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Academic literature on the topic 'Diabetes Mellitus, Beta Cells, ACE2, SARS-CoV-2'
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Journal articles on the topic "Diabetes Mellitus, Beta Cells, ACE2, SARS-CoV-2"
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Nimje, Prajakta D., Vidya Wasnik (Thatere), and Sumeeta Jain. "MANAGEMENT THROUGH AYURVEDIC MEDICATIONS AND LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION (PATHYASEVANA AND YOGASANA) IN A CASE OF POST-COVID COMPLICATION DIABETES MELLITUS (TYPE 2 DM): A SINGLE CASE STUDY." International Ayurvedic Medical Journal 9, no. 10 (October 15, 2021): 2619–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj5409102021.
Full textAbstract:
Diabetes is an asymptomatic disease in most people, so there could be a good number of people who may not be aware of their diabetes before they caught COVID-19. Some studies state that in poorly resourced countries, as many as 50% of people with chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, are undiagnosed. Theoretically, COVID-19 can also cause diabetes as the pancreas have ACE2 receptors, which can enable SARS COV2 to enter the pancreatic beta cells, resulting in structural and functional damage. The present study is carried out to know the traditional Ayurvedic treatment for Diabetes Mellitus. For Diabetes Ayurvedic drugs, Pathyasevana and Yogic lifestyle are one of the best choices of management for their prime role in maintaining blood sugar levels and preventing Diabetes. The present study showed a significant effect on associated complaints. Objectives: - To study the effect of Ayurvedic medications and lifestyles modification (Pathyasevana and Yogasana) on Post Covid complications Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Materials and Methods: A 33-year-old male, reported to the Government Ayurveda college and hospital, Nagpur. With complaints of loss of appetite, weakness, sweet taste of mouth, mild polydipsia, mild polyurea excessive mental stress, and Insomnia for the last two months. For that, he had taken treatment of allopathic medicine for a few days, but he was not satisfied. He had been given Ayurvedic medications for 3 months. Appropriate modifications were done at diet and lifestyle as per Ayurvedic text. Proper Yoga protocol was provided to him. Fasting and Post Prandial blood sugar levels were measured by an electronic glucometer before and after treatment. Result: - Improvement in subjective and objective symptoms was found. Mild to moderate improvement was noted in weakness, sweet taste of mouth, mild polydipsia, mild polyurea, Insomnia was reduced. Conclusion: - Ayurvedic medicines and lifestyle modifications can be considered as a mainstream treatment in the case of newly diagnosed post covid diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Post covid complication, Yogasana, Lifestyle modification.
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Junhai, Gazi Rayeeda, Hasi Rani Saha, and Bidhan Chandra Sarkar. "Prevalence of COVID-19 Among Older People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research 7, no. 3 (September 5, 2022): 273–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijshr.20220738.
Full textAbstract:
Background: On March 11, 2020, the WHO proclaimed the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic owing to coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 is a zoonotic virus that may be spread from bats to humans through airborne droplets and aerosols. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has a high binding affinity for ACE2 receptors, widely expressed throughout the respiratory system, notably in epithelial lung cells. ACE2 receptors are found in intestinal mucosal, endothelial, heart, renal epithelial as well as cerebral neuronal cells, explaining COVID-19 extrapulmonary symptoms like diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, chest pain, heart failure, renal injury, headache, and confusion. Older persons with type2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection as drugs by which they are treated promote ACE2 receptor expression. Moreover, comorbidities increase the probability of poor outcomes after infection by the SARS-CoV-2. Research links COVID-19 to hyperglycemia in the elderly with type 2 diabetes. Twenty percent of people with diabetes get severe pneumonia and a septic course from viral infections. Diabetes contributed to sickness severity and fatality in MERS (MERS-CoV). Epidemiological findings in SARS-CoV-2-affected regions, CDC data, and other national health centers and hospitals suggest that individuals with diabetes had a 50% greater chance of dying from COVID-19. Methods: This systematic review involves a critical and reproducible summary of the results of the available publications on COVID-19 and diabetic elderly patients’ topics and questions. Fourteen studies (6 retrospective cohorts, two prospective, two cohorts, one combined retrospective, one observational, one cross-sectional, and one hospital-based study) were included in this systematic review. Results: From all studies, the mean age of older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus who suffered from COVID-19 was 50 to 89 years. The majority of the studies showed the male predominance of infection. The pooled prevalence of COVID-19 among diabetes mellitus elderly patients was 29.8%. Conclusions: Diabetes patients had a greater COVID-19 prevalence and severity, according to several explanations. Diabetes Mellitus increases the risk of infection due to innate and adaptive immunity deficiencies. Post COVID-19 complications arise due to a lack of equilibrium between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine networks in type 2 diabetes mellitus, contributing to increased mortality. Therefore, this study necessitates a large investigational study to find out how to boost the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection in an equilibrium manner not to produce much inflammatory cytokine in type 2 diabetes mellitus individuals to reduce the risk of developing complications and mortality consequently. Keywords: COVID-19, Diabetes mellitus, Type-2 diabetes, Elderly.
