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1
Chamberlain, Alyce Lorene 1961. "DIET THERAPIES, CONTROL AND HEALTH BELIEFS OF CHILDREN WITH INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES, 10-13 YEARS OLD (HLC)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275571.
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Vivanti, Angela Patricia. "Assessment of dietary compliance in patients with insulin dependant diabetes mellitus." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1994. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36712/1/36712_Vivanti_1994.pdf.
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Forty individuals over 16 years, able to read English and diagnosed with insulin dependant
diabetes mellitus were recruited from an outpatient endocrinology unit to investigate the dietary
modifications implemented after receiving dietary advice. Recorded dietary intakes were
compared with the dietary recommendations, previous dietary practices, the recommended diet
for diabetes, the diet of the Australian population and the national dietary goals. Participants
were asked to recall the time lapsed since their last dietetic visit and the recommendations
provided. The reported and actual deviation from the documented recommendations, adherence
to carbohydrate distribution, consumption of total, simple and complex carbohydrate, and
adherence to energy and macro-nutrients were investigated. Patterns of meal consumption and
meal omission, the consumption of less desirable foods and the frequency and dietary
responses to hypoglycaemic events were also examined.
Fourteen day food records were completed by 20 male and 20 female participants and the
dietary histories taken by dietitians were available for comparison. The participants' average age
was 42.45 years (sd 9.97) for men and 38.25 years (sd 18.99) for women. The mean length of
time with insulin dependant diabetes mellitus was 17 .35 years (sd 9. 79) for men and 11. 70
years (sd 12.15) for women.
All participants considered the diet to be a "somewhat" to "very" important aspect of their
treatment. Most found the diet "somewhat" to "very" difficult to follow. The dietetic estimate
of participants' energy requirements correlated more highly with the recorded consumption than
the level revealed by the participants during the interview. The recommended carbohydrate
exchanges and distribution recalled from the last dietetic visit correlated well with the
documented information (r=.90**).
The recorded intake of carbohydrate correlated more highly with the recommendations than the
dietary history. Although adherence to the recommendations was not complete, participants
appeared to make some modifications to their dietary intake.
The meals omitted most frequently were breakfast (mainly on weekends), followed by lunch
(mainly on weekdays), then dinner (mainly on weekends). A total of 5.8% ofThe average consumption of "avoid" foods was once every 2 days. The 14 day intake ranged
from 0-88. Average consumption of "sometimes-use" foods was twice a day. The 14 day
intake ranged from 0-101.
More than 1 hypoglycaemic event a week was experienced by 52.5% of the participants while
10 % experienced more than 1 a day. Contrary to current recommendations, the majority of
participants consumed only one food (primarily simple carbohydrate) during a hypoglycaemic
event. The most popular foods consumed by participants in response to hypoglycaemia were
sugar, plain biscuits, fruit/fruit juice and chocolate.
Hypoglycaemic events occurred most frequently (73. 7% of total) before lunch, before dinner
and before going to bed. On the days hypoglycaemic events occurred, protein and fat as well as
carbohydrate frequently differed significantly from the usual intake.
The percentage of energy from protein, fat, carbohydrate and ethanol consumed by the
participants did not differ statistically significantly from that of the Australian population.
However, the participants reported consuming fewer grams of total & simple carbohydrate and
more grams of complex carbohydrate. The participants average intake of alcohol (grams) was
less than both the Australian average and the Goals and Targets (Health for all Australians,
1988). The grams and percentage of energy from refined sugars were much lower than both
the current average Australian intake and the Goals and Targets for Improving Health as stated
in "Health for all Australians" (1988).
II meals were
omitted.
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Evaneshko, Veronica. "Exploratory data analysis of type II diabetes among Navajo Indians." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276762.
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This research explicated the use of exploratory data analysis in describing type II diabetes mellitus among the Navajo Indians. A sample of 98 diagnosed diabetics was obtained from a retrospective chart review and had a 1.3:1 female to male ratio, a median age of 58.6 years, and a mean duration for diabetes of 7.66 years. Other characteristics included a median age at diagnosis of 50 years, a median weight prior to diagnosis (expressed in percent desired weight) of 140%, and a median blood glucose value at time of diagnosis of 241 mg/dl. The distribution patterns for age, weight, and blood glucose revealed several asymmetry problems which had implications for the appropriateness of using parametric statistics in numerical summarizations. Bivariate analyses revealed a negative association between age at diagnosis and percent desired weight prior to diagnosis. This finding identifies the risk that obesity brings to the young and that aging brings to the non-obese, Navajo Indian.
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Cooper, Andrew John. "The association of fruit and vegetable intake with incident type 2 diabetes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610639.
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Keller, Heather. "The effect of P:S ratio on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in NIDDM /." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60533.
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The independent effect of a high polyunsaturated:saturated fat (P:S) diet on glycemic control in humans has been poorly studied. We propose that a P:S $>$ 1.0 vs P:S 1.0 vs. P:S 1.0. HDL and IGFl were significantly lower with the P:S $>$ 1.0. Si was unaffected by the P:S difference, however, trends towards decreased Sg and increased insulin secretion were seen with P:S $>$ 1.0. The small sample size limits the making of firm conclusions, however, it suggests that glycemic control may be improved through increased insulin secretion a result of an increase in P:S.
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Trichia, Eirini. "Dairy products and cardio-metabolic health : aspects from nutritional, molecular and genetic epidemiology." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/290034.
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There is accumulating evidence on differences in the link between types of dairy products and cardio-metabolic health, but inconsistent findings limit the field. In my PhD project, I undertook an epidemiological investigation comprising inter-related but distinct themes evaluating aspects of nutritional, molecular and genetic epidemiology to advance scientific understanding. I undertook research to describe dairy consumption patterns over time by evaluating nationally-representative data of the United Kingdom National Diet and Nutrition Survey. I observed significant time trends for specific dairy types and groups, which were different among different groups of people e.g. adults younger than 65 years or elderly people. Using data from the large Fenland (n~12,000) and EPIC Norfolk (n~25,000) studies, I investigated associations of total and types of dairy consumption with markers of metabolic risk and adiposity as potential pathways to cardio-metabolic disease. The analyses showed differential associations of dairy types and groups mainly with markers of adiposity and lipidaemia. I explored the potential of objective markers to assess dairy consumption, by examining metabolomics profiles and blood fatty acids to identify a set of biomarkers predicting dairy consumption and prospective associations of the identified biomarkers with type 2 diabetes risk. I was able to develop and validate metabolite scores reflecting consumption of some dairy products and observed inverse associations between some of these scores and type 2 diabetes incidence. I analysed genetic determinants of dairy consumption, using a genome-wide association study in the UK Biobank (n~500,000) and identified single nucleotide polymorphisms predicting milk, cheese and total dairy consumption. Overall, this PhD work contributed towards (1) a more precise description of dairy consumption patterns in the UK, (2) hypothesis formulation for potential biological pathways linking to cardio-metabolic disease, (3) discovery of metabolite scores as potential dairy biomarkers and (4) hypothesis formulation for potential genetic predictors of dairy consumption.
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Jun, Lucy Soo Yon. "Thyroid hormone-regulated skeletal muscle Glut4 glucose transporter trafficking during fasting in diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2869.
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This thesis project will investigate the effects of fasting on the serum levels of two key regulatory hormones, insulin and thyroid hormone (T3) and the effects of these hormones on the trafficking of Glut4 on soleus muscle.
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Jerry, Wei. "Genome-wide studies of lactation performance in mouse models." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28903.
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Genetic factors have been shown to significantly influence the profitability of dairy cattle. In Australia, a number of production traits such as milk protein yield, fat yield and milk yield and non—production traits such survival, disease resistance and fertility have been identified as key factors contributing to the Australia Profit Ranking (APR) index, which is an established indicator to evaluate dairy cattle profitability for the farmer and ultimately for the Australian dairy industry. The studies described in this thesis explore mouse models as a means to examine the underlying genetic basis of lactation performance traits.
An advanced in silico mapping approach for genome-wide association (GWA) analysis of the genomic regions/QTL responsible for the variation in mouse lactation performance and fecundity was carried out using inbred strain mouse single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) information. In Chapter 2, reproductive performance including lactation performance of 11 laboratory inbred strains was carefully assessed. Significant divergence of each reproductive associated phenotype was identified amongst strains. 191 QTL intervals with 292 genes underlying the regions associated with lactation performance were identified. Analysis of the expression patterns of these genes during mammary gland development and lactation revealed that most of the genes could be clustered into distinct patterns. This analysis, which may reflect co-expression patterns consistent with coordinated biological and cellular processes, provides a basis for lactation performance candidate genes or pathways. Within one chromosomal region, Neol a gene which underlies the Neogql QTL on mouse chromosome 9, was identified as a lactation candidate gene for further analysis.
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Paul, Yvonne. "Exercise practices, dietary habits and medication usage among persons with Type-I diabetes." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28990.
