Journal articles: 'Diabetes Australia Epidemiology'

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Adair, Timothy, and Chalapati Rao. "Changes in certification of diabetes with cardiovascular diseases increased reported diabetes mortality in Australia and the United States." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 63, no. 2 (February 2010): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.04.002.

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Xu, Zhiwei, Shilu Tong, Jian Cheng, James Lewis Crooks, Hao Xiang, Xiangyu Li, Cunrui Huang, and Wenbiao Hu. "Heatwaves and diabetes in Brisbane, Australia: a population-based retrospective cohort study." International Journal of Epidemiology 48, no. 4 (March 29, 2019): 1091–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz048.

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Abstract Background Available data on the effects of heatwaves on hospitalizations for diabetes and the post-discharge status of diabetics are scarce. This study aimed to assess the effects of heatwaves on hospitalizations and post-discharge deaths for diabetes, and to identify the individual- and community-level characteristics [i.e. age, gender, Socio-economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)] that modified heatwave effects. Methods Health data were extracted from a cohort study which included patients in Brisbane, Australia, who were hospitalized due to diabetes from 1st January 2005 to 31st December 2013, and died within 2 months after they were discharged. Data on community-level modifiers, including SEIFA and NDVI (i.e. urban vegetation), were obtained from Australian Bureau of Statistics and Australian Bureau of Meteorology, respectively. Case-crossover design was used to quantify the effects of heatwaves on hospitalizations and post-discharge deaths due to diabetes. Four heatwave definitions incorporating both intensity (i.e. 90th, 95th, 97th and 99th percentiles of mean temperature distribution) and duration (2 days), as well as excess heat factor (EHF), were used. A case-only design was adopted to identify the modifiers of heatwave effects. Results There were 10 542 hospitalizations for diabetes, and 513 patients died due to diabetes within 2 months after discharge. During low-intensity heatwave days (i.e. 90th percentile & 2 days), we did not observe a significant increase in hospitalizations for diabetes [9% at lag 0; 95% confidence interval (CI): –3%, 23%; P = 0.146], but we observed a significant increase in post-discharge deaths (46% at lag 2; 95% CI: 3%, 107%; P = 0.036). During middle-intensity heatwave days (i.e. 95th percentile & 2 days), hospitalizations for diabetes increased by 19% at lag 0 (95% CI: 2%, 39%; P = 0.026), and post-discharge deaths increased by 64% at lag 0 (95% CI: 6%, 154%; P = 0.027). During high-intensity heatwave days (i.e. 97th percentile & 2 days), hospitalizations for diabetes increased by 37% at lag 1 (95% CI: 11%, 69%; P = 0.004) and post-discharge deaths increased by 137% at lag 1 (95% CI: 39%, 303%; P = 0.002). When heatwave intensity increased to 99th percentile, we did not observe a significant increase in hospitalizations (–1% at lag 0; 95% CI: –38%, 59%; P = 0.870) or post-discharge deaths (79% at lag 0; 95% CI: –39%, 431%; P = 0.301). When we used EHF to define heatwaves, we observed significant increases of hospitalizations (7%; 95% CI: 1%, 15%; P = 0.039) and post-discharge deaths (68%, 95% CI: 10%, 158%; P = 0.017) during heatwave days, compared with non-heatwave days. Children and male diabetics were particularly vulnerable to heatwave effects, but we did not find any significant modification effect of SEIFA or NDVI on the associations of heatwaves with hospitalizations and post-discharge deaths due to diabetes. Conclusion Heatwaves may lead to hospitalizations of diabetics and their premature deaths. Heat-related diabetes burden in children may increase as climate warms and with increasing obesity rates in adolescents.

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Holloway, Kara L., Muhammad A. Sajjad, Mohammadreza Mohebbi, Mark A. Kotowicz, Patricia M. Livingston, Mustafa Khasraw, Sharon Hakkennes, et al. "The epidemiology of hip fractures across western Victoria, Australia." Bone 108 (March 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2017.12.007.

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Inglis, Timothy JJ. "Melioidosis in Australia." Microbiology Australia 42, no. 2 (2021): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma21027.

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Melioidosis is a potentially fatal bacterial infection caused by the Gram-negative bacillus, Burkholderia pseudomallei following contact with a contaminated environmental source, normally soil or water in tropical and subtropical locations. The disease spectrum varies from rapidly progressive bacteraemic infection with or without pneumonia, to focal lesions in deep soft tissues and internal organs to superficial soft tissue infection and asymptomatic seroconversion with possible long-term dormancy. Most infections occur with a background of chronic illness such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease and alcoholic liver disease. Improvements in diagnosis, targeted antimicrobial treatment and long term follow up have improved clinical outcomes. Environmental controls following rare point source case clusters and heightened awareness of melioidosis appear to have reduced the disease burden in some parts of northern Australia. However, the impact of climate change on dispersal of environmental B. pseudomallei, and changing land use in tropical Australia is expected to change the epidemiology of melioidosis in future.

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Lee, I.-Lynn, Brydie Purbrick, Federica Barzi, Alex Brown, Christine Connors, Cherie Whitbread, Elizabeth Moore, et al. "Cohort Profile: The Pregnancy and Neonatal Diabetes Outcomes in Remote Australia (PANDORA) Study." International Journal of Epidemiology 47, no. 4 (March 29, 2018): 1045–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyy046.

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Boufous, Soufiane, Caroline Finch, Stephen Lord, Jacqueline Close, Todd Gothelf, and William Walsh. "The epidemiology of hospitalised wrist fractures in older people, New South Wales, Australia." Bone 39, no. 5 (November 2006): 1144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2006.05.011.

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Maple-Brown, Louise, I.-Lynn Lee, Danielle Longmore, Federica Barzi, Christine Connors, Jacqueline A. Boyle, Elizabeth Moore, et al. "Pregnancy And Neonatal Diabetes Outcomes in Remote Australia: the PANDORA study—an observational birth cohort." International Journal of Epidemiology 48, no. 1 (November 30, 2018): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyy245.

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Hodgetts, Kay, Mariana Kleinecke, Celeste Woerle, Mirjam Kaestli, Richard Budd, Jessica R. Webb, Linda Ward, Mark Mayo, Bart J. Currie, and Ella M. Meumann. "Melioidosis in the remote Katherine region of northern Australia." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 6 (June 13, 2022): e0010486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010486.

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Melioidosis is endemic in the remote Katherine region of northern Australia. In a population with high rates of chronic disease, social inequities, and extreme remoteness, the impact of melioidosis is exacerbated by severe weather events and disproportionately affects First Nations Australians. All culture-confirmed melioidosis cases in the Katherine region of the Australian Top End between 1989–2021 were included in the study, and the clinical features and epidemiology were described. The diversity of Burkholderia pseudomallei strains in the region was investigated using genomic sequencing. From 1989–2021 there were 128 patients with melioidosis in the Katherine region. 96/128 (75%) patients were First Nations Australians, 72/128 (56%) were from a very remote region, 68/128 (53%) had diabetes, 57/128 (44%) had a history of hazardous alcohol consumption, and 11/128 (9%) died from melioidosis. There were 9 melioidosis cases attributable to the flooding of the Katherine River in January 1998; 7/9 flood-associated cases had cutaneous melioidosis, five of whom recalled an inoculating event injury sustained wading through flood waters or cleaning up after the flood. The 126 first-episode clinical B. pseudomallei isolates that underwent genomic sequencing belonged to 107 different sequence types and were highly diverse, reflecting the vast geographic area of the study region. In conclusion, melioidosis in the Katherine region disproportionately affects First Nations Australians with risk factors and is exacerbated by severe weather events. Diabetes management, public health intervention for hazardous alcohol consumption, provision of housing to address homelessness, and patient education on melioidosis prevention in First Nations languages should be prioritised.

