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Journal articles on the topic 'Diabetes Pacific Area; Epidemiology'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Zamzuri, Mohd ’Ammar Ihsan Ahmad, Mohd Nazrin Jamhari, Haniff Mohd Nawi, Mohd Rohaizat Hassan, Nicholas Tze Ping Pang, Mohd Amiruddin Mohd Kassim, Syed Sharizman Syed Abdul Rahim, Mohammad Saffree Jeffree, and Shi Yun Lee. "Epidemiology of Neuromelioidosis in Asia-Pacific: A Systematic Review." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, F (September 4, 2021): 318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6688.

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Introduction: Neuromelioidosis is a rare complication of melioidosis caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, a Gram-negative bacterium commonly found in soil and surface water. Although cerebral involvement of melioidosis comprises only 4% of total complications, it significantly impacts mortality and morbidity. This study aims to perform a systematic review on various neurological complications of melioidosis in the Asia-Pacific region within the previous 5 years. Method: Systematic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science databases and Google Scholar on neuromelioidosis complications published from 2015-2019. Results: Central nervous system (CNS) complications comprise 5% of all cases of melioidosis. 16 selected articles were analysed based on its risk factors like diabetes mellitus, chronic renal and lung disease, alcohol abuse, and immunosuppression. Neuromelioidosis is detected 6-14 days after the first presentation and confirmed by detailed investigations. Radioimaging helps to differentiate neuromelioidosis from other diagnoses such as meningitis or brain abscess. The majority of literature recommended 2-week intensive Ceftazidime or Meropenem therapy, followed by 3–6 months Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole oral eradication therapy. Conclusion: Neuromelioidosis is rare, with relatively nonspecific CNS clinical features. Patients or travelers from endemic areas with risk factors should be treated cautiously. Radioimaging modalities aid early microbiological sampling and appropriate antibiotic therapy.
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Zakharova, Irina B. "ACTUAL ISSUES OF MODERN EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MELIOIDOSIS: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF IMPORTED CASES TO NON-ENDEMIC REGIONS." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) 23, no. 3 (June 15, 2018): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9529-2018-23-3-126-133.

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Introduction. Melioidosis is a severe infection disease with the high mortality rate due to saprophytic bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. For the time present, the area of the distribution of the pathogen is much wider than in the case of the traditionally endemic Southeast Asia and Northern Australia and covers the humid tropics and subtropics of all continents. Methods. The search for data and analysis of disease cases in non-endemic areas for the period from 2003 to April 2017. Results. Over the past 15 years, 120 cases of melioidosis in non-endemic countries were described, that is 5,5 times higher than in the same previous period. There is no direct dependence of infection probability on the age and risk factors, but the presence of diabetes or chronic diseases doubles the risk of a fatal outcome of melioidosis. Southeast Asia still prevails as the origin of infection (62.5% of cases), however, the number of imported cases of melioidosis from Mexico, the Caribbean, South America, East Africa, Madagascar, China and the Pacific region begins to increase.
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Zakharova, Irina B. "ACTUAL ISSUES OF MODERN EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MELIOIDOSIS: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF IMPORTED CASES TO NON-ENDEMIC REGIONS." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) 23, no. 3 (June 15, 2018): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9529-2019-23-3-126-133.

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Introduction. Melioidosis is a severe infection disease with the high mortality rate due to saprophytic bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. For the time present, the area of the distribution of the pathogen is much wider than in the case of the traditionally endemic Southeast Asia and Northern Australia and covers the humid tropics and subtropics of all continents. Methods. The search for data and analysis of disease cases in non-endemic areas for the period from 2003 to April 2017. Results. Over the past 15 years, 120 cases of melioidosis in non-endemic countries were described, that is 5,5 times higher than in the same previous period. There is no direct dependence of infection probability on the age and risk factors, but the presence of diabetes or chronic diseases doubles the risk of a fatal outcome of melioidosis. Southeast Asia still prevails as the origin of infection (62.5% of cases), however, the number of imported cases of melioidosis from Mexico, the Caribbean, South America, East Africa, Madagascar, China and the Pacific region begins to increase.
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Tafuna'i, Malama, Robin Turner, Ben Matalavea, David Voss, Lose Hazelman, Rosalina Richards, and Robert Walker. "Results of a community-based screening programme for chronic kidney disease and associated risk factors, (obesity, diabetes and hypertension) in a Samoan cohort." BMJ Open 12, no. 4 (April 2022): e056889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056889.

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ObjectivesIn 2019, under the World Kidney Day theme of ‘Kidney health for everyone everywhere’, the National Kidney Foundation of Samoa undertook an extensive community screening campaign to detect the estimated prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its associated risk factors in the community.SettingFifteen screening sites, with 11 urban and rural sites on the main island of Upolu, and 4 in different rural areas on the island of Savaii.ParticipantsAll participants were self-referrals to the various screening sites. In total, 1163 Samoans were screened, with similar numbers from both urban and rural areas and similar numbers of female and male.Screening activitiesAll participants were screened for CKD using point of care serum creatinine determinations, with calculation of estimated glomerular filtration rate using the CKD-EPI formula and dipstix urinalysis. A standardised screening survey was used to capture demographic and medical history with associated risk factors of obesity, diabetes, using point of care determination of HbA1c and hypertension. Logistic regression was used to investigate the association of CKD with risk factors.ResultsIn total, 1163 people were screened for CKD within the month of March 2019. The prevalance of CKD (grades 1–5) was 44.5% (95% CI 41.6% to 47.4) with individual grade prevalence CKD 1: 3.7%, CKD 2: 6.1%, CKD 3: 30.7%, CKD 4: 2.9% and CKD 5: 1.0%. The prevalence of obesity (body mass index ≥32), diabetes and hypertension was 66.3%, 30.8% and 54.3%, respectively.ConclusionsThis is the first paper to report the estimated prevalence of CKD in Samoa or any other Pacific Island nation. It reveals an urgent need for further studies on the epidemiology of CKD in Samoa, to develop country-specific prevention strategies to mitigate this growing burden and prevent subsequent CKD associated complications including development of kidney failure and premature death.
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Floris, Matteo, Nicola Lepori, Andrea Angioi, Gianfranca Cabiddu, Doloretta Piras, Valentina Loi, Sundararaman Swaminathan, Mitchell H. Rosner, and Antonello Pani. "Chronic Kidney Disease of Undetermined Etiology around the World." Kidney and Blood Pressure Research 46, no. 2 (2021): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000513014.