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The aim of this study was to gain insight into the exercise practices, in conjunction with dietary habits and medication routine of insulin dependent diabetics. The study design adopted for the study was that of descriptive and analytical survey. The gathering of data was conducted over a period of seven months using a questionnaire as a data collection instrument, which was administered to 200 insulin dependent diabetics utilizing the outpatient facilities at 12 hospitals in Kwa-Zulu Natal. In determining the respondent's attitude towards exercise, the significant (p<0.001) overall majority (85%) had a positive attitude towards exercise. In probing the perceived efficacy of exercise as a therapeutic modality, a significant (p<0.001) majority (93%) of the respondents stated that exercise/sport is beneficial to a diabetic. Of the overall sample, the significant (p<0.001) majority (68%) of respondents were active participants in exercise (exercisers) versus 32% who were not active (non-exercisers). The profile of the exercisers indicated that the significant (p<0.001) majority participated in exercise of an aerobic type at frequency of 4 or more times per week, at an intensity eliciting an approximate heart rate of between 110 to 130 beats per minute corresponding with an RPE of 11 to 13, for a duration of 20 to 45 minutes. A significant (p<0.001) overall majority (98%) stated that a good diet is an important factor when trying to achieve near normoglycemia. In probing the respondent's knowledge as to what group certain types of food belong to, an overall significant (p<0.001) majority (82%) was accurate in this regard, while significantly (p<0.1) more exercisers (84%) were aware of correct food grouping than non-exercisers (67%). In probing their knowledge of the normal range of blood glucose levels, an overall significant (p<0.001) number of respondents (66%) stated a correct response, while exercisers (67%) were significantly (p<0.1) more knowledgeable than non-exercisers (52%) in this regard. The significant (p<0.001) majority of respondents injected themselves three and more times a day (54%), before meals (71%), in the thigh (35%) and abdominal areas (48%), as opposed to the gluteal area (10%) and the arm (8%). The mean overall dosage of long-acting insulin (12.2 units) and short-acting insulin (10.5 units) for lunch was significantly lower (p<0.1) than for breakfast and supper, however there was no significant difference (p>0.1) between the breakfast and supper dosages. The same pattern was observed for non-exercisers and exercisers. The respondent's knowledge of good diabetic management goals reflected that a significant (p<0.001) overall majority (83%) were aware that diet, insulin and exercise are all important constituents in obtaining good diabetic management, while significantly (p<0.1) more exercisers (84%) than non-exercisers (71%) were aware of this. A significant (p<0.001) majority (83%) of non-exercises stated that they were willing to participate in exercise, but cited time constraints and physical discomfort, inter-alia, as antecedents to non-participation. In conclusion, the results indicated that the provision of educational support for insulin dependent diabetics to overcome the perceived barriers to exercise would increase participation, enhance appropriate exercise prescription and compliance to this important aspect of the diabetic regimen.Dissertation (MA (Human Movement Science))--University of Pretoria, 2002.
Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences
unrestricted
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Akanji, Abayomi Olusola. "Measurements of plasma acetate concentrations in humans, with reference to diabetes, dietary composition and bowel function." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:977874a3-523c-4428-8900-248e2786219f.
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This thesis examined aspects of production and utilization of acetate in humans via measurements of plasma concentrations in different circumstances with particular attention to changes in diabetes. Circulating plasma acetate was measured by a modified acetate kinase-based enzymatic spectrophotometric method with adequate sensitivity and specificity for levels encountered in human plasma. Fasting plasma acetate was increased in diabetics and correlated with glucose and indices of glucose disposal. Levels increased further when they were fed different high- fibre diets. The rise in acetate levels after lactulose ingestion correlated with changing breath hydrogen excretion in subjects with suspected malabsorption. Plasma acetate levels increased during fat infusion, and conversely, fell with suppression of fatty acid levels during euglycaemic clamping. Insulin appeared to promote acetate production from glucose by enhancing glycolysis and acetyl CoA availability, although its activity in reducing lipolysis had an opposite effect. The hepatic formation of acetate from ethanol did not appear influenced by prior chlorpropamide intake. Glucose tolerance was unaffected by a 150mmol/hr acetate load, but acetate tolerance was impaired when glucose was simultaneously available. Adipose tissue lipolysis was suppressed during acetate infusions as evident from reduced levels of glycerol and non-esterifled fatty acids. Blood 'ketone body' levels were increased, suggesting direct conversion from acetate. Possibly as a result, fat oxidation assessed from gaseous exchange, was reduced with infused acetate. Acetate utilization was impaired in diabetic patients from higher fasting plasma levels and slower metabolic clearance. The defect in diabetes was probably due to both over-production and under-utilization, and could be related to the enhanced lipolysis, hyperglycaemia and a reportedly reduced hepatic activity of acetyl CoA synthetase. It was concluded that acetate is derived from both colonic fermentation and endogenous catabolism of glucose and fatty acids and appears rapidly metabolisable in humans. Some areas of further interest in human acetate metabolism were highlighted.
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Thompson, Katherine Hirsch. "Effect of dietary manganese and vitamin E deficiencies on tissue antioxidant status in STZ-diabetic rats." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/32171.
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Interactions between manganese (Mn) deficiency and streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetes with respect to tissue antioxidant status were investigated in male, Sprague-Dawley rats. All rats were fed either a Mn-deficient (1 ppm) or a Mn-sufficient (45 ppm) diet for 8 weeks. Diabetes was then induced by tail-vein injection of STZ (60 mg/kg body weight), after which the rats were kept for an additional 4 to 8 weeks. The control groups comprised rats not injected with STZ, which were either Mn-deficient or Mn-sufficient.
The Mn-deficient diet decreased the activities of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in kidney and heart, and of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) in kidney, in non-diabetic animals. In the diabetic rats, the Mn-deficient diet induced more pronounced decreases in activities of these same enzymes, and also increased liver MnSOD activity. Pancreas weights were significantly lower in Mn-deficient, compared to Mn-sufficient rats. Also, Mn-deficient, diabetic rats were significantly more hyperglycemic in response to a glucose load than Mn-sufficient, suggesting that they may have been more severely diabetic.
Surprisingly, plasma and hepatic vitamin E levels increased progressively with the duration of diabetes. Lipid peroxidation, as measured by H₂O₂ -induced production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in erythrocytes, plasma
lipoperoxides, and renal adipose tissue fluorescence, also increased concomitant with decreased liver and kidney glutathione levels.
The effect of vitamin E-deficiency on Mn-deficient, diabetic rats was also investigated. Predictably, vitamin E-deficient rats were almost entirely depleted of plasma and liver vitamin E after 12 weeks on the deficient diets (4 weeks after STZ treatment). Consistent with this, tissue lipid peroxides were elevated compared to vitamin E-sufficient rats. Superimposing vitamin E-deficiency on manganese deficiency failed to add any further deficits in tissue antioxidant status. Higher glycosylated hemoglobin levels were observed in vitamin E-deficient, compared to vitamin E-sufficient, diabetic rats.
These findings demonstrate for the first time an interactive effect between manganese deficiency and STZ-diabetes resulting in amplification of tissue antioxidant changes seen with either manganese deficiency or STZ-diabetes alone. This effect of cofactor deprivation in experimental diabetes raises the question of adequacy of the nominally Mn-sufficient diet in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Nadeau, Julie. "The impact of introducing dietary sugar in the meal plan of free-living subjects with type 2 diabetes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0006/MQ44229.pdf.
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Kopp, Lugli Andrea. "Perioperative protein sparing in diabetes mellitus type 2 patients : an integrated analysis of perioperative protein and glucose metabolism using stable isotope kinetics." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101152.
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The potential effects of nutritional support with amino acids or dextrose and epidural blockade on the catabolic response to surgery were investigated in diabetic patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Protein and glucose metabolism were assessed with a stable isotope infusion technique using the two stable isotopes L-[1-13C]leucine and [6,6-2H2 ]glucose.1. The first intervention of a postoperative infusion of amino acids avoided pronounced hyperglycaemia in diabetic patients after colorectal surgery and achieved a positive protein balance compared to dextrose.
2. The second intervention of a short term infusion of amino acids postoperatively blunted protein breakdown and stimulated protein synthesis. This resulted in a positive protein balance in patients with epidural blockade compared to patient controlled analgesia with intravenous morphine. With regard to glucose metabolism, amino acid supply after surgery decreased glucose clearance and endogenous glucose production independent from type of analgesia.
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Turkish, Michelle L. "Dietary and physiological influences on circulating blood lipids in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/845947.
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Patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) usually exhibit a marked disturbance of lipid metabolism which is reflected in high levels of plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and triglycerides, along with low levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Elevated triglycerides are the major contributor to diabetic hyperlipidemia. These plasma lipid concentrations and the fatty acid composition of these lipids are clearly influenced by the type of diet consumed along with the proportion of dietary fatty acids. Therefore, it was the purpose of this investigation to examine the relationships between glycemic control, serum lipid levels of total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides to the amounts and types of fats in the typical diets of NIDDM patients as compared to non-diabetic individuals. The dietary fats were also compared with the distribution of fatty acids found in their total lipids and free (in vivo) fatty acids. The relationship between dietary fat intake and serum total lipid levels along with total and free fatty acid distributions was the primary focus.This investigation found that NIDDM subjects have significantly greater triglyceride levels (200 ± 18.4 mg/dL) than non-diabetic controls (93 ± 13.2 mg/dL). Total and LDL cholesterol levels of the NIDDM group were elevated from the control group while HDL levels were depressed, but these differences were of nonsignificant proportions. The NIDDM group typically consumed significantly lowered amounts of teal, saturated, and monounsaturated dietary fatty acids (46.7 ± 7.1 grams, 114.0 ± 2.9 grams, and 16.8 ± 2.5 grams, respectively) compared to the control group (80.0 ± 10.9 grams, 26.7 ± 4.5 grams, and 30.2 ± 4.5 grams, respectively). Even so, the percentage of kilocalories from total fat in the NIDDM vs. the control group diets was not statistically different which may explain the lack of significance between groups with regard to distribution of serum fatty acids. On an individual basis, the types of fat that predominated in the diet were also found in a large percentage in the serum lipid distributions. Positive correlations between saturated fat intake and the blood serum stearic free fatty acid along with polyunsaturated fat intake and linoleic free fatty acid supported this observation. Other investigators (6,62) have reported that dietary intake does indeed contribute to the percentage of fatty acids distributed in the plasma lipids. To determine if a particular dietary fatty acid contributes more significantly to hyperlipidemia, the diet needs to be controlled.On an individualized basis, it was also noted that the diabetics with the lowest amount and percentage of fat in their diets, also had the lowest serum lipid levels. Besides diet, other influential factors which may have contributed to the lipid levels of these NIDDM patients are genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and the stage and progression of each individual's disease. Thus, due to the underlying metabolic impairments which are exacerbated by genetic and/or environmental influences, it is of vital importance to recognize how essential diet manipulation is with regards to lipid control in the treatment of NIDDM patients.Department of Biology
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Xavier, Danniella. "Desenvolvimento de produto alimentício à base de farinha de trigo integral e ingredientes funcionais." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/627.
