Academic literature on the topic 'Diabetes Risk factors Australia'
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Journal articles on the topic "Diabetes Risk factors Australia"
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Nisar, Mehwish, Tracy L. Kolbe-Alexander, Nicola W. Burton, and Asaduzzaman Khan. "A Longitudinal Assessment of Risk Factors and Chronic Diseases among Immigrant and Non-Immigrant Adults in Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 15, 2021): 8621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168621.
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This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and trajectories of chronic diseases and risk behaviors in immigrants from high-income countries (HIC), low–middle-income countries (LMIC), to Australian-born people. Data were used from five waves of the HABITAT (2007–2016) study—11,035 adults living in Brisbane, Australia. Chronic diseases included cancer, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Risk factors assessed were body mass index (BMI), insufficient physical activity, and cigarette smoking. Diabetes mellitus increased in all groups, with the highest increase of 33% in LMIC immigrants. The prevalence of cancers increased 19.6% in the Australian-born, 16.6% in HIC immigrants, and 5.1% in LMIC immigrants. The prevalence of asthma increased in HIC immigrants while decreased in the other two groups. Poisson regression showed that LMIC immigrants had 1.12 times higher rates of insufficient physical activity, 0.75 times lower rates of smoking, and 0.77 times lower rates of being overweight than the Australian-born population. HIC immigrants had 0.96 times lower rates of insufficient physical activity and 0.93 times lower rates of overweight than Australian-born. The findings of this study can inform better strategies to reduce health disparities by targeting high-risk cohorts.
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Coorey, N. J., L. Kensitt, J. Davies, E. Keller, M. Sheel, K. Chani, S. Barry, et al. "Risk factors for TB in Australia and their association with delayed treatment completion." International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 26, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.21.0111.
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BACKGROUND: Australia has a low incidence of TB and has committed to eliminating the disease. Identification of risk factors associated with TB is critical to achieving this goal.METHODS: We undertook a prospective cohort study involving persons receiving TB treatment in four Australian jurisdictions. Risk factors and their association with delayed treatment completion (treatment delayed by at least 1 month) were analysed using univariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression.RESULTS: Baseline surveys were completed for 402 persons with TB. Most (86.1%) were born overseas. Exposure to a person with TB was reported by 19.4%. Diabetes mellitus (10.2%), homelessness (9.2%), cigarette smoking (8.7%), excess alcohol consumption (6.0%) and mental illness (6.2%) were other common risk factors. At follow-up, 24.8% of patients had delayed treatment completion, which was associated with adverse events (34.1%, aOR 6.67, 95% CI 3.36–13.27), excess alcohol consumption (6.0%, aOR 21.94, 95% CI 6.03–79.85) and HIV co-infection (2.7%, aOR 8.10, 95% CI 1.16–56.60).CONCLUSIONS: We identified risk factors for TB and their association with delayed treatment completion, not all of which are routinely collected for surveillance purposes. Recognition of these risk factors should facilitate patient-centred care and assist Australia in reaching TB elimination.
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Simmons, David, Lisa Bourke, Edward Yau, and Mary Hoodless. "Diabetes risk factors, diabetes and diabetes care in a rural Australian community." Australian Journal of Rural Health 15, no. 5 (October 2007): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2007.00903.x.
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Lucero, Adam A., Danielle M. Lambrick, James A. Faulkner, Simon Fryer, Michael A. Tarrant, Melanie Poudevigne, Michelle A. Williams, and Lee Stoner. "Modifiable Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among Indigenous Populations." Advances in Preventive Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/547018.
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Objective. To identify modifiable cardio-metabolic and lifestyle risk factors among indigenous populations from Australia (Aboriginal Australians/Torres Strait Islanders), New Zealand (Māori), and the United States (American Indians and Alaska Natives) that contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD).Methods. National health surveys were identified where available. Electronic databases identified sources for filling missing data. The most relevant data were identified, organized, and synthesized.Results. Compared to their non-indigenous counterparts, indigenous populations exhibit lower life expectancies and a greater prevalence of CVD. All indigenous populations have higher rates of obesity and diabetes, hypertension is greater for Māori and Aboriginal Australians, and high cholesterol is greater only among American Indians/Alaska Natives. In turn, all indigenous groups exhibit higher rates of smoking and dangerous alcohol behaviour as well as consuming less fruits and vegetables. Aboriginal Australians and American Indians/Alaska Natives also exhibit greater rates of sedentary behaviour.Conclusion. Indigenous groups from Australia, New Zealand, and the United States have a lower life expectancy then their respective non-indigenous counterparts. A higher prevalence of CVD is a major driving force behind this discrepancy. A cluster of modifiable cardio-metabolic risk factors precede CVD, which, in turn, is linked to modifiable lifestyle risk factors.
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Hilliard, Marisa E., Virginia Hagger, Christel Hendrieckx, Barbara J. Anderson, Steven Trawley, Michelle M. Jack, Frans Pouwer, Timothy Skinner, and Jane Speight. "Strengths, Risk Factors, and Resilient Outcomes in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes: Results From Diabetes MILES Youth–Australia." Diabetes Care 40, no. 7 (April 26, 2017): 849–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc16-2688.
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Gupta, Sabrina, Rosalie Aroni, Siobhan Lockwood, Indra Jayasuriya, and Helena Teede. "South Asians and Anglo Australians with heart disease in Australia." Australian Health Review 39, no. 5 (2015): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah14254.
