Journal articles: 'Diabetes Treatment China Hong Kong'

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Bakhritdinova, Fazilat Arifovna, Urmanova Firuza Makhkamovna, and Nabiyeva Iroda Fayzullayevna. "Diabetic Retinopathy In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Aspects Of Early Diagnosis, Treatment And Prediction Of The Outcome Of The Disease." American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 03, no. 07 (July 28, 2021): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajmspr/volume03issue07-03.

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In this review, the authors performed an overview of the literature on early diagnosis, treatment and methods for predicting the outcomes of the disease. According to regional endocrinological dispensaries, for 2020 registered SD for RUZ 277 926., Of these, type 1 type 18178, SD 2 type 259,748 patients. At the same time, the number of patients with DR was 2020 g of 83,632 persons, of which 73690 persons with di type 2. The real number of patients exceeds a registered 10 times, over the past 18 years, the number of patients with a rope in Uzbekistan increased by 2.4 times (according to the Ministry of Health of RUZ). The prevalence of others among patients of the CD is 10-90%, according to some specialists, up to 97-98.5%. For example, the frequency of development dr in India is lower than among Europeans and Americans, and among the black population more frequent than among the white. According to the WHO research group, it was revealed that the highest frequency of DR was detected in Oklahoma (76.4%), Zagreb (73.1%) and Hong Kong (58.1%). The lowest frequency was observed in Tokyo (29.7%). The prevalence of DR in patients in China amounted to 47.4%, and the frequency of DR in Poland was 31.4%.

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Chan, Kam Wa, Alfred Siu Kei Kwong, Pun Nang Tsui, Simon Chi Yuen Cheung, Gary Chi Wang Chan, Wing Fai Choi, Wai Han Yiu, et al. "Efficacy, safety and response predictors of adjuvant astragalus for diabetic kidney disease (READY): study protocol of an add-on, assessor-blind, parallel, pragmatic randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 11, no. 1 (January 2021): e042686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042686.

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IntroductionDiabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a prevalent and costly complication of diabetes with limited therapeutic options, being the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease in most developed regions. Recent big data studies showed that add-on Chinese medicine (CM) led to a reduced risk of end-stage kidney disease and mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes. Astragalus, commonly known as huang-qi, is the most prescribed CM or used dietary herb in China for diabetes and DKD. In vivo and in vitro studies showed that astragalus ameliorated podocyte apoptosis, foot process effacement, mesangial expansion, glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. Nevertheless, the clinical effect of astragalus remains uncharacterised. This pragmatic clinical trial aims to evaluate the effectiveness of add-on astragalus in patients with type 2 diabetes, stage 2–3 CKD and macroalbuminuria, and to identify related response predictors.Methods and analysisThis is an add-on, assessor-blind, parallel, pragmatic randomised controlled clinical trial. 118 patients diagnosed with DKD will be recruited and randomised 1:1 to receive 48 weeks of add-on astragalus or standard medical care. Primary endpoints are the changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio between baseline and treatment endpoint. Secondary endpoints include adverse events, fasting blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin, lipids and other biomarkers. Adverse events are monitored through self-complete questionnaire and clinical visits. Outcomes will be analysed by regression models. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses will be conducted for different epidemiological subgroups and statistical analyses. Enrolment started in July 2018.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong/Hospital Authority Hong Kong West/East/Kowloon Central clusters (UW 16-553/HKEC-2019-026/REC (KC/KE)-19-0049/ER-4). We will report the findings in medical journals and conferences. The dataset will be available on reasonable request.Trial registration numberNCT03535935

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Vagg, Jon. "Sometimes a Crime: Illegal Immigration and Hong Kong." Crime & Delinquency 39, no. 3 (July 1993): 355–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128793039003006.

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This article deals with the policies controlling migration from China to the British colony of Hong Kong. Immigrants have been responded to in different ways by the Hong Kong authorities, and often there has been a significant gap between legal provisions and policy implementation. The author argues that the primary determinants of the treatment of illegal immigrants in Hong Kong have been the economy and labor market, the fear of social unrest, and British foreign policy toward China. It is also pointed out that Hong Kong policies toward illegal immigrants have been used as political negotiating points by the Chinese authorities.

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Quan, J., T. K. Li, H. Pang, C. H. Choi, S. C. Siu, S. Y. Tang, N. M. S. Wat, J. Woo, J. M. Johnston, and G. M. Leung. "Diabetes incidence and prevalence in Hong Kong, China during 2006-2014." Diabetic Medicine 34, no. 7 (November 29, 2016): 902–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dme.13284.

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Chua, H. "Overview of water environment priorities in Hong Kong (China)." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 2 (July 1, 1999): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0093.

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Hong Kong produces over two million tonnes of municipal wastewater each day. Until recently, 50% of the wastewater volume entered water courses, rivers and coastal waters without treatment. Untreated organics, heavy metals and refractory synthetic materials accumulate in certain areas, and have led to breakdown of aquatic and marine ecological systems, closure of beaches, red tides and bioaccumulation in seafood. In 1986, a flexible framework of environmental management master plan was designed, to be implemented over the following two decades. The master plan comprises (1) establishment of water control zones and pollution control legislation, (2) upgrading of services and facilities for management of municipal sewage and chemical wastes, (3) construction of the “Strategic Sewage Disposal Scheme”, and (4) implementation of a “polluter pays policy”. This paper critically reviews the legislation and management priorities relevant to the water environment.

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Te, Alice Y. C., and Gerard A. Postiglione. "Hong Kong students entering Mainland China universities: a review of the admission scheme." Public Administration and Policy 21, no. 1 (July 2, 2018): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pap-06-2018-003.

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Purpose Studying abroad is not new for Hong Kong students, especially those from the middle class. For a variety of reasons, traversing to Mainland universities has been an unconventional path confined mostly to students who pursued specific programs, or had family or social ties. Beginning in 2012, an admission scheme was launched for Hong Kong students applying to Mainland universities. The purpose of this paper is to review the admission scheme. Design/methodology/approach This paper draws on both quantitative and qualitative data sources. It includes statistics from official records of students’ application and enrollment figures, and documents obtained from multiple sources, as well as qualitative data through interviews of Hong Kong students who are studying in the Mainland universities. Findings The key findings are that since the implementation of the admission scheme, the number of applicants is rather stable irrespective of the changing socio-economic and political context. With the preferential treatment for Hong Kong students, low tuition fees, government financial assistance and scholarships, most students still consider studying in the Mainland a backup plan rather than a first choice. The academic performance of the students and academic/career aspirations have influenced their choice and decisions. Originality/value This paper contributes through providing both primary and secondary data to help understand the level of acceptance on the scheme since its implementation. It also reveals the perceptions of the students who have made their choice to study cross the border. In facing the emergent economic, socio-cultural and political challenges, some policies recommendations are proposed to boost the acceptance of the scheme. Moreover, it fills the research gap on student mobility from Hong Kong to Mainland China in the corpus of literature.

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Lee, Paul C. H., Y. C. Woo, and Karen S. L. Lam. "Fighting the Health Challenges of Diabetes in Hong Kong: A Window Into Mainland China." American Journal of Public Health 108, no. 12 (December 2018): 1623–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2018.304740.

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Zheng, Ping, Matt J. Gray, Wen-Jie Duan, Samuel M. Y. Ho, Mian Xia, and Joshua D. Clapp. "Cultural Variations in Resilience Capacity and Posttraumatic Stress: A Tri-Cultural Comparison." Cross-Cultural Research 54, no. 2-3 (November 20, 2019): 273–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069397119887669.

