Journal articles: 'DHA'

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Kim, Hee-Yong, Hyun-Seuk Moon, Dehua Cao, Jeongrim Lee, Karl Kevala, Sang Beom Jun, David M. Lovinger, Mohammed Akbar, and Bill X. Huang. "N-Docosahexaenoylethanolamide promotes development of hippocampal neurons." Biochemical Journal 435, no. 2 (March 29, 2011): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20102118.

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DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, C22:6,n−3) has been shown to promote neurite growth and synaptogenesis in embryonic hippocampal neurons, supporting the importance of DHA known for hippocampus-related learning and memory function. In the present study, we demonstrate that DHA metabolism to DEA (N-docosahexaenoylethanolamide) is a significant mechanism for hippocampal neuronal development, contributing to synaptic function. We found that a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 potentiates DHA-induced neurite growth, synaptogenesis and synaptic protein expression. Active metabolism of DHA to DEA was observed in embryonic day 18 hippocampal neuronal cultures, which was increased further by URB597. Synthetic DEA promoted hippocampal neurite growth and synaptogenesis at substantially lower concentrations in comparison with DHA. DEA-treated neurons increased the expression of synapsins and glutamate receptor subunits and exhibited enhanced glutamatergic synaptic activity, as was the case for DHA. The DEA level in mouse fetal hippocampi was altered according to the maternal dietary supply of n–3 fatty acids, suggesting that DEA formation is a relevant in vivo process responding to the DHA status. In conclusion, DHA metabolism to DEA is a significant biochemical mechanism for neurite growth, synaptogenesis and synaptic protein expression, leading to enhanced glutamatergic synaptic function. The novel DEA-dependent mechanism offers a new molecular insight into hippocampal neurodevelopment and function.

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Zboya, Eric. "DHA #2." ti< 2, no. 1 (April 7, 2013): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/ti.v2i1.776.

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Brenna, J. Thomas. "DHA retroconversion revisited: dietary DHA spares endogenous EPA." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 110, no. 4 (June 28, 2019): 789–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz125.

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Brenna, J. Thomas. "Episodic Dietary DHA for Support of Tissue DHA." Journal of Nutrition 149, no. 4 (March 30, 2019): 547–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy314.

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Murphy, Rachel A., Prasad P. Devarshi, Shauna Ekimura, Keri Marshall, and Susan Hazels Mitmesser. "Long-chain omega-3 fatty acid serum concentrations across life stages in the USA: an analysis of NHANES 2011–2012." BMJ Open 11, no. 5 (May 2021): e043301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043301.

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ObjectiveTo determine reference ranges of circulating long-chain (LC) omega-3 fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in a nationally representative population of Americans. To provide context, serum concentrations of LC omega-3 were compared with concentrations associated with consuming the recommended amount of EPA and DHA by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) and the Omega-3 Index (EPA+DHA).DesignCross-sectional population-based study.SettingThe National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2012 cycle.ParticipantsParticipants with fatty acids measured in serum: 945 children, age 3–19 years, and 1316 adults, age 20 and older.Main measureSerum EPA, DPA, DHA and sum of LC omega-3 fatty acids expressed as per cent of total fatty acids.ResultsAmong children, mean (SE) serum concentrations of EPA, DHA and omega-3s were 0.28% (0.01), 1.07% (0.02) and 1.75% (0.03). Among adults, mean (SE) of EPA, DHA and omega-3s were 0.61% (0.02), 1.38% (0.05) and 2.43% (0.08), all of which were significantly higher than corresponding serum fatty acid concentrations in children (p<0.001). Despite recommendations for higher intake, pregnant and/or breastfeeding women had mean (SE) EPA, DHA and LC omega-3 concentrations of 0.34% (0.07), 1.52% (0.08) and 2.18% (0.15), which were comparable to women of childbearing age; p=0.17, p=0.10 and p=0.73. Over 95% of children and 68% of adults had LC omega-3 concentrations below those associated with the DGA recommendation. Approximately 89% of adults had an Omega-3 Index in the high cardiovascular risk category.ConclusionsContemporary reference ranges for circulating LC omega-3s are critical for setting public health recommendations. Our findings show the need for continued emphasis on regular consumption of LC omega-3s among Americans, particularly considering the importance of LC omega-3s in cardiovascular health, brain health and development throughout life.

