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1

Sunder Raju, P. V., P. G. Eriksson, O. Catuneanu, S. Sarkar, and S. Banerjee. "A review of the inferred geodynamic evolution of the Dharwar craton over the ca. 3.5–2.5 Ga period, and possible implications for global tectonics." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 51, no. 3 (March 2014): 312–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2013-0145.

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The geological history and evolution of the Dharwar craton from ca. 3.5–2.5 Ga is reviewed and briefly compared with a second craton, Kaapvaal, to allow some speculation on the nature of global tectonic regimes in this period. The Dharwar craton is divided into western (WDC) and eastern (EDC) parts (separated possibly by the Closepet Granite Batholith), based on lithological differences and inferred metamorphic and magmatic genetic events. A tentative evolution of the WDC encompasses an early, ca. 3.5 Ga protocrust possibly forming the basement to the ca. 3.35–3.2 Ga Sargur Group greenstone belts. The latter are interpreted as having formed through accretion of plume-related ocean plateaux. The approximately coeval Peninsular Gneiss Complex (PGC) was possibly sourced from beneath plateau remnants, and resulted in high-grade metamorphism of Sargur Group belts at ca. 3.13–2.96 Ga. At about 2.9–2.6 Ga, the Dharwar Supergroup formed, comprising lower Bababudan (largely braided fluvial and subaerial volcanic deposits) and upper Chitradurga (marine mixed clastic and chemical sedimentary rocks and subaqueous volcanics) groups. This supergroup is preserved in younger greenstone belts with two distinct magmatic events, at 2.7–2.6 and 2.58–2.54 Ga, the latter approximately coincident with ca. 2.6–2.5 Ga granitic magmatism which essentially completed cratonization in the WDC. The EDC comprises 2.7–2.55 Ga tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) gneisses and migmatites, approximately coeval greenstone belts (dominated by volcanic lithologies), with minor inferred remnants of ca. 3.38–3.0 Ga crust, and voluminous 2.56–2.5 Ga granitoid intrusions (including the Closepet Batholith). An east-to-west accretion of EDC island arcs (or of an assembled arc – granitic terrane) onto the WDC is debated, with a postulate that the Closepet Granite accreted earlier onto the WDC as part of a “central Dharwar” terrane. A final voluminous granitic cratonization event is envisaged to have affected the entire, assembled Dharwar craton at ca. 2.5 Ga. When Dharwar evolution is compared with that of Kaapvaal, while possibly global magmatic events and freeboard–eustatic changes at ca. 2.7–2.5 Ga may be identified on both, the much earlier cratonization (by ca. 3.1 Ga) of Kaapvaal contrasts strongly with the ca. 2.5 Ga stabilization of Dharwar. From comparing only two cratons, it appears that genetic and chronologic relationships between mantle thermal and plate tectonic processes were complex on the Archaean Earth. The sizes of the Kaapvaal and Dharwar cratons might have been too limited yet to support effective thermal blanketing and thus accommodate Wilson Cycle onset. However, tectonically driven accretion and amalgamation appear to have predominated on both evolving cratons.
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2

Mukhopadhyay, Dhruba. "Structural Pattern in the Dharwar Craton." Journal of Geology 94, no. 2 (March 1986): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/629021.

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3

OKUDAIRA, T., T. HAMAMOTO, B. HARI PRASAD, and RAJNEESH KUMAR. "Sm–Nd and Rb–Sr dating of amphibolite from the Nellore–Khammam schist belt, SE India: constraints on the collision of the Eastern Ghats terrane and Dharwar–Bastar craton." Geological Magazine 138, no. 4 (July 2001): 495–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675680100543x.

