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Journal articles on the topic 'Diabetes – Risk factors'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Almotairi, Faheed Mothib. "Management of Diabetes Mellitus, Risk Factors and Complications." International Journal Of Pharmaceutical And Bio-Medical Science 02, no. 10 (November 7, 2022): 462–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijpbms/v2-i10-15.

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Chronic progressive metabolic problem and chronic hyperglycemia caused by a dysregulation of protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism are two symptoms of diabetes mellitus, a complicated condition. Verapamil belongs to a group of calcium channel blockers that are not dihydropyridines. It works by preventing calcium from entering beta cells' cytoplasm, preventing the second phase of insulin release driven by glucose, as well as sulfonylurea and glucagon. Nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy are examples of microvascular consequences of diabetes mellitus (cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease). In both kinds of diabetes mellitus, higher urine albumin excretion (proteinuria) or decreased kidney glomerular filtration rate are symptoms of diabetic nephropathy, a microvascular consequence. By lowering patients' blood sugar levels and reducing their risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus therapy aims to reduce mortality, delay the onset of disease complications, and slow the disease's progression. Metformin increases peripheral glucose utilization, liver, muscle, and adipose tissue sensitivity to insulin, inhibits gluconeogenesis, and reduces glucose absorption from the gastrointestinal system.

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2

Bhuyan, K. C. "Identification of Risk Factors for Diabetes Disability among Bangladeshi Adults." Diabetes and Islet Biology 5, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2641-8975/027.

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The paper was to throw some light on the risk factors for diabetes disability among Bangladeshi adults of 18 years and above residing in both urban and rural areas. In investigating the adults, it was decided to cover 50.1% males and 49.9% females to maintain the national level of sex ratio in the sample. The respondents were interviewed when they were visiting some diagnostic centres in urban and semi-urban areas. The percentage of diabetic respondents included in the sample was 67% and 25.5% of them were suffering for 10 years and above, 6.4% were disable against 4.8% total disable respondents in the sample, and obese adults were 30.2%. Diabetic disable adults in the sample were 4.3%. The most responsible variable for diabetes disability was obesity followed by longer duration of diabetes, sedentary activity, smoking habit, being housewife, being married, etc. These variables were identified on the basis of risk ratio and correlation coefficients of variables and discriminant function scores. Beside these variables, rural people, Muslims, adults of ages 40 – 50 years, illiterate people had more risk of facing the problem of diabetes disability.

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3

AL-Banna, Haitham Issa, Zhian Salah Ramzi, and Rawa Jamil Mohammed. "RISK FACTORS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN SULAIMANI CITY." Journal of Sulaimani Medical College 7, no. 3 (November 1, 2017): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jsmc.10134.

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4

Burden, Mary. "Diabetes-associated cardiovascular risk factors." Nursing Standard 15, no. 42 (July 4, 2001): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2001.07.15.42.45.c3051.

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5

Lipman, Terri H., Mary McGrath Schucker, Sarah J. Ratcliffe, Tyler Holmberg, Scott Baier, and Janet A. Deatrick. "Diabetes Risk Factors in Children." MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 36, no. 1 (January 2011): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nmc.0b013e3181fc0d06.

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6

Escobar, Carlos, and Vivencio Barrios. "Risk Factors Control in Diabetes." Diabetes Educator 34, no. 5 (September 2008): 763–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145721708325532.

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7

H. K Abdulwahab, Omed, and Rasul A. Rasul. "PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF MICROALBUMINURIA IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS." Journal of Sulaimani Medical College 11, no. 3 (September 21, 2021): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jsmc.10319.

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8

Maury-Mena, Sara Concepcion. "Psychosocial Risk Factors Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus a Scoping Review." Journal of Quality in Health Care & Economics 5, no. 5 (2022): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jqhe-16000299.