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Léger, Claude L. "L’acide docosahexaénoïque (DHA)." Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides 14, no. 1 (January 2007): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2007.0010.

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Gientka, Iwona. "Mikrobiologiczne źródła DHA." PRZEMYSŁ SPOŻYWCZY 1, no. 11 (November 5, 2016): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/65.2016.11.6.

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Sugasini, Dhavamani, Poorna C. R. Yalagala, and Papasani V. Subbaiah. "Efficient Enrichment of Retinal DHA with Dietary Lysophosphatidylcholine-DHA: Potential Application for Retinopathies." Nutrients 12, no. 10 (October 12, 2020): 3114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12103114.

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Although decreased retinal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a known risk factor for retinopathy, currently available omega-3 fatty acid supplements, which are absorbed as triacylglycerol (TAG), do not significantly enrich retinal DHA. We tested the hypothesis that lysophospahtidylcholine (LPC)-DHA which is absorbed as phospholipid, would efficiently increase retinal DHA because of the presence of LPC-specific transporter at the blood–retina barrier. In normal rats, LPC-DHA and di-DHA phosphatidylcholine (PC), which generates LPC-DHA during digestion, increased retinal DHA by 101% and 45%, respectively, but TAG-DHA had no significant effect at the same dose (40 mg/kg, 30 days). In normal mice, both sn-1 DHA LPC and sn-2 DHA LPC increased retinal DHA by 80%, but free DHA had no effect. Lipase-treated krill oil (which contains LPC-DHA and LPC-EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), but not normal krill oil (which has little LPC), increased both retinal DHA (+76%) and EPA (100-fold). Fish oil, however, had no effect, whether lipase-treated or not. These studies show that retinal DHA can be efficiently increased by dietary LPC-DHA, but not by TAG-DHA or free DHA. Since DHA is known to be protective against retinopathy and other eye diseases, this study provides a novel nutraceutical approach for the prevention/treatment of these diseases.

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Yue, Hao, Yingying Tian, Zifang Zhao, Yuying Bo, Yao Guo, and Jingfeng Wang. "Comparative Study of Docosahexaenoic Acid with Different Molecular Forms for Promoting Apoptosis of the 95D Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells in a PPARγ-Dependent Manner." Marine Drugs 20, no. 10 (September 23, 2022): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20100599.

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Cancer is a leading cause of death in worldwide. Growing evidence has shown that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has ameliorative effects on cancer. However, the effects of DHA-enriched phosphatidylcholine (DHA-PC) and efficacy differences between DHA-PC, DHA-triglyceride (DHA-TG), and DHA- ethyl esters (DHA-EE) on cancer cells had not been studied. In this study, 95D lung cancer cells in vitro were used to determine the effects and underlying mechanisms of DHA with different molecular forms. The results showed that DHA-PC and DHA-TG treatment significantly inhibited the growth of 95D cells by 53.7% and 33.8%, whereas DHA-EE had no significantly effect. Morphological analysis showed that DHA-PC and DHA-TG prompted promoted cell contraction, increased concentration of cell heterochromatin, vacuolization of cytoplasm, and edema of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. TUNEL and AO/EB staining indicated that both DHA-PC and DHA-TG promoted cell apoptosis, in which DHA-PC performed better than DHA-TG. Mechanistically, DHA-PC and DHA-TG treatment up-regulated the PPARγ and RXRα signal, inhibited the expression of NF-κB and Bcl-2, and enhanced the expression of Bax and caspase-3, thereby promoting cell apoptosis. In conclusion, DHA-PC exerted superior effects to DHA-TG and DHA-EE in promoting apoptosis in 95D non-small-cell lung cancer cells. These data provide new evidence for the application of DHA in treatment of cancer.