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Resilience capacity has been associated with individuals’ flexibility and adaptability in responding to potential trauma. Culture-related appraisals influence not only interpretations of etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and perception of severity of PTSD symptoms but also flexible coping strategies. However, adequate research of the mechanisms on how culture may affect the relationship between resilience and PTSD does not yet exist. The present study focused on whether and how culture (America, Hong Kong, and Mainland China) moderated the relationship between resilience capacity and severity of posttraumatic distress. Data were collected at three research sites (America, Hong Kong, and Mainland China) where 558 trauma survivors were recruited. Measures included the Life Events Checklist ( LEC-5), the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 ( PCL-5), and the Revised Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale ( CD-RISC-R). The results of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that American participants were more resilient than the participants in Hong Kong and Mainland China. The results of multiple regression indicated that frequency of exposure to trauma was a weaker predictor of severity of PTSD symptoms at high versus low levels of resilience capacity. The results also indicated a weaker moderating effect of Hong Kong versus American culture on the relation between resilience capacity and PTSD. This pilot study highlighted East–West cultural differences in the baselines of resilience capacity and posttraumatic stress and may motivate clinicians and researchers to reevaluate Western diagnostic criteria to psychological trauma conceptualization and treatment for non-Western populations.

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Zhao, Yun. "Liberalization of Legal Services under the CEPA Framework between Mainland China and Hong Kong." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 38, Issue 4 (November 1, 2011): 321–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2011021.

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Legal services are an important type of trade in services, and opening up the legal services market requires careful consideration. The Closer Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) between Mainland China and Hong Kong has taken the lead in setting the platform for opening up the legal services market. This regional free trade arrangement aims to provide preferential treatment to (and only to) the legal service industry and providers in the region. Because of the ever-developing economic relationship between the two parties, it is necessary to study the possibility of opening the market even further. This article examines the existing framework for liberalization of legal services under the CEPA framework and offers some suggestions on further liberalization of legal services between Mainland China and Hong Kong.

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Tavitiyaman, Pimtong, and Wanlanai Saiprasert. "Medical Quality and Well-Being Perception of Senior Tourists." Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management 15, no. 2 (May 21, 2020): S30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24083/apjhm.v15i2.385.

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Objectives: Advanced medical treatments and service quality for Hong Kong residents are well regarded. However, numerous senior residents continue to explore alternative medical treatments and wellbeing activities outside the region. The research objectives of this study are 1) to assess the perception of senior tourists of the medical quality attributes of medical tourism destinations and 2) to compare the different perceptions of tourists of medical service attributes, wellbeing and behavioural intention towards medical tourism destinations. Design: The questionnaire instrument was written in English and Chinese based on the literature review. The target population was senior residents with experience in seeking medical treatments and services abroad, specifically, outside Hong Kong. Convenience sampling was employed to recruit senior respondents to answer the questionnaire. Data collection was from July to October 2019 in residential areas and senior citizen neighbourhood centres in Hong Kong. Results: Results show that among the 74 respondents, only 42% have overseas medical experiences. The countries involved are Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, China, the United States, Malaysia and Thailand. The senior residents have a more positive perception of medical quality (e.g. appointment procedure, short waiting time and physician reliability) and wellbeing (e.g. response to needs and social wellbeing) in overseas medical destinations compared with Hong Kong. However, no mean difference is observed in behavioural intention between Hong Kong and overseas medical destinations from the perspective of the senior respondents. Conclusions: Hong Kong senior residents may consider travelling overseas to seek medical treatments and wellbeing activities. Senior residents tend to travel to nearby countries for cosmetic/plastic surgery, eye surgery/Lasik and dental surgery. Moreover, senior residents perceive the communication skills of physicians and staff overseas in answering enquiries on medical procedures whilst receiving medical treatment as high quality compared with Hong Kong.

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Sung, Yun-Wing. "Made in China: From World Sweatshop to a Global Manufacturing Center?" Asian Economic Papers 6, no. 3 (October 2007): 43–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep.2007.6.3.43.

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This paper argues that foreign investment is a second-best instrument that helps China to succeed in export-led growth by circumventing the many distortions that discriminate against domestic private enterprises. China's dependence on foreign investment for exports should decline as China builds up its market economy, but its generous preferences for foreign investors may unduly prolong its dependence. It is found that China's exports are increasingly dominated by the low value-added processing exports of foreign affiliates. In the case of Hong Kong investment in export processing on the Chinese mainland, the value-added in the Mainland is often less than that of re-exporting the output in Hong Kong. Since 2004, China has amended its treatment of foreign investments to attract higher-quality foreign investment and upgrade processing exports in order to transform itself from a world sweatshop to a global manufacturing center. The policies appear to have the intended effects.

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Wong, Kam Cheong, and Zhiqiang Wang. "Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus of Chinese populations in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan." Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 73, no. 2 (August 2006): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2006.01.007.

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Gulkowska, A., H. W. Leung, M. K. So, S. Taniyasu, N. Yamashita, Leo W. Y. Yeung, Bruce J. Richardson, A. P. Lei, J. P. Giesy, and Paul K. S. Lam. "Removal of antibiotics from wastewater by sewage treatment facilities in Hong Kong and Shenzhen, China." Water Research 42, no. 1-2 (January 2008): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.031.

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Liu, Xin. "Explicit and implicit vocabulary learning: A comparative study based on EFL textbooks in Mainland China and Hong Kong." Journal of Language Teaching 1, no. 2 (November 5, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.54475/jlt.v1i2.10.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the vocabulary settings in two English textbooks used in Mainland China and Hong Kong respectively, and provide useful suggestions for teachers to choose or adapt English as a foreign language (EFL) textbook. The study centers on two English textbooks for grade-nine/ JS3 EFL learners in Mainland China and Hong Kong. Methods The two textbooks will firstly be compared and contrasted at the macro-level, covering perspectives such as organization, visual aids, glossary, and supplementary materials. Next, to study the treatment of vocabulary further at the micro-level, the study will focus on one unit in the two selected textbooks sharing the same theme. Results At the macro-level, the two textbooks are both clear and colored printed, theme-based, glossary included, visual aids provided, and practice given. They mainly differ in module components and word load in the glossary. At the micro-level, both of them give pre-teaching of new words before reading/listening, present words in context, provide scaffolding, follow a sequence of difficulty, integrate well with the development of other language skills, but they are different in some ways. Conclusion In terms of vocabulary treatment, results showed that both textbooks generally follow similar organization and presentation but differ in suggested teaching approaches. The textbook used in Mainland addresses on the word meaning while the textbook in Hong Kong follows a more implicit approach. In order to facilitate the evaluation of the vocabulary section in EFL textbooks, a new checklist and teaching implications for teachers are proposed in the thesis.

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To, Ka Lun Aaron, Yuen Ying Yvonne Fok, Ka Chun Marc Chong, Yuen Chi Joanne Lee, and Ling Shan Sandy Yiu. "Individualized homeopathic treatment in addition to conventional treatment in type II diabetic patients in Hong Kong – a retrospective cohort study." Homeopathy 106, no. 02 (May 2017): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.homp.2017.02.002.