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The Nellore–Khammam schist belt, SE India, is sandwiched in between the Proterozoic Eastern Ghats terrane and the Archaean Dharwar–Bastar craton. We report Sm–Nd and Rb–Sr mineral isochron ages of amphibolite from the schist belt. The Sm–Nd and Rb–Sr ages are 824±43 Ma and 481±16 Ma, respectively. The Sm–Nd age indicates the timing of peak metamorphism, whereas the Rb–Sr age indicates the Pan-African thermal overprint. The peak metamorphism was related to collision of the Eastern Ghats terrane with the Dharwar-Bastar craton, which occurred during early Neoproterozoic time.
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4

Rama Rao, J. V., B. Ravi Kumar, Manish Kumar, R. B. Singh, and B. Veeraiah. "Gravity of Dharwar Craton, Southern Indian Shield." Journal of the Geological Society of India 96, no. 3 (September 2020): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-020-1543-8.

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5

Roy, Sunil Kumar, D. Srinagesh, Dipankar Saikia, Arun Singh, and M. Ravi Kumar. "Seismic anisotropy beneath the Eastern Dharwar craton." Lithosphere 4, no. 4 (August 2012): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/l198.1.

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6

Mamtani, Manish A., Sandeep Bhatt, Virendra Rana, Koushik Sen, and Tridib K. Mondal. "Application of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) in understanding regional deformation, fabric development and granite emplacement: examples from Indian cratons." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 489, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp489-2019-292.

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AbstractIn this paper the authors review various applications of analysing fabric in granites from Indian cratons using anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS). First the general importance of AMS in identifying the internal fabric in massive granitoids devoid of visible foliations/lineations is highlighted. Subsequently, three important applications of AMS in granitoids are discussed. (a) The case of Godhra Granite (southern parts of the Aravalli Mountain Belt) is presented as an example of the robustness of AMS in working out the time relationship between emplacement/fabric development and regional deformation by integrating field, microstructural and magnetic data. (b) AMS orientation data from Chakradharpur Granitoid (eastern India) are compared with field-based information from the vicinity of the Singhbhum Shear Zone to highlight the use of AMS in kinematic analysis and vorticity quantification of syntectonic granitoids. (c) Magnetic fabric orientations from the Mulgund Granite (Dharwar Craton) are presented to document the application of AMS in recognizing superposed deformation in granitoids. Moreover, AMS data from Mulgund Granite are also compared with data from another pluton of similar age (c. 2.5 Ga) from the Dharwar Craton (Koppal Granitoid; syenitic composition). This highlights the use of AMS from granitoids of similar absolute ages in constraining the age of regional superposed deformation.
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7

MANUVACHARI, T. B., A. G. UGARKAR, B. CHANDAN KUMAR, and M. A. MALAPUR. "Basalt-Andesite-Dacite-Rhyolite (BADR) Metavolcanic Sequence from the Central Part of Dharwar-Shimoga Greenstone Belt, Western Dharwar Craton." International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering 10, no. 01 (March 6, 2017): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijee.2017.10.0116.

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8

Kumar, Anil, Y. J. Bhaskar Rao, V. M. Padma Kumari, A. M. Dayal, and K. Gopalan. "Late Cretaceous mafic dykes in the Dharwar craton." Journal of Earth System Science 97, no. 1 (July 1988): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02861631.

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9

Venkatachala, B. S., Manoj Shukla, Mukund Sharma, S. M. Naqvi, R. Srinivasan, and B. Udairaj. "Palaeobiologic activity in the archaean Dharwar craton, India." Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 19, no. 3-5 (May 1989): 448–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02388944.

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10

Chinnaiah, Chinnaiah. "Characterisation of Manganese Ores of Shimoga Schist Belt, Dharwar Craton, Southern India." Global Journal For Research Analysis 3, no. 3 (June 15, 2012): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/mar2014/70.

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11

Callahan, Elaine J., and John J. W. Rogers. "Thorium and uranium contents of gneisses and trondhjemites in the Western Dharwar craton, India." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 934–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e87-091.

