Academic literature on the topic 'Diabetics Health and hygiene Saudi Arabia'

Diabetes mellitus (DM) consists of a clinically heterogenous array of metabolic conditions hallmarked by hyperglycemia caused by defective insulin secretion, action, or both. DM can cause various oral complications such as salivary gland dysfunction, infections including candidiasis, delayed wound healing, increased caries susceptibility, gingival and periodontal diseases, lichen planus and burning mouth disorders. Inadequate oral public health awareness of the connection between diabetes and oro-dental health issues has been noted in many studies from across the globe. Based on the current literature, it is evident that oral health is not prioritized by the majority of diabetic patients in Saudi Arabia. Saudi diabetic patients with lesser education demonstrate lower awareness levels about oral health issues in general. Similarly, more older patients have been seen to possess less oral health awareness relative to their younger counterparts. Further, they have been found to be less compliant towards meeting dental appointment targets and adopting recommended oral hygiene practices as compared to other populations studied in the Western nations. Also, non-professional advice has been noted as the dominant outlet of dental health information in case of most Saudi patients with diabetes. It is vital to reinforce the need for routinely visits to dentists for education on oral health when patients visit their diabetic clinic. Organization of structured patient education programs targeting all age groups and different types of diabetes is necessary to improve oral health awareness. It is also vital that individuals are provided with the latest recommendations on methods to practice oral health related self-care techniques in order to minimize the risk of periodontal destruction and tooth loss, thereby reducing the burden of dental illnesses on the Saudi health infrastructure.

<P>Background and Aims: Considering that diabetic foot ulceration is one of the major health issues globally, we aimed to evaluate the risk factors associated with foot ulcers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A total of 81 T2DM patients (age range: 40-80 years) registered at the Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between April and September 2015 were included in this cross-sectional study after purposive selection and assigning of patient numbers. The selected participants were interviewed and examined, and their medical records were reviewed for sensory, vibratory, and painful neuropathies; vascular insufficiency; retinopathy; and dermatological variations. The Wagner’s classification system was employed to evaluate the stage of patients’ foot ulcers. Results: Among the study participants [mean age range: 56.4 ± 6.72 years; 53 males (65.4%)], cases of loss of protective sensation, foot deformity, amputation history, and dermatological abnormalities were notable. The Wagner gradation value of ulcers were grade 0 for 16% study population, grade 1 for 35.8%, grade 2 for 45.7%, grade 3 for 2.5%, and grades 4 and 5 for 0%. Approximately 19% of the patients had a previous case of amputation and 29.6% had nail disease. The most common footwear reported to be used by the patients was sandals shoes (46%). Conclusion: The issues of loss of protective sensation, vascular insufficiency, deformity, previous amputations, and dermatological abnormalities of the lower limbs were found to be most common among the foot ulceration patients. The study findings thus recommend regular foot examination, following basic hygiene habits, encouragement of the use of appropriate footwear, patient education about foot ulcers, and prompt treatment for minor injuries to prevent further ulceration in DM patients.</P>

Objective. To assess the prevalence of medical conditions, oral hygiene practices, and dental visits among patients who attended a teaching dental hospital in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Materials & Methods. This retrospective cross-sectional study used patient records from 2009 to 2015 from the dental hospital of the College of Dentistry Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam. Patients’ demographics, medical history, oral hygiene practices, reasons for attending the facility, attendance patterns, and smoking habits were studied. Results. The study included 1502 records of patients with 65.1% of males and 34.9% of females. The prevalence of medical conditions was 25.7% in the study. The most common medical conditions included diabetes mellitus (7.2%), hypertension (6.5%), and anemia (4.7%). Only 21.8% reported visiting the dental hospital in the past one year. The prevalence of smoking was 16.7%, and this did not differ significantly between healthy and medically compromised patients ( P = 0.165 ). Fillings were the most common (21.6%) reason for visiting a dental hospital, followed by treatment for periodontal problems (12.9%) and oral lesions (12.6%), whereas treatment for braces (orthodontics) was the least common (5%) reason for visiting the hospital. The reasons for visiting the hospital did not differ significantly between healthy and medically compromised patients ( P > 0.05 ). The three most common barriers to dental visits included long waiting time (18.1%), fear of dental treatment (14.4%), and difficulty in getting an appointment (11.3%). Conclusion. The study showed that dental patients had a high prevalence of medical conditions. Diabetes mellitus was the most prevalent problem. Most patients visited the dental hospital to receive restorative treatment, and a long waiting time was the most common barrier to dental visits. Public health measures should be taken to improve the general health and oral care of patients.