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Objective: Glycaemic goals are not achieved in most patients with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially in those with long disease duration and taking multiple oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD). We aimed to investigate the effectiveness of individualized homeopathic treatment in glycaemic control. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: At least 6 months of individualized homeopathic treatment at a private homeopathic centre in Hong Kong. Participants: Twenty-seven adults aged 37–84 years were treated with individualized homeopathic remedies between 2012 and 2015. Published data on 40 T2DM patients under standard conventional treatment in Hong Kong were used as a control. Main outcome measure: Change in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) at 12-month or the last follow-up, whichever is earlier. Results: Compared with the conventional treatment only group, the homeopathy group had higher baseline FPG (p = 0.044), and more patients had a long (>20 years) duration of diabetes (p = 0.006), and a history of cardiac events (p = 0.022). The mean difference in FPG in the homeopathy group was significantly greater than in the control after 12 months: −2.24 mmol/L (95% confidence interval [CI]: −3.47 to −1.01) vs 0.16 mmol/L (95% CI: −1.72 to 2.04), p = 0.001. The mean difference in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was also significantly greater, −1.11% (95% CI: −2.17 to −0.05) vs 0.08% (95% CI: −1.37 to 1.53), p = 0.046. Poorer baseline glycaemic control was associated with better outcome (r = −0.750, p < 0.001), but not the duration of diabetes (r = 0.058, p = 0.772). The improvement was robust to sensitivity analyses. Conclusion: Individualized homeopathic treatment was associated with better glycaemic control compared with standard conventional treatment alone.

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Leung, H. W., T. B. Minh, M. B. Murphy, James C. W. Lam, M. K. So, Michael Martin, Paul K. S. Lam, and B. J. Richardson. "Distribution, fate and risk assessment of antibiotics in sewage treatment plants in Hong Kong, South China." Environment International 42 (July 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.03.004.

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Ekaterina N., Rakhmanova, and Filatova Nadezhda Yu. "Legal Regulation of Liability for Cruelty to Animals in the People's Republic of China." Rossijskoe pravosudie, no. 6 (May 25, 2022): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37399/issn2072-909x.2022.6.63-69.

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Currently, the problem of prosecuting persons for cruelty to animals is actual for many countries. Legislative regulation and attitude to the problem of animal protection is a certain indicator of the civilization of society. Historically, China has all the prerequisites for the formation of a developed system of protection animals from cruelty, but at present, according to international experts, the People’s Republic of China is practically at the very beginning of the formation of legislation on the protection of animals. Hong Kong and Taiwan, as two separate administrative units, have more progressive legislation in this area. The purpose of the article is to research the legal experience of the People’s Republic of China of establishing responsibility for cruelty to animals. The authors set the following tasks: to analyze the regulatory legal acts in the field of regulating the responsible treatment of animals in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan and to identify positive and negative trends. As part of the work on the article, dialectical, comparative legal, and formal legal methods were used. The research revealed problems in the legislation of the People’s Republic of China, as well as to establish a trend in Chinese society aimed at protecting animals from an ethical point of view, and not from an economic one.

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Chan, Kai-fong, Petrus Ng, and Ka-ying Ng. "The effects of an intervention group with the support of non-pharmacological Chinese medicine on older Chinese adults with insomnia." International Social Work 49, no. 6 (November 2006): 791–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872806069083.

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English This article reports a pilot study on an intervention group which integrated behavioral treatment and non-pharmacological Chinese medicine to reduce the problem of insomnia for older Chinese adults. Findings showed that the six-session group intervention was effective. The highlight of each session was presented and implications for social work practice discussed. French Cet article présente les résultats d'un projet pilote en intervention de groupe, mené pour répondre aux problèmes d'insomnie de la population âgée de Hong Kong. Ce projet a fait appel à des traitements comportementaux et à la pharmacopée traditionnelle chinoise. Les résultats indiquent que les interventions de groupe ont été concluantes. On aborde également les implications pour le travail social en Chine et ailleurs. Spanish Se informa sobre un estudio piloto de una intervención de grupo para tratar los problemas de insomnio entre personas mayores en Hong Kong. Esta intervención integra los tratamientos de conducta y medicina china no farmacológica. Los resultados sugieren que la intervención de grupo fue efectiva. Se exponen las implicaciones para el trabajo social en China y en otros lugares.

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Li, Stephen Tak-lun, Evan Po-fat Yiu, Angela Hiu-yan Wong, John Chun-Ting Yeung, and Lester Wang-hon Yu. "Successful Treatment of Lasiodiplodia theobromae Keratitis – Assessing the Role of Voriconazole." Case Reports in Ophthalmology 7, no. 3 (October 10, 2016): 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000449369.

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Purpose: The aim of this paper is to report the successful management of the first case of Lasiodiplodia theobromae keratitis in Hong Kong. Methods: We conducted a case report. Results: A 43-year-old Chinese male with a history of diabetes developed left eye keratitis after a trauma during tree felling. Fungal keratitis was diagnosed using a confocal microscope on day 1, and L. theobromae was confirmed from the culture. He was given oral voriconazole, topical natamycin, and topical and intracameral amphotericin B. The patient’s condition improved after the initial treatment. However, there was a slow progression to descemetocele formation and impending perforation due to corneal melting. Penetrating keratoplasty was performed at 8 weeks after presentation. Final visual recovery was good with no recurrence of infection. The cornea remained clear. Conclusions: We report the first case of L. theobromae keratitis in Hong Kong, and it is the only case so far that involved the use of oral voriconazole in the combination therapy. Early recognition with the aid of confocal microscopy allowed the early start of treatment. The use of newer antifungal voriconazole topically and orally combined with topical amphotericin B appeared to be useful in the eradication of the fungus and prevention of recurrence. Intracameral antifungals might have improved the clinical management.

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Lau, Chi-kong, Joannie Hui, Fion N. Y. Fong, Ka-Fai To, Tai-Fai Fok, Nelson L. S. Tang, and Stephen K. W. Tsui. "Novel mutations in PHKA2 gene in glycogen storage disease type IX patients from Hong Kong, China." Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 102, no. 2 (February 2011): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.11.004.

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Ma, Joyce L. C., Lily L. L. Xia, Monica Yau‐Ng, and Yan‐Yee Cindy Yiu. "Treatment efficacy of multiple family therapy in helping Chinese children of depressed parents in Hong Kong, China." Family Process 61, no. 1 (December 16, 2021): 198–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/famp.12736.

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Zhang, Xinge, Hongjiang Wu, Baoqi Fan, Mai Shi, Eric S. H. Lau, Aimin Yang, Elaine Chow, et al. "Lifetime risk of developing diabetes in Chinese people with normoglycemia or prediabetes: A modeling study." PLOS Medicine 19, no. 7 (July 21, 2022): e1004045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004045.

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Background Little is known about the lifetime risk of progression to diabetes in the Asian population. We determined remaining lifetime risk of diabetes and life years spent with diabetes in Chinese people with normoglycemia and prediabetes. Methods and findings Using territory-wide diabetes surveillance data curated from electronic medical records of Hong Kong Hospital Authority (HA), we conducted a population-based cohort study in 2,608,973 individuals followed from 2001 to 2019. Prediabetes and diabetes were identified based on laboratory measurements, diagnostic codes, and medication records. Remaining lifetime risk and life years spent with diabetes were estimated using Monte Carlo simulations with state transition probabilities based on a Markov chain model. Validations were performed using several sensitivity analyses and modified survival analysis. External replication was performed using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS) cohort (2010 to 2015). The expected remaining lifetime risk of developing diabetes was 88.0 (95% confidence intervals: 87.2, 88.7)% for people with prediabetes and 65.9 (65.8, 65.9)% for people with normoglycemia at age 20 years. A 20-year-old person with prediabetes would live with diabetes for 32.5 (32.0, 33.1) years or 51.6 (50.8, 52.3)% of remaining life years, whereas a person with normoglycemia at 20 years would live 12.7 (12.7, 12.7) years with diabetes or 18.4 (18.4, 18.5)% of remaining life years. Women had a higher expected remaining lifetime risk and longer life years with diabetes compared to men. Results are subjected to possible selection bias as only people who undertook routine or opportunistic screening were included. Conclusions These findings suggest that Hong Kong, an economically developed city in Asia, is confronted with huge challenge of high lifetime risk of diabetes and long life years spent with diabetes, especially in people with prediabetes. Effective public health policies and targeted interventions for preventing progression to diabetes are urgently needed.