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Objectives The aim of the present study was to determine cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and compare presentation and severity of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) among South Asians (SAs) and Anglo Australians (AAs). Methods A retrospective clinical case audit was conducted at a public tertiary hospital. The study population included SA and AA patients hospitalised for IHD. Baseline characteristics, evidence of diabetes and other CVD risk factors were recorded. Angiography data were also included to determine severity, and these were assessed using a modified Gensini score. Results SAs had lower mean (± s.d.) age of IHD presentation that AAs (52 ± 9 vs 55 ± 9 years, respectively; P = 0.02), as well as a lower average body mass index (BMI; 26 ± 4 vs 29 ± 6 kg/m2, respectively; P = 0.005), but a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes (57% vs 31%, respectively; P = 0.001). No significant differences were found in coronary angiography parameters. There were no significant differences in the median (interquartile range) Gensini score between SAs and AAs (43.5 (27–75) vs 44 (26.5–68.5), respectively), median vessel score (1 (1–2) vs 2 (1–3), respectively) or multivessel score (37% (33/89) vs 54% (22/41), respectively). Conclusions The findings show that in those with established IHD, cardiovascular risk factors, such as age at onset and BMI, differ between SAs and AAs and these differences should be considered in the prevention and management of IHD. What is known about the topic? There is much evidence on CVD and SAs, it being a leading cause of mortality and morbidity for this population both in their home countries and in countries they have migrated to. Studies conducted in Western nations other than Australia have suggested a difference in the risk profiles and presentations of CVD among SA migrants compared with the host populations in developed countries. Although this pattern of cardiovascular risk factors among SAs has been well documented, there is insufficient knowledge about this population, currently the largest population of incoming migrants, and CVD in the Australian setting. What does this paper add? This paper confirms that a similar pattern of CVD exists in Australia among SAs as does in other Western nations they have migrated to. The CVD pattern found in this population is that of an earlier age of onset at lower BMI compared with the host AA population, as well as a differing cardiovascular risk profile, with higher rates of type 2 diabetes and lower smoking rates. In addition, this study finds similar angiographic results for both the SAs and AAs; however, the SAs exhibit these similar angiographic patterns at younger ages. What are the implications for practitioners? SAs in Australia represent a high cardiovascular risk group and should be targeted for more aggressive screening at younger ages. Appropriate preventative strategies should also be considered bearing in mind the differing risk factors for this population, namely low BMI and high rates of type 2 diabetes. More intensive treatment strategies should also be regarded by practitioners. Importantly, both policy makers and health professionals must consider that all these strategies should be culturally targeted and tailored to this population and not assume a ‘one-size fits all’ approach.
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Cheung, N. W. "058. GESTATIONAL DIABETES AND TYPE 2 DIABETES IN PREGNANCY IN AUSTRALIA." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 9 (2010): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb10abs058.
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In the last 30 years, there has been a dramatic increase in the incidence of gestational diabetes (GDM) in Australia. GDM has become a significant population health issue and Australia has been at the forefront of international research into its significance and management. More recently, the tsunami of GDM has been followed by a growing wave of type 2 diabetes in pregnancy. Type 2 diabetes is becoming more prevalent than type 1 diabetes in pregnancy, and adverse pregnancy outcomes are more common. However, diabetes itself is but one factor influencing outcomes in this group of women, with obesity, cultural issues and socioeconomic disadvantage being other significant issues. The research of our group has focused on examining traditional and non-traditional risk factors for GDM, and for the progression from GDM to type 2 diabetes in Australia. Our research has also been directed towards breaking the nexus between GDM and type 2 diabetes. The identification of women with GDM is an opportunity to institute interventions to prevent both GDM and type 2 diabetes. Unfortunately there are numerous barriers to improving lifestyle and reducing diabetes risk in this population. The National Diabetes Services Scheme has provided the opportunity to start translating some of our research into health promotion activities. The NDSS has greatly aided the management of diabetes and GDM by providing subsidised diabetes related products. It has also been established to provide information and services to people with diabetes. As part of this charter, the NDSS has recently started health promotion activities in the area of diabetes in pregnancy. It will underpin a national recall and screening program for diabetes after GDM, and forms the basis for other public health initiatives such as providing information to women with diabetes in pregnancy, facilitating the prevention of diabetes after GDM.
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Rehan, Farah, Alina Qadeer, Irfan Bashir, and Mohammed Jamshaid. "Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease in Developing Countries." International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 5, no. 8 (July 25, 2016): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v5i8.28875.
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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have increased the mortality rate both in developing as well as developed countries, however a lower trend in death rates have been seen in developed and high income countries like USA, UK, Australia, Japan and other European countries due to improved life style, better strategic implementation, control of disease both in young and adults and especially reduced smoking habits. In developing countries CVD become an alarming situation due to prevalence of disease in early age that later on become chronic and difficult to control. Various risk factors that can contribute toward CVD in developing countries include smoking, high alcohol and salt intake, dietary factors, diabetes, high blood pressure and psychosocial aspects such as stress, anxiety and depression. Various other factors such as family history and the gender difference also contributing towards the high risk of developing CVD.Rehan et al., International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, July 2016, 5(8): 69-72http://www.icpjonline.com/documents/Vol5Issue8/02.pdf
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O'Callaghan, Cathy, Uday Yadav, Sudha Natarajan, Saroja Srinivasan, and Ritin Fernandez. "Prevalence and predictors of multimorbidity among immigrant Asian Indian women residing in Sydney Australia: A cross-sectional study." F1000Research 10 (July 22, 2021): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.52052.1.
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Abstract Background: There has been a rise in multimorbidity as people age and technology advances which is challenging for health systems. Multimorbidity prevalence varies globally due to various biological and social risk factors which can be accentuated or mitigated for populations in migration. This study investigated the prevalence and predictors of multimorbidity amongst a group of migrant Asian Indian women living in Australia. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study design using convenience sampling investigated the multimorbidity risk factors among first generation migrant Asian Indian women in Australia. This study was part of a larger study titled “Measuring Acculturation and Psychological Health of Senior Indian Women Living in Australia” that was conducted in Sydney, Australia. Data were collected using validated instruments as well as investigator developed questions. Women completed questionnaire surveys either by themselves or through the assistance of bilingual coordinators as English was not their first language. Results: 26% of the participants had one chronic condition and 74% had multimorbidities. The prevalence of individual conditions included cardiovascular disease 67.0%, osteoarthritis 57.6%, depression 37.4%, diabetes 31.5%, chronic respiratory conditions 10.8%, cancer 4.9% and nephrological problems 1.47%. In the unadjusted model, factors such as increasing age, education level, employment status, living arrangements, low physical activity, and elements of acculturative stress were significantly associated with multimorbidity. Multi-variable analysis identified the acculturative stress factor of threat to ethnic identity as a predictor of multimorbidity. Conclusion: Identifying the key determinants of multimorbidity in older adults from a migrant community with pre-existing risk factors can assist with the development of culturally appropriate strategies to identify people at risk of health conditions and to mitigate the health effects of acculturative stress.