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Widespread metasomatic addition of U has apparently occurred in Archean tonalitic–trondhjemitic (gray) gneisses in the Western Dharwar craton of southern India. Gneisses of 3200–3000 Ma age near the Holenarasipur schist belt contain average concentrations of about 10 ppm Th and 3.5 ppm U. The U is considerably more abundant than average U (1.5 ppm) in Archean gray gneisses of the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield, and consequently the Th/U ratios are low in the Indian gneisses. Comparatively massive trondhjemitic plutons associated with a 3000 Ma event in the Dharwar craton are very depleted in both Th and U, and we propose that the metasomatism of the gneisses occurred while the plutons were being emplaced and were expelling fluids from the magmas. There is no evidence for metasomatism 2500 Ma ago, the age of extensive granulite metamorphism in southern India.
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12

Rogers, John J. W., and Elaine J. Callahan. "Diapiric trondhjemites of the western Dharwar craton, southern India." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 244–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e89-020.

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Diapiric, comparatively massive trondhjemites were emplaced in the western part of the Dharwar craton of southern India about 3000 Ma ago. This age coincides with the age of (i) closure of Rb–Sr systems that now form the youngest isochrons in the predominantly gneissic terrane, and (ii) metasomatic enrichment of the gneisses in U. Younger events, principally about 2500 Ma ago, are recorded by sparse granites and by deformation of supracrustal sequences without major metamorphism. Thus, the trondhjemites appear to have formed during the last extensive thermochemical event in the craton. The trondhjemites are not associated with any mafic rocks and show very little fractionation within and among the various bodies.Presumably they formed as a single product of partial melting. Likely source materials for the magmas are rocks of basaltic composition (probably amphibolites) in the lower crust or along the crust–mantle boundary. Very low Zr and high Cr contents in the trondhjemites may indicate a slightly ultramafic (possibly basaltic komatiite) source. A lack of fractionation of Zr and Y and low light/heavy rare-earth element ratios in the trondhjemites may indicate an absence of equilibration of the magmas with major amounts of garnet. Lack of significant garnet equilibration could have resulted from production of hydrous magmas, either by partial melting of amphibolite or by introduction of water from an external source during the melting process.
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13

Radu, Ioana-Bogdana, Bertrand Moine, Dmitri Ionov, Andrey Korsakov, Alexander Golovin, Denis Mikhailenko, and Jean-Yves Cottin. "Kyanite-bearing eclogite xenoliths from the Udachnaya kimberlite, Siberian craton, Russia." Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 188, no. 1-2 (2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2017008.

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Xenoliths brought up by kimberlite magmas are rare samples of otherwise inaccessible lithospheric mantle. Eclogite xenoliths are found in most cratons and commonly show a range of mineral and chemical compositions that can be used to better understand craton formation. This study focuses on five new kyanite-bearing eclogites from the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe (367±5 Ma). They are fine-to coarse-grained and consist mainly of “cloudy” clinopyroxene (cpx) and garnet (grt). The clinopyroxene is Al,Na-rich omphacite while the garnet is Ca-rich, by contrast to typical bi-mineral (cpx+grt) eclogites that contain Fe- and Mg-rich garnets. The Udachnaya kyanite eclogites are similar in modal and major element composition to those from other cratons (Dharwar, Kaapvaal, Slave, West African). The kyanite eclogites have lower REE concentrations than bi-mineral eclogites and typically contain omphacites with positive Eu and Sr anomalies, i.e. a “ghost plagioclase signature”. Because such a signature can only be preserved in nonmetasomatised samples, we infer that they were present in the protoliths of the eclogites. It follows that subducted oceanic crust is present at the base of the Siberian craton. Similar compositions and textures are also seen in kyanite eclogites from other cratons, which we view as evidence for an Archean, subduction-like formation mechanism related to craton accretion. Thus, contrary to previous work that classifies all kyanite eclogites as type I (IK), metasomatized by carbonatite/kimberlitic fluids, we argue that some of them, both from this work and those from other cratons, belong to the non-metasomatized type II (IIB). The pristine type IIB is the nearest in composition to protoliths of mantle eclogites because it contains no metasomatic enrichments.
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Manikyamba, C., C. S. Sindhuja, A. C. Khelen, and Arijit Pahari. "Archean Biogeochemical Cognizance from Dharwar Craton, India — A Review." Journal of the Geological Society of India 98, no. 1 (January 2022): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-022-1931-3.