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Mohamad Ali, Dalal, Kevin Hogeveen, Rose-Marie Orhant, Tiphaine Le Gal de Kerangal, Françoise Ergan, Lionel Ulmann, and Gaëlle Pencreac’h. "Lysophosphatidylcholine-DHA Specifically Induces Cytotoxic Effects of the MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cell Line In Vitro Comparative Effects with Other Lipids Containing DHA." Nutrients 15, no. 9 (April 29, 2023): 2137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15092137.

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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 ω-3) is a dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid that has an important role in human health. Epidemiological studies linked a high intake of DHA to a reduced risk of certain cancers. Recently, attention focused on how the lipid carrier in which DHA is delivered, i.e., esterified on acylglycerols, phospholipids, or free, affects its biological effects. However, studies comparing the effects of these different forms for DHA supply to cancer cells in vitro are limited. In this study, the effect of free DHA and five lipids carrying one to three DHA chains (LPC-DHA, PC-DHA, MAG-DHA, DAG-DHA and TAG-DHA) on the viability of the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line was compared. Our results revealed a strong structure–function relationship of DHA-carrying lipids on the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells. Glycerophosphocholine-based lipids are the most effective DHA carriers in reducing the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells, with LPC-DHA being more effective (IC50 = 23.7 µM) than PC-DHA (IC50 = 67 µM). The other tested lipids are less toxic (MAG-DHA, free DHA) or even not toxic (DAG-DHA, TAG-DHA) under our conditions. Investigating the mechanism of cell death induced by LPC-DHA revealed increased oxidative stress and membrane cell damage.

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Pérez-Llarena, Francisco José, Laura Zamorano, Frédéric Kerff, Alejandro Beceiro, Patricia García, Elisenda Miró, Nieves Larrosa, et al. "Genetic and Kinetic Characterization of the Novel AmpC β-Lactamases DHA-6 and DHA-7." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 11 (August 18, 2014): 6544–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.03144-14.

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ABSTRACTDuring a Spanish surveillance study, two natural variants of DHA β-lactamases, DHA-6 and DHA-7, were found, with the replacements Ala226Thr and Phe322Ser, respectively, with respect to DHA-1. The DHA-6 and DHA-7 enzymes were isolated fromEscherichia coliandEnterobacter cloacaeclinical isolates, respectively. The aim of this study was to genetically, microbiologically, and biochemically characterize the DHA-6 and DHA-7 β-lactamases. TheblaDHA-6andblaDHA-7genes were located in the I1 and HI2 incompatibility group plasmids of 87.3 and 310.4 kb, respectively. The genetic contexts ofblaDHA-6andblaDHA-7were similar to that already described for theblaDHA-1gene and included theqnrB4andaadAgenes. The MICs for cephalothin, aztreonam, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime were 8- to 32-fold lower for DHA-6 than for DHA-1 or DHA-7 expressed in the same isogenicE. coliTG1 strain. Interestingly, the MIC for cefoxitin was higher in the DHA-6-expressing transformant than in DHA-1 or DHA-7. Biochemical studies with pure β-lactamases revealed slightly lower catalytic efficiencies of DHA-6 against cephalothin, ceftazidime, and cefotaxime than those of DHA-1 and DHA-7. To understand this behavior, stability experiments were carried out and showed that the DHA-6 protein displayed significantly higher stability than the DHA-1 and DHA-7 enzymes. The proximity of Thr226 to the N terminus in the tertiary protein structure in DHA-6 may promote this stabilization and, consequently, may induce a slight reduction in the dynamic of this enzyme that primarily affects the hydrolysis of some of the bulkiest antibiotics.