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Introduction: The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has increased worldwide and, of course, adverse outcomes for the health of the mother, fetus and neonate, and the resulting healthcare costs have increased. The World Health Organization affirms that healthy lifestyle habits that go with physical, mental, and psychosocial health and range from preconception to postpartum are essential to achieve successful pregnancies. Objective: Conducting a scoping review of the psychosocial risk factors associated with GDM. Materials and Methods: The databases consulted were PubMed / Medline and Cochrane. Studies on psychosocial risk factors in pregnant women older than 18 years, with a diagnosis of GDM, from 2010 to 2020, in English and Spanish, published in peer-reviewed journals, were selected. A standardized data extraction form was developed. Results: 1188 articles on this topic were found, 93 of which were selected according to the inclusion criteria. The findings yielded several main issues such as conflicts with cultural practices, social stigma, influence of ethnicity / race, low educational level, sleep quality, physical limitations, problems with breastfeeding, concern for the health of the mother and baby, low perception of risk of GDM and DM2 in the future, stress, anxiety and depression, limited knowledge about GDM, lack of partner / family / social support, low levels of self-care and self-efficacy in glycemic control, lack of support from health professionals and difficulties with changes in lifestyle. Discussion and Conclusion: All the identified psychosocial risk factors must be taken into account either by adapting existing prevention and promotion programs or by developing new programs. Interventions should not end with pregnancy and the psychological impact and risk of developing T2D after delivery should be considered, as well as multiethnic populations and the most demographically and socioeconomically vulnerable groups. In addition, they should be included in the Clinical Practice Guidelines and in prevention, promotion and intervention programs for the health and quality of life of women with GDM.

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9

Perišić, Marija Majda, Klemo Vladimir, Sarah Karpov, Mario Štorga, Ali Mostashari, and Raya Khanin. "Polygenic Risk Score and Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 9 (August 26, 2022): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12091381.

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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common complication of pregnancy that adversely affects maternal and offspring health. A variety of risk factors, such as BMI and age, have been associated with increased risks of gestational diabetes. However, in many cases, gestational diabetes occurs in healthy nulliparous women with no obvious risk factors. Emerging data suggest that the tendency to develop gestational diabetes has genetic and environmental components. Here we develop a polygenic risk score for GDM and investigate relationships between its genetic architecture and genetically constructed risk factors and biomarkers. Our results demonstrate that the polygenic risk score can be used as an early screening tool that identifies women at higher risk of GDM before its onset allowing comprehensive monitoring and preventative programs to mitigate the risks.

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10

GEOGHEGAN, J. M., J. FORBES, D. I. CLARK, C. SMITH, and R. HUBBARD. "Dupuytren’s Disease Risk Factors." Journal of Hand Surgery 29, no. 5 (October 2004): 423–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsb.2004.06.006.

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Dupuytren’s is a common problem, but little is known about its a etiology. We have undertaken a large case-control study to assess and quantify the relative contributions of diabetes and epilepsy as risk factors for Dupuytren’s in the community. Cases were patients with a diagnosis of Dupuytren’s disease and, for each, two controls were individually matched by age, sex, and general practice. Our dataset included 821 cases and 1,642 controls. Five hundred and eighty-eight (72%) of the cases were men. The mean age at diagnosis was 62 (range 24–97) years. Diabetes was a significant risk factor for Dupuytren’s disease (OR = 1.75) and there was an increased risk for medicinally treated diabetes (metformin – R = 3.56; sulphonylureas – OR = 1.75) and particularly insulin controlled (OR = 4.39) rather than diet-controlled diabetes. Epilepsy (OR = 1.12) and antiepileptic medications were not associated with Dupuytren’s disease. Ascertainment bias in previous studies may explain the reported association with epilepsy.

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11

Khalid Khamees H, Mohamed Osman Elamin, Meshari F Saleh A, and Mohamed H Alfahmi. "Obesity and Diabetes, (Diabesity) risk factors." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 5, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 001–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2022.5.1.0208.