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CAPESAtualmente, tem aumentado a preocupação por parte da população com relação às doenças crônicas ocasionadas pela má alimentação, por isso se faz necessário uma mudança nos hábitos alimentares. O desenvolvimento de novos produtos alimentícios vem potencializando os efeitos benéficos à saúde através do enriquecimento de substâncias que possuem comprovada ação na prevenção ou diminuição do risco de doenças crônico degenerativas. Neste estudo selecionamos o feijão, uma leguminosa que apresenta em sua composição uma proteína, a faseolamina, a qual está sendo utilizada por obesos e diabéticos para o tratamento destas doenças. E, ainda, a goiaba que é uma fruta com alto teor de carotenoides. Neste contexto, selecionaram-se três ingredientes com propriedades funcionais: farinha de feijão, faseolamina e goiaba microencapsulada - com o objetivo de adicionar à farinha de trigo integral, desenvolvendo um produto alimentício à base da farinha enriquecida. Foram avaliados três cultivares de feijão comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L), e para cada cultivar desenvolveu-se uma farinha sendo uma delas escolhida para o desenvolvimento de um produto alimentício. Neste mesmo produto foi incorporado faseolamina em pó comercial e polpa de goiaba encapsulada para agregar maior valor nutricional. O rendimento para as três farinhas de feijão foi maior que 98 % nos três casos. A composição química dos grãos e das farinhas de feijão avaliadas indicou riqueza de nutrientes. Para agregar maior valor funcional obteve-se goiaba microencapsulada concentrando em sua composição alguns parâmetros como proteínas, carboidratos, cinzas, K, Na, vitamina C, compostos fenólicos e flavonoides totais. O teor de lipídeos diminuiu e o conteúdo total de carotenoides se manteve na goiaba microencapsulada, sendo que a analise térmica indicou o início da decomposição de matéria orgânica a 160 °C. A farinha de trigo integral foi enriquecida com a farinha de feijão cv. Cavalo, a qual mostrou maior atividade de inibição amilásica, goiaba microencapsulada e faseolamina, resultando na formulação F4. O enriquecimento demonstrou aumento da inibição da atividade amilásica, do teor de proteínas, carotenoides totais, vitamina C e da capacidade antioxidante pelo método DPPH. O número de quedas (Falling number) diminuiu após o enriquecimento, bem como os teores de flavonoides totais e compostos fenólicos totais. A partir da formulação F4, elaborou-se um mini bolo (PF4) e um mini controle (C) com farinha de trigo integral não enriquecida. O controle (C) e (PF4) apresentaram diferença significativa de proteínas, umidade, vitamina C e carotenoides totais. A análise microbiológica indicou que os mini bolos estavam aptos para o consumo e os julgadores da análise sensorial declararam preferência pelo mini bolo (PF4). O perfil de textura instrumental, cor e aw foram avaliados no decorrer do período de estocagem (7 dias). Os mini bolos foram submetidos à uma análise clínica com voluntários portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, não insulino dependentes. O produto PF4 resultou ser viável como inibidor do índice glicêmico para 80 % dos casos. Assim, a formulação (F4) desenvolvida pode ser uma alternativa como ingrediente funcional e nutricional no desenvolvimento de novos produtos alimentícios, e em particular neste estudo, para produtos de panificação.
Lately, part of the human population has become increasingly concerned with chronic illnesses caused by poor diet, requiring changes in eating habits. The development of new food products has been enhancing the beneficial health effects by enriching substances that have proven action in preventing or reducing the risk of chronic degenerative diseases. In this study we selected the common bean, a leguminous plant that has phaseolamine as main protein and has been used by obese and diabetic patients to treat their respective illnesses. And in particular a Guava fruit with high content of carotenoids. Within this context, we selected three ingredients with functional properties: bean flour, phaseolamine and guavas microencapsulated – aiming to add to whole wheat flour, developing a food product based of enriched flour. Three different cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L were used to obtain a flour for each cultivar and one of them selected to develop a functional food product. In this same product, commercial powder phaseolamine and encapsulated guava pulp were added to increase nutritional value. Yield was over 98 % for all three bean flours. The chemical composition of the grains and evaluated bean flours indicated nutrient richness. To add more functional value, microencapsulated guava was obtained, concentrating certain parameters in its composition such as proteins, carbohydrates, ash, K, Na, vitamin C, phenolic compounds and total flavonoids. Lipid level decreased and total carotenoid content remained stable in microencapsulated guava, while thermal analysis indicated that decomposition of organic matter began at 160 °C. The evaluation of α-amylase activity indicated greater inhibition by the flour made from beans of cultivar Cavalo. From this flour, microencapsulated guava and phaseolamine, a new formulation named F4 was developed and selected among the others due to its superior inhibition of α-amylase activity. The enrichment showed an increase in the inhibition of amylase activity, protein content as well as total carotenoids, vitamin C and antioxidant capacity from DPPH radical. The Falling number decreased after enrichment, as well as the contents of total flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The cake (PF4) was prepared from F4. Control (C) and PF4 showed significant differences in proteins, moisture, vitamin C and total carotenoids. Microbiological analysis indicated that PF4 was fit for consumption and that tasters declared a preference for the cake (PF4). The profile of instrumental texture, color and water activity was evaluated throughout the stocking period (7 days). When subjected to clinical analysis, PF4 turned out to be viable as a glycemic index inhibitor for 80 % of volunteers non-insulin dependent who took part in the research. Thus, supplement (F4) may serve as an alternative functional and nutritional ingredient in the development of new food products, and particularly as we saw in this study for bakery products.
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Reeves, Megan. "Milk production from kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) grass pastures." Thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14526.
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Belfer, Bonnee. "Factors associated with diet behaviour among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending an outpatient clinic." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80224.
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Diet recommendations to achieve target metabolic control for prevention of micro and macrovascular complications have been outlined. Although previous studies in individuals with type 2 diabetes have identified certain factors associated with adherence to diet recommendations, adherence is multi-factorial in nature and includes demographic, biological and psychosocial variables. Our main objective was to identify factors associated With dietary behaviour among individuals with type 2 diabetes attending an out-patient clinic. Furthermore, we attempted to identify factors associated with frequency of seeing the dietitian and stages of change far lower fat intake. Principal hypothesis: those who are younger, female, lower in body mass index (BMI), higher in education level, exposed to a dietitian in the past year, higher in stage of change, having greater nutrition knowledge, greater perception of risk and benefits as well as fewer perceived barriers, would consume less total and saturated fat. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Styhler, Karin. "The effect of glycemic control on protein metabolism in obese subjects with type II diabetes mellitus." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23942.
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We questioned whether improved glycemic control achieved by oral agent (gliclazide) would correct the altered protein metabolism during an iso-energetic (ISO) and a low energetic (50% of ISO) diets. Seven diabetic (DM) and 7 matched obese control (OB) subjects were give ISO for 14 (DM) or 7 (OB) days, followed by 28 days of the low energetic diet with constant 1.5 g protein/kg BMI$ sb{25}$/d. Giclazide (+ metformin in 4 DM) was given during days 8-14 of ISO and the low energety diet to DM. With ISO and gliclazide, fasting plasma glucose decreased and plasma insulin and nitrogen retention increased while 3-methylhistidine excretion and resting metablic rate decreased to levels no longer different from OB. With moderate energy restriction, weight decreased in all subjects and glycemia normalized in DM. Nitrogen equilibrium was maintained and 3-methylhistidine excretion did not change. The altered protein metabolism observed during hyperglycemia can be improved with oral hypoglycemic agent therapy $ pm$ the low energy diet. Moderate energy restriction with oral hypoglycemic agent therapy achieves diabetes control, nitrogen equilibrium, and a modest decrease in resting metabolic rate.
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Mason, Lisa Ringhausen. "Comparison of two methods of teaching the diabetic diet to elderly women." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42118.
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Thirty females, 55 to 70 years old, participated in an investigation comparing two methods of teaching the diabetic diet. Subjects were required to take the WRAT-R, a test which assessed their reading capabilities. Only those scoring at the seventh grade level or below qualified for this investigation. Following the test, subjects were assigned to one of two groups. Participants in Group 1 received one-on-one instructions of Healthy Food Choices, whereas participants in Group 2 received videotaped instructions of Healthy Food Choices. Healthy Food Choices is a more simplified meal planning tool designed for those that cannot understand the concepts of the Exchange Lists for Meal Planning.