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Kadir, Nursin Abdul, and Ida Parwati. "COVID-19 (Symptomatic Non-Respiratory) with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY 29, no. 1 (January 19, 2023): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24293/ijcpml.v29i1.1863.
Full textAbstract:
COVID-19 is a respiratory infection caused by a new strain of Coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is highly contagious, primarily through respiratory droplets and contact. Typical symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Weakness, nausea, and vomiting are often accompanied by respiratory symptoms but are sometimes confusing when these symptoms occur without respiratory symptoms. COVID-19 can affect any age group, are more common in adults and males and increase in patients with comorbidities. One of the most common comorbidities is Diabetes Mellitus (DM). A 40-year-old male patient complained of fever and weakness for three days. Nausea and vomiting since nine days before hospital admission, accompanied by painful swallowing, heartburn, and decreased appetite. History of going out of town and eating with friends 14 days before access to the hospital. 3 3 Laboratory examination results: 6600 leukocytes/mm , 264,000/mm platelets, NLR 2.3, 209 mg/dL of blood glucose, HbA1C 8.6%, SGOT 67 IU/L, SGPT 102 IU/L, IgG SARS-CoV-2 reactive, positive TCM SARS-CoV-2 (N2 Ct 18 and E Ct 20.3), and the duration of negative conversion of RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 results was 19 days. The SARS-CoV-2 virus not only infects pneumocytes but also gastrointestinal, pancreatic, and endothelial cells via ACE2 receptors in DM patients, causing increased cell wall permeability to foreign pathogens and viral replication in the gastrointestinal lining cells. Subsequent enterocyte invasion causes malabsorption resulting in enteric symptoms. Uncontrolled glycemia conditions can slow viral shedding, so the length of negative conversion of RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 results is prolonged. Based on the data above, the diagnosis in this patient was COVID-19 (symptomatic non-respiratory) with type 2 DM.
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Casillas Santana, Miguel Angel, Juan Antonio Arreguín Cano, Alejandro Dib Kanán, Farid Alonso Dipp Velázquez, Paulina del Carmen Sosa Munguía, Gabriel Alejandro Martínez Castañón, Brenda Eréndida Castillo Silva, Carolina Sámano Valencia, and Marco Felipe Salas Orozco. "Should We Be Concerned about the Association of Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontal Disease in the Risk of Infection by SARS-CoV-2? A Systematic Review and Hypothesis." Medicina 57, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57050493.
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The objective of this article was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to contrast the existing evidence regarding the relationship between periodontal disease (PD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) with the possibly increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as to establish a hypothesis that explains the ways in which this interaction could take place. A literature search up from 1 January 2020 to 21 March 2021 was conducted in three electronic databases, namely, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, in order to identify studies on periodontal disease alone or in conjunction with diabetes mellitus, reporting any relation with SARS-CoV-2 infection as a primary outcome. Only articles published in the English language were included. Due to the lack of studies, we decided to collect all the theoretical and clinical evidence suggesting a possible biological pathway evidencing the relationship among PD, DM, and SARS-CoV-2 infection. From a total of 29 articles, 12 were included for final review studies (five reviews, two hypotheses, one Special Issue, one perspective, one commentary, one case–control study, and one case report). In addition, this systematic review article hypothesizes the correlation between PD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in periodontal tissue and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. T2DM is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from altered insulin secretion or action. Likewise, periodontitis and T2DM are inflammatory disorders with a bidirectional association, and both diseases have a similar immunomodulatory cascade and cytokine profile. ACE2 is a crucial component of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and the key factor of entry in the cells by the new SARS-CoV-2. ACE2 is widely distributed in the lung and kidneys, and interestingly has a great distribution in the oral cavity, principally in the tongue and periodontal tissue. ACE2 in periodontal tissue plays a crucial role between health and disease. Moreover, the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis is downregulated in the dysbiotic and inflammatory periodontal environment. Nevertheless, the balance of ACE2 activity is modified in the context of concurrent diabetes, increasing the expression of ACE2 by the uncontrolled glycemia chronic in T2DM. Therefore, the uncontrolled hyperglycemia possibly increases the risk of developing periodontitis and triggering overexpression of ACE2 in periodontal tissue of T2DM patients, with these events potentially being essential to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of mild-to-severe form of COVID-19. In this sense, we would like to point out that the need for randomized controlled trials is imperative to support this association.