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Hajjaji, Nawale, Valérie Schubnel, and Philippe Bougnoux. "Determinants of DHA Incorporation into Tumor Tissue During Dietary DHA Supplementation." Lipids 46, no. 11 (June 3, 2011): 1063–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-011-3573-x.

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Luxwolda, Martine F., Remko S. Kuipers, Jan-Hein Koops, Stefan Muller, Deti de Graaf, D. A. Janneke Dijck-Brouwer, and Frits A. J. Muskiet. "Interrelationships between maternal DHA in erythrocytes, milk and adipose tissue. Is 1 wt% DHA the optimal human milk content? Data from four Tanzanian tribes differing in lifetime stable intakes of fish." British Journal of Nutrition 111, no. 5 (October 31, 2013): 854–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513003255.

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Little is known about the interrelationships between maternal and infant erythrocyte-DHA, milk-DHA and maternal adipose tissue (AT)-DHA contents. We studied these relationships in four tribes in Tanzania (Maasai, Pare, Sengerema and Ukerewe) differing in their lifetime intakes of fish. Cross-sectional samples were collected at delivery and after 3 d and 3 months of exclusive breast-feeding. We found that intra-uterine biomagnification is a sign of low maternal DHA status, that genuine biomagnification occurs during lactation, that lactating mothers with low DHA status cannot augment their infants' DHA status, and that lactating mothers lose DHA independent of their DHA status. A maternal erythrocyte-DHA content of 8 wt% was found to correspond with a mature milk-DHA content of 1·0 wt% and with subcutaneous and abdominal (omentum) AT-DHA contents of about 0·39 and 0·52 wt%, respectively. Consequently, 1 wt% DHA might be a target for Western human milk and infant formula that has milk arachidonic acid, EPA and linoleic acid contents of 0·55, 0·22 and 9·32 wt%, respectively. With increasing DHA status, the erythrocyte-DHA content reaches a plateau of about 9 wt%, and it plateaus more readily than milk-DHA and AT-DHA contents. Compared with the average Tanzanian-Ukerewe woman, the average US woman has four times lower AT-DHA content (0·4 v. 0·1 wt%) and five times lower mature milk-DHA output (301 v. 60 mg/d), which contrasts with her estimated 1·8–2·6 times lower mobilisable AT-DHA content (19 v. 35–50 g).

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Yu, Zhongtang, and William W. Mohn. "Isolation and characterization of thermophilic bacteria capable of degrading dehydroabietic acid." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 45, no. 6 (July 15, 1999): 513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w99-028.

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Using a semi-continuous enrichment method, we isolated two thermophilic bacterial strains, which could completely degrade abietane resin acids, including dehydroabietic acid (DhA). Strain DhA-73, isolated from a laboratory-scale bioreactor treating bleached kraft mill effluent at 55°C, grew on DhA as sole carbon source; while DhA-71, isolated from municipal compost, required dilute tryptic soy broth for growth on DhA. DhA-71 grew on DhA from 30°C to 60°C with maximum growth at 50°C; while, DhA-73 grew on DhA from 37°C to 60°C with maximum growth at 55°C. At 55°C, the doubling times for DhA-71 and DhA-73 were 3.3 and 3.7 h, respectively. DhA-71 and DhA-73 had growth yields of 0.26 and 0.19 g of protein per g of DhA, respectively. During growth on DhA, both strains converted DhA to CO2, biomass, and dissolved organic carbon. Analyses of the 16S-rDNA sequences of these two strains suggest that they belong to two new genera in theRubrivivax subgroup of the beta subclass of the Proteobacteria. Strains DhA-71 and DhA-73 are the first two bacteria isolated and characterized that are capable of biodegradation of resin acids at high temperatures. This study provided direct evidence for biodegradation of resin acids and feasibility for biotreatment of pulp mill effluent at elevated temperatures.Key words: biodegradation, resin acid, semi-continuous enrichment, thermophiles.