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Estevez, Jose J., Natasha J. Howard, Jamie E. Craig, and Alex Brown. "Working Towards Eye Health Equity for Indigenous Australians with Diabetes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24 (December 12, 2019): 5060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245060.
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) poses significant challenges to individuals and broader society, much of which is borne by disadvantaged and marginalised population groups including Indigenous people. The increasing prevalence of T2DM among Indigenous people has meant that rates of diabetes-related complications such as blindness from end-stage diabetic retinopathy (DR) continue to be important health concerns. Australia, a high-income and resource-rich country, continues to struggle to adequately respond to the health needs of its Indigenous people living with T2DM. Trends among Indigenous Australians highlight that the prevalence of DR has almost doubled over two decades, and the prevalence of diabetes-related vision impairment is consistently reported to be higher among Indigenous Australians (5.2%–26.5%) compared to non-Indigenous Australians (1.7%). While Australia has collated reliable estimates of the eye health burden owing to T2DM in its Indigenous population, there is fragmentation of existing data and limited knowledge on the underlying risk factors. Taking a systems approach that investigates the social, environmental, clinical, biological and genetic risk factors, and—importantly—integrates these data, may give valuable insights into the most important determinants contributing to the development of diabetes-related blindness. This knowledge is a crucial initial step to reducing the human and societal impacts of blindness on Indigenous Australians, other priority populations and society at large.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Diabetes Risk factors Australia"
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Orr, Neil John. "Patterns of care for diabetes: risk factors for vision-threatening retinopathy." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1421.
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OBJECTIVES: In Australia, diabetes causes significant morbidity and mortality. Whilst the need to prevent diabetes and its complications has been widely recognised, the capacity of health care systems - which organise diabetes care - to facilitate prevention has not been fully established. METHODS: A series of seven population-based case-control studies were used to examine the effectiveness of the Australian health care system and its capacity to manage diabetes. Six of the studies compared the patterns of care of patients who had developed advanced diabetes complications in 2000 (cases), to similar patients who remained free of the condition (controls) across Australia and for various risk groups. A secondary study investigated the role of treating GPs in the development of the outcome. RESULTS: A strong relationship between the patterns of care and the development of advanced diabetes complications was found and is described in Chapter 4. In Chapter 5, this same relationship was investigated for each Australian state and territory, and similar findings were made. The study in Chapter 6 investigated whether late diagnosis or the patterns of care was the stronger risk factor for advanced diabetes complications, finding that the greatest risk was associated with the latter. In Chapter 7 the influence of medical care during the pre-diagnosis period was explored, and a strong relationship between care obtained in this period and the development of advanced complications was found. In Chapter 8, which investigated the role of socio-economic status in the development of advanced complications, found that the risk of advanced diabetes complications was higher in low socio-economic groups. Chapter 9 investigated geographic isolation and the development of advanced diabetes complications and found that the risk of advanced complications was higher in geographically isolated populations. Finally, Chapter 10, which utilised a provider database, found that some GP characteristics were associated with the development of advanced diabetes complications in patients. CONCLUSION: A number of major risk factors for the development of advanced complications in Australia was found. These related to poorer diabetes management, later diagnosis, low socioeconomic status and geographic isolation. Strategies must be devised to promote effective diabetes management and the early diagnosis of diabetes across the Australian population.
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Orr, Neil John. "Patterns of care for diabetes: risk factors for vision-threatening retinopathy." University of Sydney, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1421.
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Master of Public HealthOBJECTIVES: In Australia, diabetes causes significant morbidity and mortality. Whilst the need to prevent diabetes and its complications has been widely recognised, the capacity of health care systems - which organise diabetes care - to facilitate prevention has not been fully established. METHODS: A series of seven population-based case-control studies were used to examine the effectiveness of the Australian health care system and its capacity to manage diabetes. Six of the studies compared the patterns of care of patients who had developed advanced diabetes complications in 2000 (cases), to similar patients who remained free of the condition (controls) across Australia and for various risk groups. A secondary study investigated the role of treating GPs in the development of the outcome. RESULTS: A strong relationship between the patterns of care and the development of advanced diabetes complications was found and is described in Chapter 4. In Chapter 5, this same relationship was investigated for each Australian state and territory, and similar findings were made. The study in Chapter 6 investigated whether late diagnosis or the patterns of care was the stronger risk factor for advanced diabetes complications, finding that the greatest risk was associated with the latter. In Chapter 7 the influence of medical care during the pre-diagnosis period was explored, and a strong relationship between care obtained in this period and the development of advanced complications was found. In Chapter 8, which investigated the role of socio-economic status in the development of advanced complications, found that the risk of advanced diabetes complications was higher in low socio-economic groups. Chapter 9 investigated geographic isolation and the development of advanced diabetes complications and found that the risk of advanced complications was higher in geographically isolated populations. Finally, Chapter 10, which utilised a provider database, found that some GP characteristics were associated with the development of advanced diabetes complications in patients. CONCLUSION: A number of major risk factors for the development of advanced complications in Australia was found. These related to poorer diabetes management, later diagnosis, low socioeconomic status and geographic isolation. Strategies must be devised to promote effective diabetes management and the early diagnosis of diabetes across the Australian population.
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Wong, Jencia. "Age of diagnosis as a factor in the heterogeneity of type 2 diabetes: a clinical and molecular study." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2009. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28210.
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The age range at which type 2 diabetes develops has recently
expanded. Thus chronological age and age of onset are now important
variables in this already heterogeneous disease. The increasing
prevalence of early-onset diabetes in particular raises clinical and
societal concerns. Such individuals have a longer life-time disease
duration and potentially can develop more diabetes related
complications, at a relatively young age, perhaps during the most
productive periods of their lives. The determinants of, and impact on
outcome of age of onset as a clinical variable are unclear. Therefore
studies using both clinical data and molecular techniques are employed
to answer questions in this area.
Whether the factors that impact on the development of type 2 diabetes
are specifically different for those with younger onset as compared to
older onset disease is not clear. By way of three studies, the first part of
this thesis explores the general question of ‘what determines the age
of type 2 diabetes onset?’