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15

Sarkar, D., K. Chandrakala, P. Padmavathi Devi, A. R. Sridhar, K. Sain, and P. R. Reddy. "Crustal velocity structure of western Dharwar Craton, South India." Journal of Geodynamics 31, no. 2 (March 2001): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-3707(00)00021-1.

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16

Naganjaneyulu, K., and T. Harinarayana. "Deep Crustal Electrical Signatures of Eastern Dharwar Craton, India." Gondwana Research 7, no. 4 (October 2004): 951–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1342-937x(05)71077-7.

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17

Sunder Raju, P. V., and Rajat Mazumder. "Archean sedimentation on Dharwar Craton, India and its implications." Earth-Science Reviews 202 (March 2020): 102999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102999.

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18

Pandey, O. P., Nimisha Vedanti, R. P. Srivastava, and V. Uma. "Was Archean Dharwar Craton ever stable? A seismic perspective." Journal of the Geological Society of India 81, no. 6 (June 2013): 774–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-013-0102-y.

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19

Rogers, John J. W. "The Dharwar Craton and the Assembly of Peninsular India." Journal of Geology 94, no. 2 (March 1986): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/629019.

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20

Gopalakrishna, D., E. C. Hansen, A. S. Janardhan, and R. C. Newton. "The Southern High-Grade Margin of the Dharwar Craton." Journal of Geology 94, no. 2 (March 1986): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/629026.

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21

Maibam, Bidyananda, Davide Lenaz, Stephen Foley, Jasper Berndt, Elena Belousova, Monica Wangjam, Jitendra N. Goswami, and Argyrios Kapsiotis. "U–Pb and Hf isotope study of detrital zircon and Cr-spinel in the Banavara quartzite and implications for the evolution of the Dharwar Craton, south India." Geological Magazine 158, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 1671–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675682100025x.

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AbstractThe Sargur Group has been considered to be the oldest group (>3.0 Ga) in the Archaean sequence of the Dharwar Craton in south India, whereas the rocks of the Dharwar Supergroup are younger (between 3.0 and 2.55 Ga). The supracrustal units of the Sargur Group were deposited during the Archaean period. The Banavara quartzite forms part of the supracrustal Sargur Group and contains significant amounts of chromian spinel (Cr-spinel). Here, U–Pb and Hf isotopes of detrital zircons are integrated with compositional data and X-ray refinement parameters for Cr-spinels to decipher the provenance of the metasediments. Zircons show an age spectrum from 3.15 to 2.50 Ga, and juvenile Hf isotopic compositions (ϵHf = +0.8 to +6.4) with model ages between 3.3 and 3.0 Ga. Major- and trace-element contents of the Cr-spinels do not resemble those in the Sargur ultramafic rocks, but resemble well-characterized Archaean anorthosite-hosted chromites. Cr-spinel trace-element signatures indicate that they have undergone secondary alteration or metamorphism. X-ray refinement parameters for the Cr-spinels also resemble the anorthosite-hosted chromites. We conclude that the detrital minerals were probably derived from gneissic and anorthositic rocks of the Western Dharwar Craton, and that the Sargur Group sequences have experienced a younger (2.5 Ga) metamorphic overprint.
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22

Pandit, Dinesh, Sourabh Bhattacharya, and Mruganka K. Panigrahi. "Dissecting through the metallogenic potentials of Precambrian granitoids: case studies from the Bastar and Eastern Dharwar Cratons, India." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 489, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 157–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp489-2019-342.

