facial asymmetry, convergent strabismus with a left lower eyelid cleft than the contralateral cleft, in addition to left eyelid ptosis and left eye proptosis. There were also “café au lait” spots and ephelides on the body. Computerized tomography scan of the skull showed an important architecture distortion of the skull base’s bones of the anterior and middle fossa of the skull, sphenoid dysplasia and left orbital encephalocele. In the ophthalmological evaluation, corneal opacity and ocular proptosis involving the left eye were found. At the age of 17, she underwent a complex craniotomy with craniofacial reconstruction due to temporo-fronto-orbital dysplasia. Conclusions: The clinical findings and the patient’s family history were compatible with the diagnosis of NF1. Bone changes, such as sphenoid dysplasia, may be present and lead to symptoms. In this case, bone changes in the skull led to the occurrence of an encephalocele, which in turn caused an ocular proptosis.
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Braz, Guilherme A., Paulo M. Agnollitto, Marcello H. Nogueira-Barbosa, Theo Z. Pavan, and Antonio A. O. Carneiro. "Diagnosis of osteoporosis using the low frequency acoustic response of mice femoral bones irradiated by a high frequency acoustic radiation pulse." In 2019 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.2019.8925543.

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Desai, A. V., M. A. Haque, and W. J. Scheuchenzuber. "Single Cell Opto-Electro-Mechanical Probing: A Feasibility Study." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59431.

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Mechanical, electrical and chemical signals from the environment direct influence the physiological activities and health of a cell. While the existing trend is to study these signals separately in their respective domains, they are actually inherently coupled. Here we explore the feasibility and merits of a new instrument that can measure, for the first time, externally applied (or internally generated) forces and electrical impedance of a single cell in real time. The pico-Newton resolution micro-instrument (1 mm × 1 mm in size) will be readily compatible with conventional optical/fluorescence techniques for opto-electro-mechanical probing. Force sensing operation is unaffected by the electrical and chemical nature of cell environment and the bio-impedance measurement scheme can automatically compensate for any non-cell specific sources of error. Studies on the effects of mechanical, electrical and chemical signals with real-time opto-electro-mechanical cell characterization will impact diagnosis and cure for various diseases of the heart, skin, intestines, nerves, oncology, bones, lung — to name a few. Long-term contributions would be novel lab-on-a-chip type diagnostic/therapeutic/drug discovery tools to monitor the bio-impedance of a single cell with respect to external stimuli (toxin, drug).
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Rutledge, B., J. Vorro, L. DeStefano, T. Francisco, S. Gorbis, and T. R. Bush. "Objective Measures Relating Cervical Dysfunction to Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Effects." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19612.

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The majority of musculoskeletal (MSD) impairments in the cervical (neck) region cannot be determined through MRIs or radiographs but are instead diagnosed through a clinical assessment technique using palpation. Palpatory diagnostic techniques are based on range of motion (ROM), tissue textures, quality of motion (smooth, elastic or bone on bone) and symmetry [1]. However, because scientifically accepted objective measures are not yet available to complement a clinical diagnosis, the documentation of the impairment as well as effects of treatment can be challenging. Thus, the purpose of this research was to explore the use of three-dimensional kinematics as a potential tool for relating movement patterns of the head/neck to clinical diagnosis and documenting treatment effects.
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Weed, David, Luis G. Maqueda, Michael A. Brown, and Ahmed A. Shabana. "A Multibody/Finite Element Non-Linear Formulation of a Two-Ligament Knee Joint." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-68444.