Aim: To assess impact of higher education on oral health related knowledge, practices, and lifestyle habits among faculty of King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Methods: In this descriptive study, a self-administered questionnaire including socio-demographic, oral health awareness, practices, and oral health status questions was distributed among faculty. Descriptive statistics, linear correlation, ANOVA, Independent t-test and logistic regression analysis were used using SPSS. A two-sided significance level of ≤ 5% was implied. Results: Fifty eight percent were males and 91% married. Mean age was 42.8±8.07 years. 66.5% had PhD, 42% were assistant professors. 22% had hypertension, 13.5% diabetes mellitus and elevated cholesterol (23%) and 10% were current smokers. 21% consumed soft drinks, 67% dairy products and 71% fruits daily. Most of the faculty (≥81%) showed a robust oral health related knowledge and 75% practiced oral hygiene measures and 65.5% visited dentist regularly. Almost half (49%) reported dental caries, 66% fillings, 31% gum bleeding, 55% missing teeth, and 24% had artificial teeth. There was a statistically significant difference between females and males regarding lifestyle habits and oral hygiene practices with a mean difference of (p<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed a significant difference (p<0.001) with respect to gender, income. Conclusion: In this study, majority of the University faculty had an acceptable oral health related knowledge, and demonstrated good oral hygiene practices with a significant impact of gender on oral hygiene practice and life style. Key words: higher education, oral health knowledge, practices, lifestyle, university faculty.

Periodontal disease is a broad spectrum that involves different entities and severity levels of the disease. Dental implants, just like normal teeth, can be affected by periodontal disease. This descriptive questionnaire-based study provides a brief shot on the most prevalent periodontal diseases associated with dental implants, associated risk factors, and levels of understanding and awareness about oral hygiene in the Saudi population. Results concluded that 10.5% of population have dental implants. 28.5% the sample confirmed that they have some sort of periodontal disease. Most prevalent symptoms among patients with dental implants are in order: periodontal pockets, redness and blood spitting after tooth brushing, and finally gingival recession. Most associated co-morbidities are cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Regarding oral hygiene, through assessing two oral health concepts: twice daily tooth brushing, and balanced diet, it is found that more than half of the sample (51.3%) apply these two concepts in their life, while the rest of the sample misses one or both of these two concepts. Focus should be directed toward raising the public awareness about periodontal disease and its symptoms, especially in cases of dental implants, and raising understanding and awareness about different oral health concepts.

According to the World Health Organization Saudi Arabia has the second highest diabetes rate in the Middle East and ranks seventh globally. Around 7 million people are diabetic, and almost 3 million have pre-diabetes, according to estimates. Perhaps even more concerning is the recent increase in diabetes cases reported in Saudi Arabia. In fact, diabetes has risen by ten times in Saudi Arabia during the last three centuries. Diabetic foot ulcer is the leading source of morbidity and prolonged hospitalization, with approximately twice the likelihood of amputations compared to ulcers that are not infected. Diabetic foot ulcer affects 6.3% of the world's population, with men being more prone to developing them. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about rates of amputation among diabetics in Saudi Arabia. Even though diabetes is a significant public health concern in the Middle East and North Africa area, with high incidence of diabetic foot problems, data on prevalence and mortality among this high-risk group is scarce. As the prevalence of the diabetes is increasing in Saudi Arabia so are the diabetes related complications and diabetic foot complications are becoming more common as well. To analyse the existing condition and audit the ongoing prevention programs, large community-based surveys must be conducted. Efforts must be made to minimize the risk of amputation as well as fatalities among diabetic foot problems patients

According to the World Health Organization Saudi Arabia has the second highest diabetes rate in the Middle East and ranks seventh globally. Around 7 million people are diabetic, and almost 3 million have pre-diabetes, according to estimates. Perhaps even more concerning is the recent increase in diabetes cases reported in Saudi Arabia. In fact, diabetes has risen by ten times in Saudi Arabia during the last three centuries. Diabetic foot ulcer is the leading source of morbidity and prolonged hospitalization, with approximately twice the likelihood of amputations compared to ulcers that are not infected. Diabetic foot ulcer affects 6.3% of the world's population, with men being more prone to developing them. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about rates of amputation among diabetics in Saudi Arabia. Even though diabetes is a significant public health concern in the Middle East and North Africa area, with high incidence of diabetic foot problems, data on prevalence and mortality among this high-risk group is scarce. As the prevalence of the diabetes is increasing in Saudi Arabia so are the diabetes related complications and diabetic foot complications are becoming more common as well. To analyse the existing condition and audit the ongoing prevention programs, large community-based surveys must be conducted. Efforts must be made to minimize the risk of amputation as well as fatalities among diabetic foot problems patients.