Participants were instructed by the researcher, either on videotape or one-on-one. A follow-up visit occurred in a mean of 10.3 days to assess comprehension of the instructions provided. Each participant was contacted again by telephone in a mean of 28.7 days from the follow-up visit to assess long-term retention of the instructions they were provided. The sample menu collected from the two contacts provided data on choice deletions and additions. These data were analyzed by t-tests. There were no statistically significant differences found between diabetic diet instructions done by videotape or one-on-one at either follow-up visit or telephone contact. In this sample, videotaped instructions of the diabetic diet were just as effective as one-on-one instructions.Master of Science
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Hamadeh, Mazen Jamal. "Methods for detecting abnormal adaptation to protein restriction in humans with special reference to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36948.
Full textAbstract:
Postprandial urea production in subjects with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) on conventional insulin therapy is normal when the previous diet is high in protein, but there is an incomplete adaptive reduction in urea production following protein restriction. To evaluate the nutritional implications of restricted protein intake in human diabetes mellitus, it is first necessary to establish a reliable method to measure changes in urea production and amino acid catabolism in response to changes in dietary protein intake. We therefore tested (1) the accuracy of the urea production rate (Ra) to depict changes in urea production, (2) whether sulfate production can be accurately depicted using tracer or nontracer approaches, after establishing the use of electrospray tandem mass spectrometry to measure sulfate concentrations and 34SO4 enrichments following administration of the stable isotope tracer sodium [34S]sulfate, (3) the reproducibility of urea and sulfate measurements following a test meal low in protein (0.25 g/kg) in subjects previously adapted to high (1.5 g/kg.d) and low (0.3 g/kg.d) protein intakes, and compared the metabolic fate of [ 15N]alanine added to the test meal with that of [15N] Spirulina platensis, a 15N-labeled intact protein, and (4) whether we could identify the differences in postprandial urea and sulfate productions between normal subjects and persons with IDDM receiving conventional insulin therapy previously adapted to high protein intake, when the test meal was limiting in protein. Under basal conditions, steady state urea Ra is an accurate measure of urea production. Following changes in urea production, both the tracer and nontracer methods seriously underestimated total urea Ra. The tracer method overestimated sulfate production by 20%, but the nontracer method provided an accurate measure of sulfate production and, hence, sulfur amino acid catabolism. Postprandial changes in urea and sulfate productions following normal ada
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Stanton, Marcile. "Changes in body mass index, dietary intake and physical activity of South African immigrants in Hobart, Australia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17815.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Immigration, especially to countries with a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity, has been found to exacerbate these conditions in immigrants. This study investigated the change in dietary intake, physical activity and body mass index (BMI) of South African immigrants in Hobart, Australia. OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to determine the change in BMI, the current and usual dietary intakes and perceived dietary changes and the current physical activity levels and perceived changes in physical activity since immigration of South African immigrants residing in the Greater Hobart Area. DESIGN: This study had descriptive, cross-sectional as well as analytical components. SAMPLING: Forty seven participants were recruited by contacting known immigrants, postings in newspapers, contacting immigrant social groups, contacting the Department of Economic Development as well as using the social networking program, “Facebook”. All participants had to be between the ages of 20 and 50 and have lived in Australia for longer than six months, but shorter than five years. Thirty participants completed the study with a mean age of 37.17 years. METHODS: Participants were required to complete a self-administered sociodemographic questionnaire, a 3-day diet record, physical activity questionnaire and quantified food frequency questionnaire (QFFQ). The investigator administered a weight change questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements included weight, height and waist circumference measurements. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the BMIs of participants preand post-immigration (p=0.06), but the percentage of overweight female participants increased from 24% (n=4) to 29% (n=5) and the percentage of overweight male participants increased from 46% (n=6) to 69% (n=9). The percentage of obese female participants increased from 6% (n=1) to 12% (n=2) post-immigration with the male participants showing no increased prevalence of obesity. Participants appeared aware of their weight classifications with 60% (n=18) reporting that they considered themselves overweight. Mean waist circumference values of male and female participants were classified as action level 1. Forty one percent (n=7) of female participants and 31% (n=4) of male participants had waist circumference values classified as action level 2. Carbohydrate intakes were below the Nutrient Reference Values (NRV) recommendations for 84% (n=25) and 62% (n=19) of participants as indicated by the QFFQ and diet records respectively and the mean carbohydrate intake values of male and female participants (QFFQ and diet records) were below the NRV recommendations as well. Fibre intakes were below the NRV recommendations for 76% (n=23) and 82% (n=25) of participants as indicated by the QFFQ and food records respectively. Saturated fat and sodium intakes were high. Folate, calcium and potassium were consumed in lower than recommended amounts by a large proportion of participants. Sixty seven percent (n=20) of participants reported an increase in physical activity post-immigration and 70% (n=21) of participants anticipated a future increase in physical activity levels. CONCLUSION: The study population experienced an increase in weight. A number of other risk factors for cardiovascular and other chronic diseases were also identified including high waist circumference values, high saturated fat and sodium intakes and low fibre, folate, calcium and potassium intakes. Interventions aimed at decreasing the risk of South African immigrants in Hobart becoming overweight/obese and developing chronic diseases should probably be aimed at lower saturated and total fat intake, higher carbohydrate and fibre intake and plenty of dietary variation and should further encourage physical activity, but this needs to be confirmed by larger prospective studies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: INLEIDING: Daar is gevind dat immigrasie, veral na lande met ‘n hoër prevalensie van oorgewig en vetsugtigheid, hierdie toestande in immigrante kan vererger. Hierdie studie het die veranderinge in dieetinname, fisiese aktiwiteit en liggaamsmassa-indeks (LMI) van Suid-Afrikaanse immigrante in Hobart, Australië ondersoek. DOELWITTE: Die doelwitte was om die verandering in LMI na immigrasie, die huidige en gewoontelike dieetinname en gerapporteerde dieet veranderinge na immigrasie asook die huidige fisiese aktiwiteit en gerapporteerde fisiese aktiwiteit veranderinge van Suid-Afrikaanse immigrante, wat in die groter Hobart area woon, te ondersoek. ONTWERP: Die studie het beskrywende asook analitiese komponente gehad. STEEKPROEFTREKKING: Respondente is gewerf deur alle bekende immigrante te kontak, koerant boodskappe te plaas, sosiale groepe vir immigrante te kontak, die Department van Ekonomiese Ontwikkeling te kontak asook deur die sosiale netwerk program, “Facebook”, te gebruik. Alle respondente moes tussen die ouderdomme van 20 en 50 wees en moes langer as ses maande, maar korter as vyf jaar in Australië woon. METODES: Respondente het ‘n sosio-demografiese vraelys asook ‘n drie dag voedselrekord, ‘n voedselfrekwensie vraelys en ‘n fisiese aktiwiteit vraelys voltooi. Die navorser het ‘n gewigsverandering vraelys afgeneem. Antropometriese metings het gewig, lengte en middelomtrek ingesluit. RESULTATE: Daar was nie ‘n betekenisvolle verskil tussen die LMI waardes van respondente voor en na immigrasie nie (p=0.06), maar die persentasie oorgewig vroulike respondente het toegeneem van 24% (n=4) na 29% (n=5) en die persentasie oorgewig manlike respondente het toegeneem van 46% (n=6) na 69% (n=9). Die persentasie vetsugtige vroulike respondente het toegeneem van 6% (n=1) na 12% (n=2) na immigrasie en die manlike respondente het geen toename in vetsugtigheid getoon nie. Dit het voorgekom asof respondente bewus was van hulle gewigsklassifikasies met 60% (n=18) wat gerapporteer het dat hulle hulself as oorgewig beskou. Die gemiddelde middelomtrek waardes van die manlike en vroulike respondente was geklassifiseer as aksie vlak 1. Een en veertig persent (n=7) van die vroulike respondente en 31% (n=4) van die manlike respondente het middelomtrek waardes getoon wat as aksie vlak 2 geklassifiseer was. Koolhidraat inname was laer as the nutrient verwysingswaardes vir 84% (n=25) en 62% (n=19) van die respondente soos aangedui deur die voedselfrekwensie lys en 3-dag voedselrekord. Vesel inname was laer as the nutrient verwysingswaardes vir 76% (n=23) en 82% (n=25) van die respondente soos aangedui deur die voedselfrekwensie lys en 3-dag voedselrekord. Die gemiddelde waardes vir koolhidraat en vesel inname vir manlike en vroulike respondente (voedselfrekwensie lys en 3-dag voedselrekord) was laer as die nutrient verwysingswaardes. Versadigde vet en natrium innames was hoog. Folaat, kalsium en kalium innames van ‘n groot proporsie respondente was laer as die aanbevelings. Sewe en sestig persent (n=20) van die respondente het gerapporteer dat hulle fisiese aktiwiteitsvlakke toegeneem het na immigrasie en 70% (n=21) van die respondente het verwag dat hulle fisiese aktiwiteitsvlakke sou verhoog. AANBEVELINGS: Die studie populase het ‘n toename in gewig en LMI ondervind. ‘n Aantal verdere risikofaktore vir kroniese en kardiovaskulêre siektes was geïdentifiseer, byvoorbeeld hoë middelomtrek waardes, hoë versadigde vet en natrium innames en lae vesel, folaat, kalsium en kalium innames. Programme wat fokus op die voorkoming van oorgewig/vetsug in Suid-Afrikaanse immigrante in Hobart, Australië moet moontlik gemik wees op laer totale en versadigde vet inname, hoër vesel en koolhidraat inname asook variasie in diet en fisiese aktiwiteit moet ook verder aangemoedig word. Sodanige aanbevelings moet egter bevestig word deur groter prospektiewe studies.
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McCune, Letitia M. "Antioxidants in Canadian boreal forest : indigenous medicinal plant treatments in relation to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36654.