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Beliard, Kara A., Mabel Yau, Meredith Wilkes, Christopher Joseph Romero, Elizabeth Wallach, and Robert Rapaport. "SARS-CoV-2 Infection Related Diabetes Mellitus." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.808.
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Abstract Introduction: SARS-Cov-2 (severe acute respiratory distress syndrome- coronavirus 2) viral infection has a predilection for pancreatic beta cells causing insulin deficiency. Studies from the SARS-CoV outbreak in 2003 highlighted the relationship between SARS-CoV and ACE-2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) receptors in pancreatic islet cells. We describe a pediatric patient who developed Diabetes Mellitus after exposure to the Sars-CoV-2 virus. Case Report: A previously healthy 13-year-old female of Mexican descent was found to be hyperglycemic at her annual visit. The patient endorsed polyuria and polydipsia for 3 weeks, and weight loss for 3months. 3 months prior to presentation, her mother became ill and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR analysis. The patient had no SARS-CoV-2 associated symptoms. Her exam was notable for a BMI was in the 78%ile for age with no acanthosis nigricans. She had no family history of diabetes or autoimmune disease. Initial blood glucose was 729 mg/dL, with bicarbonate of 20.6 mEq/L, pH 7.45, and anion gap of 14 mEq/L. Large ketones were present in the urine. Her concomitant C-peptide level of 1.0 ng/ml was low in the setting of hyperglycemia. Her HbA1c was 14.3%. Diabetes-related autoantibodies, celiac, and thyroid antibodies were negative. Her Sars-CoV-2 antibody titer was positive with a negative PCR. The patient was treated with a basal-bolus regimen of subcutaneous insulin at a maximal total daily dose of 0.7 u/kg/day. 5 weeks later, her insulin requirement and HbA1C were both lower; at 0.5 u/kg/day and 9.3% respectively. Discussion: This patient’s symptoms of hyperglycemia started shortly after her exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. She had no features consistent with Type 2 DM. She similarly had no serological evidence of DM related autoimmunity, thus being different from reports of new-onset Type 1 DM with confirmed autoimmunity presenting during the Sars-CoV-2 pandemic. Although Type 1B DM without evidence of humoral islet autoimmunity and monogenic DM could not be fully excluded, we postulate that the patient developed SARS-CoV-2 associated DM given her time course and documented exposure to SARS –CoV-2 with the presence of SARS-CoV antibodies. One similar case has previously been reported By Holstein et al. 1 While we share the lack of direct evidence of causation, we postulate that more patients with similar presentations will be reported during the current pandemic. Reference: 1.Hollstein, T et al. Autoantibody-negative insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case report [published online ahead of print, 2020 Sep 2]. Nat Metab. 2020;10.1038/s42255-020-00281-8. doi:10.1038/s42255-020-00281-8
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Pramanik, Parthiba, and Purushottam Pramanik. "Diabetes mellitus augments the complications of patients with COVID-19: a review." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 7 (June 26, 2020): 2716. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20202925.
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Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is current pandemic infection caused by RNA virus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS Cov-2). The lungs are the organs most affected by COVID-19 and people were died due to severe acute respiratory s syndrome, pneumonia and multi-organs failure. Fatality rate was more, those who suffer in chronic diseases including diabetes mellitus (DM). As COVID-19 pandemic is accelerating , it is important to understand the molecular mechanism through which DM increases the severity related to COVID-19 to able to design more appropriate therapy. The aims of this study was to identify mechanisms through re-analysis of publicly available data by which DM increases susceptibility for COVID-19 infection and/or increase complication for SARS-Cov-2 infection. SARS Cov-2 accesses host cells via membrane bound enzyme, angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). This leads to imbalance of vasoprotective and vasodeletorious arms of renin angiotensin system (RAS) with over activity of vasodeletorious arms. Such imbalance of RAS induces alveolar damage, flooding the alveoli and difficulty in breathing. DM augmented the chance of pulmonary infection by impairment of innate immunity and down regulation of ACE2. Hence, diabetic patients of COVID-19 die from multi-organ failure, shock, heart failure, arrhythmias and renal failure along with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Thus it is concluded that DM augments the complications from COVID-19 by enhancing development of RAS imbalance. From view point of public health it is suggested to keep the lung healthy, maintain blood glucose level properly, and intake foods rich in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents to prevent and ameliorate the acute effect of COVID-19 in diabetic patients.