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<b><i>Background:</i></b> Epidemics of chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) are occurring on the Pacific coast of Central America, in Sri Lankan and Indian agricultural communities, and in other hotspots around the world. CKDu primarily affects male agricultural workers, and traditional risk factors such as diabetes and hypertension are not involved in the pathogenesis. Although a causal factor has not yet been identified, culprits include repeated volume depletion-induced kidney injury, as well as exposure to agrichemicals, heavy metals and nephrotoxins contained in drugs, beverages, and traditional medications. Multiple risk factors may interact in a synergistic fashion thus resulting in chronic kidney damage. The absence of undefined protective factors may amplify the risk. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> This review focuses on the current understanding of CKDu by analyzing epidemiology, potential risk factors, and clinical and pathological features as well as geographical peculiarities of each disease. We also focus our attention on the etiology of these conditions in which multiple factors may synergistically contribute to the development and progression of the disease. The last part of the manuscript is dedicated to the research agenda and practical recommendations. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> Since renal replacement therapy is not extensively available in areas where CKDu is widespread, prevention by avoiding all known potential risk factors is crucial. Innovative healthcare solutions and social policies in endemic areas along with collaborative clinical research projects are needed to better identify factors involved in disease promotion and progression.
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Lantion-Ang, Lina C. "Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in Western Pacific region: focus on Philippines." Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 50 (October 2000): S29—S34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8227(00)00176-5.

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Balogun, A. O., R. Armijos, M. Weigel, W. Cevallos, X. Sanchez, E. Puebla, and R. Rodriguez. "Epidemiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in an Endemic Pacific Coastal Rainforest Area of Ecuador." Annals of Global Health 83, no. 1 (April 7, 2017): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2017.03.133.

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Matsuura, Nobuo, Kwang Wook Ko, Yong Soo Park, and Robert Elliott. "Molecular epidemiology of IDDM in the Western Pacific Rim Region." Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 34 (October 1996): S117—S123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8227(96)90018-2.

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Austin, Melissa A., Elena Kuo, Stephen K. Van Den Eeden, Margaret T. Mandelson, Teresa A. Brentnall, Aruna Kamineni, and John D. Potter. "Family History of Diabetes and Pancreatic Cancer as Risk Factors for Pancreatic Cancer: The PACIFIC Study." Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 22, no. 10 (August 21, 2013): 1913–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0518.

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Zimmet, Paul, Gary Dowse, Caroline Finch, Sue Serjeantson, and Hilary King. "The epidemiology and natural history of niddm-lessons from the South Pacific." Diabetes / Metabolism Reviews 6, no. 2 (March 1990): 91–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dmr.5610060203.

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Williams, Andrew D., Katherine L. Grantz, Cuilin Zhang, Carrie Nobles, Seth Sherman, and Pauline Mendola. "Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Are Asian/Pacific Islander Women at Greater Risk?" American Journal of Epidemiology 188, no. 2 (November 19, 2018): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwy256.

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12

Porterfield, Deborah S., Laurie Hinnant, David M. Stevens, and Ernest Moy. "The Diabetes Primary Prevention Initiative Interventions Focus Area." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 39, no. 3 (September 2010): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.05.005.

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Wang, S. L., W. L. Chou, C. C. Wang, and C. J. Chen. "CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE PROFILE AND ITS RELATION TO DIABETES IN ARSENIASIS-ENDEMIC AREA IN SOUTHWESTERN TAIWAN." Epidemiology 14, Supplement (September 2003): S77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200309001-00176.

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14

Schober, E. "Small area variation in childhood diabetes mellitus in Austria: links to population density, 1989 to 1999." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 56, no. 3 (March 2003): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0895-4356(02)00607-8.

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Ashtari, Sara, Mohamad Amin Pourhoseingholi, Kamran Rostami, Mohammad Rostami-Nejad, Luca Busani, Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani, and Mohammad Reza Zali. "Prevalence of gluten-related disorders in Asia-Pacific region: a systematic review." Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases 28, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.281.sys.

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Background & Aims: The epidemiology of gluten-related disorders (GRDs) is still an open field to be explored. We conducted this systematic review based on the current epidemiology knowledge of GRDs, focusing on the changing prevalence of GRDs reported in the Asia-Pacific region.Methods: We searched Medline, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane database with the following MeSH terms and keywords: celiac disease (CD), wheat allergy (WA), non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and gluten ataxia (GA) and the prevalence studies published from January 1991 to January 2018. Each article was cross-referenced with “Asia-Pacific region” and countries in this regionsuch as Australia, New Zealand, India, Pakistan, Turkey, Iran and others.Results: We included 66 studies, which reported the prevalence of GRDs in the Asia-Pacific region. Prevalence of celiac disease was 0.32%-1.41% in healthy children and 0.05%-1.22% in the adult population, while the prevalence in the high risk population was higher (0.6%-11.8%). Previous studies have shown a very low incidence of dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) (<0.001%) and gluten ataxia (GA) in this area. Few studies on NCGS outbreaks have been found in this area due to the lack of specific diagnostic biomarkers. Wheat allergy (WA), although uncommon in most Asian-Pacific countries, is the most common cause of anaphylaxis in this region.Conclusion: The results of this systematic review suggest the need to plan further proper epidemiological studies in order to understand the natural history of GRDs and to assess its burden on health systems.
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Dijkema, Marieke, Sanne Mallant, Rob van Strien, Ulrike Gehring, Paul Fischer, Katja van den Hurk, Marjan Alssema, et al. "Long-Term Traffic Related Air Pollution and Diabetes Prevalence in a Semi-Rural Area in the Netherlands." Epidemiology 20 (November 2009): S42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000362304.68787.5c.

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Williams, A. D., S. Ha, E. Shenassa, L. Messer, J. Kanner, and P. Mendola. "Joint Effects of Ethnic Enclave Residence and Air Pollution Exposure on Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Among Asian/Pacific Islander Women in the United States." Annals of Epidemiology 52 (December 2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.08.031.

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Eng, Tan Chee. "S34-4 Emerging Risk of Diabetes Mellitus for CVD in the Asia-Pacific Region." CVD Prevention and Control 4 (May 2009): S47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1875-4570(09)60172-8.

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Mizuta, Katsumi, Yoko Aoki, Yohei Matoba, Kazue Yahagi, Tsutomu Itagaki, Fumio Katsushima, Yuriko Katsushima, Sueshi Ito, Seiji Hongo, and Yoko Matsuzaki. "Molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 strains isolated from children in Yamagata, Japan, between 1990 and 2013." Journal of Medical Microbiology 63, no. 10 (October 1, 2014): 1356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.079699-0.