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Introduction: Glucose intolerance, including overt diabetes, was associated with obesity in BMI from ≥25and was 85.7% of cases in recent studies. The reasons are not entirely clear, but studies have shown that there is a significant association between diabetes and obesity for several factors, including lifestyle, genetic factors and others. Objective: The purpose of the review of these studies is to clarify the relation of diabetes, obesity, risk factors affecting them and the importance of prevention. Methods:An electronic search of the PubMed database was performed to obtain key literature in the field of obesity and its association with diabetes. Results: The review clarified that around one third of Saudi patients are diabetics, in addition to that 85% of them were overweight or obese. Discussion: It has been clarified that there are strong relations of obesity and Diabetes, both are interconnected, Obesity is a major risk factor for Diabetes. Conclusion: The review concluded that there were strong relations between obesity and diabetes, although there are multiple factors associated with diabetes, but obesity constitutes the major risk factor. The review recommends extensive health education and promotion programs to be initiated to raise awareness on obesity and diabetes relations and possible prevention measures.

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12

Omer Rasheed, Shelan, Zhian Salah Ramzi, and Taha Othman Mahwi. "OPPORTUNISTIC SCREENING FOR UNDIAGNOSED DIABETES MELLITUS AND PRE-DIABETES IN SULAIMANI CITY AND ITS ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS." Journal of Sulaimani Medical College 11, no. 1 (March 21, 2021): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jsmc.10293.

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13

Bershteyn, Lev Mikhaylovich. "Diabetes, obesity and cancer: risk and anti-risk factors." Diabetes mellitus 15, no. 4 (December 15, 2012): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/2072-0351-5543.

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Observable diabetes and obesity epidemics may result in alteration of cancer morbidity and mortality. This increasingly recognized problem is reviewed here from the perspective of interplay between factors that differently modify association of diabetes mellitus with malignant neoplasms. Heterogeneity and familial aspects of diabetes and obesity, genomic traits, anti-diabetic medications and weight-reducing treatment are important examples of such factors. Addressing them might promote development of efficient preventive measures.

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14

Begum, Zinat, Dewan Shahida Banu, Shaila Sharmeen Shanta, and Shitil Ibna Islam. "Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus." Ibrahim Cardiac Medical Journal 5, no. 1-2 (April 12, 2017): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icmj.v5i1-2.53718.

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Objective: The present study was undertaken to determine the risk factors for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) presented at Bangladesh Institute of Research in Diabetes, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM). Materials & methods: The present case-control study was conducted at BIRDEM Hospital, Dhaka over a period of 6 months from July to December 2011. A total of 100 pregnant women (20 cases and 80 controls) were consecutively enrolled in the study. Pregnant women who developed diabetes at their 3rd trimester were cases (n = 20), while pregnant women free from diabetes at their 3rd trimester were controls (n = 80). The diagnosis of GDM was made using a two-step approach. Pregnant women were initially screened by measuring the plasma glucose concentrations 1 hour after a 50 gram of oral glucose challenge. A diagnostic oral glucose tolerance test was performed on the subset of women whose plasma glucose concentrations exceded the threshold value for glucose (> 140 mg/dl). Result: The study showed that older patients (≥ 25 years) were predominant in both case and control groups. The groups were almost comparable in terms of socioeconomic status and occupation. The distribution of gestational age was also similar between groups (33.1 ± 6.3 vs. 34.2 ± 3.9 years, p = 0.476). Majority (85%) of the cases had family history of diabetes (p < 0.001). Thirty five percent of cases were nulipara and 65% multipara compared to 51.3% and 48.7% respectively of the control (p = 0.076). No significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of preterm labour and PROM (p = 0.690 and 0.220 respectively). Forty percent of cases had past history of GDM compared to 3.8% of controls (p < 0.001). The fasting plasma glucose and plasma glucose 2 hrs after 75 g of glucose ingestion were significantly higher in pregnant women having GDM than those in normal pregnant women (8.3 ± 3.1 vs. 4.1 ± 0.5 mmol/L, p < 0.001;12.9 ± 4.8 vs. 5.9 ± 1.2 mmol/L, p < 0.001 respectively). Conclusion: The study concluded that none of the sociodemographic characteristics like age, socioeconomic status and occupation was found to be associated with GDM. However, pregnant women with family history of diabetes are at risk of developing GDM significantly more than those without GDM. Multipara tend to develop GDM more frequently than the primipara does. Past incidence of GDM increases the risk of GDM in the subsequent pregnancy. Ibrahim Card Med J 2015; 5 (1&2): 49-53

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15

Zhukоvets, Zhukоvets I. V., Levakov S. A. Levakov, and Leshchenko O. Ya Leshchenko. "Risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus." Akusherstvo i ginekologiia 5_2019 (May 31, 2019): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/aig.2019.5.57-62.