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Wicik, Zofia, Ceren Eyileten, Daniel Jakubik, Sérgio N. Simões, David C. Martins, Rodrigo Pavão, Jolanta M. Siller-Matula, and Marek Postula. "ACE2 Interaction Networks in COVID-19: A Physiological Framework for Prediction of Outcome in Patients with Cardiovascular Risk Factors." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 11 (November 21, 2020): 3743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113743.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (coronavirus disease 2019; COVID-19) is associated with adverse outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of the study was to characterize the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) functional networks with a focus on CVD. Methods: Using the network medicine approach and publicly available datasets, we investigated ACE2 tissue expression and described ACE2 interaction networks that could be affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection in the heart, lungs and nervous system. We compared them with changes in ACE-2 networks following SARS-CoV-2 infection by analyzing public data of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). This analysis was performed using the Network by Relative Importance (NERI) algorithm, which integrates protein-protein interaction with co-expression networks. We also performed miRNA-target predictions to identify which miRNAs regulate ACE2-related networks and could play a role in the COVID19 outcome. Finally, we performed enrichment analysis for identifying the main COVID-19 risk groups. Results: We found similar ACE2 expression confidence levels in respiratory and cardiovascular systems, supporting that heart tissue is a potential target of SARS-CoV-2. Analysis of ACE2 interaction networks in infected hiPSC-CMs identified multiple hub genes with corrupted signaling which can be responsible for cardiovascular symptoms. The most affected genes were EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor), FN1 (Fibronectin 1), TP53, HSP90AA1, and APP (Amyloid Beta Precursor Protein), while the most affected interactions were associated with MAST2 and CALM1 (Calmodulin 1). Enrichment analysis revealed multiple diseases associated with the interaction networks of ACE2, especially cancerous diseases, obesity, hypertensive disease, Alzheimer’s disease, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and congestive heart failure. Among affected ACE2-network components connected with the SARS-Cov-2 interactome, we identified AGT (Angiotensinogen), CAT (Catalase), DPP4 (Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4), CCL2 (C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2), TFRC (Transferrin Receptor) and CAV1 (Caveolin-1), associated with cardiovascular risk factors. We described for the first time miRNAs which were common regulators of ACE2 networks and virus-related proteins in all analyzed datasets. The top miRNAs regulating ACE2 networks were miR-27a-3p, miR-26b-5p, miR-10b-5p, miR-302c-5p, hsa-miR-587, hsa-miR-1305, hsa-miR-200b-3p, hsa-miR-124-3p, and hsa-miR-16-5p. Conclusion: Our study provides a complete mechanistic framework for investigating the ACE2 network which was validated by expression data. This framework predicted risk groups, including the established ones, thus providing reliable novel information regarding the complexity of signaling pathways affected by SARS-CoV-2. It also identified miRNAs that could be used in personalized diagnosis in COVID-19.
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Pelle, Maria Chiara, Isabella Zaffina, Stefania Lucà, Valentina Forte, Vincenzo Trapanese, Melania Melina, Federica Giofrè, and Franco Arturi. "Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19: Potential Mechanisms and Possible Therapeutic Options." Life 12, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): 1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12101605.
Full textAbstract:
SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus found in Wuhan (China) at the end of 2019, is the etiological agent of the current pandemic that is a heterogeneous disease, named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 affects primarily the lungs, but it can induce multi-organ involvement such as acute myocardial injury, myocarditis, thromboembolic eventsandrenal failure. Hypertension, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus and obesity increase the risk of severe complications of COVID-19. There is no certain explanation for this systemic COVID-19 involvement, but it could be related to endothelial dysfunction, due to direct (endothelial cells are infected by the virus) and indirect damage (systemic inflammation) factors. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), expressed in human endothelium, has a fundamental role in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In fact, ACE2 is used as a receptor by SARS-CoV-2, leading to the downregulation of these receptors on endothelial cells; once inside, this virus reduces the integrity of endothelial tissue, with exposure of prothrombotic molecules, platelet adhesion, activation of coagulation cascades and, consequently, vascular damage. Systemic microangiopathy and thromboembolism can lead to multi-organ failure with an elevated risk of death. Considering the crucial role of the immunological response and endothelial damage in developing the severe form of COVID-19, in this review, we will attempt to clarify the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Parrey, Ashaq, Abir aijaz, Mohd Ismail, Mir Sadaqat, Murtaza Noor, Yasmeen Amin, and Manzoor Koka. "New Onset Diabetes and Its Incidence in Severe COVID 19 Disease A Single Centre Study From Kashmir." Journal of Endocrinology and Diabetes 8, no. 2 (September 13, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15226/2374-6890/8/2/001152.