The specific impact of the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and
body weight on the age of type 2 diabetes onset is examined in two
different ethnic groups. This is in recognition of the paucity of specific
data in this area and the differing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome
in different ethnicities. This is examined in Chapter 2. The ‘accelerators’
of disease onset were quite different, dependent on ethnicity. Weight,
insulin resistance and a high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome are
associated with early-onset disease in Anglo-Celtics, but not so in
Chinese. The mechanistic and public health implications of these
observations are discussed.
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Bambrick, Hilary Jane, and Hilary Bambrick@anu edu au. "Child growth and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Queensland Aboriginal Community." The Australian National University. Faculty of Arts, 2003. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20050905.121211.
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Globally, the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes is rising. The most affected populations are those that have undergone recent and rapid transition towards a Western lifestyle, characterised by energy-dense diets and physical inactivity.¶
Two major hypotheses have attempted to explain the variation in diabetes prevalence, both between and within populations, beyond the contributions made by adult lifestyle. The thrifty genotype hypothesis proposes that some populations are genetically well adapted to surviving in a subsistence environment, and are predisposed to develop diabetes when the dietary environment changes to one that is fat and carbohydrate rich. The programming hypothesis focuses on the developmental environment, particularly on prenatal and early postnatal conditions: nutritional deprivation in utero and early postnatal life, measured by low birthweight and disrupted child growth, is proposed to alter metabolism permanently so that risk of diabetes is increased with subsequent exposure to an energy-dense diet. Both hypotheses emphasise discord between adaptation (genetic or developmental) and current environment, and both now put forward insulin resistance as a likely mechanism for predisposition.¶
Diabetes contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality among Australia’s Indigenous population. Indigenous babies are more likely to be low birthweight, and typical patterns of child growth include periods of faltering and rapid catch-up. Although there have been numerous studies in other populations, the programming hypothesis has not previously been tested in an Australian Indigenous community. The framework of the programming hypothesis is thus expanded to consider exposure of whole populations to adverse prenatal and postnatal environments, and the influence this may have on diabetes prevalence.¶
The present study took place in Cherbourg, a large Aboriginal community in southeast Queensland with a high prevalence of diabetes. Study participants were adults with diagnosed diabetes and a random sample of adults who had never been diagnosed with diabetes. Data were collected on five current risk factors for diabetes (general and central obesity, blood pressure, age and family history), in addition to fasting blood glucose levels. A lifestyle survey was also conducted. Participants’ medical records detailing weight growth from birth to five years were analysed with regard to adult diabetes risk to determine whether childhood weight and rate of weight gain were associated with subsequent diabetes. Adult lifestyle factors were
xiialso explored to determine whether variation in nutrition and physical activity was related to level of diabetes risk.¶
Approximately 20% of adults in Cherbourg have diagnosed diabetes. Prevalence may be as high as 38.5% in females and 42% in males if those who are high-risk (abnormal fasting glucose and three additional factors) are included. Among those over 40 years, total prevalence is estimated to be 51% for females and 59% for males.¶
Patterns of early childhood growth may contribute to risk of diabetes among adults. In particular, relatively rapid weight growth to five years is associated with both general and central obesity among adult women. This lends some qualified support to the programming hypothesis as catch-up growth has previously been incorporated into the model; however, although the most consistent association was found among those who gained weight more rapidly, it was also found that risk is increased among children who are heavier at any age.¶
No consistent associations were found between intrauterine growth retardation (as determined by lower than median birthweight and higher than median weight growth velocity to one and three months) and diabetes risk among women or men. A larger study sample with greater statistical power may have yielded less ambiguous results.¶
Among adults, levels of physical activity may be more important than nutritional intake in moderating diabetes risk, although features of diet, such as high intake of simple carbohydrates, may contribute to risk in the community overall, especially in the context of physical inactivity. A genetic component is not ruled out. Two additional areas which require further investigation include stress and high rates of infection, both of which are highly relevant to the study community, and may contribute to the insulin resistance syndrome.¶
Some accepted thresholds indicating increased diabetes risk may not be appropriate in this population. Given the relationship between waist circumference and other diabetes risk factors and the propensity for central fat deposition among women even with low body mass index (BMI), it is recommended that the threshold where BMI is considered a risk be lowered by 5kg/m2 for women, while no such recommendation is made for men.¶
There are a number of social barriers to better community health, including attitudes to exercise and obesity, patterns of alcohol and tobacco use and consumption of fresh foods. Some of these barriers are exacerbated by gender roles and expectations.¶
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McGuire, Amanda Mary. "Factors influencing health promotion activities in midlife and older Australian women with a chronic disease." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/45635/1/Amanda_McGuire_Thesis.pdf.
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Background: Chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in midlife and older Australian women. There are a number of modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes and other chronic diseases including smoking, nutrition, physical activity and overweight and obesity. Little research has been conducted in the Australian context to explore the perceived barriers to health promotion activities in midlife and older Australian women with a chronic disease. Aims: The primary aim of this study was to explore women’s perceived barriers to health promotion activities to reduce modifiable risk factors, and the relationship of perceived barriers to smoking behaviour, fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity and body mass index. A secondary aim of this study was to investigate nurses’ perceptions of the barriers to action for women with a chronic disease, and to compare those perceptions with those of the women. Methods: The study was divided into two phases where Phase 1 was a cross sectional survey of women, aged over 45 years with type 2 diabetes who were attending Diabetes clinics in the Primary and Community Health Service of the Metro North Health Service District of Queensland Health (N = 22). The women were a subsample of women participating in a multi-model lifestyle intervention, the ‘Reducing Chronic Disease among Adult Australian Women’ project. Phase 2 of the study was a cross sectional online survey of nurses working in Primary and Community Health Service in the Metro North Health Service District of Queensland Health (N = 46). Pender’s health promotion model was used as the theoretical framework for this study. Results: Women in this study had an average total barriers score of 32.18 (SD = 9.52) which was similar to average scores reported in the literature for women with a range of physical disabilities and illnesses. The leading five barriers for this group of women were: concern about safety; too tired; not interested; lack of information about what to do; with lack of time and feeling I can’t do things correctly the equal fifth ranked barriers. In this study there was no statistically significant difference in average total barriers scores between women in the intervention group and those is the usual care group of the parent study. There was also no significant relationship between the women’s socio-demographic variables and lifestyle risk factors and their level of perceived barriers. Nurses in the study had an average total barriers score of 44.48 (SD = 6.24) which was higher than all other average scores reported in the literature. The leading five barriers that nurses perceived were an issue for women with a chronic disease were: lack of time and interferes with other responsibilities the leading barriers; embarrassment about appearance; lack of money; too tired and lack of support from family and friends. There was no significant relationship between the nurses’ sociodemographic and nursing variables and the level of perceived barriers. When comparing the results of women and nurses in the study there was a statistically significant difference in the median total barriers score between the groups (p < 0.001), where the nurses perceived the barriers to be higher (Md = 43) than the women (Md = 33). There was also a significant difference in the responses to the individual barriers items in fifteen of the eighteen items (p < 0.002). Conclusion: Although this study is limited by a small sample size, it contributes to understanding the perception of midlife and older women with a chronic disease and also the perception of nurses, about the barriers to healthy lifestyle activities that women face. The study provides some evidence that the perceptions of women and nurses may differ and argues that these differences may have significant implications for clinical practice. The study recommends a greater emphasis on assessing and managing perceived barriers to health promotion activities in health education and policy development and proposes a conceptual model for understanding perceived barriers to action.