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Thomas, G. Neil, C. Mary Schooling, Sarah M. McGhee, Sai-Yin Ho, Bernard M. Y. Cheung, Nelson M. Wat, Edward D. Janus, Tai Hing Lam, and _. _. "Identification of factors differentially associated with isolated impaired fasting glucose and isolated post-load impaired glucose tolerance: the Hong Kong Cardiovascular Risk Factor Study." European Journal of Endocrinology 155, no. 4 (October 2006): 623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.02250.

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Background: The use of fasting and post-prandial glucose levels in the classification of hyperglycaemic states often identifies distinct subjects, but the factors determining these intermediate-isolated glucose intolerant states are yet to be clearly elucidated in Chinese subjects. Methods: Representative subjects (n = 2769) were randomly recruited from the Hong Kong Chinese population and glycaemic status was determined using both fasting and 2h 75 g oral glucose tolerance test glucose levels. The relationship between the groups with isolated glucose intolerance and vascular risk factors was investigated using ANOVA and logistic regression analyses. Results: Using either criterion, diabetes was identified in 265 (9.6%) subjects and glucose intolerance in 568 (20.5%) subjects. Of those 568, isolated impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) using the post-load criterion was identified in 49.5% and isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in 30.5%. Ageing and hyperinsulinaemia were common determinants of IGT and IFG; with small hip circumference a marker of poorer early life development and being born in China rather than Hong Kong, a possible low birth weight marker was also associated with IFG. Hypertension, hypertriglyceridaemia and poor education were also associated with IGT. When we looked for factors differentially associated with these glucose intolerant states, female sex, greater hip circumference, high triglyceride levels, low fasting insulin levels, and not being born in China were independently associated with isolated IGT compared with isolated IFG. Conclusion: Despite common antecedents to the glucose intolerant states, isolated IFG appeared to be particularly associated with early life development, and isolated IGT was more strongly associated with obesity-related determinants such as hypertriglyceridaemia.

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Lam, Tai Pong, Kai Sing Sun, Hoi Yan Chan, Chak Sing Lau, Kwok Fai Lam, and Robert Sanson-Fisher. "Perceptions of Chinese Towards Dementia in Hong Kong—Diagnosis, Symptoms and Impacts." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 1 (January 5, 2019): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010128.

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The increasing prevalence of dementia has become a public health issue worldwide including China. This study aims to explore the perception of Chinese in Hong Kong towards the diagnosis, symptoms and impacts of dementia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among outpatients (without diagnosed dementia) attending a regional public hospital using a standard questionnaire. The results from 290 respondents showed that most preferred to be told about the diagnosis of dementia as soon as possible if they got it, in order to deal with the news and to access treatment and support early. Nearly two thirds of the respondents perceived practical issues (61.3%), physical health (61.0%), and emotional distress (58.4%) as their most fearful impacts, while legal issues (7.4%) were their least concerns. Family history/genes (79.1%) and brain injury (75.9%) were the most commonly perceived causes of dementia. For symptoms, respondents were more likely to identify cognitive impairments than undesirable behaviours. The accepting and proactive attitudes of the public indicate that there is a timely need of more public education about the disease, early screening and better continuity of care to fulfil the anticipated increase of the dementia patient population.

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Deerochanawong, Chaicharn, Kuan-Cheng Chang, Yu Cho Woo, Wen-Ter Lai, and Aurauma Chutinet. "A Prospective Study of Azilsartan Medoxomil in the Treatment of Patients with Essential Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes in Asia." International Journal of Hypertension 2022 (January 7, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2717291.

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This phase 4 study evaluated the efficacy and safety of azilsartan medoxomil (AZL-M) in patients with essential hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Thailand. This was a prospective, multicenter, single-arm, open-label study with patients aged 18–75 years with T2DM and essential hypertension and on stable treatment for T2DM. Patients with uncontrolled hypertension were treated with AZL-M 40 mg daily, with the option to uptitrate to 80 mg at 6 weeks. In all, 380 of the 478 patients screened in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Thailand were enrolled. At week 6, 97 patients (25.5%) were titrated up to AZL-M 80 mg based on BP readings. At 12 weeks, 54.8% of patients reached the blood pressure (BP) goal of <140/85 mm Hg by trough sitting clinic BP (primary endpoint), and 62.8% and 27.0% achieved a BP of <140/90 mm Hg and <130/80 mm Hg, respectively. The efficacy of AZL-M over 12 weeks was also seen in different age and body mass index groups. The incidence of treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was 12.9% before 6 weeks and 16.1% after 6 weeks, and they were mostly mild in severity. The most frequent TEAE was dizziness (4.7%). The incidence of TEAEs leading to study drug discontinuation (4.5%) and drug-related TEAEs (5.0% before 6 weeks; 3.9% after 6 weeks) was low. In patients with essential hypertension and T2DM in Asia, treatment with AZL-M indicated a favorable efficacy and safety profile in achieving target BP.

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Lee, Sing, Alice Chiu, Adley Tsang, Chun-Chung Chow, and Wing-Bun Chan. "Treatment-related stresses and anxiety-depressive symptoms among Chinese outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Hong Kong." Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 74, no. 3 (December 2006): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2006.03.026.

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Hagger, Martin S., Sarah J. Hardcastle, Miao Hu, See Kwok, Jie Lin, Hapizah M. Nawawi, Jing Pang, et al. "Health literacy in familial hypercholesterolemia: A cross-national study." European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 25, no. 9 (March 29, 2018): 936–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487318766954.

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Background High rates of inadequate health literacy are associated with maladaptive health outcomes in chronic disease including increased mortality and morbidity rates, poor treatment adherence and poor health. Adequate health literacy may be an important factor in the effective treatment and management of familial hypercholesterolemia, and may also be implicated in genetic screening for familial hypercholesterolemia among index cases. The present study examined the prevalence and predictors of health literacy in familial hypercholesterolemia patients attending clinics in seven countries. Design Cross-sectional survey. Methods Consecutive FH patients attending clinics in Australia, Brazil, China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Taiwan and the UK completed measures of demographic variables (age, gender, household income and highest education level) and a brief three-item health literacy scale. Results Rates of inadequate health literacy were lowest in the UK (7.0%), Australia (10.0%), Hong Kong (15.7%) and Taiwan (18.0%) samples, with higher rates in the Brazil (22.0%), Malaysia (25.0%) and China (37.0%) samples. Income was an independent predictor of health literacy levels, accounting for effects of age. Health literacy was also independently related to China national group membership. Conclusions Findings indicate non-trivial levels of inadequate health literacy in samples of familial hypercholesterolemia patients. Consistent with previous research in chronic illness, inadequate health literacy is related to income as an index of health disparities. Chinese familial hypercholesterolemia patients are more likely to have high rates of inadequate health literacy independent of income. Current findings highlight the imperative of education interventions targeting familial hypercholesterolemia patients with inadequate health literacy.

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Wong, Eliza Lai yi, Richard Huan Xu, and Annie Wai ling Cheung. "Measurement of health-related quality of life in patients with diabetes mellitus using EQ-5D-5L in Hong Kong, China." Quality of Life Research 29, no. 7 (March 5, 2020): 1913–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11136-020-02462-0.