Full textAbstract:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the novel coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and has spread worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a positivestranded RNA virus that is enclosed by a protein containing lipid bilayer with a single-stranded RNA genome; SARS-CoV-2 has 82% homology with human SARS-CoV, which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome.SARS-CoV-2, virus binds to angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, which are expressed in key metabolic organs and tissues, including pancreatic beta cells, adipose tissue, the small intestine, and the kidneys. Thus, it is believed that SARS-CoV-2 may cause pleiotropic alterations of glucose metabolism that could complicate the pathophysiology of pre-existing diabetes or lead to new mechanisms of disease. Many studies have made observations that provide support for the hypothesis of a potential diabetogenic effect of Covid-19; in addition it is well-recognized that stress response associated with severe illness have diabetogenic effect. However, whether the alterations of glucose metabolism that occur with a sudden onset in severe COVIOD-19 persist or remit when the infection resolves is unclear. How frequent is the phenomenon of newonset diabetes, and is it classic type 1 or type 2 diabetes or a new type of diabetes. Key words: COVID 19; Prediabetes; Diabetes; Pneumonia.
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Blîndu, Emanuel, Renata Gerculy, Diana Opincariu, Daniel Cernica, and Imre Benedek. "Cessation of Renin-Angiotensin System Antagonists During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic – Do We Have the Evidence?" Journal of Interdisciplinary Medicine 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jim-2020-0022.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe aim of this review is to provide a short update on whether treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) has beneficial or harmful effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Epidemiological studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 infects all age groups, presenting a higher incidence in elderly patients with various comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. A large proportion of these patients are treated with ACEIs and ARBs. Since it has been demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2) as an entry point into host cells, it is important to know whether ACEIs and ARBs could modify the expression of this enzyme, and thus promote the viral infection. Animal studies and a few studies in humans have shown that renin angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors increase tissue expression of ACE2, but with potentially beneficial effects. In this context, it is imperative to provide appropriate guidance for clinicians and patients. The major cardiology associations across the world have released statements in which they recommend healthcare providers and patients to continue their treatments for hyper-tension and heart failure as prescribed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Diabetes Mellitus, Beta Cells, ACE2, SARS-CoV-2"
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Fignani, Daniela. "Bidirectional relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and Diabetes Mellitus." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1224916.
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Several studies demonstrated that COVID-19 has a more severe outcome in patients with diabetes; in addition, in normoglycemic patients, the infection can alter glycometabolic control increasing the risk to develop Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) or dysglycaemia. Thus, a bidirectional relationship between COVID-19 and diabetes can be hypothesized but a detailed analysis aimed at evaluating ACE2 expression pattern distribution in human pancreas is still lacking.
Increasing evidence demonstrated that the expression of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme type 2 (ACE2) is a necessary step for SARS-CoV-2 infection permissiveness.
Here, we took advantage of INNODIA network EUnPOD biobank collection to thoroughly analyze ACE2, both at mRNA and protein level, in multiple human pancreatic tissues and using several methodologies. Using multiple reagents and antibodies, we showed that ACE2 is expressed in human pancreatic islets, where it is preferentially expressed in subsets of insulin producing β-cells. ACE2 is also highly expressed in pancreas microvasculature pericytes and moderately expressed in rare scattered ductal cells. Moreover, using RT-qPCR, RNA-seq and High-Content imaging screening analysis, we demonstrated that pro-inflammatory cytokines, increase ACE2 expression in the β-cell line EndoC-βH1 and in primary human pancreatic islets.
Finally, we demonstrated that ACE2 expression is increased in pancreatic islets of T2D donors in comparison to non-diabetic controls alongside with a higher colocalization rate between ACE2 and insulin using both anti-ACE2 antibodies. Of note, a higher frequency of peri-islets macrophages was detected in T2D donors respect to non-diabetic.
Upregulation of ACE2 was demonstrated in pancreatic islet β-cells of T2D donors. Higher ACE2 expression in T2D islets might increase their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection during COVID-19 disease in T2D patients, thus exacerbating glycometabolic outcomes and worsening the severity of the disease.
Taken together, our data indicate a potential link between SARS-CoV-2 and diabetes.