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Enterovirus 71 infections have become a major public issue in the Asia-Pacific region due to the large number of fatal cases. To clarify the longitudinal molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 (EV71) in a community, we isolated 240 strains from children, mainly with hand-foot-and-mouth diseases, between 1990 and 2013 in Yamagata, Japan. We carried out a sequence analysis of the VP1 region (891 bp) using 223 isolates and identified six subgenogroups (B2, B4, B5, C1, C2 and C4) during the study period. Subgenogroups C1 and B2 were found only between 1990 and 1993 and have not reappeared since. In contrast, strains in subgenogroups C2, C4 and B5 appeared repeatedly with genomic variations. Recent reports from several local communities in Japan have suggested that identical predominant subgenogroup strains, which have also been found in the Asia-Pacific region, have been circulating in a wide area in Japan. However, it is likely that there is a discrepancy between the major subgenogroups circulating in the Asia-Pacific region and those in Europe. It is necessary to continue the analysis of the longitudinal epidemiology of EV71 in local communities, as well as on regional and global levels, to develop strategies against severe EV71 infections.
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Ila, Rhoda K., Venkat N. Vangaveti, and Usman H. Malabu. "High rate of diabetes in the Asia-Pacific Island: Possible role of rapid urbanization – A hospital based study." South East Asia Journal of Public Health 6, no. 2 (April 22, 2017): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v6i2.31835.

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Asia-Pacific countries are experiencing lifestyle-related non-communicable disease crises. Kimbe, one of Papua New Guinea’s provincial capitals is noted as the fastest growing city in the South Pacific subcontinent yet its impact on diabetes mellitus (DM) is not known. To determine pattern of newly diagnosed DM, we conducted a retrospective review of Kimbe General Hospital medical admissions from January 2009 to December 2012. 125 patients were diagnosed with diabetes with male: female ratio of 1.1: 1. Overall, number of patients diagnosed with DM at the hospital increased rapidly from 16 in 2009 to 49 in 2012; p <0.05. Majority of the patients were of young population aged <50 years representing 72 % of the cohort and predominantly of coastal province of origin. Almost 3/4th of the study population was based in Kimbe town and its suburb with only 32 subjects (25.6%) identified as rural residents; p<0.05. This study suggests that subjects living in Asia-Pacific area of rapid urbanization are at higher risk of diabetes compared to residents of rural areas. It highlights the need for adequate health planning and education as part of urbanization program in the DM-prone Asia-Pacific population. Further prospective studies are needed to verify our findings.South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.6(2) 2016: 48-52
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Abdalla, Eltagi A. M., and Ragda F. Ahmed. "Epidemiology of diabetes among adults in Jabra area ''block 14’’ in Khartoum state – Sudan: community based study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 6 (May 22, 2017): 1863. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20172146.

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Background: Diabetes mellitus is a major public health problem, affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of and to identify the possible risk factors associated with diabetes among the study population.Methods: A descriptive cross sectional community based study was carried out among 236 adults residing in Jabra area in Khartoum State in Sudan. Data were collected used pre tested structured questionnaire, and validated in a pilot study. The questionnaire included; socio-demographic data and possible risk factor such as (stress, physical exercise, history of pancreatic, history of renal problems and obesity). Anthropometric measurement included weight and height for BMI and laboratory data included random blood glucose (RBG) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG).Results: The present study showed, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among adults in Jabra area was 18.6%. There was no significant sex difference in the prevalence rate. The results showed there was statistical association between diabetes positivity and marital status, age groups, educational level and family income p-values =(0.0002, 0.0004, 0.0005 and 0.0053) respectively. The multivariate analysis indicated family history of diabetes, obesity, physical activity, renal problems and pancreatic diseases were other risk factors associated with diabetes mellitus positivity OR =(2.19 (95% CI 1.10 - 4.34, p =0.027), 3.11 (95% CI 1.13 – 8.56, p =0.0278), 0.28 (95% CI 0.11 - 0.75, p =0.0113), 7.42 (95% CI 2.00- 27.57, p =0.0028) and 12.18 (95% CI 2.28 - 65.1, p =0.0035) respectively.Conclusions: The study found a higher prevalence of diabetes among study population. Risk factors showed a significant relation with higher fasting blood glucose.
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Chepulis, Lynne, Brittany Morison, Rawiri Keenan, Ryan Paul, Chunhuan Lao, and Ross Lawrenson. "The epidemiology of diabetes in the Waikato region: an analysis of primary care data." Journal of Primary Health Care 13, no. 1 (2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc20067.

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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONDiabetes mellitus is common in primary care, yet little has been reported of its primary care prevalence or the clinical characteristics of patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). AIMTo determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and clinical characteristics of diabetes patients in primary care in the Waikato region. METHODSPrimary care data were extracted from the electronic records of 15 general practices for patients aged &gt;20 years with current diabetes mellitus at 20 June 2017. Diabetes mellitus was defined as having a glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) of ≥50mmol/mol (6.7%) or having being dispensed two or more anti-diabetic medications in the previous 12 months. Additional data collected included patients’ ethnicity, age, sex and years since diagnosis. RESULTSThe overall prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 5.7% and was higher for Māori (8.6%), Asian (7.0%) and Pacific peoples (9.1%) than Europeans (5.0%; all P&lt;0.001). For patients with T2DM for whom current diabetes annual review data were available (n=2227) the mean body mass index (BMI) was 32.8±0.2kg/m2, but BMI was higher in Māori, younger patients, females and patients diagnosed &lt;2 years previously (all P&lt;0.001). Similarly, HbA1c levels were highest in Māori and younger patients (both P&lt;0.001), with 40% of patients overall having a HbA1c of ≤53mmol/mol (7.0%). Approximately 70% of all patients had at least one measure of hypertension (systolic ≥130 or diastolic ≥80mmHg), or dyslipidaemia. More than 85% of patients had completed a recent retinal screen and foot check. DISCUSSIONWe found that management of T2DM was suboptimal, with measures for many patients not meeting clinical targets. Support should be provided to improve weight and glycaemic management, particularly for Māori, females and younger patients.
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Feltbower, Richard G., Samuel O. M. Manda, Mark S. Gilthorpe, Mel F. Greaves, Roger C. Parslow, Sally E. Kinsey, H. Jonathan Bodansky, and Patricia A. McKinney. "Detecting Small-Area Similarities in the Epidemiology of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1: A Bayesian Approach." American Journal of Epidemiology 161, no. 12 (June 15, 2005): 1168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi146.

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Carlé, Allan, Peter Laurberg, Inge Bülow Pedersen, Nils Knudsen, Hans Perrild, Lars Ovesen, Lone Banke Rasmussen, and Torben Jorgensen. "Epidemiology of subtypes of hypothyroidism in Denmark." European Journal of Endocrinology 154, no. 1 (January 2006): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.02068.