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Jiang, Guozhi, Andrea O. Luk, Xilin Yang, Ying Wang, Claudia H. T. Tam, Siu Him Lau, Risa Ozaki, et al. "Progression to treatment failure among Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes initiated on metformin versus sulphonylurea monotherapy—The Hong Kong Diabetes Registry." Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 112 (February 2016): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2015.11.003.

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Edwards, Susan. "RAISING FREEDOM’S BANNER HOW PEACEFUL DEMONSTRATIONS HAVE CHANGED THE WORLD." Denning Law Journal 27 (November 16, 2015): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/dlj.v27i0.1116.

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Raising Freedom’s Banner is essential reading for students studying Constitutional and Administrative law, for those with an interest in human rights and also for those engaged in peaceful protests the world over. Paul Harris is a practising barrister in England and Wales and a Senior Counsel in Hong Kong. He founded the Bar Human Rights Committee of England and Wales. He has acted in several cases involving the right to peaceful protest, a right preserved by much struggle which he meticulously charts throughout the pages of his truly rich and wonderful historical and legal account. Paul Harris successfully represented Falun Gong in upholding their right to protest outside a government building in Hong Kong as part of a peaceful hunger strike against the treatment of Falun Gong in mainland China. As any visitor to Chinatown in London or indeed elsewhere will know Falun Gong simply wish to pursue their peaceful beliefs in Taoist and Buddhist teachings. For Paul Harris protest is the visible existence of the bastion of freedom.

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Lin, Shih-Ku, and An-Nie Chung. "T213. TREND OF LONG-ACTING INJECTABLE ANTIPSYCHOTICS USE IN ASIA: FINDINGS FROM REAP ANTIPSYCHOTIC STUDIES." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S313—S314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa029.773.

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Abstract Background Research on Asian Prescription Pattern (REAP) is the largest and the longest lasting international collaborative research in psychiatry in Asia since 2001. At present, four studies on antipsychotics in schizophrenia, two antidepressants, one bipolar disorder and one mood disorder were completed. Previous studies have examined the use of Long-acting Injectable (LAI) antipsychotic in patients with schizophrenia and revealed major differences across countries. The aim of the study is to investigate the prescription trend of LAI antipsychotic use in four REAP schizophrenia surveys. Methods We analyzed the results from four times of REAP studies (AP1 to AP4, 2001, 2004, 2009 and 2016), to compare the trend of LAI prescriptions rates in China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan, and also the rate of LAI use among 15 Asian countries in AP4. Results A total of 10505 patients were analyzed, with an average rate of 14.6% of patients received LAI antipsychotic treatment. For comparison of AP1 to AP4, there was a wide variation in the rate of LAI use among the six countries, with the highest prescription rate in Singapore (68.1%) and the lowest in Korea (1.6 %). Korean patients received no LAIs treatment in the first two surveys, and the rates in China and Japan were also very low. While in Hong Kong and Singapore, the rates were much higher. In AP4 survey, India, Malaysia, Thailand, Pakistan and Sri Lanka have a higher rate of LAI use, while in Indonesia, Myanmar, the rate is much lower. Vietnam does not use LAI at all. The prescription trend was also diverse, which increased in Korea and Japan and decreased in China, Hong Kong and Singapore. The overall prescription trend of LAI was in decrease. Besides, when analyzing cases with only using second generation antipsychotics, the usage of LAI was increased. Discussion Previous studies identified several factors associated with prescription of LAI, including demographic and clinical characteristics of patients, patients’ and physicians’ attitude towards LAI, availability of LAI, insurance coverage and related cultural factors. The prescription trend of first generation LAI was decreased in most of the six countries; on the other hand, second generation LAI usages maintain steady level and even slightly increased. In conclusion, LAI antipsychotic is still underuse in Asia, especially in some countries such as Korea, China, Japan, Indonesia and Myanmar. Various factors that influenced the prescription rate of LAI antipsychotic should be addressed further.

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He, Yanhu, Changcheng Tang, and Zirui Wang. "Spatial patterns and influencing factors of sewage treatment plants in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area, China." Science of The Total Environment 792 (October 2021): 148430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148430.

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Pang, Gloria S. W., Ching-Yin Lee, Antony C. C. Fu, Jennifer Wing-Yan Tsang, Kent H. C. Yau, Kiran Belaramani, Lap Ming Wong, et al. "Review on the Screening of Urine Glucose in School Children and Adolescents With Obesity for Early Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Hong Kong." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A453—A454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.926.

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Abstract Introduction: Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are growing health concerns. A ten-fold increase of T2DM was noted in the Hong Kong paediatric population from 1997 to 2007. T2DM is often asymptomatic at presentation, but complications can emerge rapidly, especially in youngsters. Experience in Japan, Korea and Taiwan suggests that urine glucose screening is a practical and non-invasive screening tool for identification of T2DM. The Hong Kong Student Health Service (SHS) offers yearly health checks for students and is a good platform for screening of T2DM since attendance rate is over 90% for primary school students and over 70% for secondary school students. Method: In 2005, SHS and the Hong Kong Paediatric Society formulated a protocol on urine glucose screening for early diagnosis of T2DM in students with obesity. Students between the ages of 10–18 years old with age- and sex- specific body mass index (BMI) >97th percentile were recruited. Those screened positive for glycosuria were referred to paediatric departments for workup under a standardized protocol, whilst those who screened positive for both glucose and ketones were referred to the emergency departments. Students enrolled from school year 2005–2006 to 2017–2018 were included. Demographic data, clinical presentation, investigatory results and co-morbidities were captured using a structured reply letter. Results: A total of 219,276 eligible students attended SHS in the years specified and 216,528 students (99%) completed urine glucose screening. 381 (0.18%) students were tested positive for urine glucose; 18 (4.7%) had concomitant urine ketones. In total 120 students had T2DM, 41 had pre-diabetes [impaired fasting glucose and /or impaired glucose tolerance] and 126 turned out normal. 43 students defaulted the referrals and 51 students had known diabetes. 21 students (17.5%) were started on insulin therapy upon diagnosis. A significant proportion of students with T2DM had co-morbidities including raised alanine amino-transferase (57%), hypercholesterolaemia (59%), and hypertension (13%). Five students (4.2%) had microalbuminuria at presentation. Of those with ketonuria, two students had serum glucose of over 20mmol/L and required fluid resuscitation ± insulin infusion in high dependency unit. Conclusion: Our pick up rate for T2DM from students with obesity aged 10–18 years using urine glucose is 0.05% (120/216,528). According to the Hong Kong Childhood Diabetes Registry, the crude incidence of T2DM for this age group was 6.16 /100,000/year over the study period, which equates to 506 new cases of T2DM. Thus 24% of the new T2DM cases were diagnosed by this program and many had associated co-morbidities at diagnosis. Our study shows that urine glucose testing is an inexpensive and simple test that allows for early diagnosis and treatment of T2DM in the primary care setting in this at risk population.

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Chan, Wing-Bun, Wilson W. M. Ngai, and Peter Chun-Yip Tong. "Treatment Satisfaction with Insulin Glargine in Insulin-Naïve Type 2 Diabetes Patients—A Hong Kong Based Registry." Journal of Diabetes Mellitus 04, no. 03 (2014): 232–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jdm.2014.43033.

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Jiang, G. Z., A. O. Luk, C. H. T. Tam, Y. Wang, H. M. Lee, X. D. Fan, A. P. S. Kong, et al. "PO172 PROGRESSION TO TREATMENT FAILURE AMONG CHINESE PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES INITIATED ON METFORMIN VERSUS SULPHONYLUREA MONOTHERAPY – THE HONG KONG DIABETES REGISTRY." Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 106 (November 2014): S135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8227(14)70466-8.