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The focus of this investigation is to study the mechanics of the human knee using a new method that integrates multi-body system and large deformation finite element algorithms. The major bones in the knee joint consisting of the femur, tibia, fibula are modeled as rigid bodies. The ligaments structures are modeled using the large deformation finite element Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation (ANCF) with an implementation of a Neo-Hookean constitutive model that allows for large deformations as experienced in knee flexation and rotation. The Neo-Hookean strain energy function used in this study takes into consideration the near incompressibility of the ligaments. The ANCF is used in the formulation of the algebraic equations that define the ligament/bone rigid connection. A unique feature of the ANCF is that it allows for the deformation of the ligament cross-section. At the ligament/bone connection, the ANCF is used to define a fully constrained joint. This aspect of the model reflects the actual structural mechanics of the knee. In addition, this model will reflect the fact that the geometry, placement and attachment of the two collateral ligaments (the LCL and MCL), are significantly different from what has been used in most knee models developed in previous investigations. The approach described in this paper will provide a more realistic model of the knee and thus more applicable to future research studies. The obtained preliminary results of other applications show that the ANCF can be an effective tool for modeling very flexible structures like ligaments subjected to large deformations. In the future, the ANCF models could assist in examining the mechanics of the knee to study knee injuries and possible prevention means, as well as an improved understanding of the role of each individual ligament in the diagnosis and assessment of disease states, aging and potential therapies.
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Reports on the topic "Diagnosis of bones"

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Kamma, Dr Prudhvi Srujan, and Dr Aishwarya Badugu. AN UNUSUAL PRESENTATION OF EXTRAPULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS AS FEVER WITH PANCYTOPENIA: A CASE REPORT. World Wide Journals, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/ijar/5105754.

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Background: In the developing countries, tuberculosis is a signicant health issue. The vague presentation causes extrapulmonary tuberculosis to take longer to be diagnosed. Pancytopenia is one of the haematological symptoms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Pancytopenia may result from hypersplenism, maturation arrest, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, or inltration of the bone marrow by caseating or noncaseating granulomas causing reversible or irreversible brosis. We Case presentation: report a case of a 70 year-old man who presented with pyrexia of unknown origin with signicant loss of weight and loss of appetite. He had pallor with mild hepatosplenomegaly. He had high inammatory markers with pancytopenia in a peripheral blood smear. His chest radiograph was normal, and he had a negative Mantoux. The common risk factors such as diabetes, human immunodeciency virus (HIV) infection, chronic kidney disease, malnutrition, and immunosuppressant therapy which might contribute him to be vulnerable to TB, were not found. The denite diagnosis of disseminated tuberculosis was made on the basis of caseating tuberculous granulomas in the bone marrow. Due to its Conclusions: ambiguous and nonspecic presentation, widespread TB continues to be difcult to diagnose. Particularly in places where tuberculosis is endemic, the possibility of disseminated tuberculosis should be taken into account in cases of pyrexia of unknown origin with peripheral cytopenia. In such cases, it is crucial to perform a bone marrow culture and histopathological examination simultaneously because ndings of routine diagnostics like chest radiography or Mantoux tests may be negative.
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Fan, Zheng, Tong Wang, Tong Wu, and Da Liu. Comparison of the diagnostic value of 18F PET/CT and 99mTc SPECT for bone metastases:a meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.10.0036.

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Zhao, YiHao, and Dongbin Zhang. Efficacy and safety of trastuzumab combined with neoadjuvant chemotherapy in Chinese patients with HER-2 positive breast cancer: a meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.10.0003.

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Review question / Objective: To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of docetaxel combined with carboplatin and trastuzumab (TCH) neoadjuvant chemotherapy in Chinese patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. Condition being studied: Chinese patients who have been clinically diagnosed as HER-2 positive breast cancer, not complicated with basic diseases such as heart, liver and bone marrow, and who have received established surgery after chemotherapy and cooperated with follow-up. Eligibility criteria: Non-randomized controlled trials, animal experiments, literature review, non-docetaxel combined with carboplatin and trastuzumab as adjuvant therapy in Chinese breast cancer patients, and other drugs used in the intervention group or control group.
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Aleksandrov, V. A., A. V. Aleksandrov, L. N. Shilova, and N. V. Aleksandrova. Diagnostic role of angiopoietin-like protein type 3 in assessing the activity of resorptive processes in bone tissue in women with rheumatoid arthritis. Ljournal, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/wco-iof-esceo-2020-309.

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Needham, Glenn R., Uri Gerson, Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman, D. Samatero, J. Yoder, and William Bruce. Integrated Management of Tracheal Mite, Acarapis woodi, and of Varroa Mite, Varroa jacobsoni, Major Pests of Honey Bees. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573068.bard.