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Fisher, A. A., E. D. O'Brien, and M. W. Davis. "Trends in hip fracture epidemiology in Australia: Possible impact of bisphosphonates and hormone replacement therapy." Bone 45, no. 2 (August 2009): 246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2009.04.244.

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Cheng, Allen C., and Bart J. Currie. "Melioidosis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 18, no. 2 (April 2005): 383–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.18.2.383-416.2005.

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SUMMARY Melioidosis, caused by the gram-negative saprophyte Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a disease of public health importance in southeast Asia and northern Australia that is associated with high case-fatality rates in animals and humans. It has the potential for epidemic spread to areas where it is not endemic, and sporadic case reports elsewhere in the world suggest that as-yet-unrecognized foci of infection may exist. Environmental determinants of this infection, apart from a close association with rainfall, are yet to be elucidated. The sequencing of the genome of a strain of B. pseudomallei has recently been completed and will help in the further identification of virulence factors. The presence of specific risk factors for infection, such as diabetes, suggests that functional neutrophil defects are important in the pathogenesis of melioidosis; other studies have defined virulence factors (including a type III secretion system) that allow evasion of killing mechanisms by phagocytes. There is a possible role for cell-mediated immunity, but repeated environmental exposure does not elicit protective humoral or cellular immunity. A vaccine is under development, but economic constraints may make vaccination an unrealistic option for many regions of endemicity. Disease manifestations are protean, and no inexpensive, practical, and accurate rapid diagnostic tests are commercially available; diagnosis relies on culture of the organism. Despite the introduction of ceftazidime- and carbapenem-based intravenous treatments, melioidosis is still associated with a significant mortality attributable to severe sepsis and its complications. A long course of oral eradication therapy is required to prevent relapse. Studies exploring the role of preventative measures, earlier clinical identification, and better management of severe sepsis are required to reduce the burden of this disease.

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Suplotova, L. A., V. V. Gubina, Yu B. Karnaukhov, L. N. Kretinina, I. V. Boyarinova, and G. A. Gerasimov. "Screening for congenital hypothyroidism as an additional method for studying the epidemiology of iodine deficiency diseases." Problems of Endocrinology 44, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl199844119-21.

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Epidemiological screening has been carried out in West Siberia in order to assess the prevalence of iodine deficiencies. The incidence of goiter was assessed, iodine excretion with the urine measured in children, and levels of neonatal thyrotropic hormone (TTH) measured in the course of screening for congenital hypothyrdsis. The findings confirmed the significance of measuring TTH in the newborns for detecting the degree of iodine deficit. The incidence of increased TTH level (more than 25 IU/liter) in the newborns of West Siberia (1.69%) is notably higher than in previously screened provinces of Canada and Australia without iodine deficit and Southern Poland cities with a moderate iodine deficit. Analysis of the frequency distribution of neonatal TTH levels in various geographical regions of the Tyumen district indicates a higher incidence of iodine deficiencies near and beyond the Polar Circle and in the Urals. These findings coincide with previous data on increased incidence of goiter and decreased iodine excretion with the urine in these regions. Monitoring of TTH levels within the framework of program of screening for congenital hypothyrosis can be used to assess the prevalence of iodine deficiencies in the population.

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Chen, Luke F., Deverick J. Anderson, Keith S. Kaye, and Daniel J. Sexton. "Validating a 3-Point Prediction Rule for Surgical Site Infection after Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 31, no. 1 (January 2010): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/649019.

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Background.Surgical site infection (SSI) after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is an increasing healthcare problem. Investigators from Australia proposed a new, 3-point scale that assesses SSI risk on the basis of diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and body mass index.Objective.To validate the Australian Clinical Risk Index among patients undergoing CABG surgery in the United States.Design and Setting.Nested case-control study involving patients undergoing CABG surgery at 9 hospitals during 1991-2002.Patients.Case patients were those who developed SSIs after CABG surgery. Control subjects were matched to case patients on the basis of hospital, age, and procedure date.Methods.Odds ratios (ORs) for SSIs were calculated for the comparison of case patients with control subjects for all risk categories determined using the Australian Clinical Risk Index and National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (NNIS) risk index. An adjusted area under the curve was used to compare predictive values among risk indices.Results.Four hundred sixty patients were studied, including 269 patients with SSI and 191 control subjects. NNIS risk group 2 was associated with increased rate of SSI (OR, 1.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-2.67). No patient had an NNIS risk index of 3. The remaining NNIS categories were not predictive of infection. In contrast, an increase in Australian Clinical Risk Index was associated with an increase in risk of SSI (category 2: OR, 2.39 [95% CI, 1.33-4.29]; category 3: OR, 4.46 [95% CI, 1.83-10.85]).Conclusions.The NNIS risk index predicts the risk of SSI associated with many procedures, but it has limited use in predicting the risk of SSI after CABG surgery. The new Australian Clinical Risk Index stratified patients into discrete groups associated with increased risk of SSI. Data from our study support the use of this new risk index in the US population.

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Renzaho, A. M. N., P. Bilal, and G. C. Marks. "Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes and High Blood Pressure Amongst Recently Arrived Sudanese Refugees in Queensland, Australia." Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 16, no. 1 (April 11, 2013): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-013-9791-y.

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W Smith, David. "Influenza diagnosis and management." Microbiology Australia 27, no. 4 (2006): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma06161.

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Influenza is already an important cause of illness and death each year in Australia and the impact of future pandemics will be many times greater. Compared with other respiratory viral illnesses, influenza is more severe in itself as well as being more likely to result in complications. These range from milder conditions such as otitis media and sinusitis to acute bronchitis, viral pneumonia and bacterial pneumonia. There are also a number of less common non-respiratory complications, including myocarditis, encephalitis, rhabdomyolysis and nephritis. In addition, a substantial component of severe disease and death from influenza is due to exacerbations of pre-existing cardiac conditions, respiratory disease or diabetes. Accurate diagnosis is the basis of the proper management of patients, understanding of the epidemiology of this virus, and detecting the entry and spread of new influenza strains.

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Thompson, Samantha J., Sandra M. Gifford, and Lisa Thorpe. "The Social and Cultural Context of Risk and Prevention: Food and Physical Activity in an Urban Aboriginal Community." Health Education & Behavior 27, no. 6 (December 2000): 725–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019810002700608.

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One of the key public health challenges facing indigenous and other minority communities is how to develop and implement effective, acceptable, and sustainable strategies for the prevention of noninsulindependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). In this article, the authors describe how an ethnographic approach was used to contextualize the behavioral risk factors for NIDDM and applied to the development of a more meaningful and appropriate epidemiological risk factor survey instrument for an urban Aboriginal population in Australia. The overall research design comprised a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods. The ethnographic study showed that the complex web of meanings that tie people to their family and community can and should be taken into account in any social epidemiology of health and illness if the findings are to have any effective and long-term potential to contribute to successful public health interventions targeting these behavioral risk factors.

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Bhattarai, Madhur Dev. "Three Patterns of Rising type 2 Diabetes Prevalence in the World: Need to Widen the Concept of Prevention in Individuals into Control in the Community." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 48, no. 174 (April 1, 2009): 173–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.240.