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Law, Caroline M. Y., Ernest K. S. Lee, and K. L. Au. "Hong Kong Citizens’ Socio-Demographic Dynamics of Urban Yard Waste Facilities Siting and Legislation Preferences." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 6555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116555.

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The public opinions on yard waste (YW) facility siting and legislation reflect public needs and anticipations on the ways they perceive and deal with such urban yard waste, which aid to ascertain why and how people participate in YW treatment activities and support future urban yard waste policy development. However, such relevant and specific social survey on above issues remains limited, thereby scant attention has been given to the related socio-demographic explorations. This study focuses on the YW facility siting and legislation public opinions, and relevant associations across socio-demographic groups in Hong Kong, China. Data were obtained from 202 mostly cultured respondents randomly gleaned by online questionnaire survey. More than half of respondents did not reject to having the YW treatment facilities in their neighborhood. The statistical association between the opposing opinion toward having YW treatment facility near home and education level was rather strong. The majority of the tertiary-educated group expressed the strongest counter-opposition view towards YW facility within the community, while those with secondary education background had no comment. Nearly 62% of respondents supported the outlawing of direct dumping of YW to landfill, and the majority of them were cultured citizens. Decision makers should prudently consider the expressed needs and hopes of the socio-demographically differentiated subpopulations, and factor in their public opinions into the decision-making process for progressing local urban yard waste governance and overall environmental sustainability.

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WAN, Eric Yuk Fai, Weng Yee Chin, Esther Yee Tak Yu, Julie Chen, Emily Tsui Yee Tse, Carlos King Ho Wong, Tony King Hang Ha, David Vai Kiong Chao, Wendy Wing Sze Tsui, and Cindy Lo Kuen Lam. "Retrospective cohort study to investigate the 10-year trajectories of disease patterns in patients with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus on subsequent cardiovascular outcomes and health service utilisation: a study protocol." BMJ Open 11, no. 2 (February 2021): e038775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038775.

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IntroductionHypertension (HT) and diabetes mellitus (DM) and are major disease burdens in all healthcare systems. Given their high impact on morbidity, premature death and direct medical costs, we need to optimise effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of primary care for patients with HT/DM. This study aims to find out the association of trajectories in disease patterns and treatment of patients with HT/DM including multimorbidity and continuity of care with disease outcomes and service utilisation over 10 years in order to identify better approaches to delivering primary care services.Methods and analysisA 10-year retrospective cohort study on a population-based primary care cohort of Chinese patients with documented doctor-diagnosed HT and/or DM, managed in the Hong Kong Hospital Authority (HA) public primary care clinics from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2019. Data will be extracted from the HA Clinical Management System to identify trajectory patterns of patients with HT/DM. Complications defined by ICPC-2/International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes, all-cause mortality rates and public service utilisation rates are included as independent variables. Changes in clinical parameters will be investigated using a growth mixture modelling analysis with standard quadratic trajectories. Dependent variables including effects of multimorbidity, measured by (1) disease count and (2) Charlson’s Comorbidity Index, and continuity of care, measured by the Usual Provide Continuity Index, on patient outcomes and health service utilisation will be investigated. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression will be conducted to estimate the effect of multimorbidity and continuity of care after stratification of patients into groups according to respective definitions.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the institutional review board of the University of Hong Kong—the HA Hong Kong West Cluster, reference no: UW 19–329. The study findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and international conferences.Trial registration numberNCT04302974.

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Zaslawski, Christopher, Christine Berle, Marcus Gadau, Wei Hong Li, Tie Li, Fu Chun Wang, Sergio Bangrazi, et al. "Protocol for Acupuncture Treatment of Lateral Elbow Pain: A Multisite Randomised Controlled Trial in China, Hong Kong, Australia, and Italy." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1868659.

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Background. Lateral elbow pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal pains associated with the upper limb and has an estimated population incidence of 1–3%. Methods/Design. This study protocol is for a multisite randomised controlled study and is designed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of chronic (over three months’ duration) lateral elbow pain. Four study sites, in the People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong, Italy, and Australia, will recruit 24 participants each. A total of 96 participants will be randomised to either an acupuncture group or a sham laser control group. The primary outcome measure will be the Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire with secondary outcome measures of Pain-Free Grip Strength Test, Muscle Tension Test, and a pain visual analogue scale. Discussion. Key features for conducting a multisite international acupuncture randomised clinical trial have been detailed in this protocol. Trial Registration. This trial is registered at Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry ACTRN12613001138774 on 11 October, 2013.

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To, Ka Lun Aaron, and Yuen Ying Yvonne Fok. "Homeopathic Clinical Features of 18 Patients in COVID-19 Outbreaks in Hong Kong." Homeopathy 109, no. 03 (June 5, 2020): 146–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1710545.

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Abstract Background Hong Kong is geographically located in the province of Guangdong which, after Hubei, has been the region of China second-most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Compared to the pathognomonic symptoms of the named disease, homeopathic symptoms are always more helpful for homeopathic prescriptions. Aim This study reports and summarizes the homeopathic symptoms observed in 18 confirmed/suspected epidemiologically related cases in cluster outbreaks of COVID-19 in Hong Kong in early 2020. Methods Homeopathic symptoms from this case series were collected from 18 consecutive patients who, in addition to their concurrent conventional treatment or traditional Chinese medicine, actively sought help from homeopathy as an adjunctive measure for symptomatic relief from COVID-19. Cases were categorized according to outbreak clusters, focusing mainly on the homeopathic symptoms. In the analysis, frequency of all homeopathic medicines, common rubrics in all the cases, common rubrics in each of the top-ranked remedies, and differentiating symptoms for each top-ranked remedy were determined. Results Homeopathic symptoms of 18 cases, each identified as mild and belonging to one of six separate clusters, are reported. Eighteen common symptoms screened out of 79 selected rubrics constituted two sets of homeopathic symptom pictures: Bryonia alba (n = 4) and Gelsemium sempervirens (n = 12). Eight and seven differentiating features, respectively, were identified for Bryonia alba and Gelsemium sempervirens. Conclusion The common symptoms of 18 mild COVID-19 cases constituted two sets of homeopathic symptom pictures, indicating Bryonia alba or Gelsemium sempervirens; they were indicated in 4 and 12 cases, respectively, out of the 18 in total.

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Wong, Eliza Lai Yi, Richard Huan Xu, and Annie Wai Ling Cheung. "Health-related quality of life among patients with hypertension: population-based survey using EQ-5D-5L in Hong Kong SAR, China." BMJ Open 9, no. 9 (September 2019): e032544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032544.

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ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of hypertension and related comorbidities on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) using EuroQol 5-dimensions instrument with five-level scale (EQ-5D-5L) Hong Kong (HK) version.DesignData were analysed by a secondary data analysis based on a cross-sectional study assessing experience on public specialist outpatient service.SettingA representative sample was recruited from 26 specialist outpatient clinics in HK.ParticipantsA total of 4528 patients with hypertension aged 18 or above who responded to the survey.InterventionEQ-5D-5L HK was applied to assess the HRQoL. The five-dimension descriptive system and the utility index of EQ-5D-5L were treated as the dependent variable in the current study. Regression modelling was applied to estimate the effect of hypertension and related comorbidities on health-related quality of life.ResultsMore respondents were women (53.9%), aged ≥65 years old (60.1%), and with primary educational attainment or below (52.3%). A total of 1466 respondents (32.4%) also reported suffering from diabetes, heart disease (20.8%), vision problem (1.7%) and cancer (1.5%). In the ordinal least squares model, utility decreased most when patients reported having physical disability associated with hypertension (beta=−0.395, SE=0.047), and 0.128, 0.064, 0.05 and 0.048 for mental problem, cancer, vision problem and heart problem. In the Tobit model, the utility reduced most for comorbidity of physical disability, and then mental problem, cancer, vision problem, heart problem and diabetes. For first part of two-part model, respondents coliving with mental problem were 10% less likely to report a full health. For the second part of two-part model, the respondents with physical disability had 0.294 lower in utility.ConclusionsRespondents with hypertension reported a low EQ-5D utility score. Respondents were women, with a high education, fully employed and living with families reported better HRQoL. There is a significant effect of comorbidity influence on the decreased HRQoL, particularly those with physical disability and mental problem.