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16

Connolly, V., and W. Kelly. "Risk factors for diabetes in men." BMJ 311, no. 6998 (July 15, 1995): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.311.6998.188.

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17

Daniels, Stephen R. "Risk factors for medication-induced diabetes." Journal of Pediatrics 159, no. 2 (August 2011): A1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.06.013.

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18

Miller, Jennifer, and Janet Silverstein. "Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Childhood Diabetes." Endocrinologist 13, no. 5 (September 2003): 394–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ten.0000089910.55253.d3.

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19

Mounts, Beatrice, Richard B. Kurzel, Charles E. Lampley, and Josef Blankstein. "Risk Factors That Predict Gestational Diabetes." Obstetrics & Gynecology 99, Supplement (April 2002): 94S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200204001-00212.

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20

Keen, H. "Diabetes in Europe - psychosocial risk factors?" Diabetic Medicine 18, no. 1 (January 2001): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-5491.2001.00461.x.

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21

MOUNTS, B. "Risk factors that predict gestational diabetes." Obstetrics & Gynecology 99, no. 4 (April 2002): S94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(02)01879-3.

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22

Diani, Noor, and Dhian Ririn Lestari. "Risk Factors Related to Diabetes Mellitus." Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 10, no. 9 (2019): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2019.02531.2.

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23

Leroux, C., K. Desjardins, A. S. Brazeau, and R. Rabasa-Lhoret. "Potential Risk Factors of Double Diabetes." Canadian Journal of Diabetes 37, no. 1 (February 2013): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.03.016.

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24

AlJaroudi, Wael A., and John L. Petersen. "Obesity, diabetes, and associated risk factors." Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 8, no. 1 (January 2006): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11936-006-0027-5.

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25

Boyle, P. "Diabetes, diabetes risk factors and treatments, and breast cancer." Clinical Therapeutics 35, no. 8 (August 2013): e133-e134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.07.417.

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26

Angriani, Novita, Marliyanti N. R. Akib, Farah Ekawati Mulyadi, Sri Irmandha, Santriani Hadi, and Rachmat Faisal Syamsu. "Glaucoma Risk Factors." Green Medical Journal 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/gmj.v4i1.94.

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Background: Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness for over 70 million people worldwide. Bilateral blindness occurs with an estimated 10%. In Indonesia, the prevalence of glaucoma is 0,46%. That means, that 4 to 5 out of 1.000 people suffer from glaucoma. Content: The aim of this study was to analyze four risk factors that can affect the occurrence of glaucoma, namely age factor with diabetes and hypertension history, gender, family medical history, and race. This research used a literature review from 20 journals containing four risk factors for glaucoma. The results showed that diabetes and hypertension are often found in the elderly and that glaucoma symptoms can be exacerbated by increased intraocular pressure. Moreover, glaucoma patient with a positive family medical history of glaucoma has a higher value of intraocular pressure than glaucoma patients without a positive family medical history of glaucoma. Other results showed that men are more at risk because they have a different axial length than women, and Asians are considered riskier than Europeans because Asians’ awareness of eye health is very low. Conclusion: Based on the review, four risk factors could greatly affect the occurrence of glaucoma.

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27

Deák, Mónika, Monica Lasca, and Ioan Andrei Vereşiu. "Risk Factors For Diabetic Retinopathy Progression." Romanian Journal of Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases 22, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rjdnmd-2015-0020.