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This paper analyses the patterns of rising type 2 diabetes prevalence in the world with their plausible reasons focusing on control measures. It shows existence of combinations of three patterns of rises, viz. gradual, rapid and accelerated, leading to prevalence of 4–9% now in Europids, 14–20% in migrant or urbanized Asian Indians, Arabs, Chinese, Africans, and Hispanics and above 30–50% in indigenous peoples of Canada, USA, Australia and Pacifi c regions. It demonstrates that though ageing, sedentary life and obesity of people explain gradual rise in Europids, effects of rapid transition in nutritional status of population and of maternal hyperglycaemia on the risk of offspring developing glucose intolerance further add to rapid and accelerated rises respectively. It recommends that current approach of primary prevention of diabetes in people, particularly with impaired glucose tolerance, advocating modest loss of excess weight and moderate-intensity exercise, be widen into concept of control in community covering rapid and accelerated rises. The control programmes essentially are vigorous educational campaign and planning to improve nutritional status of women of childbearing age in rural and poorer sectors of society and to keep weight of adults within recommended body mass index (BMI) range, like 18.5–22.9 kg/m2for Asian and other similar populations. The population-based approaches with examples, considering developing countries, are outlined. The paper emphasizes the importance of keeping prepregnancy weight optimum, preferably below the middle of recommended BMI range, to avoid even sub-clinical maternal hyperglycemia, for prevention and control of accelerated rise in any population. Key Words: diabetes, diabetes control, diabetes epidemiology, diabetes prevention, prepregnancy weight

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Tsai, D., A. A. Udy, P. C. Stewart, S. Gourley, N. M. Morick, J. Lipman, and J. A. Roberts. "Prevalence of Augmented Renal Clearance and Performance of Glomerular Filtration Estimates in Indigenous Australian Patients Requiring Intensive Care Admission." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 46, no. 1 (January 2018): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x1804600107.

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Augmented renal clearance (ARC) refers to the enhanced renal excretion of circulating solute commonly demonstrated in numerous critically ill subgroups. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of ARC in critically ill Indigenous Australian patients and explore the accuracy of commonly employed mathematical estimates of glomerular filtration. We completed a single-centre, prospective, observational study in the intensive care unit (ICU), Alice Springs Hospital, Central Australia. Participants were critically ill adult Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian patients with a urinary catheter in situ. Exclusion criteria were anuria, pregnancy or the requirement for renal replacement therapy. Daily eight-hour measured creatinine clearances (CrCLm) were collected throughout the ICU stay. ARC was defined by a CrCLm ≥130 ml/min/1.73 m2. The Cockcroft– Gault and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equations were also used to calculate mathematical estimates for comparison. In total, 131 patients were recruited (97 Indigenous, 34 non-Indigenous) and 445 samples were collected. The median (range) CrCLm was 93.0 (5.14 to 205.2) and 90.4 (18.7 to 206.8) ml/min/1.73 m2 in Indigenous and non-Indigenous patients, respectively. Thirty-one of 97 (32%) Indigenous patients manifested ARC, compared to 7 of 34 (21%) non-Indigenous patients (P=0.21). Younger age, major surgery, higher baseline renal function and an absence of diabetes were all associated with ARC. Both mathematical estimates manifest limited accuracy. ARC was prevalent in critically ill Indigenous patients, which places them at significant risk of underdosing with renally excreted drugs. CrCLm should be obtained wherever possible to ensure accurate dosing.

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Cranney, Leonie, Bronwyn McGill, Philip J. Clare, and Adrian Bauman. "Trends in risk factors and management strategies used by people with type 2 diabetes in New South Wales, Australia." Preventive Medicine 157 (April 2022): 107004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107004.

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Zakharova, Irina B. "ACTUAL ISSUES OF MODERN EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MELIOIDOSIS: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF IMPORTED CASES TO NON-ENDEMIC REGIONS." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) 23, no. 3 (June 15, 2018): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9529-2018-23-3-126-133.

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Introduction. Melioidosis is a severe infection disease with the high mortality rate due to saprophytic bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. For the time present, the area of the distribution of the pathogen is much wider than in the case of the traditionally endemic Southeast Asia and Northern Australia and covers the humid tropics and subtropics of all continents. Methods. The search for data and analysis of disease cases in non-endemic areas for the period from 2003 to April 2017. Results. Over the past 15 years, 120 cases of melioidosis in non-endemic countries were described, that is 5,5 times higher than in the same previous period. There is no direct dependence of infection probability on the age and risk factors, but the presence of diabetes or chronic diseases doubles the risk of a fatal outcome of melioidosis. Southeast Asia still prevails as the origin of infection (62.5% of cases), however, the number of imported cases of melioidosis from Mexico, the Caribbean, South America, East Africa, Madagascar, China and the Pacific region begins to increase.

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Zakharova, Irina B. "ACTUAL ISSUES OF MODERN EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MELIOIDOSIS: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF IMPORTED CASES TO NON-ENDEMIC REGIONS." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) 23, no. 3 (June 15, 2018): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9529-2019-23-3-126-133.

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Introduction. Melioidosis is a severe infection disease with the high mortality rate due to saprophytic bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. For the time present, the area of the distribution of the pathogen is much wider than in the case of the traditionally endemic Southeast Asia and Northern Australia and covers the humid tropics and subtropics of all continents. Methods. The search for data and analysis of disease cases in non-endemic areas for the period from 2003 to April 2017. Results. Over the past 15 years, 120 cases of melioidosis in non-endemic countries were described, that is 5,5 times higher than in the same previous period. There is no direct dependence of infection probability on the age and risk factors, but the presence of diabetes or chronic diseases doubles the risk of a fatal outcome of melioidosis. Southeast Asia still prevails as the origin of infection (62.5% of cases), however, the number of imported cases of melioidosis from Mexico, the Caribbean, South America, East Africa, Madagascar, China and the Pacific region begins to increase.

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Rushworth, R. Louise, Georgina L. Chrisp, Benjamin Dean, Henrik Falhammar, and David J. Torpy. "Hospitalisation in Children with Adrenal Insufficiency and Hypopituitarism: Is There a Differential Burden between Boys and Girls and between Age Groups?" Hormone Research in Paediatrics 88, no. 5 (2017): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000479370.

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Background/Aims: To determine the burden of hospitalisation in children with adrenal insufficiency (AI)/hypopituitarism in Australia. Methods: A retrospective study of Australian hospitalisation data. All admissions between 2001 and 2014 for patients aged 0–19 years with a principal diagnosis of AI/hypopituitarism were included. Denominator populations were extracted from national statistics datasets. Results: There were 3,779 admissions for treatment of AI/hypopituitarism in patients aged 0–19 years, corresponding to an average admission rate of 48.7 admissions/million/year. There were 470 (12.4%) admissions for an adrenal crisis (AC). Overall, admission for AI/hypopituitarism was comparable between the sexes. Admission rates for all AI, hypopituitarism, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), and “other and unspecified causes” of AI were highest among infants and decreased with age. Admissions for primary AI increased with age in both sexes. Males had significantly higher rates of admission for hypopituitarism. AC rates differed by both sex and age group. Conclusion: This nationwide study of the epidemiology of hospital admissions for a principal diagnosis of AI/hypopituitarism shows that admissions generally decreased with age; males had higher rates of admission for hypopituitarism; females had higher rates of admission for CAH and “other and unspecified causes” of AI; and AC incidence varied by age and sex. Increased awareness of AI and AC prevention strategies may reduce some of these admissions.