Full textAbstract:
Medicinal plants, as part of traditional ingestion practices, may contain antioxidants to combat the oxidative stress which is implicated in prediabetes as well as many of the complications of diabetes, As Indigenous Peoples move further from their traditional lifestyles, and therefore their use of medicinal plants, incidence of diabetes has increased dramatically, Those medicinal plants of the boreal forest that have been used for 3 or more symptoms of diabetes or its complications were selected for analysis. Three different assays (DPPH, NBT/xanthine oxidase and DCF/APPH) determined the antioxidant activity of 35 medicinal plant species. The majority of the species (89%) had free radical scavenging activity significantly greater than the market produce tested (Tukey, P < 0.05), 63% had superoxide scavenging activities similar to vitamin C, and eight species had free radical scavenging activity similar to green tea. Considering that many of these species are also used for food or beverage they represent an antioxidant benefit to the traditional lifestyle. Among the parts used medicinally, roots and barks were used the most frequently with activity in the order of fruit > bark > leaves > roots. The perennials selected had activity in rank trees > shrubs > herbs and the activity associated with habitat found rocky areas > woodland > wet/boggy habitats. Species used for symptoms such as diarrhea, rheumatism, tonic and heart/chest pain were typically high in antioxidant activity. Using cluster analysis it was determined that species used for diarrhea and heart disease as well as those used for a combination of tonic, sores, urinary, blood, pregnancy and boils could also be species with high antioxidant activity. The greater the number of symptoms a species was used for, the greater the activity. Three species with high antioxidant activities, Rhus hirta, Cornus stolonifera and Solidago canadensis, inhibited TNF production in human macrophage cells suggesting a po
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Wong, Jencia. "Age of diagnosis as a factor in the heterogeneity of type 2 diabetes: a clinical and molecular study." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2009. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28210.
Full textAbstract:
The age range at which type 2 diabetes develops has recently
expanded. Thus chronological age and age of onset are now important
variables in this already heterogeneous disease. The increasing
prevalence of early-onset diabetes in particular raises clinical and
societal concerns. Such individuals have a longer life-time disease
duration and potentially can develop more diabetes related
complications, at a relatively young age, perhaps during the most
productive periods of their lives. The determinants of, and impact on
outcome of age of onset as a clinical variable are unclear. Therefore
studies using both clinical data and molecular techniques are employed
to answer questions in this area.
Whether the factors that impact on the development of type 2 diabetes
are specifically different for those with younger onset as compared to
older onset disease is not clear. By way of three studies, the first part of
this thesis explores the general question of ‘what determines the age
of type 2 diabetes onset?’
The specific impact of the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and
body weight on the age of type 2 diabetes onset is examined in two
different ethnic groups. This is in recognition of the paucity of specific
data in this area and the differing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome
in different ethnicities. This is examined in Chapter 2. The ‘accelerators’
of disease onset were quite different, dependent on ethnicity. Weight,
insulin resistance and a high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome are
associated with early-onset disease in Anglo-Celtics, but not so in
Chinese. The mechanistic and public health implications of these
observations are discussed.
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Comstock, Sarah Michelle. "Examining the Effect of Maternal High-Fat Diet Consumption on the Physiology and Pancreas Development of Fetal and Juvenile Nonhuman Primate Offspring." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/551.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of these studies was to investigate the impact of high-fat diet (HFD) exposure during pregnancy and the early post-natal period on fetal and post-natal development of the endocrine pancreas of the Japanese macaque. Specifically I hypothesized that the HFD would alter islet morphology and lead to disturbances in glucose homeostasis in these animals. Adult female Japanese macaques were placed on either a control (CTR) or HFD diet for 4 years. Fetuses were collected at gestational day 130 (G130), while other offspring from the CTR and HFD mothers were carried to term. After birth, infant animals were maintained with their mothers on the same diet then weaned onto either the CTR or HFD diet for five months. Animals were studied up to 13 months of age, yielding 4 postnatal groups: CTR/CTR, CTR/HFD, HFD/CTR and HFD/HFD. Pancreata were collected from these offspring for gene expression and immunohistochemical analysis. Physiological measurements, including body weight, body fat percentage, fasting glucose, insulin, glucagon and response to intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTs) and an intravenous insulin tolerance test (IVITT) were collected from the post-natal offspring. Total fetal islet mass and β cell mass were not changed, but α cell mass was significantly decreased in HFD fetuses, leading to a significant increase in the β cell to α cell ratio in HFD fetal offspring. The HFD offspring displayed a significant change from CTR offspring in expression of genes involved in glucose homeostasis and islet neogenesis, including PDX1, NeuroD, Glucokinase and Glut2. Postnatal HFD animals were significantly heavier than CTR offspring and had increased adiposity by 6-7 months of age. There was no significant effect on fasting or stimulated insulin secretion at this time point, but HFD offspring were significantly insulin resistant just prior to weaning. At 13 months of age, basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion were elevated in HFD/HFD animals and the CTR/HFD group displayed moderate insulin resistance. There was also a significant sex effect, with males from the HFD/CTR and HFD/HFD group having increased body weight and elevated fasting glucose. Although pancreata from both the HFD/HFD and CTR/HFD animals displayed significant changes in expression of genes involved in glucose homeostasis, the pattern was distinct for the two groups. Islet mass was also elevated in both of these groups; yet, HFD/HFD only displayed an increase in β cell area, while CTR/HFD had a concomitant increase in α cell area, which served to normalize the β cell to α cell ratio to control levels. In contrast, the HFD/HFD group exhibited a 40% increase in the β cell to α cell ratio. These studies demonstrate that in-utero exposure to a HFD leads to decreased α cell plasticity in response to chronic post-natal HFD consumption. Animals exposed to the HFD during pregnancy and the early post-natal period become insulin resistant, but remain normoglycemic. HFD consumption during the post-weaning period causes similar complications in glucose homeostasis and islet mass in both the CTR/HFD and HFD/HFD animals. However, there are distinct differences in the molecular and cellular adaptive response between these two groups.
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Carstens, Maryke. "The association between glycaemic control and lifestyle habits in adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus attending selected private health care practices in Thabazimbi, Limpopo Province." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85796.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction: Intensive lifestyle intervention in people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is associated with weight loss, significant reductions in HbA1c% and a reduction in cardiovascular disease risk factors. Small towns unfortunately experience a deficit of dieticians, thus limiting access to lifestyle intervention. Furthermore, a limited number of South African studies have evaluated the effect of dietary habits, anthropometric status, activity level (AL) and dietician-led medical nutrition therapy (MNT) on glycaemic control in patients with T2DM. This study thus aimed to identify the association between glycaemic control and lifestyle habits in adults with T2DM living in Thabazimbi. The role of the dietician with regard to optimal glycaemic control was also investigated with great interest. Methods: Individuals (>18 years) with T2DM who had a recent HbA1c test result and no acute infection/illness were included in the study over a 7 month recruitment period. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured, AL and dietetic contact evaluated, and dietary habits assessed by means of a structured questionnaire. Six home-measured post-prandial glucose (PPG) measurements and HbA1c% were used to evaluate glycaemic control. Results: A total of 62 (59.7% males) patients were included. The mean age was 60.13 ±10.85 years and mean T2DM disease duration was 121 ±96.56 months. Only 6.45% of participants had a normal Body Mass Index classification. Most (90.32%) participants had a substantially increased waist circumference (WC). Half of the participants had a sedentary/low AL, whilst 48.39% had an active/moderately active AL. Almost all (95%) participants indicated it was necessary for persons with DM to consult a dietician for MNT, however only 63% of participants actually consulted one. Mean dietary compliance was 74.53 ±10.93%. The average HbA1c% and PPG of participants were respectively 7.50 ±1.62% and 8.90 ±3.21mmol/l. A significant negative association (r=-0.31; p=0.02) was found between HbA1c% and percentage dietary compliance. The number of dietetic sessions completed and average PPG were also significantly [(r=0.40; p=0.001), (r=-0.34; p=0.01)] associated with percentage dietary compliance. In turn PPG had a significant positive (r=0.30; p=0.02) association with DM disease duration. Both the good HbA1c and good PPG control groups had significantly (p=0.01, p=0.04) better dietary habits than the poor HbA1c and PPG control groups. When compared to the poor PPG group, the good PPG group made significantly (p=0.04) better dietary decisions with regard to the main meal’s carbohydrate quality and quantity. Body Mass Index, WC, AL and extent of dietetic contact didn’t play a significant role in the glycaemic classification (good vs. poor) of participants. Conclusion: The longer T2DM is present, the worse PPG control becomes. Optimal dietary habits play a significant positive role in both the long- and short term glycaemic control of people with T2DM in Thabazimbi. The choice and portion size of the main meal’s carbohydrates has been identified to be the most important dietary role-player in the glycaemic control of this study population. This study also shows that if individuals with DM spend enough time with a dietician, it could potentially contribute to better dietary compliance and subsequent better glycaemic control.