Abstract Periodontal disease and diabetes are two common chronic diseases affecting humans. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of oral hygiene instructions on periodontal disease among type 2 male diabetic Saudi subjects. Sixty subjects completed the study and were divided into three groups of 20: healthy (non-diabetic) with periodontal disease, type 2 diabetic with early or moderate periodontal disease, and type 2 diabetic with advanced periodontitis. The age ranged from 24-64 (42 ± 13.60) years. The subjects were examined at King Saud University, College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Oral hygiene practices and smoking habits were recorded. Oral hygiene instructions given to patients were to use an Oral B medium toothbrush and brush three times daily for 7 days using the by Bass technique for 2 minutes. Fasting blood glucose level (FBGL), gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN), and plaque index (Pll) were used to assess patients’ profiles at baseline and at recall visit after 7 days. The results showed there was a significant overall decrease in FBGL, baseline 172.67 mg/dl (±64.69) to recall visit 162.20 (±58.78) P = 0.000, and GCF volume decreased from .4041 µl (±.1260) to .3698 µl (±.1164) P = 0.000. There was a significant reduction in subjects’ CPITN mean scores (from 13.98 (±8.24) to 13.32 (±8.97) P = 0.000), but there was no significant difference in Group 3 with advanced periodontitis, i.e., 22.25 (±1.37) to 22.30 (±1.38). There was more than a 47% reduction in the overall percentage of plaque scores. The decrease ranged from 82.27 (±19.34) to 34.45 (±17.04) at baseline and recall visit respectively. It is concluded oral hygiene instructions (a standardized regimen) has an effect on FBGL, GCF, CPITN, and PlI. It is also concluded CPITN is not very sensitive to assess change in periodontal status over a 7 days period. Further studies are needed among diabetic and healthy subjects with a larger sample size and over a longer period of time. Citation Almas K, Al-Lazzam S, Al-Quadairi A. The Effect of Oral Hygiene Instructions On Diabetic Type 2 Male Patients With Periodontal Diseases. J Contemp Dent Pract 2003 August;(4)3:040-051.

Background: Hand hygiene is a simple and effective practice that reduces the transmission of hospital acquired infections. However, adherence to hand hygiene guidelines among health care professionals is low. The aim of this study is to assess hand hygiene practices among nurses working in hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methodology: The standardized version of the World Health Organization (WHO) questionnaire was administered to nurses from six hospitals in the region of Asir. Results: 300 nurses were approached to enroll 243 participants so the response rate was 81%. The study found that 65.4% (159) of the participants followed a good hand hygiene practice while 10.3% (25) showed inadequate hand hygiene practice. Good hand hygiene practice was found to be significantly higher among female participants (88%) than the male participants (44%). The participants from the department of internal medicine (43.5%) showed the highest percentage of inadequate hand hygiene practice while participants from the department of pediatrics reported a 100% good hand hygiene practice. Conclusion: The male nurses and nurses working in the department of internal medicine require in-service educational intervention regarding hand hygiene to increase their compliance with its practice . Posters and other visual aids highlighting the significance of hand hygiene need to be displayed in all the departments to sensitize the importance of hand hygiene among nurses.

There are concerns regarding sleep deprivation among adolescents, especially with mounting evidence for the importance of sleep during puberty, and its effects on health and families. The present study aimed to characterise sleep in typical development (TD) adolescents in Saudi Arabia, and compare their sleep profiles to TD adolescents in the UK, to evaluate sleep patterns in adolescents in Saudi Arabia, and to examine the relationship between sleep patterns and the use of social media in both groups. Findings from the current study reported a shorter sleep duration for the Saudi Arabia group than in previous studies and the UK group, which may be attributed to the lack of sleep hygiene practised in Saudi Arabia. Multiple analysis of variance results found significant differences in daytime sleepiness (p < 0.001) and a preference for morningness/eveningness (p < 0.001) between Saudia Arabia and UK adolescents. Statistically significant negative correlations (p > 0.05) between the duration of social media usage and sleep duration were found in both the Saudi Arabia and UK adolescents, where a lower number of sleep hours was observed with a higher duration of social media use. This study fills a gap in the research of sleep in Saudi Arabia in adolescents, and offers important insights on the comparison in sleep habits between Saudi Arabia and UK adolescents.