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AbstractThe Malanjkhand granodiorite in the Bastar Craton hosts a major copper (+ molybdenum) deposit. It represents a Precambrian granite–ore system lacking in key morphological features of porphyry-type deposits but is comparable as a chemical package with a distinct mode of evolution of the magmatic-hydrothermal system. Mineral chemistry of biotite and apatite along with bulk geochemical data constrain critical parameters such as initial water and halogen contents of the magma. Evolution of the magmatic-hydrothermal fluid has been envisaged with available thermobarometric data. A quantitative ore genetic model in terms of efficiency of removal of metals and resultant mineralization in terms of quantity of metals has been attempted for the Malanjkhand deposit. The Eastern Dharwar Craton witnessed prolific granitic activities in multiple phases during the Late Archean and are spatially close to auriferous schist belts. Against a widely held view of a single metamorphogenic origin of metal and ore fluid, a granite–gold connection can be visualized for the auriferous schist belts of the Eastern Dharwar Craton through comparison of fluid characteristics in the granitoid and ore regimes and mineral chemical constraints. Although a quantitative genetic link between the granitoid and gold would need more data, a magmatic component of the ore fluid could be established based on the available information.
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23

Devaraju, T. C., T. L. Sudhakara, R. J. Kaukonen, R. P. Viljoen, T. T. Alapieti, S. A. Ahmed, and S. Sivakumar. "Petrology and geochemistry of greywackes from Goa-Dharwar sector, western Dharwar Craton: Implications for volcanoclastic origin." Journal of the Geological Society of India 75, no. 3 (March 2010): 465–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-010-0050-8.

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Giri, Rohit Kumar, Praveer Pankaj, N. V. Chalapathi Rao, Ramananda Chakrabarti, and Dinesh Pandit. "Petrogenesis of an alkaline lamprophyre (camptonite) with ocean island basalt (OIB)-affinity at the NW margin of the Cuddapah basin, eastern Dharwar craton, southern India." Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen Journal of Mineralogy and Geochemistry 196, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 149–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njma/2019/0179.

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We report petrology and geochemistry (including Sr and Nd isotopes) of a fresh lamprophyre at Ankiraopalli area at the north-western margin of Paleo-Mesoproterozoic Cuddapah basin, eastern Dharwar craton, southern India. Ankiraopalli samples possess a typical lamprophyre porphyritic-panidiomorphic texture with phenocrysts of kaersutite and diopside set in a plagioclase dominant groundmass. Combined mineralogy and geochemistry classify it as alkaline lampro- phyre in general and camptonite in particular. Contrary to the calc-alkaline and/or shoshonitic orogenic nature portrayed by lamprophyres occurring towards the western margin of the Cuddapah basin, the Ankiraopalli samples display trace element composition revealing striking similarity with those of ocean island basalts, Italian alkaline lamprophyres and highlights an anorogenic character. However, the87 Sr/86 Srinitial (0.710316 to 0.720016) and εNdinitial (– 9.54 to – 9.61) of the Ankiraopalli lamprophyre show derivation from an 'enriched' mantle source showing long term enrichment of incompatible trace elements and contrast from those of (i) OIB, and (ii) nearby Mahbubnagar alkaline mafic dykes of OIB affinity. Combining results of this study and recent advances made, multiple mantle domains are identified in the Eastern Dharwar craton which generated distinct Mesoproterozoic lamprophyre varieties. These include (i) Domain I, involving sub-continental lithospheric mantle source essentially metasomatized by subduction-derived melts/fluids (represented by orogenic calcalkaline and/or shoshonitic lamprophyres at the Mudigubba, the Udiripikonda and the Kadiri); (ii) Domain II, comprising a mixed sub-continental lithospheric and asthenospheric source (represented by orogenic-anorogenic, alkaline to calc-alkaline transitional lamprophyres at the Korakkodu), and (iii) Domain III, representing a sub-continental lithospheric source with a dominant overprint of an asthenospheric (plume) component (represented by essentially alkaline lamprophyres at the Ankiraopalli). Our study highlights the varied mantle source heterogeneities and complexity of geodynamic processes involved in the Neoarchean-Paleo/Mesoproterozoic evolution of the Eastern Dharwar craton.
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Mohan, M. Ram, Ajay Dev Asokan, and Simon A. Wilde. "Crustal growth of the Eastern Dharwar Craton: a Neoarchean collisional orogeny?" Geological Society, London, Special Publications 489, no. 1 (December 11, 2019): 51–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp489-2019-108.