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Chit, Moy Ley. "Bromelain and cardiovascular risk factors in diabetes." Thesis, London South Bank University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.631731.
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The rising prevalence of diabetes worldwide now ranks alongside smoking, high blood pressure and cholesterol disorder as an independent major risk factor for Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). Conventional therapy and dietary management using dietary supplements have been under consideration as measures to prevent or ameliorate the risk of developing complications of CVD in diabetes. A systematic review of the literature on bromelain (a pineapple enzyme) and CVD identified 7 animal studies and 3 human studies. Animal studies were conducted more recently and showed more promising results on bromelain and CVD than human studies. Existing evidence derived from 3 human studies in the systematic review, carried out in the 1970’s despite poor study design and lacking appropriate information on trial outcomes suggested that bromelain may have an effect on CVD risk factors. This research was inconclusive. Potential mechanisms for bromelain suggested that it may be useful for reducing plasma fibrinogen, preventing aggregation of blood platelets, increasing fibrinolytic activity and acting as an anti-inflammatory agent which is closely related to the pathogenesis of CVD complications in diabetes. This indicated that research into bromelain may provide new insights to help reduce the risk factors associated with CVD complications for people with diabetes. A Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) was initiated with the aim of assessing whether the dietary supplement (bromelain) had the potential to reduce plasma fibrinogen and other associated risk factors for CVD in diabetic patients. The RCT on 68 Chinese diabetic patients (32 males and 36 females; Han origin, mean age of 61.26 years (Standard Deviation, SD 12.62 years)) with at least one risk factor of CVD demonstrated that 12-week intervention of 1.05g/day bromelain failed to show a beneficial effect in reducing fibrinogen and other CVD risk factors such as blood lipids, blood glucose, C-Reactive Protein (CRP), anthropometric indicators and blood pressure. A placebo-controlled trial with a larger sample size with higher fibrinogen levels and/or individuals at greater risk of developing CVD would be needed in a future study. Exploring bromelain’s effect on inflammatory markers which could be a possible underlying mechanism in the pathogenesis of CVD in diabetes, may be a more fruitful focus for future research.
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Morgan, Eileen. "Type 1 diabetes - epidemiology, risk factors and complications." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678213.
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This thesis examined the incidence and temporal trends of Type 1 diabetes diagnosed in Northern Ireland children using data from the Northern Ireland Childhood Diabetes Register (NICDR). Overall, there was evidence of a departure from linearity in incidence with indications that rates are levelling off in recent years. Further analyses also indicated that birth cohort effects were evident in the incidence rates suggesting that exposures in early life may play an aetiological role in this condition. A systematic review and meta-analyses was performed in this thesis to investigate the association of childhood vaccinations and subsequent risk of Type 1 diabetes. Twelve studies investigating a range of vaccinations were included. Results provided no evidence to suggest an association between childhood vaccinations and risk of Type 1 diabetes. A study using data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) was included in this thesis to report findings on depression and other complications in young people diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes. This study found that rates of depression were significantly higher in cases with diabetes compared to controls without diabetes. Results also showed elevated rates of microvascular complications and significantly higher rates of cardiovascular disease compared to matched controls. Another focus of this thesis was on mortality in individuals with Type 1 diabetes. Population-based studies reporting relative mortality in Type 1 diabetes diagnosed in young people were systematically reviewed. In total, 23 independent studies were included. Associations between relative mortality and study/ country characteristics were explored. In addition to this review, a further two UK-based studies were performed to investigate mortality, one using data from the NICDR and the other using the CPRD. Both studies found excess mortality rates in individuals with Type 1 diabetes when compared, respectively, to the general population and to a group of controls without diabetes.
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Walldén, (Fredriksson) Jenny. "Studies of immunological risk factors in type 1 diabetes." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Pediatrik, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-12441.