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Christifano, Danielle N., Kathleen M. Gustafson, Susan E. Carlson, Nasrin Sultanna, Alexandra Brown, Scott A. Sands, John Colombo, and Byron J. Gajewski. "Maternal Docosahexaenoic Acid Exposure Needed to Achieve Maternal–Newborn EQ." Nutrients 14, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 3300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14163300.

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Achieving maternal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status equal to or greater than the infant’s DHA status at delivery is known as maternal–newborn DHA equilibrium (EQ) and is thought to be important for optimizing newborn DHA status throughout infancy. The objective of this study was to determine the daily DHA intake during pregnancy most likely to result in EQ. The participants (n = 1145) were from two randomized control trials of DHA supplementation in pregnancy. DHA intake was estimated using an abbreviated food frequency questionnaire. Total DHA exposure during pregnancy was calculated as a weighted average of the estimated DHA intake throughout pregnancy and the randomized DHA dose (200, 800, 1000 mg). Red blood cell DHA was measured from maternal and cord blood plasma at delivery and EQ status was calculated. The DHA intake required to achieve EQ was estimated by regression. In terms of DHA exposure, the point estimate and 95% confidence interval to achieve EQ was 643 (583, 735) mg of DHA/day. The results of our trial suggest an intake of 650 mg of DHA/day is necessary to increase the potential for EQ at delivery. The clinical benefits of achieving EQ deserves continued study.

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Metherel, Adam H., Maha Irfan, Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins, Marc-Olivier Trépanier, Ken D. Stark, and Richard P. Bazinet. "DHA Cycling Halves the DHA Supplementation Needed to Maintain Blood and Tissue Concentrations via Higher Synthesis from ALA in Long–Evans Rats." Journal of Nutrition 149, no. 4 (February 2, 2019): 586–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy282.

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ABSTRACT Background Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) recommendations are frequently stated at 500 mg/d; however, adherence to these recommendations would result in a large global commercial EPA/DHA production deficit. Previously, our laboratory demonstrated that acute DHA intake in rats can increase the capacity for synthesis-secretion of n–3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Objective We aimed to investigate the utility of a dietary DHA cycling strategy that employs 2 wk of repeated DHA feeding for a total of 3 cycles over 12 wk. Methods Male Long–Evans rats were fed a 10% fat diet by weight comprised of either 1) a 2-wk, 2% α-linolenic acid (ALA, DHA-ALA group 18:3n–3) diet followed by a 2-wk, 2% DHA + 2% ALA diet over 3 consecutive 4-wk periods (“DHA cycling,” DHA-ALA group); 2) a 2% DHA + 2% ALA diet (DHA group) for 12 wk; or 3) a 2% ALA-only diet (ALA group) for 12 wk. At 15 wk old, blood and tissue fatty acid concentrations and liver mRNA expression and 13C-DHA natural abundances were determined. Results DHA concentrations in plasma, erythrocytes, and whole blood between the DHA-ALA group and the DHA groups were not different (P ≥ 0.05), but were 72–110% higher (P < 0.05) than in the ALA group. Similarly, DHA concentrations in liver, heart, adipose, and brain were not different (P ≥ 0.05) between the DHA-fed groups, but were at least 62%, 72%, 320%, and 68% higher (P < 0.05) than in the ALA group in liver, heart, adipose, and skeletal muscle, respectively. Compound-specific isotope analysis indicated that 310% more liver DHA in the DHA-ALA group compared with the DHA group is derived from dietary ALA, and this was accompanied by a 123% and 93% higher expression of elongation of very long-chain (Elovl)2 and Elovl5, respectively, in the DHA-ALA group compared with the ALA group. Conclusions DHA cycling requires half the dietary DHA while achieving equal blood and tissue DHA concentrations in rats. Implementation of such dietary strategies in humans could reduce the gap between global dietary n–3 PUFA recommendations and commercial production.