This study explores public attitudes towards healthcare in the Eastern Province of KSA. It employs a sequential mixed-method design. Semi-structured focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with fifty-four participants in the Eastern Province. The qualitative arm of the study used a framework thematic analysis. A questionnaire was constructed from evidence-based items from four sources: an international performance assessment framework, literature review, systematic review, and the FGDs. The questionnaire was administered to 813 participants using on-site and online recruitment modes. Two qualitative validity assessments and quantitative construct validity and reliability tests were then carried out for the questionnaire. The FGDs indicate a public sense of pride in the Saudi health system. However, some concerns emerged from the FDGs-most notably, access barriers to the government health sector including the referral system from primary to secondary care and the necessity of personal connections, or 'wasta', to access timely care. Access barriers also emerged in the private health sector, namely the affordability of care and health insurance companies' delays in responding to medical claims. Participants also considered their inability to discuss treatment plans and to be involved in decision-making processes with their doctors as issues in both the public and private sectors. Participants were also concerned about the Ministry of Health (MOH) monitoring and regulating both sectors. This affected participant attitudes towards health service provisions. The questionnaire demonstrated qualitative validity and good psychometric properties in construct validity and internal reliability. Participants perceived doctor-patient communication as the most positive aspect of the Saudi health system while they perceived MOH monitoring of the private sector and affordability of care as the most negative aspects. Socio-demographic characteristics were considered as strong predictors of participants' attitudes towards the health system, and nationality and insurance status were identified as the most frequent predictors of satisfaction. Recommendations include implementing policies that monitor pricing in the private sector, fairer access to government healthcare, and patient involvement in decision-making processes. Future research should investigate the relationship between public attitudes towards the Saudi health system and health-related decisions to ensure better use of healthcare services in KSA.

Background: Saudi Arabia is one of the Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC) countries which have common characteristics such as high-income governments, dominant expatriate populations, and under-developed healthcare systems, including healthcare financing. The dominance of the expatriate working population raises the question of how to find a mechanism that ensures expatriates have appropriate access to medical care whilst the employers bear the responsibility of healthcare expenses. Saudi Arabia is one of the few GCC countries to have reformed its private healthcare system through a Compulsory Employment-Based Health Insurance (CEBHI). The CEBHI was designed to mitigate some of the disadvantages of the Employment Sponsored Insurance scheme previously implemented in the United States; and this is the first study to investigate the impact of this form of private health insurance on access to medical care, in a country such as Saudi Arabia. The main aim of the study was to explore the influence of health insurance on access to medical care, in order to assist the Saudi Government in their deliberations about making CEBHI compulsory for all people (citizens and expatriates) within Saudi Arabia. This aim was investigated through the following objectives: 1) to review health financing in Saudi Arabia and compare it with other GCC countries and elsewhere in the world; 2) to compare the access to medical care of insured and uninsured expatriates in Saudi Arabia; 3) to develop a framework for understanding the complex relationship of health insurance and access to healthcare, 4) to make policy-relevant recommendations regarding the key question as to whether compulsory health insurance in Saudi Arabia should be expanded. Methods: Two methods were used to tackle the study objectives. Firstly, a framework for country-level analysis of healthcare financing arrangements was used to compare and analyse the national expenditure on healthcare within the GCC and other developing/developed countries. Secondly, a logistic regression analysis of data from a cross-sectional survey was undertaken to investigate the impact of health insurance on access to medical care, considering the main workplace and personal characteristics of the expatriates. Three access measures, access to usual medical care (Access 1), inability to access medical care (Access 2), and utilization of medical care (Access 3), were used to evaluate access to medical care for the expatriate population. Prior to the implementation of CEBHI the expatriate population accessed medical care through a variety of different avenues. These modes of access were used as classification of the expatriate population into four groups. Two of these groups were insured but had a different Previous Method of Paying for Healthcare (PMPHC) (Group B=insured, not paid, and Group D=insured and paid) and two groups were not insured but also had different PMPHC (Group A=not insured, not paid and Group C=not insured, but paid). A multistage stratified cluster sampling was used, and a sample selected from each sector and company size proportionately. The total sample size was 3,278. A simple conceptual framework for studying access to medical care was developed to guide the multi-variate regression techniques, and greatly assisted interpretation of the results. Results: The GCC characteristics impact on the healthcare financing strategies of GCC countries in three ways. First, GCC governments provide the majority share of the health budget, similar to high-income countries. Second, GCC countries use different strategies to control expatriates costs, but some of these strategies lead to increased out-of-pocket expenses, which is a characteristic of low-income countries. Third, health care financing systems in GCC countries are still being developed as they finance most of their public services, including health care services, with revenue from natural resources (i.e. oil or gas). Additionally, some of their health care indicators are identifiable with those from below upper-middle income countries. In addition, after CEBHI, private expenditure did not change but remained around 22.4%, which does not reflect the huge number of people having access to medical care though private sector only. However, there was a shift in the means of private sector expenditure from Out Of Pocket payments to private insurance expenditure. OOP expenditure decreased from 32.3% in 2006 to 28.4% in 2008, and private insurance expenditure increased as a percentage of private sector expenditure from 26.2% in 2006 to 36.7% in 2008. Analysis of the data from the survey demonstrates that health insurance is strongly associated with access to medical care, as measured by the three different access measures). Compared to uninsured workers, being enrolled in CEBHI increased the possibility of an expatriate’s access to usual medical care and utilisation of medical care by more than 10 (8.709-12.299, 95%), and 2.3 (1.946-2.750, 95%) respectively. However, the influence of PMPHC is greater than the influence of insurance alone on reducing the inability to access medical care (health insurance reduced the inability to access medical services by 42% (0.515-0.995, 95%), whereas PMPHC reduced the inability to access medical services by more than 65.% (0.273-0.436, 95%)).Therefore, the impact of health insurance on access to medical care is much greater for those expatriates previously having had healthcare costs met by their employer, than for those who had not. These impacts remained, when the odds ratios were adjusted for both workplace and personal characteristics. Conclusion: CEBHI has a clear positive impact on reducing out of pocket payments and increasing private insurance expenditure. However, overall, private healthcare expenditure has increased insignificantly. This indicates that the main impact of CEBHI on private expenditure, is the change in the mode of payment from out of pocket payments to private insurance expenditure. However, the actual impact on private sector expenditure is still minor. Access to medical care is influenced by health insurance. In addition, it is also influenced by PMPHC as a contributory role to play in the influence of health insurance on access to medical care. Workplace and personal characteristics play a small part in mediating the influence of health insurance on access to medical care. A framework was developed for understanding the complex relationship of health insurance and access to healthcare, which will be useful for further investigations regarding the influence of health insurance on access to medical care. Both long and short-term recommendations are proposed for increasing the expatriate population’s access to medical care, whilst reducing the burden on healthcare financing.