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Background: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic, autoimmune disease caused by a T cell mediated destruction of ß-cells in pancreas. The development of T1D is determined by a combination of genetic susceptibility genes and environmental factors involved in the pathogenesis of T1D. This thesis aimed to investigate diverse environmental and immunological risk factors associated with the development of T1D. This was accomplished by comparing autoantibody development, T cell responses and the function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells between healthy children, children at risk of T1D and T1D patients. Results: Induction of autoantibodies in as young children as one year old, was associated with previously identified environmental risk factors of T1D, such as maternal gastroenteritis during pregnancy and early introduction of cow’s milk. We did not see any general increase in the activity of peripheral blood TH subtypes in children with HLA class II risk haplotypes associated with T1D, nor were HLA class II risk haplotypes associated with any aberrant cytokine production in response to antigenic stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However children with a HLA class II protective haplotype showed an increased production of IFN-γ in response to enteroviral stimulation. CTLA-4 polymorphisms connected with a risk of autoimmune disease were associated with enhanced production of IFN-γ. Healthy children with ß-cell autoantibodies had a lower expression level of GATA-3 compared to health children with HLA risk genotype or children without risk. Instead, children with manifest T1D showed lower expression levels of T-bet, IL-12Rß1 and IL-4Rα. Both T1D and healthy children showed the same expression of the regulatory markers Foxp3, CTLA-4 and ICOS in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and the amount of CD4+CD25+ T cells did neither reveal any differences. The regulatory T cells seemed also to be functional in children with T1D, since increased proliferation after depletion of CD4+CD25high cells from PBMC was demonstrated in T1D as well as in healthy children.However, T1D children did have more intracellular CTLA-4 per CD4+CD25high T cell, increased levels of serum C-reactive protein and higher spontaneous expression of IFN-α in CD25depleted PBMC, all which are signs of activation of the immune system. This suggests a normal or enhanced functional activity of regulatory T cells in T1D at diagnosis. Conclusions: Our findings emphasize that environmental risk factors do have a role in the development of ß-cell autoimmunity. Our results do not support a systemic activation of the immune system in pre-diabetes or T1D, but instead a possible up-regulation of regulatory mechanisms seems to occur after diagnosis of T1D, which probably tries to dampen the autoimmune reaction taking place.
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Walldén, Jenny. "Studies of immunological risk factors in type 1 diabetes /." Linköping : Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 2008. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2008/med1075s.pdf.
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Turczynowicz, Leonid. "Asthma and risk factors in South Australia : an ecologic analysis." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09MPM/09mpmt933.pdf.
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Includes CD-ROM inside back cover of volume 2. Bibliography: p. 178-222. Aims to identify current risk factors for asthma and to determine which of these factors, at the population level, is associated with asthma prevalence in children in South Australia. In addition, modelling techniques are used to determine which factors are significant predictors of asthma prevalence in 4 to 5 year old children in S.A. Study results show that at the population level, 9 risk factors are significantly associated with lifetime prevalence and 24 factors with period prevalence. Study findings are generally consistent with existing literature.
Books on the topic "Diabetes Risk factors Australia"
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Templeton, Mardi. Gestational diabetes mellitus in Australia, 2005-06. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2008.
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Thow, Anne Marie. Diabetes in culturally and linguistically diverse Australians: Identification of communities at high risk. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2005.
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Massachusetts. Bureau of Health Statistics, Research and Evaluation. Diabetes in Massachusetts: Results from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system 1994-1996. [Boston, Mass.]: The Bureaus, 1998.
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Louisiana. Office of Public Health. Diabetes Prevention and Control Program. Louisiana diabetes report. 2nd ed. Baton Rouge, La: Louisiana Dept. of Health and Hospitals, 2010.
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Roth, Rivkah. At risk?: Avoid diabetes by recognizing early risk : a natural medicine view. Toronto: NMC Pub., 2008.
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Roth, Rivkah. At risk?: Avoid diabetes by recognizing early risk : a natural medicine view. [Bloomington, Ind.?]: Xlibris, 2008.
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At risk?: Avoid diabetes by recognizing early risk : a natural medicine view. Toronto: NMC Pub., 2008.
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Reducing cardiovascular risk in people with diabetes mellitus. Dartford: Magister Consulting, 2006.
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Project, Montana Diabetes. Diabetes: The burden in Montana. Helena, Mont: Montana Dept. of Public Health & Human Services, 2009.
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Yu, He. Risk factors for fibroadenoma: A case-control study in Australia. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1990.
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Nilsson, Peter M., Adie Viljoen, and Anthony S. Wierzbicki. "Cardiovascular Risk Factors." In Textbook of Diabetes, 657–83. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444324808.ch40.
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Nilsson, Peter M. "Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Hypertension." In Textbook of Diabetes, 629–42. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118924853.ch42.
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Moini, Jahangir, Matthew Adams, and Anthony LoGalbo. "Prevalence, Mortality, and Risk Factors." In Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 24–30. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003226727-3.
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Böger, Carsten A., and Peter R. Mertens. "Genetic Risk Factors for Diabetic Nephropathy." In Diabetes and Kidney Disease, 29–44. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118494073.ch3.
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Stout, Robert W. "Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis in Diabetes Mellitus." In Diabetes and Atherosclerosis, 89–109. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2734-9_5.
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Kim, Hae Kyung, and Byung-Wan Lee. "Pathophysiology and Risk Factors of Diabetes." In Stroke Revisited, 15–24. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5123-6_2.
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Neal, William A., Collin John, and Alia Rai. "Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Obesity, Diabetes, and Lipids." In Pediatric Cardiovascular Medicine, 954–62. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444398786.ch65.
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Tentolouris, Anastasios, and Nikolaos Tentolouris. "Risk Factors for Developing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus." In Comprehensive Clinical Approach to Diabetes During Pregnancy, 53–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89243-2_4.
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Chandalia, Manisha, and Prakash C. Deedwania. "Coronary Heart Disease and Risk Factors in Asian Indians." In Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, 27–34. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1321-6_5.
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Curtis, Jeffrey M., and William C. Knowler. "Classification, epidemiology, diagnosis, and risk factors of diabetes." In Diabetes Mellitus and Oral Health, 27–44. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118887837.ch2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Diabetes Risk factors Australia"
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Sitorukmi, Galuh, Bhisma Murti, and Yulia Lanti Retno Dewi. "Effect of Family History with Diabetes Mellitus on the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.55.
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Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a serious pregnancy complication, in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes develop chronic hyperglycemia during gestation. Studies have revealed that the family history of diabetes is an important risk factor for the gestational diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of family history with diabetes mellitus on the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Subjects and Method: This was meta-analysis and systematic review. The study was conducted by collecting published articles from Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, and Springer Link electronic databases, from year 2010 to 2020. Keywords used risk factor, gestational diabetes mellitus, family history, and cross-sectional. The inclusion criteria were full text, using English language, using cross-sectional study design, and reporting adjusted odds ratio. The study population was pregnant women. Intervention was family history of diabetes mellitus with comparison no family history of diabetes mellitus. The study outcome was gestational diabetes mellitus. The collected articles were selected by PRISMA flow chart. The quantitative data were analyzed by random effect model using Revman 5.3. Results: 7 studies from Ethiopia, Malaysia, Philippines, Peru, Australia, and Tanzania were selected for this study. This study reported that family history of diabetes mellitus increased the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus 2.91 times than without family history (aOR= 2.91; 95% CI= 2.08 to 4.08; p<0.001). Conclusion: Family history of diabetes mellitus increases the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Keywords: gestational diabetes mellitus, diabetes mellitus, family history Correspondence: Galuh Sitorukmi. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: galuh.sitorukmi1210@gmail.com. Mobile: 085799333013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.55
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Adelita, Sela Putri, Eti Poncorini Pamungkasari, and Bhisma Murti. "Meta Analysis: The Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Low Density Lipoprotein Level in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Melitus." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.42.