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Chamberlain, Catherine, Anna McLean, Jeremy Oats, Brian Oldenburg, Sandra Eades, Ashim Sinha, and Rory Wolfe. "Low Rates of Postpartum Glucose Screening Among Indigenous and non-Indigenous Women in Australia with Gestational Diabetes." Maternal and Child Health Journal 19, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 651–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-014-1555-3.

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Ellis, Robert J., Daniel P. Edey, Sharon J. Del Vecchio, Megan McStea, Scott B. Campbell, Carmel M. Hawley, David W. Johnson, et al. "End-Stage Kidney Disease following Surgical Management of Kidney Cancer." Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 13, no. 11 (September 28, 2018): 1641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/cjn.06560518.

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Background and objectivesWe investigated the incidence of ESKD after surgical management of kidney cancer in the Australian state of Queensland, and described patterns in the initiation of kidney replacement therapy resulting from kidney cancer across Australia.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsAll newly diagnosed cases of kidney cancer in the Australian state of Queensland between January of 2009 and December of 2014 were ascertained through the Queensland Cancer Registry. There were 2739 patients included in our analysis. Patients who developed ESKD were identified using international classification of disease–10–coded hospital administrative data. Incidence rate and 3-year cumulative incidence were calculated, and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify factors associated with ESKD. Additional descriptive analysis was undertaken of Australian population data.ResultsThe incidence rate of ESKD in all patients was 4.9 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 3.9 to 6.2) per 1000 patient-years. The 3-year cumulative incidence was 1.7%, 1.9%, and 1.0% for all patients, and patients managed with radical or partial nephrectomy, respectively. Apart from preoperative kidney disease, exposures associated with increased ESKD risk were age≥65 years (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.2), male sex (aHR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.3 to 4.3), preoperative diabetes (aHR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.3), American Society of Anesthesiologists classification ≥3 (aHR, 4.0; 95% CI, 2.2 to 7.4), socioeconomic disadvantage (aHR, 1.6; 95% CI, 0.9 to 2.7), and postoperative length of hospitalization ≥6 days (aHR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.4 to 3.0). Australia-wide trends indicate that the rate of kidney replacement therapy after oncologic nephrectomy doubled between 1995 and 2015, from 0.3 to 0.6 per 100,000 per year.ConclusionsIn Queensland between 2009 and 2014, one in 53 patients managed with radical nephrectomy and one in 100 patients managed with partial nephrectomy developed ESKD within 3 years of surgery.PodcastThis article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2018_09_28_CJASNPodcast_18_1_.mp3

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Bliuc, Dana, Thach Tran, Dunia Alarkawi, Tuan V. Nguyen, John A. Eisman, and Jacqueline R. Center. "Secular Changes in Postfracture Outcomes Over 2 Decades in Australia: A Time-Trend Comparison of Excess Postfracture Mortality in Two Birth Controls Over Two Decades." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 101, no. 6 (June 1, 2016): 2475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-1514.

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Abstract Context: Hip fracture incidence has been declining and life expectancy improving. However, trends of postfracture outcomes are unknown. Objectives: The objective of the study was to compare the refracture risk and excess mortality after osteoporotic fracture between two birth cohorts, over 2 decades. Design: Prospective birth cohorts were followed up over 2 decades (1989–2004 and 2000–2014). Setting: The study was conducted in community-dwelling participants in Dubbo, Australia. Participants: Women and men aged 60–80 years, participating in Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study 1 (DOES 1; born before 1930) and Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study 2 (DOES 2; born after 1930) participated in the study. Main Outcome Measure: Age-standardized fracture and mortality over two time intervals: (1989–2004 [DOES 1] and 2000–2014 [DOES 2]) were measured. Results: The DOES 2 cohort had higher body mass index and bone mineral density and lower initial fracture rate than DOES 1, but similar refracture rates [age-standardized refracture rates per 1000 person-years: women: 53 (95% confidence interval [CI] 42–63) and 51 (95% CI 41–60) and men: 53 (95% CI 38–69) and 55 (95% CI 40–71) for DOES 2 and DOES 1, respectively). Absolute postfracture mortality rates declined in DOES 2 compared with DOES 1, mirroring the improvement in general-population life expectancy. However, when compared with period-specific general-population mortality, there was a similar 2.1- to 2.6-fold increased mortality risk after a fracture in both cohorts (age-adjusted standardized mortality ratio, women: 2.05 [95% CI 1.43–2.83] and 2.43 [95% CI 1.95–2.99] and men: 2.56 [95% CI 1.78–3.58] and 2.48 [95% CI 1.87–3.22] for DOES 2 and DOES 1, respectively). Conclusion: Over the 2 decades, despite the decline in the prevalence of fracture risk factors, general-population mortality, and initial fracture incidence, there was no improvement in postfracture outcomes. Refracture rates were similar and fracture-associated mortality was 2-fold higher than expected. These data indicate that the low postfracture treatment rates are still a major problem.

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Campbell, Sandra K., John Lynch, Adrian Esterman, and Robyn McDermott. "Pre-Pregnancy Predictors of Diabetes in Pregnancy Among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women in North Queensland, Australia." Maternal and Child Health Journal 16, no. 6 (September 30, 2011): 1284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0889-3.

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Bolwell, C., C. Rogers, and E. Gee. "Descriptive epidemiology of race-day jockey falls and injuries in New Zealand." Comparative Exercise Physiology 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep13036.

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The objective of the study was to determine the incidence of race-day jockey falls and describe the reporting of injuries occurring during Thoroughbred racing in New Zealand. Details on jockey falls and injuries were extracted from official stipendiary stewards' reports and denominator data on all race starts were obtained for all races that occurred between 1 August 2008 and 28 February 2013. A fall included any event of the jockey being dislodged from the horse, once the jockey had mounted to start the race proceedings. Incidence rates for jockey falls stratified by type of race were calculated for race-level variables of interest: year, season, race number, race distance and track condition. During the study period there were 816 jockey falls, of which 92 occurred before the race and resulted in the horse being scratched (withdrawn) from the race. The incidence of jockey falls was 2.2 per 1000 rides (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.9-2.5) for flat races and 84.7 per 1000 rides (95% CI=76.6-93.5) for jump races. Just under half of the jockey falls in flat races occurred pre-race (195/418; 46.6%), 42% (179/418) of falls occurred during the race and 10.5% (44/418) of falls occurred post-race. In total, 19.1% (80/418) and 17.3% (69/398) of jockey falls resulted in injury to the jockey in flat and jump races, respectively. Nearly 90% (69/80) of jockeys injured in flat races were stood down from their next race and most injured jockeys required a medical certificate before racing again. The incidence of jockey falls was higher in jump races than flat races, but was comparable to those reported internationally. Incidence rates for falls in flat races were lower than those reported in Europe and Australia.

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Xu, Rongbin, Caroline X. Gao, Christina Dimitriadis, Catherine L. Smith, Matthew T. C. Carroll, Jillian F. Ikin, Fay H. Johnston, Malcolm R. Sim, Michael J. Abramson, and Yuming Guo. "Long-term impacts of coal mine fire-emitted PM2.5 on hospitalisation: a longitudinal analysis of the Hazelwood Health Study." International Journal of Epidemiology 51, no. 1 (December 6, 2021): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab249.