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AbstractBackground and Aims. There is no unanimous opinion regarding the risk factors associated with progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR). We have done a retrospective analysis of risk factors and clinical features associated with DR progression.Material and Methods. This analysis included consecutive patients with moderate non-proliferative or severe retinopathy between December 1, 2013 and May 31, 2014 who had at least two eye examinations before that period. We have collected demographic, clinical and lab data.Results. 51.28% of patients were diagnosed with moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), 24.68% with severe NPDR and 21.05% with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. In 82.16% of cases, DR had progressed. The risk factor correlated with DR progression in the whole group was anemia; hypertension, anemia and diabetes duration were risk factors in type 1 and smoking status at diabetes diagnosis in type 2 diabetes. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, diabetes control and presence of diabetic renal disease were positively but not statistically significant correlated with DR progression.Conclusions. In our study the risk factors correlated with DR progression were hypertension, anemia and diabetes duration in type 1, respectively smoking at diabetes diagnosis in type 2 diabetes. Glycemic goals were achieved in a small number of patients.

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28

Asfandiyarova, Nailya S. "Risk factors of death in diabetes mellitus." Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) 94, no. 9 (November 2, 2016): 697–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0023-2149-2016-94-9-697-700.

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Objective. To study risk factors of death in diabetes mellitus (DM). Materials and methods. This prospective cohort study included 337 patients with compromised carbohydrate metabolism (36 with impaired fasting glycemia or impaired glucose tolerance, 80 with type 1 diabetes, 194 with type 2 diabetes, 27 with diabetes due to chronic pancreatitis). Mean follow-up was 11.2±4.8 years (from 1 January 1995 through 31 December 2014). We investigated causes and risk factors of death in patients with impaired carbohydrate metabolism. Results. 115 patients died during the study period. The most common causes of death of patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes are cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Risk factors of death in type 1 DM include cardiovascular disease, diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. Patients die at a younger age due to early onset of the disease. In type 2 diabetes risk factors of death are cardiovascular and oncologic diseases, nephropathy, the use of insulin. Patients die in elderly and senile age due to the late onset of diabetes. Gender differences in mortality associated with type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus were not observed. Conclusion. Main causes of death in patients with type 1 and 2 DM are cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Risk factors of death include macro - and microvascular complications.

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29

Knuiman, M. W., T. A. Welborn, V. J. McCann, K. G. Stanton, and I. J. Constable. "Prevalence of diabetic complications in relation to risk factors." Diabetes 35, no. 12 (December 1, 1986): 1332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.35.12.1332.

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30

Estacio, R. O., E. E. Wolfel, J. G. Regensteiner, B. Jeffers, E. P. Havranek, S. Savage, and R. W. Schrier. "Effect of risk factors on exercise capacity in NIDDM." Diabetes 45, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.45.1.79.

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31

Carlsson, Sofia. "Environmental (Lifestyle) Risk Factors for LADA." Current Diabetes Reviews 15, no. 3 (April 1, 2019): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573399814666180716150253.

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<P>Background: In order to prevent diabetes it is important to identify common, modifiable risk factors in the population. Such knowledge is extensive for type 2 diabetes but limited for autoimmune forms of diabetes. </P><P> Objective: This review aims at summarizing the limited literature on potential environmental (lifestyle) risk factors for LADA. Methods: A PubMed search identified 15 papers estimating the risk of LADA in relation to lifestyle. These were based on data from two population-based studies; one Swedish case-control study and one Norwegian cohort study. Results: Studies published to date indicate that the risk of LADA is associated with factors promoting insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes such as overweight, physical inactivity, smoking, low birth weight, sweetened beverage intake and moderate alcohol consumption (protective). Findings also indicate potential effects on autoimmunity exerted by intake of coffee (harmful) and fatty fish (protective). This supports the concept of LADA as being a hybrid form of diabetes with an etiology including factors associated with both insulin resistance and autoimmunity. Conclusion: LADA may in part be preventable through the same lifestyle modifications as type 2 diabetes including weight loss, physical activity and smoking cessation. However, current knowledge is hampered by the small number of studies and the fact that they exclusively are based on Scandinavian populations. There is a great need for additional studies exploring the role of lifestyle factors in the development of LADA.</P>

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32

Young, Laura, and Leslie Cho. "Unique cardiovascular risk factors in women." Heart 105, no. 21 (July 17, 2019): 1656–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2018-314268.