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Hennebelle, Marie, Mélanie Plourde, Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins, Christian-Alexandre Castellano, Pascale Barberger-Gateau, and Stephen C. Cunnane. "Ageing and apoE change DHA homeostasis: relevance to age-related cognitive decline." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 73, no. 1 (October 9, 2013): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665113003625.

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Epidemiological studies fairly convincingly suggest that higher intakes of fatty fish and n-3 fatty acids are associated with reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). DHA in plasma is normally positively associated with DHA intake. However, despite being associated with lower fish and DHA intake, unexpectedly, plasma (or brain) DHA is frequently not lower in AD. This review will highlight some metabolic and physiological factors such as ageing and apoE polymorphism that influence DHA homeostasis. Compared with young adults, blood DHA is often slightly but significantly higher in older adults without any age-related cognitive decline. Higher plasma DHA in older adults could be a sign that their fish or DHA intake is higher. However, our supplementation and carbon-13 tracer studies also show that DHA metabolism, e.g. transit through the plasma, apparent retroconversion and β-oxidation, is altered in healthy older compared with healthy young adults. ApoE4 increases the risk of AD, possibly in part because it too changes DHA homeostasis. Therefore, independent of differences in fish intake, changing DHA homeostasis may tend to obscure the relationship between DHA intake and plasma DHA which, in turn, may contribute to making older adults more susceptible to cognitive decline despite older adults having similar or sometimes higher plasma DHA than in younger adults. In conclusion, recent development of new tools such as isotopically labelled DHA to study DHA metabolism in human subjects highlights some promising avenues to evaluate how and why DHA metabolism changes during ageing and AD.

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Couëdelo, Leslie, Stephanie Lennon, Hélène Abrous, Ikram Chamekh, Corentin Bouju, Hugues Griffon, Carole Vaysse, Lionel Larvol, and Gildas Breton. "In Vivo Absorption and Lymphatic Bioavailability of Docosahexaenoic Acid from Microalgal Oil According to Its Physical and Chemical Form of Vectorization." Nutrients 16, no. 7 (March 30, 2024): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16071014.

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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential fatty acid (FA) with proven pro-health effects, but improving its bioavailability is becoming a public health issue. The bioavailability of DHA from microalgal (A) oil has been comprehensively assessed, particularly in terms of the molecular structuring capabilities offered by A-oil. Here, we explored the impact of five DHA-rich formulas differing in terms of (i) molecular structure, i.e., ethyl ester (EE), monoglyceride (MG), or triglyceride (TG), and (ii) supramolecular form, i.e., emulsified TG or TG + phospholipids (PL blend) on the lymphatic kinetics of DHA absorption and the lipid characteristics of the resulting lipoproteins. We demonstrated in rats that the conventional A-DHA TG structure afforded more effective DHA absorption than the EE structure (+23%). Furthermore, the A-DHA MG and A-DHA emulsions were the better DHA vectors (AUC: 89% and +42%, respectively) due to improved lipolysis. The A-DHA MG and A-DHA emulsion presented the richest DHA content in TG (+40%) and PL (+50%) of lymphatic chylomicrons, which could affect the metabolic fate of DHA. We concluded that structuring A-DHA in TG or EE form would better serve for tissue and hepatic metabolism whereas A-DHA in MG and emulsion form could better target nerve tissues.

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Wayne, Laura L., Daniel J. Gachotte, Paul R. Graupner, Yelena Adelfinskaya, David G. McCaskill, James G. Metz, Ross Zirkle, and Terence A. Walsh. "Plant and algal lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases increase docosahexaenoic acid accumulation at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerol in transgenic Arabidopsis seed oil." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 25, 2021): e0256625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256625.