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Lo, Wai Kei. "Peritoneal Dialysis in the Far East—an Astonishing Situation in 2008." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 29, no. 2_suppl (February 2009): 227–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686080902902s46.

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The dialysis treatment rate varies tremendously in the Far East Asian countries, influenced by the economic status of those countries. The peritoneal dialysis (PD) utilization rate also varies greatly, ranging from 80% in Hong Kong to 3.5% in Japan. In certain low-economy countries, PD is rarely practiced. In recent years, PD utilization has been growing very fast in several countries, particularly China and Vietnam. New policies to encourage a shift from hemodialysis to PD have been undertaken recently in several countries such as Taiwan and Thailand, with a resultant rapid increase in patients on PD. The background and reasons for those changes are discussed.

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Liu, Zhen, Cui Ying Zhou, and Wei Huang. "Influence of Different Ways of Foundation Treatment on the Differential Settlement of Road- Tunnel Composite Structure." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.323.

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In order to insure the safe and reliable road-tunnel composite structure, it is important to consider the influence of different foundation treatment ways on the differential settlement of the composite structure. Based on the nonlinear FEM, connecting with the western corridor connecting project from Shenzhen to Hong Kong in China, a numerical model has been established to estimate the settlement of the road- tunnel composite structure under three different foundation treatment ways, such as pressure grouting, PHC piles (prestressed high-strength concrete piles) and foundation in natural state. This study shows that the influence of the different foundation treatment ways on the transverse and longitudinal differential settlement of the composite structure of road-tunnel is strong. The results from this study provide a useful guideline for settlement control of other similar projects composed of tunnel and road structure.

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&NA;. "A recombinant human insulin [SciLin; SciGen] has been approved in Hong Kong for treatment of types I and II diabetes mellitus." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1571 (January 2007): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200715710-00068.

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Poon, AMS, ZM Liu, F. Tang, and SF Pang. "Cortisol decreases 2[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in the duck thymu." European Journal of Endocrinology 130, no. 3 (March 1994): 320–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1300320.

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Poon AMS, Liu ZM, Tang F, Pang SF. Cortisol decreases 2[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in the duck thymus. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;130:320–4. ISSN 0804–4643 The immunosuppressive effect of chronic glucocorticoid treatment on 2[125I]iodomelatonin binding in the duck thymus was studied. Two-week-old ducks were injected intraperitoneally with either 1 mg of cortisol per day (experimental group) or an equivalent volume of vehicle (control group) in the middle of the light period for 7 days. 2[125I]Iodomelatonin binding assays were performed on thymic membranes. Cortisol injection reduced the body weight gain, size of the bursa of Fabricius and absolute weights of the primary lymphoid organs but had no effect on the spleen weights. The relative weights of the spleen were increased while those of the primary lymphoid organs were unchanged. The density of the thymus 2[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites was decreased while the affinity was not affected. The modulation of the thymic 2[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites by changes in the immune status of the duck suggests that these binding sites represent physiologically relevant melatonin receptors and that melatonin exerts its action on the lymphoid tissues directly. Our findings support the hypothesis that the thymus is the target site for the immunomodulatory interactions between the pineal melatonin and the adrenal steroids. A possible inhibitory influence of adrenal steroids on the immuno-enhancing effect of melatonin is also suggested. AMS Poon, University of Hong Kong, 5 Sassoon Rd, Hong Kong

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Anderson, R. A., C. W. Martin, A. W. C. Kung, D. Everington, T. C. Pun, K. C. B. Tan, J. Bancroft, K. Sundaram, A. J. Moo-Young, and D. T. Baird. "7α-Methyl-19-Nortestosterone Maintains Sexual Behavior and Mood in Hypogonadal Men*." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 84, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 3556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.84.10.6028.

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Abstract The synthetic steroid 7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT) is a potent androgen that is resistant to 5α-reductase. It thus has decreased activity at the prostate and may have advantages over testosterone-based regimens in long term treatment or as part of a male contraceptive. Administration to eugonadal men results in suppression of gonadotropins, but its ability to support androgen-dependent behavior has not been investigated. For sustained release administration, MENT acetate was used, because its diffusion characteristics were more suitable for use in implants. However, upon release the acetate is rapidly hydrolyzed, and MENT is the biologically active moiety in circulation. We studied the effects of MENT on sexual interest and activity, spontaneous erection, and mood states in comparison with testosterone enanthate (TE) in 20 Caucasian and Chinese hypogonadal men recruited in Edinburgh and Hong Kong (n = 10 in each center). Outcomes were measured using a combination of daily diaries, semistructured interviews, and questionnaires. Nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) was also recorded in the Edinburgh group. After withdrawal of androgen replacement treatment (wash-out phase) for a minimum of 6 weeks, subjects were randomized to two groups in a cross-over design. Drug treatment regimens were of 6-week duration and consisted of two implants, each containing 115 mg MENT acetate, inserted sc into the upper arm and removed after 6 weeks and two injections of TE (200 mg, im) 3 weeks apart. MENT treatment resulted in stable plasma MENT concentrations of 1.4 ± 0.1 nmol/L after 3 weeks and 1.3 ± 0.1 nmol/L after 6 weeks (mean ± sem; all men). Nadir testosterone concentrations were 3.6 ± 0.6 nmol/L at the end of the wash-out phase and 9.4 ± 0.6 nmol/L 3 weeks after each injection. There were no differences in hormone concentrations between centers. There were no adverse toxicological effects. There were only minor differences between the two treatments. Both MENT and TE treatment resulted in significant increases in sexual interest and activity, spontaneous erection (both by self-report and NPT measurement), and increases in positive moods, with decreases in negative moods in the Edinburgh group. In the Hong Kong group, both treatments increased waking erection, with a trend toward increased sexual interest and activity. Mood states appeared to be less affected during the wash-out phase than in Edinburgh men and showed no significant response to either treatment. These results demonstrate that MENT has similar effects on sexual activity and mood states as testosterone in hypogonadal men. As NPT is a physiological androgen-dependant outcome, these data provide further evidence for the androgenicity of MENT. The lack of detected effect of either androgen in Hong Kong men other than on waking erection illustrates the importance of the cultural context of symptomatology and its measurement. The appropriate dose of MENT remains to be determined, but these results support its development as a potential androgen replacement therapy.

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Yuet-Wah Chu, Eva, Shirley Wan-Yin Tsang, Frankie Ka-Lai Leung, Grace Wai-King Tang, Keith Dip-Kei Luk, and Annie Wai-Chee Kung. "Evaluation of Different Assessment Tools in the Determination of Treatment Thresholds for Osteoporotic Fractures – The Hong Kong Osteoporosis Study." Journal of Clinical Densitometry 12, no. 3 (July 2009): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2009.03.016.