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Despite an overall reduction in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in the USA, the rate of coronary heart disease and CVD mortality is on the rise in younger women aged 35 to 54 years. This has been attributed to an increasing prevalence of CVD risk factors, which can portend disparate outcomes in women versus men. Women with diabetes and those who smoke have an excess relative risk of CVD when compared with their male counterparts. In addition to these discrepancies in traditional risk factors, a number of clinical conditions unique to women have been shown to increase CVD risks such as pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, early menopause and autoimmune diseases. The majority of these sex-specific risk factors can be identified at an early age, allowing for aggressive risk factor modification through lifestyle changes and, in certain patients, medications. The recently published 2018 American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) hypercholesterolaemia and 2019 ACC/AHA primary prevention guidelines reflect this, citing pre-eclampsia, early menopause and autoimmune diseases as ‘risk enhancers’ that if present may favour initiation of statin therapy in borderline or intermediate risk patients. This comprehensive review addresses both traditional and unique risk factors of CVD in women, as well as sex-specific risk stratification and management options.

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33

Boyle, Peter, Mathieu Boniol, Alice Koechlin, Chris Robertson, Julio Rosenstock, Geremia Bolli, and Philippe Autier. "Diabetes, related factors, and breast cancer risk." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): 1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.1509.

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1509 Background: Diabetes and breast cancer are both common conditions in women and may share common risk factors. Methods: To shed clarification on the potential association between diabetes, related factors and breast cancer risk, a comprehensive literature review and formal meta-analysis was carried out, planned, conducted and reported following PRISMA guidelines regarding meta-analysis of observational studies. Variables studies in relation to breast cancer risk were adiposity, physical activity, glycaemic load, glycaemic index, diabetes, IGF-1, fasting glucose, fasting insulin and C-peptide, adiponectin, metformin and glargine use. The Summary Relative Risk (SRR) and the corresponding 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was calculated. Results: For breast cancer at all ages, the calculated risks were as follows: diabetes (SRR=1.23 95% CI (1.12, 1.34); physical activity (SRR=0.88, 95% CI (0.85, 0.92)); glycaemic load (SRR=1.05, 95% CI (1.00, 1.10)); glycaemic index (SRR=1.05, 95% CI (1.00, 1.09)); fasting glucose (SRR=1.14, 95% CI (0.94, 1.37)); serum insulin (SRR=1.26, 95% CI (0.86, 1.84)); c-peptide (SRR=1.29, 95% CI (0.91, 1.82)); adiponectin (SRR=1.16, 95% CI (0.93, 1.46)); metformin (SRR=0.97, 95% CI (0.82, 1.16)); and glargine (SRR=1.10, 95% CI (0.94, 1.30)). An increase of 5 units in Body Mass Index (a weight increase if 14.5 kg in a person 1.70 metres tall) was associated in post-menopausal breast cancer (SRR=1.12, 95% CI (1.08, 1.16)) but not at pre-menopausal ages (SRR=0.83, 95% CI (0.72, 0.95)). Serum insulin was associated with breast cancer at post-menopausal ages but not at pre-menopausal ages whereas with c-peptide there was a significant association at pre-menopausal ages but not post-menopausal. For IGF-1, Hodge’s Standardised Mean Difference (HSMD) was calculated and there was no significant association with breast cancer at all ages (HSMD=-0.026, 95% CI (-0.031, 0.084)), at post-menopausal ages (HSMD=0.007, 95% CI (-0.068, 0.082)) or at pre-menopausal ages (HSMD=-0.065, 95% CI (-0.009, 0.140)). Conclusions: Key risk factors for breast cancer appear to be adiposity and physical activity which are both related to the risk of developing diabetes.

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34

Simmons, David, Lisa Bourke, Edward Yau, and Mary Hoodless. "Diabetes risk factors, diabetes and diabetes care in a rural Australian community." Australian Journal of Rural Health 15, no. 5 (October 2007): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2007.00903.x.

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35

Altamash, Murad, Sophia Arledal, Björn Klinge, and Per-Erik Engström. "Pre-diabetes and diabetes: Medical risk factors and periodontal conditions." Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 71, no. 6 (April 16, 2013): 1625–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016357.2013.788207.