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AbstractThe Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC) is predominantly made of Neoarchean potassic granitoids with subordinate linear greenstone belts. Available geochemical and isotopic systematics of these granitoids suggest variations in the source and petrogenetic mechanisms. By compiling the available geochemical data, these granitoids can be classified into four groups, namely: TTGs (tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite); sanukitoids; biotite and two-mica granites; and hybrid granites. This classification scheme is in line with the global classification of Neoarchean granites, and enables the sources and petrogenetic mechanisms of these variants to be distinguished. Available geochemical, isotopic and geochronological datasets of these granitoids are integrated and the existing tectonic models for the Neoarchean EDC are reviewed. The variability of the EDC granitoids is ascribed to crustal reworking associated with the collision of two continental blocks. The tectonomagmatic evolution of the EDC is analogous to the development of the Himalayan Orogeny. Based on the evolutionary history of the Dharwar Craton, it can be concluded that convergent margin tectonics were operational in the Indian Shield from at least c. 3.3 Ga and continued into the Phanerozoic. However, the nature and style of plate tectonics could be different with time.
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26

Kiselev, S., L. Vinnik, S. Oreshin, S. Gupta, S. S. Rai, A. Singh, M. R. Kumar, and G. Mohan. "Lithosphere of the Dharwar craton by joint inversion ofPandSreceiver functions." Geophysical Journal International 173, no. 3 (June 2008): 1106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2008.03777.x.

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Guha, Arindam, K. Vinod Kumar, S. Ravi, and E. N. Dhananjaya Rao. "Reflectance spectroscopy of kimberlites—in parts of Dharwar Craton, India." Arabian Journal of Geosciences 8, no. 11 (March 19, 2015): 9373–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12517-015-1850-3.

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Ramakrishnan, M. "Precambrian mafic magmatism in the Western Dharwar Craton, southern India." Journal of the Geological Society of India 73, no. 1 (January 2009): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-009-0006-z.

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Srinagesh, D., R. K. Chadha, P. Solomon Raju, G. Suresh, R. Vijayaraghavan, A. N. S. Sarma, M. Sekhar, and Y. V. V. B. S. N. Murty. "Seismicity studies in eastern Dharwar craton and neighbouring tectonic regions." Journal of the Geological Society of India 85, no. 4 (April 2015): 419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-015-0232-5.

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30

MAIBAM, B., J. N. GOSWAMI, and R. SRINIVASAN. "Pb–Pb zircon ages of Archaean metasediments and gneisses from the Dharwar craton, southern India: Implications for the antiquity of the eastern Dharwar craton." Journal of Earth System Science 120, no. 4 (August 2011): 643–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12040-011-0094-1.

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31

Phani, P. R. C., K. Sreenu, and N. Ningam. "Field Geological and Petrographic Study of Granitic Rocks around Devadurga, Eastern Dharwar Craton, Southern India." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-5 (August 31, 2018): 2248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18227.

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32

Sharma, Mukund, and Manoj Shukla. "A new Archaean stromatolite from the Chitradurga Group, Dharwar Craton, India and its significance." Journal of Palaeosciences 53, no. (1-3) (December 31, 2004): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2004.204.

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The present paper deals with the systematics, morphogenesis and depositional environment of a new stromatolite morphotype Batiola indica from the ~ 2.6 Ga old Archaean sediments of the Chitradurga Group, Dharwar Craton, India. It has been grouped under family Cryptophytonidae. Its morphological features are attributed to both biotic and environmental factors and considered to have been formed in a tidal regime.
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33

Sarkar, Dipankar, M. Ravi Kumar, Joachim Saul, Rainer Kind, P. S. Raju, R. K. Chadha, and A. K. Shukla. "A receiver function perspective of the Dharwar craton (India) crustal structure." Geophysical Journal International 154, no. 1 (July 2003): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2003.01970.x.