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ABSTRACT Background: High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a protocol of short work intervals of vigorous to high intensity interspersed with active or passive (cessation of movement) recovery periods. HIIT has been employed since the mid-20th century to improve athletic exercise performance. Regular exercise reduces elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL), atherosclerosis formation, and risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aimed to examine the effect of high-intensity interval training on low density lipoprotein level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Subjects and Method: This was meta-analysis and systematic review. The study was conducted by search published article from year 2010 to 2020 in PubMed, Science Direct, Research Gate, and Google Scholar databases. The inclusion criteria were full text, using randomized controlled trial study design, high-intensity interval training intervention, and reporting mean and standard deviation. Study subjects were type 2 DM patients aged 25-65 years. The study outcome was LDL reduction. The articles were analyzed by PRISMA flow chart and Revman 5.3. Results: 7 studies from America, Europe, Australia, and Asia showed that high intensity interval training reduced LDL level in type 2 DM patients (Mean Difference= -0.06; 95% CI= 1.32 to -0.47; p<0.001) with I2= 92% (p <0.93). Conclusion: High-intensity interval training reduces LDL level in type 2 DM patients. Keywords: high-intensity interval training, low density lipoprotein Correspondence: Sela Putri Adelita. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: Selaadelita558@gmail.com. Mobile: 085357117517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.42
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Yenti, Sesrima, Nur Alvira Pasca Wati, and Ayu Fitriani. "RISK FACTORS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN YOGYAKARTA." In International Conference on Public Health. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/theicph.2017.042.
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Abramson, Michael J., Tsitsi Murambadoro, Sheik M. Alif, Geza Benke, Shyamali Dharmage, Ian Glaspole, Peter Hopkins, et al. "Occupational and environmental risk factors for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in Australia." In ERS International Congress 2018 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.pa5068.
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Ohde, Sachiko, Kensuke Moriwaki, and Osamu Takahashi. "9 Cost-effectiveness analysis for HbA1c test intervals to screen patients with type 2 diabetes based on risk stratification." In Preventing Overdiagnosis Abstracts, December 2019, Sydney, Australia. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2019-pod.115.
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Musleh, Saleh, Tanvir Alam, Abdesselam Bouzerdoum, Samir B. Belhaouari, and Hamza Baali. "Identification of Potential Risk Factors of Diabetes for the Qatari Population." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Informatics, IoT, and Enabling Technologies (ICIoT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciot48696.2020.9089545.
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Boyle, P., M. Boniol, A. Koechlin, M. Bota, C. Robertson, D. Leroith, J. Rosenstock, GB Bolli, and P. Autier. "Abstract P4-13-08: Diabetes, Related Factors and Breast Cancer Risk." In Abstracts: Thirty-Fifth Annual CTRC‐AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium‐‐ Dec 4‐8, 2012; San Antonio, TX. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs12-p4-13-08.
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Pickles, Katrien, and Alison Mahony. "354 Drowning among children 5–14 years in Australia: Risk factors and locations." In 14th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion (Safety 2022) abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2022-safety2022.157.
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K, Dr Annapoorna, and Dr Latha K.S. "Effect of Yoga Therapy on Risk factors of Diabetes Mellitus - A Preventive Perspective." In Annual Global Healthcare Conference. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-3833_ghc14.36.
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Chen, Hui, Yi Xin, Yuting Yang, Fei Li, Guoliang Cheng, and Xinxin Zhang. "Related Factors and Risk Prediction of Type 2 Diabetes Complicated with Liver Cancer." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icma.2019.8816301.
Full textReports on the topic "Diabetes Risk factors Australia"
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Mellenthin, Claudia, Vasile Balaban, Ana Dugic, Stephane Cullati, and Bernhard Egger. Risk factors for pancreatic cancer in patients with new onset diabetes - Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.2.0065.
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Review question / Objective: Which additional risk factors raise the incidence of pancreatic cancer in the population of new onset diabetics? Condition being studied: Pancreatic cancer, new onset diabetes. Eligibility criteria: Inclusion criteria are:• English abstract available• The population of newly onset diabetics is examined, at least as a subgroup. Newly diagnosed is defined as onset of maximal 3 years ago.• Information on other risk factors of patients is available in the study.
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Wang, Kai, Peng Xu, Zhiguo Lv, Yabin Cui, Dongmei Zhang, Yibin Zhang, Xiaoxu San, and Jian Wang. Factors related to the risk of stroke in the population with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis and systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.6.0003.
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Wang, Kai, Zhiguo Lv, Peng Xu, Yabin Cui, Xiaoyu Zang, Dongmei Zhang, and Jian Wang. Factors related to the risk of stroke in the population with type 2 diabetes: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.10.0046.
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Zheng, Xing, Yingjun Cao, Fuzhong Xue, Aijun Wang, and Shucheng Si. The effects of Mediterranean-style diet on glycemic control, cardiovascular risk factors and weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.6.0096.
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Gattenhof, Sandra, Donna Hancox, Sasha Mackay, Kathryn Kelly, Te Oti Rakena, and Gabriela Baron. Valuing the Arts in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand. Queensland University of Technology, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.227800.