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding: Intensiewe leefstyl intervensie onder diegene met Tipe 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) word geassosieer met gewigsverlies, beduidende verlaging in HbA1c% asook ’n vermindering in verskeie kardiovaskulêre-siekte risiko faktore. Plattelandse dorpies beleef egter ’n tekort aan dieetkundiges, wat gevolglik toegang tot leefstyl intervensie beperk. Daar is ook ’n beperkte hoeveelheid Suid-Afrikaanse studies wat die impak van eetgewoontes, antropometriese status, aktiwiteitsvlak en dieetkundige-begeleide dieetterapie op glisemiese beheer in T2DM pasiënte evalueer. Die doel van die studie was dus om die verband tussen glisemiese beheer en leefstyl gewoontes in volwassenes met T2DM in Thabazimbi te bepaal. Die rol van die dieetkundige met betrekking tot optimale glisemiese beheer was ook met groot belangstelling nagevors. Metodes: Diegene (>18 jaar) met T2DM wat oor ’n onlangse HbA1c toets uitslag beskik het en nie enige akute siektes/infeksie gehad het nie, is oor ’n 7 maande werwingsperiode ingesluit. Gewig, lengte en middel-omtrek was gemeet, aktiwiteitsvlak en dieetkundig-kontak bepaal, en eetgewoontes geassesseer m.b.v. ’n gestruktueerde vraelys. Ses tuis-bepaalde na-ete bloedsuiker lesings en HbA1c% was gebruik om glisemiese beheer te evalueer. Resultate: Twee-en-sestig (59.7% mans) pasiënte het aan die studie deelgeneem. Die gemiddelde ouderdom was 60.13 ±10.85 jaar en die gemiddelde T2DM duurte 121 ±96.56 maande. Slegs 6.45% van die deelnemers het ’n gesonde Liggaam-Massa-Indeks gehad. Meeste (90.32%) deelnemers se middel-omtrek was ook ruimskoots verhoog. Die helfte van die deelnemers het ’n passiewe/lae aktiwiteitsvlak gehad, terwyl 48.39% ’n aktief/matig-aktiewe aktiwiteitsvlak gerapporteer het. Amper al (95%) die deelnemers het aangedui dat mense met T2DM ’n dieetkundige moet raadpleeg vir dieetterapie. Slegs 63% van die deelnemers het egter werklik ’n dieetkundige vir diabetes dieetterapie geraadpleeg. Gemiddelde dieet-gehoorsaamheid was 74.53 ±10.93% en die gemiddelde HbA1c % en na-ete bloedsuiker vlakke van deelnemers was onderskeidelik 7.50 ±1.62% en 8.90 ±3.21mmol/l. Daar was ’n beduidende negatiewe verband (r=-0.31; p=0.02) tussen HbA1c % en persentasie dieet-gehoorsaamheid. ’n Beduidende verband was ook tussen persentasie dieet-gehoorsaamheid en die hoeveelheid voltooide dieetterapie sessies (r=0.40; p=0.001) asook die gemiddelde na-ete bloedglukose vlak (r=-0.34; p=0.01) geïdentifiseer. Na-ete bloedglukose het ook ’n beduidende positiewe (r=0.30; p=0.02) verband met die duurte van diabetes getoon. Beide die goeie HbA1c en goeie na-ete glukose groepe het beduidend (p=0.01, p=0.04) beter eetgewoontes as die swak HbA1c en swak na-ete glukose groepe gehad. Die goeie na-ete glukose groep het veral beduidend (p=0.04) beter dieet keuses m.b.t die hoofmaal se koolhidraat kwaliteit en kwantiteit gemaak. Lengte-Massa-Indeks, middel-omtrek, aktiwiteitsvlak en die mate van dieetkundige kontak het nie ’n beduidende rol in die glisemiese klassifikasie (goed teenoor swak) van deelnemers gespeel nie. Gevolgtrekking: Na-ete bloedsuiker beheer word al hoe slegter hoe langer T2DM teenwoordig is. Optimale eetgewoontes speel ’n beduidende positiewe rol in beide die lang- en kort-termyn glisemiese beheer van mense met T2DM in Thabazimbi. Die keuse en porsie grootte van die hoofmaal se koolhidrate blyk die belangrikste dieet rolspeler in die glisemiese beheer van die studie populasie te wees. Die studie dui ook aan dat as mense met T2DM genoeg tyd saam met ’n dieetkundige deurbring, dit moontlik kan bydra tot beter dieet-gehoorsaamheid en gevolglik beter glisemiese beheer.
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Tala, Hazel Marie Bituin Linan. "The oral health status and dental awareness of young Hong Kong Chinesewith insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31954145.
Full text
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Wilson, Andrew. "Ethnicity, coronary heart disease risk and platelet aggregation." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1996. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27600.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives:
Part A. To analyse existing risk-factor studies in the population of Sydney for differences in established risk factors, particularly smoking, blood pressure and blood lipids, between Southern-European-born migrants and Australian-born subjects.
Part B. To examine a sample of Southern-European and Australia-born men without current CHD, of similar socio-economic background to:
i. Compare factors relating to haemostasis and coagulation which have been reported as predictive of CHD risk, especially platelet aggregability, fibrinogen and Factor VIIc levels.
ii. Compare other measures of haemostasis and coagulation which have been reported as varying among ethnic groups.
iii. Examine the determinants of platelet aggregability, especially the nutrient content of their usual diet.
iv. Examine the relations among established risk factor for CHD and measures of platelet aggregability.
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Tabatabaei, Seyed Mehdi. "The relationship between dietary factors, meat consumption, heterocyclic amines, Benzo[a]pyrene, meat-derived mutagenic activity and colorectal cancer in Western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Population Health, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0059.
Full textAbstract:
The role of meat consumption in the development of cancer, including colorectal cancer (CRC), has been subject of much investigation in recent years. The observation of geographical variation in CRC incidence and increased CRC risks in populations consuming high levels of meat prompted researchers to hypothesise a link between meat and CRC. An area of particular interest in CRC pathogenesis is the meat-derived compounds such are heterocyclic amines (HCAs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and meatderived mutagenic activity. Australia is among the countries with high incidence of CRC and also high levels of per capita meat consumption. Hence, clarifying the possible link between meat consumption and the risk of CRC in order that this can be translated into preventive dietary recommendations for the public is important. The objective of this thesis was to examine whether meat consumption is related to risk of CRC in an Australian population. The term meat consumption in this thesis means meaures of consumption of red and white meat that incorporate frequency and cooking method. The following hypotheses were investigated: 1. Increasing intake of meat prepared by methods that involve higher cooking temperature and time is positively associated with the risk of CRC; 2. Increasing exposure to meat-derived heterocyclic amines (HCAs) is positively associated with the risk of CRC; 3. Higher levels of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from meat consumption is a risk factor for CRC; 4. Exposure to meat-derived mutagens increases the risk of CRC.
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Smith, Daniel E. "Vitamin B-6 status of persons with diabetes mellitus." Thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/27057.
Full textAbstract:
The status of vitamin B-6 (B6) nutriture of nine
persons (4F;5M) with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
(IDDM), nine persons (5F;4M) with non-insulin dependent
diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), and 18 control individuals
(9F;9M) was evaluated, using biochemical and dietary
indicators of B6 status. The biochemical indices employed
were plasma concentration of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP),
urinary 4-pyridoxic acid (4PA) excretion, and urinary
kynurenic acid (KA) and xanthurenic, acid (XA) excretion
following a tryptophan load test (2 g L-tryptophan oral
load). Dietary B6 intake and the ratio of B6 (mg) to
dietary protein (g) (B6:protein) were determined.
Fasting blood, two consecutive 24 h urine collections
and three consecutive daily weighed diet records were
obtained on each of two occasions, separated by 30-70 d.
Diet records were analyzed for vitamin B-6 and protein
intake using nutrient data bases. Samples of 70 foods, for
which the data bases lacked B6 values, were obtained and
analyzed for total B6 content by a microbiological method.
The plasma concentration of PLP was determined by an
enzymatic method, and plasma alkaline phosphatase activity
by a colorimetric method. Urinary 4PA was separated by
HPLC, urinary KA and XA by ion exchange, and each
metabolite was determined fluorometrically.
The mean daily vitamin B-6 intake of each group
exceeded the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). The mean
B6:protein ratios ± standard deviations (SD) for the groups
of females were 0.0200±0.0027, 0.0304±0.0101, and
0.0254±0.0099 for IDDM, NIDDM and control (C),
respectively. The respective B6:protein ratios for the
males were 0.0280±0.0040, 0.0242±0.0038 and 0.0241±0.0078.
The mean±SD plasma PLP concentrations for females were
22.4±6.8, 21.8±9.6 and 37.4126.8 nmol/L for IDDM, NIDDM and
C, respectively. The mean plasma PLP concentrations of the
two groups of females with diabetes were at the low end of
a range (22.4-25.3 nmol/L) suggested to indicate marginal
status, and 56% of the females with diabetes had PLP
concentrations below the lower boundary of the marginal
range. For the three groups of males the PLP
concentrations were in the same rank order as dietary B6
intake; 53.9±18.2, 43.6±7.2 and 37.5±17.7 nmol/L for IDDM,
NIDDM and C, respectively. Plasma PLP concentration was
strongly and significantly correlated with B6 intake in
both diabetes (n=18, r=.744, p<.001) and C (n=18, r=.695,
p<.001) groups, but was also negatively associated with
plasma AP activity only for the diabetes group (n=18, r=-
.454, a=.058). The mean plasma AP activity of females with
NIDDM was significantly higher than that of the female C
group (p<.01). Greater than normal AP hydrolysis of PLP is
thought to have contributed to the low plasma PLP
concentrations observed in the females with NIDDM.
Levels of urinary 4PA excretion by females were
8.76±2.10, 7.61±12.57 and 8.15±14.43 μmol/d for IDDM, NIDDM
and C, respectively, or 87, 63 and 72% of B6 intake. For
males the urinary 4PA levels were 12.76±14.53, 10.32±11.77
and 9.81+3.34 μmol/d, respectively, or 76, 68 and 78% of B6
intake. All subjects excreted 4-PA in amounts indicative
of adequate B6 status.