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Although docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an important dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), is at present primarily sourced from marine fish, bioengineered crops producing DHA may offer a more sustainable and cost-effective source. DHA has been produced in transgenic oilseed crops, however, DHA in seed oil primarily occupies the sn-1/3 positions of triacylglycerol (TAG) with relatively low amounts of DHA in the sn-2 position. To increase the amount of DHA in the sn-2 position of TAG and in seed oil, putative lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases (LPAATs) were identified and characterized from the DHA-producing alga Schizochytrium sp. and from soybean (Glycine max). The affinity-purified proteins were confirmed to have LPAAT activity. Expression of the Schizochytrium or soybean LPAATs in DHA-producing Arabidopsis expressing the Schizochytrium PUFA synthase system significantly increased the total amount of DHA in seed oil. A novel sensitive band-selective heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR method was developed to quantify DHA at the sn-2 position of glycerolipids. More than two-fold increases in sn-2 DHA were observed for Arabidopsis lines expressing Schizochytrium or soybean LPAATs, with one Schizochytrium LPAAT driving DHA accumulation in the sn-2 position to 61% of the total DHA. Furthermore, expression of a soybean LPAAT led to a redistribution of DHA-containing TAG species, with two new TAG species identified. Our results demonstrate that transgenic expression of Schizochytrium or soybean LPAATs can increase the proportion of DHA at the sn-2 position of TAG and the total amount of DHA in the seed oil of a DHA-accumulating oilseed plant. Additionally, the band-selective HSQC NMR method that we developed provides a sensitive and robust method for determining the regiochemistry of DHA in glycerolipids. These findings will benefit the advancement of sustainable sources of DHA via transgenic crops such as canola and soybean.

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Demmelmair, Hans, Anita MacDonald, Urania Kotzaeridou, Peter Burgard, Domingo Gonzalez-Lamuno, Elvira Verduci, Melike Ersoy, et al. "Determinants of Plasma Docosahexaenoic Acid Levels and Their Relationship to Neurological and Cognitive Functions in PKU Patients: A Double Blind Randomized Supplementation Study." Nutrients 10, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 1944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10121944.

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Children with phenylketonuria (PKU) follow a protein restricted diet with negligible amounts of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Low DHA intakes might explain subtle neurological deficits in PKU. We studied whether a DHA supply modified plasma DHA and neurological and intellectual functioning in PKU. In a double-blind multicentric trial, 109 PKU patients were randomized to DHA doses from 0 to 7 mg/kg&day for six months. Before and after supplementation, we determined plasma fatty acid concentrations, latencies of visually evoked potentials, fine and gross motor behavior, and IQ. Fatty acid desaturase genotypes were also determined. DHA supplementation increased plasma glycerophospholipid DHA proportional to dose by 0.4% DHA per 1 mg intake/kg bodyweight. Functional outcomes were not associated with DHA status before and after intervention and remained unchanged by supplementation. Genotypes were associated with plasma arachidonic acid levels and, if considered together with the levels of the precursor alpha-linolenic acid, also with DHA. Functional outcomes and supplementation effects were not significantly associated with genotype. DHA intakes up to 7 mg/kg did not improve neurological functions in PKU children. Nervous tissues may be less prone to low DHA levels after infancy, or higher doses might be required to impact neurological functions. In situations of minimal dietary DHA, endogenous synthesis of DHA from alpha-linolenic acid could relevantly contribute to DHA status.

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Takeyama, Islam, Watanabe, Tsubaki, Fukushima, Mamun, Sato, et al. "Dietary Intake of Green Nut Oil or DHA Ameliorates DHA Distribution in the Brain of a Mouse Model of Dementia Accompanied by Memory Recovery." Nutrients 11, no. 10 (October 4, 2019): 2371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11102371.