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Abstract Background Little is known about the long-term health impacts of exposures to landscape fire smoke. We aimed to evaluate the association between exposure to coal mine fire-related particulate matter 2.5 μm or less in diameter (PM2.5) and hospitalisation in the 5 years following the 6-week Hazelwood coal mine fire in Australia in 2014. Methods We surveyed 2725 residents (mean age: 58.3 years; 54.3% female) from an exposed and a comparison town. Individual PM2.5 exposures during the event were estimated using modelled PM2.5 concentrations related to the coal mine fire and self-reported location data. The individual exposure and survey data were linked with hospitalisation records between January 2009 and February 2019. Recurrent event survival analysis was used to evaluate relationships between PM2.5 exposure and hospitalisation following mine fire, adjusting for important covariates. Results Each 10-µg/m3 increase in mine fire-related PM2.5 was associated with a 9% increased hazard [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.09; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01, 1.17] of respiratory hospitalisation over the next 5 years, with stronger associations observed for females (HR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.27) than males (HR = 0.99; 95% CI: 0.89, 1.11). In particular, increased hazards were observed for hospitalisations for asthma (HR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.19, 1.73) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.28). No such association was found for hospitalisations for cardiovascular diseases, mental illness, injuries, type 2 diabetes, renal diseases or neoplasms. Conclusions A 6-week exposure to coal mine fire-related PM2.5 was associated with increased hazard of respiratory hospitalisations over the following 5 years, particularly for females.

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Mai, Q., D. Holman, F. Sanfilippo, J. Emery, and D. Preen. "P2-167 Mental illness related disparities in diabetes prevalence, quality of care and outcomes: a population-based longitudinal study in Western Australia from 1990 to 2006." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 65, Suppl 1 (August 1, 2011): A267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2011.142976j.2.

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Atlantis, Evan, Robert D. Goldney, Kerena A. Eckert, Anne W. Taylor, and Patrick Phillips. "Trends in health-related quality of life and health service use associated with comorbid diabetes and major depression in South Australia, 1998–2008." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 47, no. 6 (May 18, 2011): 871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-011-0394-4.

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Blair, Christopher, Angela Firtko, Peter Thomas, Longting Lin, Megan Miller, Lisa Tran, Leon Edwards, Sonu Bhaskar, Mark Parsons, and Dennis J. Cordato. "A Multicentre Study Comparing Cerebrovascular Disease Profiles in Pacific Islander and Caucasian Populations Presenting with Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack." Neuroepidemiology 56, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000520058.

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Introduction: In a multicentre study, we contrasted cerebrovascular disease profiles in Pacific Island (PI)-born patients (Indigenous Polynesian [IP] or Indo-Fijian [IF]) presenting with transient ischaemic attack (TIA), ischaemic stroke (IS) or intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) with those of Caucasians (CSs). Methods: Using a retrospective case-control design, we compared PI-born patients with age- and gender-matched CS controls. Consecutive patients were admitted to 3 centres in South Western Sydney (July 2013–June 2020). Demographic and clinical data studied included vascular risk factors, stroke subtypes, and imaging characteristics. Results: There were 340 CS, 183 (27%) IP, and 157 (23%) IF patients; mean age 65 years; and 302 (44.4%) female. Of these, 587 and patients presented with TIA/IS and 93 (13.6%) had ICH. Both IP and IF patients were significantly more likely to present >24 h from symptom onset (odds ratios [ORs] vs. CS 1.87 and 2.23). IP patients more commonly had body mass indexes >30 (OR 1.94). Current smoking and excess alcohol intake were higher in CS. Hypertension, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease were significantly higher in both IP and IF groups in comparison to CS. IP patients had higher rates of AF and those with known AF were more commonly undertreated than both IF and CS patients (OR 2.24, p = 0.007). ICH was more common in IP patients (OR 2.32, p = 0.005), while more IF patients had intracranial arterial disease (OR 5.10, p < 0.001). Discussion/Conclusion: Distinct cerebrovascular disease profiles are identifiable in PI-born patients who present with TIA or stroke symptoms in Australia. These may be used in the future to direct targeted approaches to stroke prevention and care in culturally and linguistically diverse populations.

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Colditz, Graham A. "Carpe Diem: Time to Seize the Opportunity for Cancer Prevention." American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, no. 34 (May 2014): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14694/edbook_am.2014.34.8.

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INTRODUCTION In his plea for increased resources to implement cancer prevention strategies, Graham Colditz, MD, states that half or more of cancers in the U.S. and other high-income countries are preventable with information already available. He describes the data-driven possibilites: screening, vaccination, exercise, smoking cessation, sun protection, safe sexual practices, and moderate to no alcohol intake, as well as approaches to implement these strategies and makes a compelling case for using resources for this purpose. Dr. Colditz is Associate Director of Prevention and Control in the Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, and Niess-Gain Professor in the Department of Surgery at the Washington University School of Medicine. He received his PhD in epidemiology from Harvard University, and his Internal Medicine Training at the Royal Brisbane Hospital in Australia. Dr. Colditz has an enormous volume of publications, with over 800 original research articles. He has worked to identify lifestyle and environmental factors that affect people's health, and to develop and teach cancer prevention strategies at the individual and community levels. His research also powers a website— www.yourdiseaserisk.wustl.edu —that helps people assess their risk of developing cancer, diabetes and other diseases as well as suggesting ways to lead longer, healthier lives. His work is inspirational in combining excellent scientific investigation with dedication to making results available and useful to non-scientists. Gini F. Fleming, MD, Cancer Education Committee Chair

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Siskind, D. J., M. Harris, A. Phillipou, V. A. Morgan, A. Waterreus, C. Galletly, V. J. Carr, C. Harvey, and D. Castle. "Clozapine users in Australia: their characteristics and experiences of care based on data from the 2010 National Survey of High Impact Psychosis." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 26, no. 3 (July 18, 2016): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796016000305.

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Aims.Clozapine is the most effective medication for treatment refractory schizophrenia. However, descriptions of the mental health and comorbidity profile and care experiences of people on clozapine in routine clinical settings are scarce. Using data from the 2010 Australian Survey of High Impact Psychosis, we aimed to examine the proportion of people using clozapine, and to compare clozapine users with other antipsychotic users on demographic, mental health, adverse drug reaction, polypharmacy and treatment satisfaction variables.Methods.Data describing 1049 people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, who reported taking any antipsychotic medication in the previous 4 weeks, were drawn from a representative Australian survey of people with psychotic disorders in contact with mental health services in the previous 12 months. We compared participants taking clozapine (n= 257, 22.4%) with those taking other antipsychotic medications, on a range of demographic, clinical and treatment-related indicators.Results.One quarter of participants were on clozapine. Of participants with a chronic course of illness, only one third were on clozapine. After adjusting for diagnosis and illness chronicity, participants taking clozapine had significantly lower odds of current alcohol, cannabis and other drug use despite similar lifetime odds. Metabolic syndrome and diabetes were more common among people taking clozapine; chronic pain was less common. Psychotropic polypharmacy did not differ between groups.Conclusions.Consistent with international evidence of clozapine underutilisation, a large number of participants with chronic illness and high symptom burden were not taking clozapine. The lower probabilities of current substance use and chronic pain among clozapine users warrant further study.

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White, Sarah L., Kevan R. Polkinghorne, Robert C. Atkins, and Steven J. Chadban. "Comparison of the Prevalence and Mortality Risk of CKD in Australia Using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study GFR Estimating Equations: The AusDiab (Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle) Study." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 55, no. 4 (April 2010): 660–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.12.011.