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Objectives: The Israeli work plan regarding HBTM included: (a) producing a better diagnostic method; (b) following infestations during the season and evaluating damage to resistant bees and, (c) controlling HBTM by conventional means under local conditions. For varroa our plans to try novel control (e.g. oil novel control (e.g. oil patties & essential oils) were initially delayed by very low pest populations, then disrupted by the emergence of fluvalinate resistance. We monitored the spread of resistance to understand it better, and analyzed an underlying biochemical resistance mechanism in varroa. The US work plan focused on novel management methods for both mites with an emphasis on reducing use of traditional insecticides due to resistance and contamination issues. Objectives were: (a) evaluating plant essential oils for varroa control; (b) exploring the vulnerability of varroa to desiccation for their management; and (c) looking for biological variation in HBTM that could explain virulence variability between colonies. Although the initial PI at the USDA Beltsville Bee Lab, W.A. Bruce, retired during the project we made significant strides especially on varroa water balance. Subcontracts were performed by Yoder (Illinois College) on varroa water balance and DeGrandi-Hoffman (USDA) who evaluated plant essential oils for their potential to control varroa. We devised an IPM strategy for mite control i the U.S. Background: Mites that parasitize honey bees are a global problem. They are threatening the survival of managed and feral bees, the well-being of commercial/hobby beekeeping, and due to pollination, the future of some agricultural commodities is threatened. Specific economic consequences of these mites are that: (a) apiculture/breeder business are failing; (b) fewer colonies exist; (c) demand and cost for hive leasing are growing; (d) incidences of bee pathogens are increasing; and, (e) there are ore problems with commercial-reared bees. As a reflection of the continued significance f bee mites, a mite book is now in press (Webster & delaplane, 2000); and the 2nd International Conference on Africanized Honey Bees and Bee Mites is scheduled (April, 2000, Arizona). The first such conference was at OSU (1987, GRN was co-organizer). The major challenge is controlling two very different mites within a colony while not adversely impacting the hive. Colony management practices vary, as do the laws dictating acaricide use. Our basic postulates were that: (a) both mites are of economic importance with moderate to high infestations but not at low rates and, (b) once established they will not be eradicated. A novel strategy was devised that deals with the pests concomitantly by maintaining populations at low levels, without unnecessary recourse to synthetic acaricides. Major Conclusions, Solutions, Achievements: A major recent revelation is that there are several species of "Varroa jacobsoni" (Anderson & Trueman 1999). Work on control, resistance, population dynamics, and virulence awaits knowing whether this is a problem. In the U.S. there was no difference between varroa from three locales in terms of water balance parameters (AZ, MN & PA), which bodes well for our work to date. Winter varroa (U.S.) were more prone to desiccation than during other seasons. Varroa sensitivity to desiccation has important implications for improving IPM. Several botanicals showed some promise for varroa control (thymol & origanum). Unfortunately there is varroa resistance to Apistan in Israel but a resistance mechanism was detected for the first time. The Israel team also has a new method for HBTM diagnosis. Annual tracheal mite population trends in Israel were characterized, which will help in targeting treatment. Effects of HBTM on honey yields were shown. HBTM control by Amitraz was demonstrated for at least 6 months. Showing partial resistance by Buckfast bees to HBTM will be an important IPM tactic in Israel and U.S.
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2021. Banco de la República, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2021.