All means for tryptophan metabolites were within
ranges seen for normal subjects, both pre and post-tryptophan load. None of the subjects with diabetes and
only one female C subject excreted more than 65 μmol XA in
24 h after the tryptophan load (upper boundary of normal
response to 2 g tryptophan load). Mean post-load excretion
of XA and KA of diabetes groups was numerically lower than
that of same sex controls in all comparisons, although in
only one instance was the difference significant (NIDDM
females post-load KA, p<.05). The results of the
tryptophan load test suggest adequate B6 function in the
kynurenine pathway those with diabetes and controls.
Individuals with diabetes were found to consume
adequate or above amounts of B6 by the standard of the RDA.
Low plasma PLP levels were observed in females with IDDM
who had the lowest B6 intake, and in females with NIDDM who
had the highest plasma AP activity. The present research
indicates that low PLP may be present in diabetes, as
observed by other investigators, despite seemingly adequate
B6 nutriture. However, normal to above normal amounts of
urinary 4-PA excretion indicated adequate body stores of
B6, and normal response to the tryptophan load test
suggested adequate function of B6 in the liver of persons
with diabetes. Plasma PLP concentration alone may not be
an adequate B6 status indicator in persons with diabetes.
Based upon the levels of multiple indicators, the vitamin
B-6 status of those persons with diabetes studied was
judged to be adequate.Graduation date: 1991
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"Dietary intake, diet-related knowledge and metabolic control of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus, aged 6-10 years attending the paediatric diabetic clinics at Grey's Hospital, Pietermaritzburg and Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3445.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to assess the dietary intake, diet-related knowledge and
metabolic control in children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus between the ages of 6-10 years
attending the Paediatric Diabetic Clinics at Grey’s Hospital, Pietermaritzburg and Inkosi
Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal.
This was a cross sectional observational study that was carried out in a total of 30 subjects
out of a possible 35 subjects that qualified for inclusion in the study from both the Grey’s
Hospital clinic (n=8) and IALCH clinic (n=22).
The dietary intake was assessed in a total of 25 subjects using a three day dietary record
(n=20) and a 24 hour recall of the third day of the record (n=16). Diet-related knowledge
was assessed using a multiple choice questionnaire. Metabolic control was assessed using
the most recent HbA1c and the mean HbA1c results over the previous 12 months from the
date of data collection. Height and weight measurements were also carried out.
Information on socioeconomic status and education status of the caregivers was obtained
from 22 caregivers through follow-up phone calls. All measurements except for dietary
intake were obtained from all subjects participating in the study.
The mean percentage contribution of macronutrients to total energy was very similar to the
International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) Consensus
Guidelines (2002). The mean percentage contribution of macronutrients to total energy
from the 3 day dietary records and the 24 hour recalls were as follows: carbohydrate (52%
and 49%); sucrose (2% and 2%); protein (16% and 17%); fat (32% and 34%).
Micronutrient intake was adequate for all micronutrients except for calcium and vitamin D
which showed low intakes.
The mean diet-related knowledge score for the sample was 67% with significantly higher
scores in children older than 8 years of age.
The latest HbA1c for the sample was 9.7% and the mean HbA1c over the previous 12
months from the date of data collection was 9.6%. There was a significant positive
correlation between age of the participant and the latest HbA1c (r = 0.473; p=0.008) and a
significant negative correlation between the education level of the caregivers and the latest
HbA1c (r = - 0.578; p=0.005) and the mean HbA1c over 12 months (r = - 0.496; p=0.019).
Significant differences were found between African and Indian children respectively for
HbA1c, with higher values in African children. There was no correlation between BMI for
age and latest HbA1c (r = 0.203, p=0.282) or mean HbA1c over 12 months (r = 0.101,
p=0.594). Z score for BMI for age was also not correlated with latest HbA1c (r = 0.045,
p=0.814) or mean HbA1c over 12 months (r = - 0.012, p=0.951). Children from the Grey’s
Hospital Clinic were found to have higher HbA1c values (p=0.001) and lower diet-related
knowledge scores as compared to the children from the IALCH Clinic (p=0.038). It should
be noted that the ethnic and racial composition of the children attending these two clinics
differed.
In conclusion the macronutrient intake in this sample was found to be similar to the ISPAD
Consensus Guidelines (2002) while calcium and vitamin D intakes were low. Overall this
sample displayed good diet-related knowledge while metabolic control was found to be
poor.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.
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Yip, Jussara H. "Certified diabetes educators' perspectives on the effectiveness of meal planning strategies on compliance with meal plan by people with type 2 diabetes." 2011. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1661340.
Full textAbstract:
Previous studies reported that noncompliance to diabetes treatment may result in a series of health complications. To further understand patients’ noncompliance to meal plans, a study on meal planning strategy was developed. Through a survey Certified Diabetes Educators determined which meal planning strategies were the most effective in encouraging patients’ compliance to meal plan according to age groups (18 and under, 19 to 49, 50 to 70, and 71 and above) and recency of diagnosis (newly- and non-newly diagnosed) with Type 2 diabetes. Results identified that nutrition labels had the greatest mean rating for effectiveness in age groups 18 and under, 19 to 49, and 50 to 70; and healthy food choices had the greatest mean rating for effectiveness with age group 71 and above.Department of Family and Consumer Sciences
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Madad, Leila. "The interaction of intrauterine environment and diet on the pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150619.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Prenatal environmental factors such as intrauterine growth retardation (IDGR), as well as postnatal factors such as over-nutrition and sedentary lifestyle contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in predisposed individuals. The aim of this study was to determine in a rat model whether IDGR and high fat lipogenic diet interact in T2D pathogenesis. Methods: A previously described surgical model ((bilateral uterine artery ligation (BDAL)) of IDGR Sprague-Dawley rats with sham-operated controls was used. Male and female IDGR and sham pups were fed high fat or chow-diets from weaning. Serial measurements of body weight and serum variables including blood glucose, free fatty acids and triglyceride were taken. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests including insulin response measurements were performed at 13 and 23 weeks of age. At 24 weeks of age, the rats were euthanased and pancreases were harvested. Pancreases were assessed histologically with haematoxylin and eosin staining for islet morphology, perl staining for iron, trichrome staining for collagen. Sections were also immunostained for insulin. Results: The BDAL surgery resulted in IDGR pup weights that were approximately 25% less that the sham pup weights. Thus, the BDAL procedure was effective in producing moderately severe intrauterine growth restriction. The chow-fed IDGR rats developed an abnormal metabolic phenotype, but this was mild compared to the previously reported IDGR model. The chow-fed IDGR rats did not develop overweight or diabetes, but did develop fed-state hypertriglyceridaemia (female only) and fasting hyperlipacidaemia (male only) as well as hyperinsulinaemia (evident at 23 weeks of age in male rats with a trend for this evident in female rats). Control sham rats on high fat-diet developed hyperglycaemia, fed-state hyperlipacidaemia, fasting and fed-state hypertriglyceridaemia and mildly impaired glucose tolerance with evidence of marked post-glucose load hyperinsulinaemia. Unexpectedly, the high fat-fed IUGR rats were protected against excessive weight gain (most evident in female rats), nonfasting hyperglycaemia and glucose intolerance (evident in female rats only). IUGR rats on the HF diets, however, had higher non-fasting triglyceride levels and had accentuated hyperinsulinaemia in response to a glucose load at 23 weeks of age. Thus, IUGR and high fat-diet most likely caused a greater degree of hyperinsulinaemia. Despite mild effects of IUGR on the metabolic phenotype of the rats, the histological analyses of the pancreases showed major changes in male rats. Two of four chow-fed IUGR had evidence of multiple large disorganized islets; where four of five high fat fed IUGR rats had these disorganized islets. No sham rat pancreases had any of these abnormal islets. Staining for iron showed marked peri-islet iron accumulation associated with these abnormal islets and staining for collagen showed marked islet fibrosis. The insulin immunohistochemistry confirmed the abnormal islet architecture. Conclusion: IUGR chow-fed rats did not develop T2D, which is at variance from previously reported studies. IUGR did alter the effects of high fat-diet on the metabolic phenotype causing more severe hypertriglyceridaemia and insulin resistance, but again diabetes did not develop. The Canberra IUGR rat, as opposed to the one previously reported, is capable of successful islet beta cell compensation. However, islet morphology was severely disturbed in the Canberra male IUGR rats that appeared worse with high fat feeding. The presence of increased iron staining associated with these abnormal islets may have pathophysiological significance. We postulate that genetic background and its effect on islet susceptibility to insults (intrauterine and post-natal) is an essential component in pathogenesis of T2D, explaining the differences between IUGR models.
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Cassar, Kylie Anne. "Health beliefs and treatment adherence among Maltese and Anglo-Saxon Australians with Type II diabetes mellitus." Thesis, 2003. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15745/.
Full textAbstract:
There is a growing body of research examining psychosocial aspects of diabetes. Relatively few studies, however, have investigated a theoretical framework to help integrate empirical knowledge. This study tested the utility of an expanded health belief model for explaining regimen adherence among Type II Diabetes patients. Furthermore,
the study examined differences between Maltese Australian people and Anglo-Saxon Australian people. A paper and pencil questionnaire was administered to 147 people
with Type II Diabetes who attended Diabetes Australia in Sunshine, Western Metropolitan Melbourne. The questionnaire measured adherence to diabetes medication, dietary treatment adherence, adherence to home blood glucose monitoring, 'perceived susceptibility and severity of diabetes and its complications', 'perceived benefits and
barriers to carrying out treatment', 'health locus of control', 'attitudes toward doctors', 'beliefs about food', and demographic factors. Health beliefs predicted dietary treatment adherence. There were predictive relationships found between health beliefs and ethnic differences were evident. A new 'Diabetes Dietary Adherence Model' emerged from the findings, which may assist in re-directing patient education programs.