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Glatthaar, Christopher, Davina E. Whittall, Timothy A. Welborn, Margaret J. Gibson, Beress H. Brooks, M. M. Patricia Ryan, and Geoffrey C. Byrne. "Diabetes in Western Australian children: descriptive epidemiology." Medical Journal of Australia 148, no. 3 (February 1988): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb112770.x.

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Center, Jacqueline R., Dana Bliuc, Nguyen D. Nguyen, Tuan V. Nguyen, and John A. Eisman. "Osteoporosis Medication and Reduced Mortality Risk in Elderly Women and Men." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 96, no. 4 (April 1, 2011): 1006–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2730.

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Abstract Context: Osteoporotic fractures are associated with premature mortality. Antiresorptive treatment reduces refracture but mortality reduction is unclear. Objective: The objective of the study was to examine the effect of osteoporosis treatment [bisphosphonates (BP), hormone therapy (HT), and calcium ± vitamin D only (CaD)] on mortality risk. Design: This was a prospective cohort study (April 1989 to May 2007). Setting: The study was conducted with community-dwelling elderly (aged 60+ yr) subjects in Dubbo, a semiurban city, Australia. Subjects: Subjects included 1223 and 819 women and men in the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study. Main Outcome Measure: Mortality according to treatment group was recorded. Results: There were 325 (BP, n = 106; HT, n = 77; CaD, n = 142) women and 37 men (BP, n = 15; CaD, n = 22) on treatment. In women, mortality rates were lower with BP 0.8/100 person-years (0.4, 1.4) and HT 1.2/100 person-years (0.7, 2.1) but not CaD 3.2/100 person-years (2.5, 4.1) vs. no treatment 3.5/100 person-years (3.1, 3.8). Accounting for age, fracture occurrence, comorbidities, quadriceps strength, and bone mineral density, mortality risk remained lower for women on BP [hazard ratio (HR) 0.3 (0.2, 0.6)] but not HT [HR 0.8 (0.4, 1.8)]. For 429 women with fractures, mortality risk was still reduced in the BP group [adjusted HR 0.3 (0.2, 0.7)], not accounted for by a reduction in subsequent fractures. In men, lower mortality rates were observed with BP but not CaD [BP 1.0/100 person-years (0.3, 3.9) and CaD 3.1/100 person-years (1.5, 6.6) vs. no treatment 4.3/100 person-years (3.9, 4.8)]. After adjustment, mortality was similar, although not significant [HR 0.5 (0.1, 2.0)]. Conclusions: Osteoporosis therapy appears to reduce mortality risk in women and possibly men.

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Zheng, Mingyue, Carla De Oliveira Bernardo, Nigel Stocks, and David Gonzalez-Chica. "Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis and Screening in Australian General Practice: A National Study." Journal of Diabetes Research 2022 (March 23, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1566408.

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Aims. To investigate the epidemiology of diabetes diagnosis and screening in Australian general practice. Methods. Cross-sectional study using electronic health records of 1,522,622 patients aged 18+ years attending 544 Australian general practices (MedicineInsight database). The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes and diabetes screening was explored using all recorded diagnoses, laboratory results, and prescriptions between 2016 and 2018. Their relationship with patient sociodemographic and clinical characteristics was also investigated. Results. Overall, 7.5% (95% CI 7.3, 7.8) of adults had diabetes diagnosis, 0.7% (95% CI 0.6, 0.7) prediabetes, and 0.3% (95% CI 0.3, 0.3) unrecorded diabetes/prediabetes (elevated glucose levels without a recorded diagnosis). Patients with unrecorded diabetes/prediabetes had clinical characteristics similar to those with recorded diabetes, except for a lower prevalence of overweight/obesity (55.5% and 69.9%, respectively). Dyslipidaemia was 1.8 times higher (36.2% vs. 19.7%), and hypertension was 15% more likely (38.6% vs. 33.8%) among patients with prediabetes than with diabetes. Diabetes screening (last three years) among people at high risk of diabetes was 55.2% (95% CI 52.7, 57.7), with lower rates among young or elderly males. Conclusions. Unrecorded diabetes/prediabetes is infrequent in Australian general practice, but prediabetes diagnosis was also lower than expected. Diabetes screening among high-risk individuals can be improved, especially in men, to enhance earlier diabetes diagnosis and management.

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Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy. "Stroke Epidemiology in Oceania: A Review." Neuroepidemiology 55, no. 1 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000512972.

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Background and Purpose: Oceania, comprising the regions Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia, is home to 42 million living in 8.5 million square kilometres of land. This paper comprises a review of the epidemiology of stroke in countries in this region. Methods: Information on epidemiology of stroke in Oceania was sought from data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study (incidence, mortality, incidence:mortality ratio [IMR], prevalence, disability-adjusted life-years [DALYs] lost due to stroke, and subtypes), World Health Organization (WHO) (vascular risk factors in the community), and PubMed (incidence, prevalence, and stroke subtypes). Data were analyzed by region to allow inter-country comparison within each region. Results: In 2010, age- and sex-standardized stroke mortality rates were lowest in Australasia (29.85–31.67/100,000) and highest in Melanesia and Micronesia (56.04–187.56/100,000), with wide ranges especially in Melanesia. Incidence rates were lowest in Australasia (101.36–105.54/100,000), similarly high elsewhere. Standardized IMR (0.98–3.39) was the inverse of the mortality rates and mirrored the prevalence rates (202.91–522.29/100,000). DALY rates (398.22–3,781.78/100,0000) mirrored the mortality rates. Stroke risk factors show a variable pattern – hypertension is generally the most common medical risk factor among males (18.0–26.6%), while among females, diabetes mellitus is the most common in Micronesia and Polynesia (21.5–28.4%). Among the lifestyle factors, current smoking is the most common in Melanesia among males, while obesity is generally the most common factor among females. Ischaemic stroke comprises 70% of stroke subtypes. Trend data show significant falls in standardized mortality rates and DALYs in most regions and falls in incidence in almost all countries. There is significant economic impact, particularly due to young strokes; some ethnicities are at higher risk than others, for example, Maoris and Pacific Islanders. Conclusions: Stroke is a major healthcare problem in Oceania. Variations in stroke epidemiology are found between countries in Oceania. Data are lacking in some; more research into the burden of stroke in Oceania is needed. With the expected increase in life expectancy and vascular risk factors, the burden of stroke in Oceania will likely rise. Some of the disparities in stroke burden may be addressed by great investment in healthcare.

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Wong, E., C. Stevenson, M. Woodward, K. Backholer, and A. Peeters. "The Impact of Trends in Obesity and Diabetes on Physical Disability in Australian Elderly." International Journal of Epidemiology 44, suppl_1 (September 23, 2015): i26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyv097.086.

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Astell-Burt, Thomas, and Xiaoqi Feng. "Urban green space, tree canopy and prevention of cardiometabolic diseases: a multilevel longitudinal study of 46 786 Australians." International Journal of Epidemiology 49, no. 3 (November 13, 2019): 926–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz239.