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34

NAHA, K., R. SRNIVASAN, and S. JAYARAM. "Structural relations of charnockites of the Archaean Dharwar craton, southern India." Journal of Metamorphic Geology 11, no. 6 (November 1993): 889–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1993.tb00198.x.

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35

Moyen, J. F., H. Martin, M. Jayananda, and B. Auvray. "Late Archaean granites: a typology based on the Dharwar Craton (India)." Precambrian Research 127, no. 1-3 (November 2003): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9268(03)00183-9.

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36

Dasgupta, A., S. K. Bhowmik, S. Dasgupta, J. Avila, and T. R. Ireland. "Mesoarchaean clockwise metamorphic P-T path from the Western Dharwar Craton." Lithos 342-343 (October 2019): 370–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2019.06.006.

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37

Kusham, A. Pratap, B. Pradeep Naick, and K. Naganjaneyulu. "Lithospheric architecture in the Archaean Dharwar craton, India: A magnetotelluric model." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 163 (September 2018): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2018.05.022.

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38

Kusham, A. Pratap, B. Pradeep Naick, and K. Naganjaneyulu. "Crustal and lithospheric mantle conductivity structure in the Dharwar craton, India." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 176 (June 2019): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.02.015.

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39

Srinivasan, R., Manoj Shukla, S. M. Naqvi, V. K. Yadav, B. S. Venkatachala, B. Uday Raj, and D. V. Subba Rao. "Archaean stromatolites from the Chitradurga schist belt, Dharwar Craton, South India." Precambrian Research 43, no. 3 (May 1989): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(89)90058-2.

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40

Reddy, K. V. S. "Precambrian lithostratigraphy of Dharwar craton and adjoining fold and mobile belts." Journal of the Geological Society of India 90, no. 4 (October 2017): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-017-0766-9.

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41

Venkatachala, B. S., Mukund Sharma, R. Srinivasan, Manoj Shukla, and S. M. Naqvi. "Bacteria from the Archaean Banded Iron-Formation of Kudremukh region, Dharwar Craton, South India." Journal of Palaeosciences 35, no. (1-3) (December 31, 1986): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1986.1529.

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Scanning electron microscopic study of the Archaean (> 2.6 Ga old) banded iron-formation of the Bababudan Group, Dharwar Supergroup reveals the presence of coccoid and rod-shaped bacteria in syngenetic pyrite grains of the Kudremukh iron-formation. These resemble sulphur-reducing bacteria.
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42

G, Ramadass, and Bhagya K. "TECTONIC CLASSIFICATION OF DHARWAR CRATON, INDIA.BASED ON INVERSION OF REGIONAL BOUGUER GRAVITY." International Journal of Advanced Research 4, no. 9 (September 30, 2016): 255–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/1480.

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43

Khanna, Tarun C., V. V. Sesha Sai, S. H. Jaffri, A. Keshav Krishna, and M. M. Korakoppa. "Boninites in the ~3.3 Ga Holenarsipur Greenstone Belt, Western Dharwar Craton, India." Geosciences 8, no. 7 (July 5, 2018): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8070248.

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44

Prasanthi Lakshmi, M., S. Parveen Begum, A. Manglik, and D. Seshu. "Mapping of Greenstone Belts using Aeromagnetic Data in Eastern Dharwar Craton, India." Current Science 118, no. 9 (May 10, 2020): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v118/i9/1420-1431.

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45

Agrawal, P. K., O. P. Pandey, and J. G. Negi. "Madagascar: A continental fragment of the paleo-super Dharwar craton of India." Geology 20, no. 6 (1992): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0543:macfot>2.3.co;2.