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Objective: Studies of hypothyroidism are often based on referred patients, and limited information is available on the incidence rates of subtypes of hypothyroidism in the general population. We therefore studied incidences of subtypes of primary, overt hypothyroidism in a Danish population cohort and compared incidences in two subcohorts with different levels of iodine intake. Design: A prospective population-based study, monitoring a well-defined cohort representative of the Danish population. Methods: The Danish Investigation of Iodine Intake and Thyroid Diseases registry of hyper- and hypothyroidism was established as part of the monitoring of the iodine fortification of salt in Denmark. A computer-based system linked to laboratory databases identified all patients diagnosed with new, biochemically overt hypothyroidism in populations living in Aalborg (moderate iodine deficiency, n = 311 102) and Copenhagen (mild iodine deficiency, n = 227 632). We subsequently evaluated all identified patients to verify incident thyroid disease, and subclassified hypothyroidism into nosological types. Results: During a 4-year period (2 027 208 person-years) 685 new cases of overt hypothyroidism were diagnosed in the cohort; the incidence rate was 32.8 per 100 000 person-years (standardised to the Danish population). Nosological types of hypothyroidism were: spontaneous (presumably autoimmune) 84.4%, post-partum 4.7%, amiodarone-associated 4.0%, subacute thyroiditis 1.8%, previous radiation or surgery 1.8%, congenital 1.6% and lithium-associated 1.6%. Crude incidence rates were 29.0 around Aalborg and 40.6 in an area of Copenhagen. The higher incidence rate of hypothyroidism in the area with higher iodine intake was caused solely by more cases of spontaneous (presumably autoimmune) hypothyroidism, whereas the incidence of non-spontaneous hypothyroidism (all types combined) was significantly lower in the area with higher iodine intake. Conclusion: In a population-based study we observed a higher incidence of hypothyroidism with higher iodine intake. This was due solely to the entity of spontaneous hypothyroidism. The occurrence of overt hypothyroidism was relatively low in Denmark.
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Richiardi, Lorenzo, Corrado Magnani, Graziella Bruno, Milena M. Maule, Franco Merletti, and Guido Pastore. "RE: “DETECTING SMALL-AREA SIMILARITIES IN THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHILDHOOD ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA AND DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1: A BAYESIAN APPROACH”." American Journal of Epidemiology 162, no. 11 (October 12, 2005): 1132–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi333.

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Cleary, S. D., H. Nsouli, and G. Puckrein. "Disparities in Diabetes Preventive Care in the District of Columbia: Using Small Area Analysis to Inform Local Health Policy and Planning." Annals of Epidemiology 19, no. 9 (September 2009): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.07.020.

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Truong, Thérèse, Laurent Orsi, Dominique Dubourdieu, Yannick Rougier, Denis Hémon, and Pascal Guénel. "Role of Goiter and of Menstrual and Reproductive Factors in Thyroid Cancer: A Population-based Case-Control Study in New Caledonia (South Pacific), a Very High Incidence Area." American Journal of Epidemiology 161, no. 11 (June 1, 2005): 1056–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi136.

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James, Steven, Jayanthi Maniam, Pik-To Cheung, Tatsuhiko Urakami, Julia von Oettingen, Supawadee Likitmaskul, and Graham Ogle. "Epidemiology and phenotypes of diabetes in children and adolescents in non-European-origin populations in or from Western Pacific region." World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics 11, no. 2 (March 9, 2022): 173–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v11.i2.173.

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Adelborg, Kasper, Péter Szentkúti, Jan Erik Henriksen, Reimar Wernich Thomsen, Lars Pedersen, Jens Sundbøll, Henrik Toft Sørensen, Ole Hother-Nielsen, and Henning Beck-Nielsen. "Cohort profile: the Funen Diabetes Database—a population-based cohort of patients with diabetes in Denmark." BMJ Open 10, no. 4 (April 2020): e035492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035492.

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PurposeDetailed population-based data are essential to understanding the epidemiology of diabetes and its clinical course. This article describes the Funen Diabetes Database (FDDB). The purpose of the FDDB was to serve as a shared electronic medical record system for healthcare professionals treating patients with diabetes. The cohort can also be used for research.ParticipantsThe FDDB covers a geographical area of almost 500 000 Danish inhabitants. It currently includes 3691 patients with type 1 diabetes, 19 085 patients with type 2 diabetes, 292 patients with other types of diabetes and 5992 patients with an unknown type of diabetes. Patients have been continuously enrolled from general practitioners and endocrinology departments in the Funen area in Denmark since 2003. Patients undergo a clinical work-up at their first diabetes contact and during follow-up visits. The information collected includes type of diabetes contact, blood pressure, height, weight, lifestyle factors (smoking, exercise), laboratory records (eg, haemoglobin A1c and cholesterol levels), results from foot examinations (eg, pulse, cutaneous sensitivity and ankle brachial index), results from eye examinations (eg, degree of retinopathy assessed by retinal photo and eye examination), glucose-lowering drugs and diabetic complications.Findings to dateThe FDDB cohort was followed for a total of 212 234 person-years up to 2016. A cross-sectional study described the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and its associated risk factors. The clinical outcomes of patients with type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults have been assessed. Linkage to population-based medical registries with complete follow-up has enabled the collection of extensive continuous data on general practice contacts, diagnoses and procedures from hospital contacts, medication use and mortality.Future plansThe FDDB serves as a strong data resource that will be used in future studies of diabetes epidemiology with focus on occurrence, risk factors, treatment, complications and prognosis.
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Mithal, Ambrish, Beena Bansal, CareyS Kyer, and Peter Ebeling. "The Asia-Pacific Regional Audit-Epidemiology, Costs, and Burden of Osteoporosis in India 2013: A Report of International Osteoporosis Foundation." Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 18, no. 4 (2014): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.137485.

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Diniz-Lima, Israel, Leonardo Marques da Fonseca, Elias Barbosa da Silva-Junior, Joyce Cristina Guimarães-de-Oliveira, Leonardo Freire-de-Lima, Danielle Oliveira Nascimento, Alexandre Morrot, et al. "Cryptococcus: History, Epidemiology and Immune Evasion." Applied Sciences 12, no. 14 (July 13, 2022): 7086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12147086.

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Cryptococcosis is a disease caused by the pathogenic fungi Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, both environmental fungi that cause severe pneumonia and may even lead to cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Although C. neoformans affects more fragile individuals, such as immunocompromised hosts through opportunistic infections, C. gattii causes a serious indiscriminate primary infection in immunocompetent individuals. Typically seen in tropical and subtropical environments, C. gattii has increased its endemic area over recent years, largely due to climatic factors that favor contagion in warmer climates. It is important to point out that not only C. gattii, but the Cryptococcus species complex produces a polysaccharidic capsule with immunomodulatory properties, enabling the pathogenic species of Cryptococccus to subvert the host immune response during the establishment of cryptococcosis, facilitating its dissemination in the infected organism. C. gattii causes a more severe and difficult-to-treat infection, with few antifungals eliciting an effective response during chronic treatment. Much of the immunopathology of this cryptococcosis is still poorly understood, with most studies focusing on cryptococcosis caused by the species C. neoformans. C. gattii became more important in the epidemiological scenario with the outbreaks in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, which resulted in phylogenetic studies of the virulent variant responsible for the severe infection in the region. Since then, the study of cryptococcosis caused by C. gattii has helped researchers understand the immunopathological aspects of different variants of this pathogen.
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Inoue, Kosuke, Elizabeth R. Mayeda, Kimberly C. Paul, I.-Fan Shih, Qi Yan, Yu Yu, Mary Haan, and Beate R. Ritz. "Mediation of the Associations of Physical Activity With Cardiovascular Events and Mortality by Diabetes in Older Mexican Americans." American Journal of Epidemiology 189, no. 10 (May 8, 2020): 1124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa068.