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Abstract Background Cross-sectional studies suggest that more green space may lower the odds of prevalent diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in cities. We assess if these results are replicable for tree canopy exposure and then extend the study longitudinally to examine incident cardiometabolic outcomes. Methods The study was set in the Australian cities of Sydney, Wollongong and Newcastle. Total green space and tree canopy as percentages of landcover within 1.6 km (1 mile) from home were linked to a residentially stable sample of 46 786 participants in the Sax Institute’s 45 and Up Study (baseline 2006–09; follow-up 2012–15). Separate multilevel models were used to investigate whether the odds of prevalent and incident doctor-diagnosed diabetes, hypertension and CVD were associated with total green space and tree canopy provision, adjusting for age, sex, income, education, employment and couple status. Results Lower odds of prevalent diabetes were observed with 1% increases in total green space [odds ratio (OR) 0.993, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.988 to 0.998] and tree canopy (0.984, 0.978 to 0.989). Lower odds of prevalent CVD were found with a 1% increase in tree canopy only (0.996, 0.993 to 0.999). Lower odds of incident diabetes (0.988, 0.981 to 0.994), hypertension (0.993, 0.989 to 0.997) and CVD (0.993, 0.988 to 0.998) were associated with a 1% increase in tree canopy, but not total green space. At ≥30% compared with 0–9% tree canopy, there were lower odds of incident diabetes (0.687, 0.547 to 0.855), hypertension (0.828, 0.719 to 0.952) and CVD (0.782, 0.652 to 0.935). However, ≥30% compared with 0–4% total green space was associated with lower odds of prevalent diabetes only (0.695, 0.512 to 0.962). Conclusions Restoring local tree canopy in neighbourhoods may help to prevent the incidence of cardiometabolic diseases.

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Dascalu, Julian, Mengjiao Liu, Kate Lycett, Anneke C. Grobler, Mingguang He, David P. Burgner, Tien Yin Wong, and Melissa Wake. "Retinal microvasculature: population epidemiology and concordance in Australian children aged 11–12 years and their parents." BMJ Open 9, Suppl 3 (July 2019): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022399.

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ObjectivesTo describe distributions and concordance of retinal microvasculature measurements in a population-based sample of Australian parent–child dyads at child age 11–12 years.DesignCross-sectional Child Health CheckPoint study, between waves 6 and 7 of the national population-based Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC).SettingAssessment centres in seven Australian cities, February 2015–March 2016.ParticipantsOf the 1874 participating families, 1288 children (51% girls) and 1264 parents (87% mothers, mean age 43.7) were analysed. Diabetic participants and non-biological pairs were excluded from concordance analyses.Outcome measuresRetinal photographs were taken by non-mydriatic fundus camera. Trained graders scored vascular calibre using semi-automated software, yielding estimates of central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) and central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE) and arteriolar–venular ratio (AVR). Pearson’s correlation coefficients and multivariable linear regression models assessed parent–child concordance. Survey weights and methods accounted for LSAC’s complex sampling, stratification and clustering within postcodes.ResultsMean (SD) of CRAE and CRVE were larger in children (159.5 (11.8) and 231.1 (16.5) μm, respectively) than parents (151.5 (14.0) and 220.6 (19.0) μm), yielding similar AVR (children 0.69 (0.05), parents 0.69 (0.06)). Correlation coefficients for parent–child pairs were 0.22 (95% CI 0.16 to 0.27) for CRAE, 0.23 (95% CI 0.17 to 0.28) for CRVE and 0.18 (95% CI 0.13 to 0.24) for AVR. Mother–child and father–child values were similar (0.20 and 0.32 for CRAE, 0.22 and 0.29 for CRVE, respectively). Relationships attenuated slightly on adjustment for age, sex, blood pressure, diabetes and body mass index. Percentiles and concordance are presented for the whole sample and by sex.ConclusionsArteriolar and venular calibre were similar to previously documented measures in midlife adult and late childhood populations. Population parent–child concordance values align with moderate polygenic heritability reported in smaller studies.

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Nundlall, Nishant, David Playford, Geoff Strange, Timothy M. E. Davis, and Wendy A. Davis. "Prevalence, Incidence and Associates of Pulmonary Hypertension Complicating Type 2 Diabetes: Insights from the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase 2 and National Echocardiographic Database of Australia." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 4503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194503.

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There is a paucity of epidemiologic data examining the relationship between pulmonary hypertension (PH) and diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine prevalence, incidence and associates of PH complicating type 2 diabetes. Data from 1430 participants (mean age 65.5 years, 51.5% males) in the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase 2 (FDS2) were linked with the National Echocardiographic Database of Australia (NEDA) to ascertain the prevalence and incidence of PH (estimated right ventricular systolic pressure (eRVSP) >30 mmHg as a new suggested threshold or the conventional >40 mmHg) over a 12-year period. PH prevalence in FDS2 was compared with that in NEDA overall and a geographically close sub-population. Multivariable analyses identified associates of prevalent/incident PH in the FDS2 cohort. Of 275 FDS2 patients (19.2%) with pre-entry echocardiography, 90 had eRVSP >30 mmHg and 35 had eRVSP >40 mmHg (prevalences 32.7% (95% CI 27.3–38.7%) and 12.7% (9.1–17.4%), respectively), rates that are 35–50% greater than national/local NEDA general population estimates. Moreover, 70 (5.0%) and 123 (9.2%) FDS2 participants were identified with incident PH at the respective eRVSP thresholds (incidence (95% CI) 7.6 (6.0–9.7) and 14.2 (11.8–17.0)/1000 person-years), paralleling data from recognised high-risk conditions such as systemic sclerosis. The baseline plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide concentration was the strongest independent associate of prevalent/incident PH. Approximately 1 in 8 people with type 2 diabetes have PH using the eRVSP >40 mmHg threshold. Its presence should be considered as part of regular clinical assessment of individuals with type 2 diabetes.

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Chen, Lei, Anna Peeters, Dianna J. Magliano, Jonathan E. Shaw, Timothy A. Welborn, Rory Wolfe, Paul Z. Zimmet, and Andrew M. Tonkin. "Anthropometric measures and absolute cardiovascular risk estimates in the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) Study." European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation 14, no. 6 (December 2007): 740–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hjr.0b013e32816f7739.

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Ampt, Amanda, Tegan Gemert, Maria E. Craig, Kim C. Donaghue, Samantha B. Lain, and Natasha Nassar. "Using population data to understand the epidemiology and risk factors for diabetic ketoacidosis in Australian children with type 1 diabetes." Pediatric Diabetes 20, no. 7 (July 16, 2019): 901–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12891.

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Johal, Simran, Kris M. Jamsen, J. Simon Bell, Kevin P. Mc Namara, Dianna J. Magliano, Danny Liew, Taliesin E. Ryan-Atwood, Claire Anderson, and Jenni Ilomäki. "Do statin users adhere to a healthy diet and lifestyle? The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study." European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 24, no. 6 (December 15, 2016): 621–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487316684054.

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Wang, Zaimin, Kevin Rowley, Zhiqiang Wang, Leonard Piers, and Kerin O'Dea. "Anthropometric indices and their relationship with diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia in Australian Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders." European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation 14, no. 2 (April 2007): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjr.0000220580.34763.fb.

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Nossent, J., D. Preen, H. Keen, W. Raymond, and C. Inderjeeth. "POS0084 SEPTIC ARTHRITIS IN CHILDREN. A LONGITUDINAL POPULATION-BASED STUDY IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 250.2–250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2269.