My main thesis is that Saudi culture, in the context of the field of Molecular Genetics Epidemiology (MGE) research, poses many challenges to the currently used biomedical research regulations developed by the Saudi National Committee of Bioethics (NCBE). The NCBE regulations are informed by selected international research ethics guidelines, and they are influenced by a set of assumptions about how we ought to think about ethics. The overall focus is on a version of liberalism, where there is a strong commitment to autonomy, there is a significant focus on informed consent, the harm principle guides the justification of action, and paternalism is seen as something that is to be avoided. There are no specific guidelines that regulate MGE research in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, it was important as a first step in the thesis to analyse the relevant regulations (both the Saudi and the selected international ones) and explore the related normative issues. One of the main empirical findings was an observed and reported lack of adherence to the requirements of the NCBE regulations. In this thesis I argued that the problem emerges from a mismatch between the liberal international guidelines and the nature of the Saudi context. One possible way to address this tension is to formulate a set of guidelines and research practices that build upon the nature of Saudi social relations and norms. This may result in a focus on what we can call trust-based, rather than the currently promoted autonomy-based, bioethics.

In global terms, Saudi Arabia is a rapidly developing country. As such, its food industries have yet to fully implement the food safety management systems common in the EU. In the hospitals sector, the Ministry of Health intends to implement Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) system to provide safe meals for patients, staff and hospital visitors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the readiness of the Saudi Arabian hospitals to implement HACCP by assessing the pre-requisites programmes in their foodservices departments. An audit form was used in four hospitals in Riyadh. Questionnaires were also used to assess self-reported behaviour, knowledge and attitudes of 300 foodservices staff. Lack of training was known to be a major omission in the pre-requisite programs (PRP’s) of all hospitals. Therefore a bespoke food safety training program was developed and delivered to food handlers in the participating hospitals. An assessment was then made to determine whether this intervention had any effect on their knowledge, attitude to food safety and self-reported behaviour. The results show that, the prerequisite programs were not implemented properly in the participating hospitals. Also, foodservices staff had a poor knowledge with regard to food safety. However, staff knowledge was significantly improved following the training (p. value < 0.05) and their level of knowledge remained stable after six months. Participants’ behaviours and attitudes also improved after the training. This indicates that, training has a positive impact on food handlers knowledge, practices and attitude.