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The arts do not exist in vacuum and cannot be valued in abstract ways; their value is how they make people feel, what they can empower people to do and how they interact with place to create legacy. This research presents insights across Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand about the value of arts and culture that may be factored into whole of government decision making to enable creative, vibrant, liveable and inclusive communities and nations. The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed a great deal about our societies, our collective wellbeing, and how urgent the choices we make now are for our futures. There has been a great deal of discussion – formally and informally – about the value of the arts in our lives at this time. Rightly, it has been pointed out that during this profound disruption entertainment has been a lifeline for many, and this argument serves to re-enforce what the public (and governments) already know about audience behaviours and the economic value of the arts and entertainment sectors. Wesley Enoch stated in The Saturday Paper, “[m]etrics for success are already skewing from qualitative to quantitative. In coming years, this will continue unabated, with impact measured by numbers of eyeballs engaged in transitory exposure or mass distraction rather than deep connection, community development and risk” (2020, 7). This disconnect between the impact of arts and culture on individuals and communities, and what is measured, will continue without leadership from the sector that involves more diverse voices and perspectives. In undertaking this research for Australia Council for the Arts and Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture & Heritage, New Zealand, the agreed aims of this research are expressed as: 1. Significantly advance the understanding and approaches to design, development and implementation of assessment frameworks to gauge the value and impact of arts engagement with a focus on redefining evaluative practices to determine wellbeing, public value and social inclusion resulting from arts engagement in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand. 2. Develop comprehensive, contemporary, rigorous new language frameworks to account for a multiplicity of understandings related to the value and impact of arts and culture across diverse communities. 3. Conduct sector analysis around understandings of markers of impact and value of arts engagement to identify success factors for broad government, policy, professional practitioner and community engagement. This research develops innovative conceptual understandings that can be used to assess the value and impact of arts and cultural engagement. The discussion shows how interaction with arts and culture creates, supports and extends factors such as public value, wellbeing, and social inclusion. The intersection of previously published research, and interviews with key informants including artists, peak arts organisations, gallery or museum staff, community cultural development organisations, funders and researchers, illuminates the differing perceptions about public value. The report proffers opportunities to develop a new discourse about what the arts contribute, how the contribution can be described, and what opportunities exist to assist the arts sector to communicate outcomes of arts engagement in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand.
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Rhim, Hye Chang, Jason Schon, Sean Scholwalter, Connie Hsu, Michael Andrew, Sarah Oh, and Daniel Daneshvar. Anterior versus posterior steroid injection approach for adhesive capsulitis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.1.0080.
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Review question / Objective: Which steroid injection approach is more effective, anterior or posterior, for adhesive capsulitis? The purpose of this review will be to compare the efficacy of anterior versus posterior steroid injection approach in adhesive capsulitis. Condition being studied: Adhesive capsulitis, or frozen shoulder, is a painful restriction of the glenohumeral joint, thought to be caused by inflammation of the synovial lining capsule and contracture of the glenohumeral joint. It is characterized by progressive shoulder pain with gradual loss of both passive and active range of motion. It is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders treated by orthopedic surgeons with a prevalence of 25% in the general population, and risk factors include trauma, diabetes, stroke, and prolonged immobilization.
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Pu, Fenglan, Tianli Li, Yingqiao Wang, Chunmei Tang, Chen Shen, and Jianping Liu. Cordyceps preparations for preventing contrast-induced nephropathy: A protocol of systematic review of randomized controlled trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0098.
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Review question / Objective: To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of cordyceps preparations as a complementary preventive therapy for Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). Condition being studied: At present, contrast agents are widely used in diagnostic and interventional radiology examinations worldwide. However, they can affect kidney function and cause a risk of renal impairment. Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is defined as a rise in serum creatinine (SCr) levels by ≥ 25% of baseline or 44 µmol/l from the pre-contrast value within 72 h of intravascular administration of a contrast agent in the absence of an alternative etiology. The incidence of CIN varies widely among studies depending on study population and baseline risk factors, as for high-risk groups such as pre-existing renal insufficiency, diabetes, advanced age, or receiving nephrotoxic agents, the incidence is up to 30–50%. To date, CIN has been the third most common cause of hospital-acquired renal failure, after impaired renal perfusion and nephrotoxic medications, which can lead to longer hospital stay, increased costs and higher mortality.
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Li, Bin, Fei Wen, Hongru Chen, and Ri-Li Ge. A meta analysis of the prevalence rate of diabetic retinopathy. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0112.
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Review question / Objective: P: diabetic retinopathy; I:—; C:—; O: prevalecne rate; S:cross-sectional study. Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of diabetic retinopathy and to provide scientific basis for its prevention and control． Condition being studied: Diabetic retinopathy is one of the common microvascular complications in patients with diabetes mellitus, which ultimately seriously affects the vision of patients. It is the leading cause of blindness among young and middle-aged workers worldwide. It is one of the main causes of binocular blindness in elderly patients in western countries.Because of the high incidence, wide range, complex pathogenesis, serious consequences and poor treatment effect of DM and its DR,many countries have actively carried out epidemiological research on the population of DM patients in order to understand the incidence, distribution and related risk factors of DR, and to provide scientific basis for the formulation of targeted public prevention and control measures.
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Zhou, Yujun, Qing Wang, Lin Lv, Hongyan Zhang, Dongli She, Long Ge, and Lin Han. Predictors of pressure injury in patients with hip fracture: a meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.5.0028.
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Review question / Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictors of pressure injury in patients with hip fracture in order to provide a reference for clinical practice. Condition being studied: Hip fracture has become a major public health issue of common concern in both developed and developing countries. and its incidence is estimated to rise to 6.26 million by 2050. Hip fracture patients are prone to various complications during treatment and rehabilitation, and pressure injury (PI) is one of the common complications of hip fracture. Studies have reported that the incidence of pressure injury in patients with hip fracture is 3.4%-59.8%. In addition, pressure injury may occur at any time when patients with hip fracture are hospitalized, which not only greatly aggregates the pain of patients, but also increases the difficulty of treatment and nursing, and seriously threatens the safety of patients. Clarifying the influencing factors of pressure injury after hip fracture will help medical staff quickly identify high-risk patients and strengthen preventive measures. However, previous studies have only discussed the influence of individual factors on the occurrence of pressure injury in patients with hip fracture from the perspectives of diabetes and early surgery, and there is still a lack of systematic analysis on the influencing factors of pressure injury in patients with hip fracture.
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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust, and Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.
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Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.