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Borah, Kajaljyoti, S. S. Rai, Keith Priestley, and V. K. Gaur. "Complex shallow mantle beneath the Dharwar Craton inferred from Rayleigh wave inversion." Geophysical Journal International 198, no. 2 (June 25, 2014): 1055–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu185.

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47

Dey, Sukanta. "Evolution of Archaean crust in the Dharwar craton: The Nd isotope record." Precambrian Research 227 (April 2013): 227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2012.05.005.

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48

Paton, Chad, Janet M. Hergt, Jon D. Woodhead, David Phillips, and Simon R. Shee. "Identifying the asthenospheric component of kimberlite magmas from the Dharwar Craton, India." Lithos 112 (November 2009): 296–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2009.03.019.

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49

PRAKASH, D., and I. N. SHARMA. "Metamorphic evolution of the Karimnagar granulite terrane, Eastern Dharwar Craton, south India." Geological Magazine 148, no. 1 (June 14, 2010): 112–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756810000488.

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AbstractThe Karimnagar granulite terrane is an integral part of the Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC), India, having been the subject of much interest because of the only reported granulite facies rocks in the EDC. It shows a large variety of rock types with a wide range of mineral parageneses and chemical compositions, namely charnockites (Opx+Pl+perthite+Qtz±Bt±Grt), gneisses (Opx+Crd+Bt+Pl+Qtz+perthite±Sil±Grt±Spl; Bt+Qtz+Pl±Crd±Hbl±Spl), mafic granulites (Cpx+Pl+Qtz±Opx±Hbl), quartz-free granulites (Spr+Spl+Bt+Crd+Kfs+Crn; Bt+Crd+Kfs±Crn±Spl±Krn; And+Bt+Kfs+Chl), granites (Qtz+Pl+Kfs±Bt±Hbl), altered ultramafic rocks (Chl+Trem+Tlc), metadolerites (Cpx+Pl±Bt±Qtz±Chl), banded magnetite quartzites and quartzites. Andalusite- and chlorite-bearing assemblages presumably suggest a retrograde origin. Investigation of quartz-free granulites of the area brings out some interesting and important observations, reflecting the presence of refractory phases. These granulites are devoid of sillimanite and contain corundum instead. Reaction textures in the gneisses include breakdown of garnet to form coronas and symplectites of orthopyroxene+cordierite, formation of cordierite from garnet+sillimanite+quartz and late retrograde biotite and biotite+quartz symplectites. In the mafic granulites, inclusions of quartz and hornblende within orthopyroxene are interpreted as being a part of the prograde assemblage. At a later stage orthopyroxene is also rimmed by hornblende. The quartz-free granulites display a variety of spectacular coronas, for example, successive rims on corundum consisting of spinel+sapphirine+cordierite±orthopyroxene, rare skeletal symplectitic intergrowth of sapphirine+cordierite+potash feldspar, and late retrograde formation of chlorite, corundum, spinel and andalusite from sapphirine±cordierite. Based on chemographic relationships and petrogenetic grids, a sequence of prograde, isothermal decompressive and retrograde reactions have been inferred. Quartz-free sapphirine granulites and mafic granulites record the highest P–T conditions (~7 kbar, 850°C), whereas the gneisses were formed at lower P–T conditions (~5 kbar, 800°C). In addition, the presence of andalusite-bearing rocks suggests a pressure of around 2.5 kbar. This change in pressure from 7 kbar to around 2.5 kbar suggests a decompressive path for the evolution of granulites in the study area, which indicates an uplift for the granulite-facies rocks from lower crustal conditions. The implications for supercontinent history are also addressed in light of available geochronological data.
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Borah, Kajaljyoti, S. S. Rai, Sandeep Gupta, K. S. Prakasam, Sudesh Kumar, and K. Sivaram. "Preserved and modified mid-Archean crustal blocks in Dharwar craton: Seismological evidence." Precambrian Research 246 (June 2014): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2014.02.003.

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