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Background:The incidence of Septic arthritis (SA) in adults is rising, but few data are available for children (1). SA symptomatology in young children is often atypical and delayed diagnosis can cause significant morbidity.Objectives:To describe the incidence, risk factors and long-term outcomes in children hospitalised with septic arthritis (SA) in Western Australia (WA).Methods:We extracted population-based longitudinally linked administrative health data for patients under 16 years with a first inpatient primary or secondary code of 711.xx (ICD9-CM) and M00.xx (ICD10-AM) in WA for the study period 1990-2010 (to allow a minimum 5 year followup). We report annual incidence rates per 100.000 (AIR), prior conditions during lookback (median 15 months, IQR 5-45) as well as joint and other comorbidities including Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) and standardised mortality rates (SMR) during a median follow-up of 10 years. Age and gender speficic population and mortality rate data were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics.Results:A total of 891 patients (62% male, median age 6.4 (IQR 1.9-10.6) years with 34% <3 years of age) had a first admission for SA. AIR was 9.85 (CI 4.79-14.41) overall with higher rates in males (11.9 vs 7, p<0.01) and no apparent period (Figure 1) or seasonal variation. Knees (43.9%), hips (34.6%), and ankles (13.3%) were most frequently affected with Staphylococci (49%) the predominant organism in patients with positive cultures (41.5%). Prior infections (40.4%) and respiratory disease (7 %) were the main preexisting morbidities. Mean hospital stay was 5.78 (± 6.4) days with ICU admission required in 1.9%, while 30-day readmittance rate was 10.4%. During follow-up 25 patients (3%) had recurrent/persistent osteomyelitis, nine patients were diagnosed with osteoarthrosis (1.1%) and five patients (0.6%) underwent joint replacement. More female patients developed new comorbidity (CCI>0, 34.6 vs 27.2%, p=0.02) including diabetes (4.2% vs 0%, p=0.001), cardiovascular events (4.2 vs 1.4%, p=0.002) and chronic arthritis (1% vs 0, p=0.05). While the crude mortality rate was low (0.3%) SMR was significantly increased for female patients (10.52, CI 1.59-41.6).Conclusion:The statewide incidence of septic arthritis in children in WA is similar to a recent report (1) and did not change over a 20-year period. In this large population based study, subsequent bone/joint disease occured in 4.6 %, while a third of patients developed other comorbidity before the age of 18. Such (subclinical) comorbidity may thus be a contributing factor to SA development and to the increased mortality risk in female SA patients.References:[1]Cohen E, Katz T, Rahamim E, Bulkowstein S, Weisel Y, Leibovitz R, Fruchtman Y, Leibovitz E. Septic arthritis in children: Updated epidemiologic, microbiologic, clinical and therapeutic correlations. Pediatr Neonatol. 2020 Jun;61(3):325-330. doi: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2020.02.006Figure 1.Annual incidence of septic arthritis per 100,000 population <16 years in Western Australia over period 1990-2010 by gender.Acknowledgements:The authors wish to thank the Arthritis Foundation of WA for their support and would like to acknowledge the support of the Western Australian Data Linkage Branch, the Western Australian Department of Health, and the data custodians of, the Hospital and Morbidity Data Collection, the Emergency Department Data Collection the WA Cancer Register and the WA Death Register for their assistance with data collection.Disclosure of Interests:None declared.

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Ali, Sitwat, Renhua Na, Karen Tuesley, Katrina Spilsbury, Louise M. Stewart, Michael Coory, Penelope M. Webb, et al. "The association between diabetes mellitus of different durations and risk of pancreatic cancer: an Australian national data-linkage study in women." Cancer Epidemiology 81 (December 2022): 102266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2022.102266.

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Seid, Abdulbasit M., Gita D. Mishra, and Annette J. Dobson. "The association between childhood sexual abuse and historical intimate partner violence with body mass index and diabetes: Evidence from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health." Preventive Medicine 161 (August 2022): 107134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107134.

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Turner, Kirsty M., Jennifer B. Keogh, and Peter M. Clifton. "Red meat, dairy, and insulin sensitivity: a randomized crossover intervention study." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 101, no. 6 (March 25, 2015): 1173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.104976.

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ABSTRACT Background: Epidemiologic studies have linked high consumption of red and processed meat with risk of developing type 2 diabetes, whereas high dairy consumption has been associated with decreased risk, but interventions have been limited. Objective: We compared the effects on insulin sensitivity of consuming a diet high in lean red meat with minimal dairy, a diet high in primarily low-fat dairy (from milk, yogurt, or custard) with no red meat, and a control diet that contained neither red meat nor dairy. Design: A randomized crossover study was undertaken with 47 overweight and obese men and women divided into 2 groups as follows: those with normal glucose tolerance and those with impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance. Participants followed the 3 weight-stable dietary interventions for 4 wk with glucose, insulin, and C-peptide measured by using oral-glucose-tolerance tests at the end of each diet. Results: Fasting insulin was significantly higher after the dairy diet than after the red meat diet (P < 0.01) with no change in fasting glucose resulting in a decrease in insulin sensitivity after the high-dairy diet (P < 0.05) as assessed by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). A significant interaction between diet and sex was observed such that, in women alone, HOMA-IR was significantly lower after the red meat diet than after the dairy diet (1.33 ± 0.8 compared with 1.71 ± 0.8, respectively; P < 0.01). Insulin sensitivity calculated by using the Matsuda method was 14.7% lower in women after the dairy diet than after the red meat diet (P < 0.01) with no difference between diets in men. C-peptide was not different between diets. Conclusion: In contrast to some epidemiologic findings, these results suggest that high consumption of dairy reduces insulin sensitivity compared with a diet high in lean red meat in overweight and obese subjects, some of whom had glucose intolerance. This trial was registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN12613000441718.

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Ekundayo, Temitope C., and Anthony I. Okoh. "Systematic Assessment of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis Infections from 1911–2019: A Growth Analysis of Association with Human Autoimmune Diseases." Microorganisms 8, no. 8 (August 10, 2020): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081212.

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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is an understudied pathogen worldwide with continuous implications in human autoimmune diseases (ADs). The awareness of MAP appears to be low in many places and its research is at infant stage in many countries. The lack of worldwide coverage of the MAP research landscape calls for urgent research attention and prioritization. This present study aimed to assess MAP global research productivity with an emphasis on its implications in ADs via bibliometric and growth analytic frameworks from authors, countries, institutions, international, disciplines and collaboration network perspectives. MAP primary articles were retrieved from the Scopus database and the Web of Science from 1911 to 2019 via title-specific algorithm. Analytic results of dataset yielded a total of 3889 articles from 581 journals and 20.65 average citations per documents. The annual growth rate of MAP research for the period was 6.31%. Based on a country’s productivity (articles (%), freq. of publication (%)), the USA (887 (22.81%), 26.72%), and Australia (236 (6.07%), 6.07%) ranked the top 2 countries but Egypt and Germany had the highest average growth rate (AGR, 170%) in the last 3 years. MAP studies are generally limited to Europe, Australia, Asia, South America and few nations in Africa. It had positive growth rate (30%–100%) in relation to type 1 diabetes mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis ADs; food science and technology, immunology, agriculture, pathology, and research and experimental medicine, wildlife, environments, virulence, disease resistance, meat and meat products, osteopontin, waste milk and slurry/sludge digestion subjects; but negative growth (−130% to −30%) in ulcerative colitis and Parkinson’s disease and no growth in multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, thyroid disorders, psoriasis, and lupus. The mapping revealed a gross lack of collaboration networking in terms of authorship, (intra- and inter-) nationally and institutionally with a generalized collaboration index of 1.82. In conclusion, inadequate resources-, knowledge- and scientific-networking hampered growth and awareness of MAP research globally. The study recommends further research to strengthen evidence of MAP’s epidemiologic prevalence in ADs and proffer practical solution(s) for drug development and point-of-care diagnostics amongst other extended themes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Diabetes Australia Epidemiology'

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