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Abstract Low physical activity (PA) among older adults increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality through metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. We aimed to elucidate the extent to which diabetes mediates the effect of nonoccupational PA levels on CVD and mortality among older Mexican Americans. This study included 1,676 adults from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging (1998–2007). We employed Cox proportional hazards regression models to investigate associations of PA level with all-cause mortality, fatal CVD, and nonfatal CVD events. Utilizing causal mediation analysis within a counterfactual framework, we decomposed the total effect of PA into natural indirect and direct effects. Over a median of 8 years of follow-up, low PA (&lt;25th percentile) was associated with increased risks of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 1.75), fatal CVD (HR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.42, 2.97), and nonfatal CVD events (HR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.37) in comparison with high PA (&gt;75th percentile). Diabetes mediated 11.0%, 7.4%, and 5.2% of the total effect of PA on all-cause mortality, fatal CVD, and nonfatal CVD events, respectively. Our findings indicate that public health interventions targeting diabetes prevention and management would be a worthwhile strategy for preventing CVD and mortality among older Mexican Americans with insufficient PA levels.
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Chu, Nain-Feng, May Meei-Shyuan Lee, Dan-Jiang Wang, Li-Mei Chen, and Shyh-Ming Shieh. "The reappraisal of the association of glycosylated hemoglobin Alc (HbAlc) and blood pressure: A hypertension and diabetes study in a Taiwan rural area." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 46, no. 2 (February 1993): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(93)90055-6.

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Ranta, J., and A. Penttinen. "Probabilistic small area risk assessment using GIS-based data: a case study on Finnish childhood diabetes." Statistics in Medicine 19, no. 17-18 (2000): 2345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0258(20000915/30)19:17/18<2345::aid-sim574>3.0.co;2-g.

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Jones, Ronald N., Christopher M. Rubino, Sujata M. Bhavnani, and Paul G. Ambrose. "Worldwide Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns and Pharmacodynamic Comparisons of Gatifloxacin and Levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae: Report from the Antimicrobial Resistance Rate Epidemiology Study Team." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 1 (January 2003): 292–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.1.292-296.2003.

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ABSTRACT The use of fluoroquinolones for the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infection is increasing. Since for Streptococcus pneumoniae a ratio of the 24-h area under the concentration-time curve (AUC24) for the agent to the MIC (AUC24/MIC) greater than 30 for the fraction of unbound drug (fu ) is the major pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) parameter correlating with bacterial eradication by fluoroquinolones in nonclinical models of infection and in infected patients, the Antimicrobial Resistance Rate Epidemiology Study Team systematically compared the in vitro susceptibility patterns and estimated the probability of attainment of the PK-PD target ratios for gatifloxacin and levofloxacin against pneumococci worldwide. Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate the probability that gatifloxacin or levofloxacin would achieve an fu AUC24/MIC ratio of 30 or greater. A total of 10,978 S. pneumoniae isolates collected from 1997 to 2000, each indexed by site of infection and geographic region (North America, Latin America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific), were used to estimate the probability mass functions of the microbiological activities for each region considered in the analysis. fu AUC24 probability distribution functions were estimated by using data that were part of each product's submission accepted by the Food and Drug Administration. A 10,000-patient simulation was performed for each drug-organism-region combination. The percentages of strains susceptible to each drug by region were as follows: for gatifloxacin, North America, 99.6%; Latin America, 99.8%; Europe, 99.9%; and Asia-Pacific, 99.2%; for levofloxacin, North America, 99.6%; Latin America, 99.8%; Europe, 99.8%; and Asia-Pacific, 99.1%. The MIC at which 50% of isolates are inhibited (MIC50) and the MIC90 of each drug by region were as follows: for gatifloxacin, North America, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/liter, respectively; Latin America, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/liter, respectively; Europe, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/liter, respectively; and Asia-Pacific, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/liter, respectively; for levofloxacin, North America, 1 and 2 mg/liter, respectively; Latin America, 1 and 2 mg/liter, respectively; Europe, 1 and 1 mg/liter, respectively; and Asia-Pacific, 1 and 1 mg/liter, respectively. The probabilities of attaining an fu AUC24/MIC ratio greater than 30 for each drug by region were as follows: for gatifloxacin, North America, 97.6%; Latin America, 98.3%; Europe, 99.1%; and Asia-Pacific, 98.8%; for levofloxacin, North America, 78.9%; Latin America, 84.1%; Europe, 87.1%; and Asia-Pacific, 86.5%. These results for a very large collection of recent clinical strains demonstrate that, globally, gatifloxacin is two- to fourfold more active than levofloxacin against S. pneumoniae and that gatifloxacin has an overall 14.3% higher probability of achieving clinically important PK-PD target ratios than levofloxacin.
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Mamiya, Hiroshi, Alexandra M. Schmidt, Erica E. M. Moodie, Yu Ma, and David L. Buckeridge. "An Area-Level Indicator of Latent Soda Demand: Spatial Statistical Modeling of Grocery Store Transaction Data to Characterize the Nutritional Landscape in Montreal, Canada." American Journal of Epidemiology 188, no. 9 (May 7, 2019): 1713–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz115.

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AbstractMeasurement of neighborhood dietary patterns at high spatial resolution allows public health agencies to identify and monitor communities with an elevated risk of nutrition-related chronic diseases. Currently, data on diet are obtained primarily through nutrition surveys, which produce measurements at low spatial resolutions. The availability of store-level grocery transaction data provides an opportunity to refine the measurement of neighborhood dietary patterns. We used these data to develop an indicator of area-level latent demand for soda in the Census Metropolitan Area of Montreal in 2012 by applying a hierarchical Bayesian spatial model to data on soda sales from 1,097 chain retail food outlets. The utility of the indicator of latent soda demand was evaluated by assessing its association with the neighborhood relative risk of prevalent type 2 diabetes mellitus. The indicator improved the fit of the disease-mapping model (deviance information criterion: 2,140 with the indicator and 2,148 without) and enables a novel approach to nutrition surveillance.
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Hansen, E. M., A. Kanaskie, S. Prospero, M. McWilliams, E. M. Goheen, N. Osterbauer, P. Reeser, and W. Sutton. "Epidemiology of Phytophthora ramorum in Oregon tanoak forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 5 (May 2008): 1133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-217.