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36

Pannala, R., J. Leirness, W. Bamlet, A. Basu, G. Petersen, and S. Chari. "TRADITIONAL DIABETES RISK FACTORS IN PANCREATIC CANCER ASSOCIATED DIABETES (PACDM)." Pancreas 35, no. 4 (November 2007): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mpa.0000297763.51961.e6.

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37

Amed, Shazhan, Heather Dean, Elizabeth A. C. Sellers, Constadina Panagiotopoulos, Baiju R. Shah, Gillian L. Booth, Tessa A. Laubscher, David Dannenbaum, Stasia Hadjiyannakis, and Jill K. Hamilton. "Risk Factors for Medication-Induced Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes." Journal of Pediatrics 159, no. 2 (August 2011): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.01.017.

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Gerstein, Hertzel C. "Epidemiologic analyses of risk factors, risk indicators, risk markers, and causal factors." Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 31, no. 3 (September 2002): 537–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8529(02)00019-1.

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Sumer, Zeeshan, Ejaz Rafique, Muhammad Soaib Said, Iqra Saleem, Ahsan Zahid, Uzma Bashir, Misbah Firdous, and Asif Mehmood Hashmi. "Assessment of risk factors associated with diabetes." International Journal of Natural Medicine and Health Sciences 1, no. 2 (March 30, 2022): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.52461/ijnms.v1i2.836.

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Das, Rabindra. "DIABETES RISK FACTORS FOR CHRONIC KIDNEY PATIENTS." Journal of Diabetes and Obesity 3, no. 2 (2016): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15436/2376-0494.16.1055.

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Kwak, Soo Heon, Hak C. Jang, and Kyong Soo Park. "Finding Genetic Risk Factors of Gestational Diabetes." Genomics & Informatics 10, no. 4 (2012): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.5808/gi.2012.10.4.239.

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Haffner, S. M. "Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes: Risk Factors." Diabetes Care 21, Supplement_3 (December 1, 1998): C3—C6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.21.3.c3.

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Oh, Hyoung Min, Yoo-Seok Yoon, Ho-Seong Han, Ji Hoon Kim, Jai Young Cho, and Dae-Wook Hwang. "Risk factors for pancreatogenic diabetes after pancreaticoduodenectomy." Korean Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery 16, no. 4 (2012): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.14701/kjhbps.2012.16.4.167.

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Fletcher, Barbara, Meg Gulanick, and Cindy Lamendola. "Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 16, no. 2 (January 2002): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005082-200201000-00003.

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Regelmann, Molly O., Fenella Greig, Nanda Kerkar, and Robert Rapaport. "Risk factors for medication-induced diabetes mellitus." Journal of Pediatrics 160, no. 2 (February 2012): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.11.001.

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JANCIN, BRUCE. "Cardiovascular Risk Factors Still Suboptimal in Diabetes." Internal Medicine News 43, no. 6 (April 2010): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(10)70321-8.

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Balaban, Daniel Vasile, Andreea Zoican, Marina Ciochina, Georgiana Robu, Ionel Petrut Nuta, Raluca Simona Costache, Florentina Ionita-Radu, and Mariana Jinga. "Pancreatogenic diabetes mellitus – Prevalence and risk factors." Pancreatology 18, no. 4 (June 2018): S40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2018.05.107.

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Baltar, J., T. Ortega, F. Ortega, A. Laures, P. Rebollo, E. Gomez, and J. Alvarez-Grande. "Posttransplantation Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence and Risk Factors." Transplantation Proceedings 37, no. 9 (November 2005): 3817–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.09.197.

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Mazali, F. Cr, Cr A. Lalli, G. Alves-Filho, and M. Mazzali. "Posttransplant Diabetes Mellitus: Incidence and Risk Factors." Transplantation Proceedings 40, no. 3 (April 2008): 764–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.03.018.

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Rewers, Marian, and Johnny Ludvigsson. "Environmental risk factors for type 1 diabetes." Lancet 387, no. 10035 (June 2016): 2340–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30507-4.

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