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Yin, Yue, Yusi Tu, Mingye Zhao, and Wenxi Tang. "Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Non-Pharmacological Interventions among Chinese Adults with Prediabetes: A Protocol for Network Meta-Analysis and CHIME-Modeled Cost-Effectiveness Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 31, 2022): 1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031622.

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Patients with prediabetes who are at a high risk of progressing to diabetes are recommended early-stage intervention, according to guidelines. Non-pharmacological interventions are effective and cost-effective for glycemic control compared with medicines. We aim to explore which non-pharmacological interventions have the greatest potential effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and feasibility in community-based diabetes management in China. We will perform a systematic review and network meta-analysis to compare the effectiveness of included non-pharmacological interventions, then use Chinese Hong Kong Integrated Modeling and Evaluation (CHIME) to model the yearly incidence of complications, costs, and health utility for the lifetime. Published studies (only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster RCTs with at least one study arm of any non-pharmacological intervention) will be retrieved and screened using several databases. Primary outcomes included blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and achievement of normoglycemia. Health utilities and cost parameters are to be calculated using a societal perspective and integrated into the modified CHIME model to achieve quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) estimates and lifetime costs. QALYs and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio will then be used to determine effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, respectively. Our study findings can inform improved diabetes management in countries with no intervention programs for these patients.

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Li, Philip Kam-Tao, Gordon Chun-Kau Chan, Jianghua Chen, Hung-Chun Chen, Yuk-Lun Cheng, Stanley L. S. Fan, John Cijiang He, et al. "Tackling Dialysis Burden around the World: A Global Challenge." Kidney Diseases 7, no. 3 (2021): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000515541.

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CKD is a global problem that causes significant burden to the healthcare system and the economy in addition to its impact on morbidity and mortality of patients. Around the world, in both developing and developed economies, the nephrologists and governments face the challenges of the need to provide a quality and cost-effective kidney replacement therapy for CKD patients when their kidneys fail. In December 2019, the 3rd International Congress of Chinese Nephrologists was held in Nanjing, China, and in the meeting, a symposium and roundtable discussion on how to deal with this CKD burden was held with opinion leaders from countries and regions around the world, including Australia, Canada, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, the UK, and the USA. The participants concluded that an integrated approach with early detection of CKD, prompt treatment to slow down progression, promotion of home-based dialysis therapy like peritoneal dialysis and home HD, together with promotion of kidney transplantation, are possible effective ways to combat this ongoing worldwide challenge.

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Cheng, Ignatius K. P. "Peritoneal Dialysis in Asia." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 16, no. 1_suppl (January 1996): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686089601601s73.

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The socioeconomic status of Asian countries is diverse, and government reimbursement policies for treatment of patients suffering from end-stage renal disease (ESRD) vary greatly from one country to another. Both of these factors have a major impact not only on the choice of treatment for ESRD but also on the utilization of peritoneal dialysis (PD) in this region. Based on the data collected from 11 representative Asian countries, several observations can be made. First, the treatment rates for ESRD in these countries correlated closely with their gross domestic product (GDP) per capita income. Second, the PD utillzation rate appeared to have a biphasic relationship with the GDP per capita income and treatment rate, in that countries with the highest and the lowest treatment rates tended to have lower PD utilization rates, whereas countries with modest treatment rates tended to have higher PD utilization rates. The reason for low PD utilization in countries with the highest treatment rates differs from that in countries with low treatment rates. In the former, because of full government reimbursement, there is little physician incentive to introduce PD as an alternative form of ESRD treatment to incenter hemodialysis (HD), whereas in the latter, the complete lack of government reimbursement prevents the introduction of PD as a form of treatment. This pattern is likely to change in the future because, of the 11 countries surveyed, all except Thailand have recorded a growth rate which is higher for PD than HD over the last three years. The rate of utilization of different PD systems varies greatly among different Asian countries. Automated PD has yet to gain popularity in Asia. Conventional straightline systems remain the dominant PD systems in use in Hong Kong, Korea, Thailand, and the Philippines, while in Malaysia and Singapore UV germicidal connection devices are most popular. However, in all these countries there has been a progressive shift over the last three years from the straight-line systems with or without germicidal connection devices to the disconnect systems. In China and India, where PD has been introduced only recently, the disconnect systems are used almost exclusively. The disconnect systems are also the most popular systems in use in Japan and Taiwan. As data concerning the costeffectiveness of different PD systems become available, it is likely that the trend towards a more liberal use of disconnect systems will continue in the future. The usage of low calcium peritoneal dialysate and the average number of daily CAPD exchanges also vary among the Asian countries. Low calcium peritoneal dialysate has been introduced only in Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore, with the highest utilization rate (90%) recorded in Singapore. The Philippines had the lowest average number of daily peritoneal exchanges (6 L) among the countries surveyed, followed by Hong Kong (6.4 L), China and Indonesia (7 L), and the rest (8 L). The use of a lower number of exchanges was introduced in some countries, initially, mainly as a cost-saving measure based on the assumption that Asians are of small body build. The justification for the continued use of a lower number of exchanges among Asian patients is debatable, but is supported by the acceptable, long-term clinical outcome of patients given this form of dialysis prescription. It is suggested that long-term prospective studies on dialysis adequacy and clinical outcome should be done in different ethnic groups in Asia to see if the similar guidelines with regard to dialysis adequacy can be applied uniformly to Orientals and Caucasians.

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Storm, Neal E., Wen Chang, Tzu-Chieh Lin, Jeff L. Lange, Brian Bradbury, Cathy W. Critchlow, and Steven K. Galson. "A Novel Case Study of the Use of Real-World Evidence to Support the Registration of an Osteoporosis Product in China." Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science 56, no. 1 (October 11, 2021): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43441-021-00342-4.

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AbstractOn June 23, 2020, Prolia® (denosumab) was approved by the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) in the People’s Republic of China as the first monoclonal antibody for the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at high risk of fractures. Its brand name in Chinese is 普罗力, a transliteration from the English name “Prolia”, which has an implied meaning of “to give strength to everyone”— a suitable name for a potent anti-resorptive therapy. The approval was supported by a novel marketing authorization application (MAA) that included data from Prolia’s global clinical trial program establishing favorable efficacy and safety, augmented by results from a real-world evidence (RWE) study confirming the effectiveness and safety of Prolia in clinical practice within Taiwan and Hong Kong. Key constructs for this registration-quality RWE study included the fit-for-purpose assessment of data quality, methodology and quantitative assessment of potential biases, good practices of study conduct, and reproducibility of results. Using data from clinical practice in Taiwan and Hong Kong to evaluate the benefits versus risks of Prolia treatment in ethnic Chinese women with postmenopausal osteoporosis, the RWE study results for effectiveness were comparable to efficacy demonstrated in the global clinical trial program and results for safety were consistent with the incidence observed in global post-marketing safety studies. While RWE is often used to monitor postmarket safety of drug products, support health insurance coverage decisions, and inform clinicians on real-world use of medicines, it has not been widely used to support regulatory approval for new medicines in lieu of clinical bridging studies in countries where such studies are required. Well-conducted registrational RWE studies can play a pivotal role in complementing the totality of evidence presented in an MAA. The benefits of such an approach include avoiding the collection of additional placebo-controlled trial data in populations where adequate ethnic characterization of efficacy, effectiveness, and safety may already exist from postmarketing sources, and accelerate access for patients to innovative medicines in important regions. Here, we describe a regulatory case study of a novel MAA incorporating RWE that provided important evidence to confirm the benefit:risk of a new drug and facilitated a label expansion to a new patient population.

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