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Diaz, Roman Yessica. "Self-management Practices and Perspectives of Spanish-speaking Older Dominican Adults with Type 2 Diabetes." Thesis, 2012. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-5r1x-0k39.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Type 2 diabetes is the fifth-leading cause of death in Latinos in the United States. Diabetes is a commonly occurring health condition in older adults, leading to complications that can severely impact quality of life and hasten death. The burden of diabetes is considerable in the older adult population; almost four-fifths of adults with diabetes are older than 59 years. Diabetes mortality can be reduced or delayed with effective management of the illness. Older minority adults are more likely to have higher rates of adult-onset diabetes than non-Hispanic Whites, yet few studies have examined the diabetes self-management practices of this group. These issues are particularly important to investigate in older Dominican adults in Washington Heights/Inwood, New York City, because this group has unique cultural beliefs and practices, is rapidly increasing in population, and has a variety of unmet health-related needs. This study explored specific barriers encountered (cultural and structural) and the extent to which external factors are associated with self-management practices among older Dominican community residents living in mainland US with type 2 diabetes. After 20 years of health disparities research and intervention older adults continue to have problems accessing health care due to structural and socio-cultural barriers. Methods. This investigation utilized qualitative in-depth interviews to examine the cultural and structural barriers to health care and self-management practices existing in this group. Results. Thirty Dominicans 55 years and older were recruited through a community-based senior resource center from the mainland US. Self-management practices for type 2 diabetes vary and are represented by commonly known factors, including: 1) diet modifications; 2) glucose monitoring; 3) medication adherence; 4) exercise, and 5) diabetes classes. Findings from this study illustrate that male and female participants have mixed self-management practices that assist them in managing their diabetes. In addition, participants are interested in “learning” how to manage their diabetes through their participation in classes and diabetes-related workshops. Home remedies (remedies caseros) for type 2 diabetes were identified in this study. Conclusions. Programs and services that promote healthy self-management practices of older Latino adults need to include a focus on the unique cultural beliefs and behaviors of the individual as well as the broader situational context that impacts their diabetes self-management. Such information is invaluable for researchers and health practitioners interested in diabetes self-management practices of older minority adults.
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Benavides-Vaello, Sandra 1964. "The interrelationship of food, culture, and diabetes among Mexican American women." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/17948.
Full textAbstract:
Diabetes and related complications are one of the leading causes of death for Mexican American women. Although dietary behavior is a critical component of diabetes management, research is lacking in relation to the interplay of food habits, culture, and diabetes among this population. The specific aims of this ethnographic study were to: (1) explore the relationships between culture, food habits, and type 2 diabetes as experienced by low income Mexican American women; (2) examine the role of food in the cultural identity of low-income Mexican American women; (3) examine how trying to adhere to the ADA dietary guidelines for people with diabetes impacts the relationship between food and culture of low income Mexican American women with type 2 diabetes. This sample consisted of 16 Mexican American women between the ages of 39 to 60 years. Twelve of the sixteen had experienced diabetes for at least 10 years, and were considered experts in the management of their illness. The remaining four had experienced diabetes for a shorter period of time and were considered novices. Individual interviews were conducted with each informant. All interviews were audiotaped with the exception of one. The interviews, observations, and field notes were analyzed for data. The analysis of data rendered 6 themes: (1) “la dieta,” (2) the location and fluidity of food (3) confidence-defiance self-management connection, (4) negotiating sociocultural and biomedical expectations, (5) eating for diabetes is a family affair, and (6) strategies for self-care. In addition, preliminary comparisons were conducted between experienced and more novice individuals with diabetes.text
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Mitchell, Elliot Griffith. "Enabling Automated, Conversational Health Coaching with Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence." Thesis, 2021. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-drwc-b875.
Full textAbstract:
Health coaching is a promising approach to support self-management of chronic conditions like type 2 diabetes; however, there aren’t enough coaching practitioners to support those in need. Advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) have the potential to enable innovative, automated health coaching interventions, but important gaps remain in applying AI and ML to coaching interventions. This thesis aims to identify computational approaches and interactive technologies that enable automated health coaching systems. First, I utilized computational approaches that leverage individuals’ self-tracking and health data and used an expert system to translate ML inferences into personalized nutrition goal recommendations. The system, GlucoGoalie, was evaluated in multiple studies including a 4-week deployment study which demonstrated the feasibility of the approach.
Second, I compared human-powered and automated/chatbot approaches to health coaching in a 3-week study which found that t2.coach — a scripted, theoretically-grounded chatbot designed through an iterative, user-centered process — cultivated a coach-like experience that had many similarities to the experience of messaging with actual health coaches, and outlined directions for automated, conversational coaching interventions. Third, I examined multiple AI approaches to enable micro-coaching dialogs — brief coaching conversations related to specific meals, to support achievement of nutrition goals — including a knowledge-based system for natural language understanding, and a data-driven, reinforcement learning approach for dialog management. Together, the results of these studies contribute methods and insights that take steps towards more intelligent conversational coaching systems, with resonance to research in informatics, human-computer interaction, and health coaching.
37
Hoffman, Nolan John. "The Effects of Chromium on Skeletal Muscle Membrane/Cytoskeletal Parameters and Insulin Sensitivity." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2840.
Full textAbstract:
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)A recent review of randomized controlled trials found that trivalent chromium (Cr3+) supplementation significantly improved glycemia among patients with diabetes, consistent with a long-standing appreciation that this micronutrient optimizes carbohydrate metabolism. Nevertheless, a clear limitation in the current evidence is a lack of understanding of Cr3+ action. We tested if increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, previously observed in Cr3+-treated cells or tissues from Cr3+-supplemented animals, mediates improved glucose transport regulation under insulin-resistant hyperinsulinemic conditions. In L6 myotubes stably expressing the glucose transporter GLUT4 carrying an exofacial myc-epitope tag, acute insulin stimulation increased GLUT4myc translocation by 69% and glucose uptake by 97%. In contrast, the hyperinsulinemic state impaired insulin stimulation of these processes. Consistent with Cr3+’s beneficial effect on glycemic status, chromium picolinate (CrPic) restored insulin’s ability to fully regulate GLUT4myc translocation and glucose transport. Insulin-resistant myotubes did not display impaired insulin signaling, nor did CrPic amplify insulin signaling. However, CrPic normalized elevated membrane cholesterol that impaired cortical filamentous actin (F-actin) structure. Mechanistically, data support that CrPic lowered membrane cholesterol via AMPK. Consistent with this data, siRNA-mediated AMPK silencing blocked CrPic’s beneficial effects on GLUT4 and glucose transport regulation. Furthermore, the AMPK agonist 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-ß-D-ribonucleoside (AICAR) protected against hyperinsulinemia-induced membrane/cytoskeletal defects and GLUT4 dysregulation. To next test Cr3+ action in vivo, we utilized obesity-prone C57Bl/6J mice fed a low fat (LF) or high fat (HF) diet for eight weeks without or with CrPic supplementation administered in the drinking water (8 µg/kg/day). HF feeding increased body weight beginning four weeks after diet intervention regardless of CrPic supplementation and was independent of changes in food consumption. Early CrPic supplementation during a five week acclimation period protected against glucose intolerance induced by the subsequent eight weeks of HF feeding. As observed in other insulin-resistant animal models, skeletal muscle from HF-fed mice displayed membrane cholesterol accrual and loss of F-actin. Skeletal muscle from CrPic-supplemented HF-fed mice showed increased AMPK activity and protection against membrane cholesterol accrual and F-actin loss. Together these data suggest a mechanism by which Cr3+ may positively impact glycemic status, thereby stressing a plausible beneficial action of Cr3+ in glucose homeostasis.
38
Phele, Johanna Kedibone. "An illustration of the self-actualising tendency (S.A.T.) in an elderly diabetic group in Meadowlands-Soweto." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/643.
Full text
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Kistenmacher, Ann. "Food addiction : a cost-effective treatment proposal within a developing country context." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/24503.
Full textAbstract:
This study explores the possible efficacy of a low carbohydrate and high fat nutritional intervention (LCHF) as a treatment possibility aiming to improve the ability of self-control and regulation in the context of carbohydrate-addiction.
The study first outlines why increased simple carbohydrate consumption has been implicated as a risk-factor in numerous chronic conditions, and then explores the possibility that a reduction of such consumption could lower general medical expenditure in the healthcare sector of already overburdened institutions, especially in developing countries like South Africa. Since the neurobiological evidence for food addiction is compelling, this study investigates the impact of a low carbohydrate and high fat eating (LCHF) regimen by measuring the change in the severity of addictive behaviour in relation to a reduced carbohydrate consumption. Results indicate that a LCHF nutritional intervention lessened addictive behaviour after just 30 days, resulting in a statistically significant decrease in addiction symptoms from day 1 to day 30. The weight and BMI values of the participants recorded at the end of the study showed a reduction from those obtained during the pre- treatment stage, and the self-perceived ‘feeling in control’ also improved in all participants after the intervention.
The introduction of a LCHF nutritional intervention presents a relatively cost-effective treatment and preventative measure to combat carbohydrate over-consumption and its numerous health complications, and it is therefore hoped that the positive findings of this study will foster further research, using larger samples, into this type of nutritional intervention against addictive eating behaviour.Psychology
M.A. (Psychology)