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We followed the local intensification and dispersal of Phytophthora ramorum Werres, De Cock, & Man In’t Veld in Oregon tanoak ( Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook & Arn.) Rehd.) forests from its initial detection in 2001 through 2006, coincident with a continuing eradication effort. The initial infested area included nine scattered sites below 400 m elevation, close to the Pacific Ocean near Brookings, Oregon. In subsequent years, one-half of new infections were within 122 m of a previous infection, and 79% of the newly detected trees occurred within 300 m of a previously identified tree. Dispersal up to 4 km was occasionally recorded. Initial infection occurred in the upper crowns of tanoak trees. The pathogen was recovered in rainwater collected beneath diseased tanoak trees in every month from November 2006 through October 2007. Twenty-four multilocus microsatellite genotypes were identified among 272 P. ramorum isolates collected from Curry County. Genotypic analysis provided independent estimates of time of origin of the Oregon infestation, its clustered distribution, and dispersal distances. In all sampling years, 60%–71% of the isolates belonged to the same multilocus genotype. In 2001, 12 genotypes were detected and new genotypes were identified in each of the subsequent years, but all isolates belonged to the same clonal lineage. Knowledge of local intensification of the disease and long-distance dispersal should inform both Oregon eradication efforts and national quarantine regulations.
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Garrido, Carlos O. "Abstract B099: Localized implicit and explicit forms of anti-gay prejudice and area-specific chronic disease prevalence." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 32, no. 1_Supplement (January 1, 2023): B099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp22-b099.

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Abstract Objectives. Ample evidence suggests that prejudice detrimentally affects individual-level health status, but little is known about associations between anti-gay/lesbian prejudice and prevalence for stress-modulated chronic diseases. Moreover, research examining implicit or “automatic” and explicit or “overt” prejudice in relation to the health status of sexual minorities and non-minorities remain scant. Thus, I examined the influence of dual forms of prejudice on chronic disease disparities among gay male and lesbians in relation to straight-identifying individuals. Methods. Using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey responses collected in 2020 and localized measures of anti-gay prejudice from an online forum, I examined the association between geographic area-specific levels of implicit and explicit anti-gay/lesbian prejudice and prevalence for the following stress-modulated chronic conditions: heart disease, diabetes, stroke, and cancer. The sample included gay/lesbian and straight male and female adults living in 28 U.S. states. Results. Relative to areas with low prejudice, residents living in areas high in prejudice (both forms) reported higher prevalence for diabetes and COPD among sexual minorities. Both forms of prejudice predicted greater number of reported days of poor physical and mental health for gay male and lesbian residents. Among heterosexual residents, implicit prejudice predicted greater prevalence for all diseases and explicit prejudice predicted prevalence for all diseases but cancer. Conclusions. Findings show that both forms of anti-gay prejudice predict chronic disease diagnoses for gay/lesbian and straight residents. Theoretical insight using the minority-stress model and practical implications are discussed. Citation Format: Carlos O. Garrido. Localized implicit and explicit forms of anti-gay prejudice and area-specific chronic disease prevalence [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B099.
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Kumar, Arun, Manohar Bhatia, Pawan Goel, and Ram Jain. "Diabetes in Tribes of India: A literature review." Journal of Social Health and Diabetes 04, no. 01 (June 2016): 041–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2321-0656.164795.

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AbstractDiabetes mellitus (DM), commonly regarded as a lifestyle disease, used to be a disease of affluent societies in the days of yore. However, now it has encroached into the rural and tribal communities as well. This narrative review provides us with an understanding of the epidemiology of diabetes burden in tribes of India. Around 15% of the country′s area is covered by tribals and it constitutes ~8.6% (i. e., ~104 million) of India′s total population. Prevalence of diabetes in tribal areas ranges from around 1% to 10%. Hence, intensive efforts directed towards filling the gaps in awareness levels and the operational research or other data gaps would help prevent and control the problem of diabetes and fill these gaps in tribal areas.
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Townsend, Tarlise, David Kline, Ariadne Rivera-Aguirre, Amanda M. Bunting, Pia M. Mauro, Brandon D. L. Marshall, Silvia S. Martins, and Magdalena Cerdá. "Racial/Ethnic and Geographic Trends in Combined Stimulant/Opioid Overdoses, 2007–2019." American Journal of Epidemiology 191, no. 4 (February 8, 2022): 599–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwab290.

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Abstract In the United States, combined stimulant/opioid overdose mortality has risen dramatically over the last decade. These increases may particularly affect non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic populations. We used death certificate data from the US National Center for Health Statistics (2007–2019) to compare state-level trends in overdose mortality due to opioids in combination with 1) cocaine and 2) methamphetamine and other stimulants (MOS) across racial/ethnic groups (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic Asian American/Pacific Islander). To avoid unstable estimates from small samples, we employed principles of small area estimation and a Bayesian hierarchical model, enabling information-sharing across groups. Black Americans experienced severe and worsening mortality due to opioids in combination with both cocaine and MOS, particularly in eastern states. Cocaine/opioid mortality increased 575% among Black people versus 184% in White people (Black, 0.60 to 4.05 per 100,000; White, 0.49 to 1.39 per 100,000). MOS/opioid mortality rose 16,200% in Black people versus 3,200% in White people (Black, 0.01 to 1.63 per 100,000; White, 0.09 to 2.97 per 100,000). Cocaine/opioid overdose mortality rose sharply among Hispanic and Asian Americans. State-group heterogeneity highlighted the importance of data disaggregation and methods to address small sample sizes. Research to understand the drivers of these trends and expanded efforts to address them are needed, particularly in minoritized groups.
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Blair, Christopher, Angela Firtko, Peter Thomas, Longting Lin, Megan Miller, Lisa Tran, Leon Edwards, Sonu Bhaskar, Mark Parsons, and Dennis J. Cordato. "A Multicentre Study Comparing Cerebrovascular Disease Profiles in Pacific Islander and Caucasian Populations Presenting with Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack." Neuroepidemiology 56, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000520058.