ANTECEDENTES: Después del hogar, la escuela representa el segundo entorno en el que se desatrrolla la vida de los niños. Su capacidad de aprendizaje está estrechamente relacionada con su bienestar y salud. Los estudiantes saludables asisten a clase con mayor asiduidad y son capaces de concentrarse mejor en las tareas escolares (Murray, 2007). Los enfermeros escolares desempeñan múltiples funciones en la protección y la promoción de la salud de los estudiantes. OBJETIVOS: A) General: ldentificar los factores que dificultan la implantación de la figura de la enfermera escolar en Jeddah, Arabia Saudi. b) Especificos: 1- Explorar las percepciones de las enfermeras que trabajan en centros escolares sobre las ventajas e inconvenientes de sus funciones en el ambito escolar. 2- Explorar las percepciones de los directores y profesores sobre la necesidad de las enfermeras escolares. 3- ldentificar las opiniones de los gestores sobre la necesidad de mcorporar enfermeras escolares en los centros educativos. · 4- Conocer la opinion de los directores, maestros y padres sobre el papel de la enfermera escolar. METODOLOGIA: Metodología cualitativa. Se diseñó un estudio fenomenológico interpretativo. Para la recogida de informaci6n se reaiizaron entrevistas en profundidad a educadores, enfermeros, directores, padres de aiumnos. RESULTADOS: Los resultados confirmaron la necesidad de tener una enfermera escoiar en los colegios de Arabia Saudí. Tanto los participantes de los colegios que disponen de la figura de una enfermera escolar como los que no la tienen, apoyan el rol de la enfermera escolar. Todos los informantes tienen coincidencias en el significado y funciones que ha de tener una enfermera escolar y todos consideran que la enfermera escolar tiene un impacto positivo tanto en los estudiantes como en el profesorado y en las familias; en los estudiantes, mediante su contribución a la promoción de la salud, la prevención de problemas de salud, el cuidado sistematico y a su formación en educación para la salud, al profesorado y dirección de las escuelas les genera seguridad y confianza lo cual les proporciona mayor libertad para realizar su trabajo docente y en las familias genera tranquilidad respecto al cuidado integral en salud de sus hijos. Los problemas que dificultan la inclusion de la enfermera escolar en los colegios son estructurales. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados de este estudio proporcionan información relevante sobre las percepciones y expectativas que las madres, profesoras, directoras y enfermeras escolares tienen respecto a las enfermeras escolares. Estos resultados abren las puertas a investigaciones adicionales en esta area en Arabia Saudí. Este estudio ha hecho una contribuci6n positiva y exclusiva para investigar mas sobre las enfermeras escolares, y por tanto tiene un impacto potencialmente positivo sobre el desarrollo en el establecimiento de la figura de una enfermera escolar en Arabia Saudi. El studio. mostró que todas las mujeres participantes que tuvieron experiencia de primera mano con enfermeras escolares reconocieron únanimemente la importancia del papel de las enfermeras escolares. Todas las participantes identificaron los primeros auxilios y tratar con las emergencias, accidentes o enfermedades y la dispensación de medicamentos corno las principales funciones de las enferrneras escolares, especialmente en las escuelas primarias donde los niños más pequeños tienen niveles más altos de hiperactividad y, por lo tanto, existe un mayor riesgo de lesión. Las enfermeras escolares mencionaron muchos beneficios de tener una enfermera en la escuela y ninguna desventaja. Los temas que surgen al abordar estas cuestiones fueron especialmente valiosos en terminos prácticos para los directores de las escuelas saudíes que desean emplear a una enfermera de alta calidad. El tema principal "empleando enfermeras escolares" identificó dos facilitadores de empleo de enfermeras escolares, a saber, la conciencia cultural / idioma y el horario laboral, micntras que surgieron varias barreras económicas para emplear a enfermeras escolares según se tratara de escuelas públicas o privadas.
BACKGROUND: The school is the second environment, after the home, where children develop their lives. Their learning capacity is widely related to their health and wellness. Healthy children attend classes more regularly and are capable to concentrate more in school activities (Murray, 2007). School nurses play multiple roles with regards to the protection and health awareness of the students. The aim of this project is to explore the perspectives directors, tutors and parents have of school nurses, and to find out what they think the role of a nurse consists of in a school environment. OBJECTIVES: General: to identify the factors that hinder the implantation of a school nurse figure in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Specific: I.Explore the perceptions of the nurses that work in schools regarding the advantages and disadvantages of their functions in that environment 2. Explore the perceptions of directors and teachers about the need of having a school nurse 3. Identify the opinions of managers about the need to include school nurses in education centres 4. Get to know the opinion of directors, teachers and parents with regards to the role of a school nurse. METHODOLOGY: Qualitative methodology, specifically with an interpretive phenomenological study. For the data collection, interviews will be held in depth with educators, · nurses, directors, parents and students. RESULTS: The findings confirmed the need for a nurse to be present in schools in Saudi Arabia. By comparing participants with and without a school nurse was possible to see that support for the role of school nurse was to be found in both groups. All the informants have coincidences in the meaning and functions that a school nurse must have and all consider that the school nurse has a positive impact on students, teachers and families; In the students, through their contribution to the promotion of health, prevention of health problems, systematic care and training in health education, for teaching staff and school managers generates security and confidence, which provides greater Freedom to carry out their teaching work and in families generates peace of mind regarding the comprehensive health care of their children. The problems that hinder the inclusion of the school nurse in schools are structural. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide relevant information about the perceptions and expectations that mothers, teachers; principals and school nurses have regarding nurses. These results open the door to further research in this area in Saudi Arabia. This study has made a positive and exclusive contribution to further research on school nurses, and thus has a potentially positive impact on development in establishing a school nurse figure in Saudi Arabia. This study has made a positive and exclusive contribution to further research on school nurses, and therefore has a potentially positive impact on development in establishing a school nurse figure in Saudi Arabia. The study showed that all participating women who had firsthand experience with school nurses unanimously recognized the importance of the role of school nurses. All participants identified first aid and deal with emergencies, accidents or illnesses and dispensing medications as the main functions of school nurses, especially in primary schools w.here younger children have higher levels of.hyperactivity and, therefore, there is an increased risk of injury. School nurses mentioned many benefits of having a nurse at school and no disadvantages. The issues raised in addressing these issues were especially valuable in practical terms for the principals of Saudi schools who wish to employ a high-quality nurse. The main theme "employing school nurses" identified two facilitators of school nurse employment, namely cultural awareness / language and working hours, while several economic barriers emerged to employ school nurses as public or private schools.
ANTECEDENTS: Després de la llar, l'escola representa el segon entorn en que es desenvolupa la vida dels nens. La seva capacitat d'aprenentatge està estretament relacionada amb el seu benestar i salut. Els estudiants saludables assisteixen a classe amb mes assiduïtat i són capaços de concentrar-se millor en les tasques escolars (Murray, 2007). Els infermers escolars exerceixen múltiples funcions en la protecció i la promoció de la salut dels estudiants. OBJECTIUS a) General: Identificar els factors que dificulten la implantació de la figura de la infermera escolar a Jeddah, Aràbia Saudita. b) Específics: 1- Explorar les percepcions de les infermeres que treballen en centres escolars. sobre els avantatges i inconvenients de les seves funcions en l'àmbit escolar. 2- Explorar les percepcions dels directors i professors sobre la necessitat de les infermeres escolars. 3- Identificar les opinions dels gestors sobre la necessitat d'incorporar infermeres escolars en els centres educatius. 4- Conèixer l'opinió dels directors, mestres i pares sobre el paper de la infermera escolar. METODOLOGIA: Metodologia qualitativa. Es va dissenyar un estudi fenomenològic interpretatiu. Per a la recollida d'informació es van realitzar entrevistes en profunditat a educadors, infermers, directors, pares d'alumnes. RESULTATS: Els resultats van confirmar la necessitat de tenir una infermera escolar a les escoles d'Aràbia Saudita. Tant els participants dels col·legis que disposen de la figura d'una infermera escolar com els que no la tenen, donen suport al paper de la infermera escolar. Tots els informants tenen coincidències en el significat i funcions que ha de tenir una infermera escolar i tots consideren que la infermera escolar té un impacte positiu tant en els estudiants com en el professorat i en les famílies; en els estudiants, mitjançant la seva contribució a la promoció de la salut, la prevenció de problemes de salut, la cura sistemàtica i a la seva formació en educació per a la salut, al professorat i direcció de les escoles els genera seguretat i confiança la qual cosa els proporciona major llibertat per realitzar-la docent i en les famílies genera tranquil·litat respecte a la cura integral en salut dels seus fills.. CONCLUSIÓ: Els resultats d'aquest estudi proporcionen informació rellevant sobre les percepcions 1 expectatives que les mares, professores, directores i infermeres escolars tenen respecte a les infermeres escolars. Aquests resultats obren les portes a investigacions addicionals en aquesta àrea a l'Aràbia Saudita. Aquest estudi ha fet una contribució positiva i exclusiva per investigar més sobre les infermeres escolars, i per tant té un impacte potencialment positiu sobre el desenvolupament en l'establiment de la figura d'una infermera escolar a l'Aràbia Saudita. L’estudi va mostrar que totes les dones participants que van tenir experiència de primera ma amb infermeres escolars van reconèixer unànimement la importància del paper de les infermeres escolars. Totes les participants van identificar els primers auxilis i tractar amb les emergències, accidents o malalties i la dispensació de medicaments com les principals funcions de les infermeres escolars, especialment a les escoles primaries on els nens més petits tenen nivells més alts d'hiperactivitat i, per tant, hi ha un major risc de lesió. Les infermeres escolars van esmentar molts beneficis de tenir una infermera a l'escola i cap desavantatge. Els temes que sorgeixen en abordar aquestes qüestions van ser especialment valuosos en termes pràctics per als directors de les escoles saudites que volen donar feina a una infermera d'alta qualitat. El tema principal "emprant infermeres escolars" identificar dos facilitadors d'ocupació d'infermeres escolars, és a dir, la consciència cultural / idioma i l'horari laboral, mentre que van sorgir diverses barreres econòmiques per donar feina a infermeres escolars segons es tractés d'escoles públiques o privades.