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Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted decisions that were necessary to supply the market with ample liquid¬ity in pesos and US dollars to guarantee market stability, protect the payment system and preserve the supply of credit. The pronounced growth in mone¬tary aggregates reflected an increased preference for liquidity, which Banco de la República addressed at the right time. These decisions were implemented through operations that were cleared and settled via the financial infrastructure. The second section of this report, following the introduction, offers an analysis of how the various financial infrastructures in Colombia have evolved and per¬formed. One of the highlights is the large-value payment system (CUD), which registered more momentum in 2020 than during the previous year, mainly be¬cause of an increase in average daily remunerated deposits made with Banco de la República by the General Directorate of Public Credit and the National Treasury (DGCPTN), as well as more activity in the sell/buy-back market with sovereign debt. Consequently, with more activity in the CUD, the Central Securi¬ties Depository (DCV) experienced an added impetus sparked by an increase in the money market for bonds and securities placed on the primary market by the national government. The value of operations cleared and settled through the Colombian Central Counterparty (CRCC) continues to grow, propelled largely by peso/dollar non-deliverable forward (NDF) contracts. With respect to the CRCC, it is important to note this clearing house has been in charge of managing risks and clearing and settling operations in the peso/dollar spot market since the end of last year, following its merger with the Foreign Exchange Clearing House of Colombia (CCDC). Since the final quarter of 2020, the CRCC has also been re¬sponsible for clearing and settlement in the equities market, which was former¬ly done by the Colombian Stock Exchange (BVC). The third section of this report provides an all-inclusive view of payments in the market for goods and services; namely, transactions carried out by members of the public and non-financial institutions. During the pandemic, inter- and intra-bank electronic funds transfers, which originate mostly with companies, increased in both the number and value of transactions with respect to 2019. However, debit and credit card payments, which are made largely by private citizens, declined compared to 2019. The incidence of payment by check contin¬ue to drop, exhibiting quite a pronounced downward trend during the past last year. To supplement to the information on electronic funds transfers, section three includes a segment (Box 4) characterizing the population with savings and checking accounts, based on data from a survey by Banco de la República con-cerning the perception of the use of payment instruments in 2019. There also is segment (Box 2) on the growth in transactions with a mobile wallet provided by a company specialized in electronic deposits and payments (Sedpe). It shows the number of users and the value of their transactions have increased since the wallet was introduced in late 2017, particularly during the pandemic. In addition, there is a diagnosis of the effects of the pandemic on the payment patterns of the population, based on data related to the use of cash in circu¬lation, payments with electronic instruments, and consumption and consumer confidence. The conclusion is that the collapse in the consumer confidence in¬dex and the drop in private consumption led to changes in the public’s pay¬ment patterns. Credit and debit card purchases were down, while payments for goods and services through electronic funds transfers increased. These findings, coupled with the considerable increase in cash in circulation, might indicate a possible precautionary cash hoarding by individuals and more use of cash as a payment instrument. There is also a segment (in Focus 3) on the major changes introduced in regulations on the retail-value payment system in Colombia, as provided for in Decree 1692 of December 2020. The fourth section of this report refers to the important innovations and tech¬nological changes that have occurred in the retail-value payment system. Four themes are highlighted in this respect. The first is a key point in building the financial infrastructure for instant payments. It involves of the design and im¬plementation of overlay schemes, a technological development that allows the various participants in the payment chain to communicate openly. The result is a high degree of interoperability among the different payment service providers. The second topic explores developments in the international debate on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The purpose is to understand how it could impact the retail-value payment system and the use of cash if it were to be issued. The third topic is related to new forms of payment initiation, such as QR codes, bio¬metrics or near field communication (NFC) technology. These seemingly small changes can have a major impact on the user’s experience with the retail-value payment system. The fourth theme is the growth in payments via mobile tele¬phone and the internet. The report ends in section five with a review of two papers on applied research done at Banco de la República in 2020. The first analyzes the extent of the CRCC’s capital, acknowledging the relevant role this infrastructure has acquired in pro¬viding clearing and settlement services for various financial markets in Colom¬bia. The capital requirements defined for central counterparties in some jurisdic¬tions are explored, and the risks to be hedged are identified from the standpoint of the service these type of institutions offer to the market and those associated with their corporate activity. The CRCC’s capital levels are analyzed in light of what has been observed in the European Union’s regulations, and the conclusion is that the CRCC has a scheme of security rings very similar to those applied internationally and the extent of its capital exceeds what is stipulated in Colombian regulations, being sufficient to hedge other risks. The second study presents an algorithm used to identify and quantify the liquidity sources that CUD’s participants use under normal conditions to meet their daily obligations in the local financial market. This algorithm can be used as a tool to monitor intraday liquidity. Leonardo Villar Gómez Governor
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