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Introduction: In a multicentre study, we contrasted cerebrovascular disease profiles in Pacific Island (PI)-born patients (Indigenous Polynesian [IP] or Indo-Fijian [IF]) presenting with transient ischaemic attack (TIA), ischaemic stroke (IS) or intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) with those of Caucasians (CSs). Methods: Using a retrospective case-control design, we compared PI-born patients with age- and gender-matched CS controls. Consecutive patients were admitted to 3 centres in South Western Sydney (July 2013–June 2020). Demographic and clinical data studied included vascular risk factors, stroke subtypes, and imaging characteristics. Results: There were 340 CS, 183 (27%) IP, and 157 (23%) IF patients; mean age 65 years; and 302 (44.4%) female. Of these, 587 and patients presented with TIA/IS and 93 (13.6%) had ICH. Both IP and IF patients were significantly more likely to present >24 h from symptom onset (odds ratios [ORs] vs. CS 1.87 and 2.23). IP patients more commonly had body mass indexes >30 (OR 1.94). Current smoking and excess alcohol intake were higher in CS. Hypertension, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease were significantly higher in both IP and IF groups in comparison to CS. IP patients had higher rates of AF and those with known AF were more commonly undertreated than both IF and CS patients (OR 2.24, p = 0.007). ICH was more common in IP patients (OR 2.32, p = 0.005), while more IF patients had intracranial arterial disease (OR 5.10, p < 0.001). Discussion/Conclusion: Distinct cerebrovascular disease profiles are identifiable in PI-born patients who present with TIA or stroke symptoms in Australia. These may be used in the future to direct targeted approaches to stroke prevention and care in culturally and linguistically diverse populations.
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Endalifer, Melese Linger, and Gedefaw Diress. "Epidemiology, Predisposing Factors, Biomarkers, and Prevention Mechanism of Obesity: A Systematic Review." Journal of Obesity 2020 (May 31, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6134362.

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Background. Globally, obesity is becoming a public health problem in the general population. Various determinants were reported by different scholars even though there are inconsistencies. Different biomarkers of obesity were identified for the prediction of obesity. Even though researchers speculate the factors, biomarkers, consequences, and prevention mechanisms, there is a lack of aggregate and purified data in the area of obesity. Summary. In this review, the epidemiology, predisposing factors, biomarkers, consequences, and prevention approaches of obesity were reviewed. Key Messages. The epidemiology of obesity increased in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Even if the factors vary across regions and socioeconomic levels, sociodemographic, behavioral, and genetic factors were prominent for the development of obesity. There are a lot of biomarkers for obesity, of which microRNA, adipocytes, oxidative stress, blood cell profile, nutrients, and microbiota were promising biomarkers for determination of occurrence of obesity. Since the consequences of obesity are vast and interrelated, multidimensional prevention strategy is mandatory in all nations.
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Crisafulli, Salvatore, Nicoletta Luxi, Janet Sultana, Andrea Fontana, Federica Spagnolo, Giuseppe Giuffrida, Francesco Ferraù, et al. "Global epidemiology of acromegaly: a systematic review and meta-analysis." European Journal of Endocrinology 185, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-21-0216.

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Objective To date, no systematic reviews and meta-analysis on the global epidemiology of acromegaly are available in the literature. The aims of this study are to provide a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the global epidemiology of acromegaly and to evaluate the quality of study reporting for the identified studies. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library databases were searched for studies assessing the epidemiology of acromegaly from inception until 31 January 2020. We included original observational studies written in English, reporting acromegaly prevalence and/or incidence for a well-defined geographic area. Two reviewers independently extracted data and performed quality assessments. Prevalence and incidence pooled estimates were derived by performing a random-effects meta-analysis. Results A total of 32 studies were included in the systematic review, and 22 of them were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of acromegaly was 5.9 (95% CI: 4.4–7.9) per 100 000 persons, while the incidence rate (IR) was 0.38 (95% CI: 0.32–0.44) cases per 100 000 person-years. For both prevalence and IR, considerable between-study heterogeneity was found (I2 = 99.3 and 86.0%, respectively). The quality of study reporting was rated as the medium for 20 studies and low for 12 studies. Conclusions Although the largest amount of heterogeneity was due to the high precision of the studies’ estimates, data source and geographic area could represent relevant study-level factors which could explain about 50% of the total between-study variability. Large-scale high-quality studies on the epidemiology of acromegaly are warranted to help the public health system in making decisions.
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Piel, Frédéric B., Brandon Parkes, Peter Hambly, Aina Roca-Barceló, Martin McCallion, Giovanni Leonardi, Heather Strosnider, Fuyuen Yip, Paul Elliott, and Anna L. Hansell. "Software application profile: the Rapid Inquiry Facility 4.0: an open access tool for environmental public health tracking." International Journal of Epidemiology 49, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2020): i38—i48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz094.

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AbstractThe Rapid Inquiry Facility 4.0 (RIF) is a new user-friendly and open-access tool, developed by the UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit (SAHSU), to facilitate environment public health tracking (EPHT) or surveillance (EPHS). The RIF is designed to help public health professionals and academics to rapidly perform exploratory investigations of health and environmental data at the small-area level (e.g. postcode or detailed census areas) in order to identify unusual signals, such as disease clusters and potential environmental hazards, whether localized (e.g. industrial site) or widespread (e.g. air and noise pollution). The RIF allows the use of advanced disease mapping methods, including Bayesian small-area smoothing and complex risk analysis functionalities, while accounting for confounders. The RIF could be particularly useful to monitor spatio-temporal trends in mortality and morbidity associated with cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes and chronic lung diseases, or to conduct local or national studies on air pollution, flooding, low-magnetic fields or nuclear power plants.
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Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy. "Stroke Epidemiology in Oceania: A Review." Neuroepidemiology 55, no. 1 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000512972.

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Background and Purpose: Oceania, comprising the regions Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia, is home to 42 million living in 8.5 million square kilometres of land. This paper comprises a review of the epidemiology of stroke in countries in this region. Methods: Information on epidemiology of stroke in Oceania was sought from data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study (incidence, mortality, incidence:mortality ratio [IMR], prevalence, disability-adjusted life-years [DALYs] lost due to stroke, and subtypes), World Health Organization (WHO) (vascular risk factors in the community), and PubMed (incidence, prevalence, and stroke subtypes). Data were analyzed by region to allow inter-country comparison within each region. Results: In 2010, age- and sex-standardized stroke mortality rates were lowest in Australasia (29.85–31.67/100,000) and highest in Melanesia and Micronesia (56.04–187.56/100,000), with wide ranges especially in Melanesia. Incidence rates were lowest in Australasia (101.36–105.54/100,000), similarly high elsewhere. Standardized IMR (0.98–3.39) was the inverse of the mortality rates and mirrored the prevalence rates (202.91–522.29/100,000). DALY rates (398.22–3,781.78/100,0000) mirrored the mortality rates. Stroke risk factors show a variable pattern – hypertension is generally the most common medical risk factor among males (18.0–26.6%), while among females, diabetes mellitus is the most common in Micronesia and Polynesia (21.5–28.4%). Among the lifestyle factors, current smoking is the most common in Melanesia among males, while obesity is generally the most common factor among females. Ischaemic stroke comprises 70% of stroke subtypes. Trend data show significant falls in standardized mortality rates and DALYs in most regions and falls in incidence in almost all countries. There is significant economic impact, particularly due to young strokes; some ethnicities are at higher risk than others, for example, Maoris and Pacific Islanders. Conclusions: Stroke is a major healthcare problem in Oceania. Variations in stroke epidemiology are found between countries in Oceania. Data are lacking in some; more research into the burden of stroke in Oceania is needed. With the expected increase in life expectancy and vascular risk factors, the burden of stroke in Oceania will likely rise. Some of the disparities in stroke burden may be addressed by great investment in healthcare.
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Zablotska, Iryna B., Bill Whittaker, John de Wit, Adeeba Kamarulzaman, Jintanat Ananworanich, Edwina Wright, Isobel Mary Poynten, and Kenneth Mayer. "Bringing new HIV infections to zero – opportunities and challenges offered by antiretroviral-based prevention in Asia, the Pacific and beyond: An overview of this special issue." Sexual Health 11, no. 2 (2014): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14071.