The aim of this study was to investigate the vitamin B-6 status of Saudi adult males and compare the status between rural and urban subjects. Fifty-one adult male subjects were recruited from urban (n=31) and rural (n=20) populations of Riyadh. These subjects were reclassified to cigarette smokers (n=19), water pipe smokers (n=5) and non-smokers (n=27). The study also investigated the intake of macronutrients and selected micronutrients. In addition, the study investigated other health indicators including Body Mass Index (BMI), hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and albumin concentration, urinary creatinine and urea nitrogen excretion. The mean of vitamin B-6 intake, B-6 to protein ratio, plasma pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) concentration and urinary 4-PA excretion in urban group were 2.18 ± 0.62 mg/day, 0.022 ± 0.008 mg/g, 39.3 ± 18.0 nmol/L and 4.6 ± 2.3 μmol/day, respectively. In rural group, these measures were 2.15 ± 0.65 mg/day, 0.021 ± 0.004 mg/g, 40.5 ± 14.6 nmol/L and 4.4 ± 2.3 (μmol/day, respectively. These measures indicated adequate status with no significant difference between the two groups. The mean intake of calcium, folate, vitamin D, zinc and dietary fiber was lower than recommendation of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) in both groups. Health indicators were within normal range except for BMI, which indicated a prevalence of overweight and obesity in both urban (27.1 ± 5.5 Kg/m²) and rural (28.2 ± 6.0 Kg/m²) subjects. Comparison of the three smoking groups showed that the water pipe smokers compared to cigarette smokers and non-smokers groups had significantly higher mean intake of vitamin B-6 (2.51 ± 0.73 mg/day), which resulted in higher concentrations of plasma PLP, pyridoxal (PL), red blood cells PLP and urinary 4-PA (54.9 ± 23.1 nmol/L, 21.5 ± 10.0 nmol/L, 33.7 ± 8.5 nmol/L and 6.9 ± 4.7 μmol/day, respectively). Cigarette smokers had significantly lower concentration of plasma PLP (30.9 ± 12.5 nmol/L) compared to non-smokers (40.0 ± 12.9 nmol/L) without a significant difference in vitamin B-6 intake. Hematocrit and hemoglobin were significantly higher in smokers (50 ± 3% and 167 ± 11 g/L, respectively) compared to non-smokers (48 ± 3% and 160 ± 9 g/L, respectively). The results of this study suggest that vitamin B-6 status of adult males in Riyadh is adequate with no urban vs. rural variation.
Graduation date: 2004

Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the level of knowledge and extent of Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) among computer users in the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Abuja, Nigeria. Structured questionnaires were administered to 100 computer users aged between 18 and 40 years. The study findings revealed that 40 respondents (40%) were aware of CVS and 27 (27%) of them had knowledge of the disorder. 74 (74%) of the respondents experienced at least one symptom of CVS. Headache and eyestrain were the most common symptom of CVS among the population. The study also revealed that the internet (accounting for 50%) was the major source of information about CVS awareness. The study concluded that 27% knowledge level is too low and much emphasis is needed to educate the people at risk of CVS
Health Studies
M.A. (Public Health)

Abstract 40% of the world gas reserves are located in in the Middle East, of which most contain high amounts of corrosive gases H2S and CO2, this with other environmental factors exerts stress on metallic and nonmetallic materials. For Baker Hughes to address these challenges, one answer was to establish local competencies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as a H2S lab and materials science focused team, ultimately targeting the reduction of total expense of corrosion, and to tap into the research capabilities and expertise available in the ecosystem. H2S gas is a major health and safety challenge to deal with, as it is a lethal, flammable, corrosive. The analysis to design the lab was supported by methods of Asset Integrity Risk Management looking on barriers, process, and industry standards. The human factor was considered to ensure competency, mindset & culture. Among others, OSHA standards were followed to develop the Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) and respiratory protection program and Emergency Response and Operations Plan (EROP). An unexpected challenge arose during the COVID-19 pandemic where measures were taken to limit infection while maintaining lab operation. The lab started operation with a narrow scope to focus on critical lab operational skill development, successive new competencies and workflows are added following a Management of Change (MOC) process. Current developments leverage the labs growing competence to address arising challenges on ultra-high H2S, CO2 for CCUS, and hydrogen for the energy transaction.