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This editorial to the special issue of Sexual Health on antiretroviral-based prevention of HIV infection is dedicated to showcasing research and practice in this area. It aims to promote debate regarding the potential of new antiretroviral-based prevention approaches and the challenges encountered in moving prevention innovations into the community. This special issue covers the breadth of innovative HIV prevention research, including that undertaken in the fields of epidemiology, clinical research, social and behavioural science, public health and policy analysis, and with special emphasis on Asia and the Pacific region. Most importantly, it provides an indication of how the region is progressing towards embracing new prevention approaches to combat HIV epidemics across the region.
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Shaz, Shahzeb Khan, Hamza Khan Swati, and Yousaf Khan. "Outbreak of hepatitis-B, epidemiology, and transmission in provinces of Pakistan." Modern Journal of Microbial Biology 1 (October 1, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/mjmb_5_2019.

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is recorded as frequent and major problem in the world because HBV infection endures serious and common infectious disease of liver and it is lately cause of death due to innumerable complications such as HIV infection, diabetes, cardiac infection, and many other secondary infections. HBV is one of the supreme communicable diseases can transmit from individual to individual. HBV is a particular disease that is developed in dumpy time era and clue to cause cancer in population because people do not know about transmission of HBV and the major role accomplish in the transmission of HBV is hospitals and its staff. Transmission of hepatitis B happens by blood and blood items, sexual contact. The intrafamilial transmission is likewise reported sometimes. A total of 350 million individuals have hepatitis B infection (HBV) contamination around the world. HBV is remained a severe problem in public health worldwide and about 2.5 billion peoples are currently reported that get infection of hepatitis-B. These cases include that 3.65 million peoples are suffer with chronic hepatitis b and 630,000 deaths are reported annually that is relate with liver failure and HCC hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Disease of HBV is imperative for bringing about constant hepatitis and being one of the significant reasons for the cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. About 33% (2 billion individuals) of the total populace has been spoiled with HBV and 400 million individuals have interminable ailment, out of these 75% of people are living in Asia and Western Pacific edge.
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Vuorisalo, Sailaritta, Kari Haukipuro, Risto Pokela, and Hannu Syrjälä. "Risk Features for Surgical-Site Infections in Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 19, no. 4 (April 1998): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700087312.

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ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE: To identify preoperative and perioperative features that may lead to a risk of surgical-site infection (SSI) after coronary artery bypass surgery.DESIGN: 884 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting in 1992 and 1993 were studied. The associations between 23 preoperative and perioperative features and the presence of SSI at the donor site or in the chest area were evaluated by univariate analysis followed by multivariate logistic regression analysis.SETTING: A university hospital.RESULTS: 172 patients (19.5%) either had an SSI recorded before discharge or had received antibiotics prescribed for a suspected SSI during the 1-month surveillance period after discharge. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed an extreme body mass index (BMI;P=.015), female gender (P=.023), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD;P=.030) to be independent risk features for SSI. The donor site was infected in 136 patients (15.4%), an event for which female gender (P=.003) was the only independent risk feature. Forty-seven patients (5.3%) had an SSI of the chest area, with diabetes (P=.003) and extreme BMI (P=.010) as independent risk features.CONCLUSION: Extreme BMI, female gender, and COPD are highly significant independent predictors of the development of SSI. Female gender is a risk feature specifically for SSI at the donor site, whereas diabetes and extreme BMI predict it in the chest area.
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49

Pohjolainen, T., and H. Alaranta. "Epidemiology of lower limb amputees in Southern Finland in 1995 and trends since 1984." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 23, no. 2 (August 1999): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093649909071618.

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Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to look at the current epidemiological trends of lower limb amputees in 1995 and the trends since 1984 in the area of Southern Finland with 1.3 million inhabitants. During the one-year period, the lower limb amputation was performed on 366 patients. The overall amputation rate has been unchanged since 1984 being 28.0 per 100,000 inhabitants in 1995. The mean age was 71.4 years. The overall amputation rate was 28.0 per 100,000 inhabitants. Of the 366 patients in the study 30% had arteriosclerosis without diabetes mellitus and 49% had diabetes. Diabetes mellitus has become the most common cause of amputation since 1985. Tumours were the cause in 2% and trauma in 4%. The most common unilateral amputations were trans-femoral amputations (29%) followed by trans-tibial amputations (28%) and toe amputations (24%). The unilateral trans-tibial/trans-femoral ratio was 0.54 in 1984 and 0.95 in 1995. The one-year mortality rate was 39% in 1984 and 40% in 1995. The rate of amputation has been relatively constant over the last ten years. The age related incidence in the older age groups has also been unchanged over the last ten years. Better control of diabetes and prophylactic foot care of diabetics can have a positive contribution in preventation of lower limb amputations. The current rehabilitation and prosthetic services of the lower limb amputees can be planned in the south of Finland on the basis of the incidence of 28 per 100,000 inhabitants.
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50

VENMANS, L. M. A. J., K. J. GORTER, G. E. H. M. RUTTEN, F. G. SCHELLEVIS, A. I. M. HOEPELMAN, and E. HAK. "A clinical prediction rule for urinary tract infections in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in primary care." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 2 (July 17, 2008): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268808001015.

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SUMMARYWe aimed to develop a prediction rule for urinary tract infections (UTIs) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). A 12-month prospective cohort study was conducted in patients with DM2 aged ⩾45 years to predict the occurrence of recurrent UTIs in women and lower UTIs in men. Predictors for recurrent UTI in women (n=81, 2%) and lower UTIs in men (n=93, 3%) were age, number of general practitioner (GP) visits, urinary incontinence, cerebrovascular disease or dementia. In women, renal disease was an additional predictor. The optimum corrected area under the receiver-operating curve (AUC) was 0·79 (95% CI 0·74–0·83) for women and 0·75 (95% CI 0·70–0·80) for men. Using a cut-off score of 4, women with a lower risk assignment had a probability of 0·3% for the outcome. For a cut-off score of 6, women with a higher risk assignment had a probability of 5·8%. For men these figures were 0·8 and 7·1 for a cut-off score of 2 and 4, respectively. Simple variables can be used for the risk stratification of patients.
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