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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, has significant healthbenefits. Previous studies reported decreased levels of DHA and DHA-containing phosphatidylcholines inthe brain of animals suffering from Alzheimer’s disease, the most common type of dementia; furthermore,DHA supplementation has been found to improve brain DHA levels and memory efficiency in dementia. Oilextracted from the seeds of Plukenetia volubilis (green nut oil; GNO) is also expected to have DHA like effectsas it contains approximately 50% α-linolenic acid, a precursor of DHA. Despite this, changes in the spatialdistribution of DHA in the brain of animals with dementia following GNO or DHA supplementation remainunexplored. In this study, desorption electrospray ionization imaging mass spectrometry (DESI-IMS) wasapplied to observe the effects of GNO or DHA supplementation upon the distribution of DHA in the brain ofmale senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) mice, a mouse model of dementia. DESI-IMS revealedthat brain DHA distribution increased 1.85-fold and 3.67-fold in GNO-fed and DHA-fed SAMP8 mice,respectively, compared to corn oil-fed SAMP8 mice. Memory efficiency in SAMP8 mice was also improvedby GNO or DHA supplementation. In summary, this study suggests the possibility of GNO or DHAsupplementation for the prevention of dementia.

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Hachem, Mayssa, Houda Nacir, Madeleine Picq, Mounir Belkouch, Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac, Anthony Windust, Laure Meiller, et al. "Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Bioavailability in Humans after Oral Intake of DHA-Containing Triacylglycerol or the Structured Phospholipid AceDoPC®." Nutrients 12, no. 1 (January 18, 2020): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12010251.

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AceDoPC® is a structured glycerophospholipid that targets the brain with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and is neuroprotective in the experimental ischemic stroke. AceDoPC® is a stabilized form of the physiological 2-DHA-LysoPC with an acetyl group at the sn1 position; preventing the migration of DHA from the sn2 to sn1 position. In this study we aimed to know the bioavailability of 13C-labeled DHA after oral intake of a single dose of 13C-AceDoPC®, in comparison with 13C-DHA in triglycerides (TAG), using gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) to assess the 13C enrichment of DHA-containing lipids. 13C-DHA enrichment in plasma phospholipids was significantly higher after intake of AceDoPC® compared with TAG-DHA, peaking after 24 h in both cases. In red cells, 13C-DHA enrichment in choline phospholipids was comparable from both sources of DHA, with a maximum after 72 h, whereas the 13C-DHA enrichment in ethanolamine phospholipids was higher from AceDoPC® compared to TAG-DHA, and continued to increase after 144 h. Overall, our study indicates that DHA from AceDoPC® is more efficient than from TAG-DHA for a sustained accumulation in red cell ethanolamine phospholipids, which has been associated with increased brain accretion.

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Gázquez, Antonio, María Giménez-Bañón, María Prieto-Sánchez, Carmen Martínez-Graciá, Clara Suárez, Marina Santaella-Pascual, Lina Galdo-Castiñeira, et al. "Self-Reported DHA Supplementation during Pregnancy and Its Association with Obesity or Gestational Diabetes in Relation to DHA Concentration in Cord and Maternal Plasma: Results from NELA, a Prospective Mother-Offspring Cohort." Nutrients 13, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13030843.

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Maternal supplementation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during pregnancy has been recommended due to its role in infant development, but its effect on materno-fetal DHA status is not well established. We evaluated the associations between DHA supplementation in pregnant women with obesity or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and maternal and neonatal DHA status. Serum fatty acids (FA) were analyzed in 641 pregnant women (24 weeks of gestation) and in 345 venous and 166 arterial cord blood samples of participants of the NELA cohort. Obese women (n = 47) presented lower DHA in serum than those lean (n = 397) or overweight (n = 116) before pregnancy. Linoleic acid in arterial cord was elevated in obese women, which indicates lower fetal retention. Maternal DHA supplementation (200 mg/d) during pregnancy was associated with enhanced maternal and fetal DHA levels regardless of pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), although higher arterial DHA in overweight women indicated an attenuated response. Maternal DHA supplementation was not associated with cord venous DHA in neonates of mothers with GDM. The cord arteriovenous difference was similar for DHA between GDM and controls. In conclusion, maternal DHA supplementation during pregnancy enhanced fetal DHA status regardless of the pre-pregnancy BMI while GDM may reduce the effect of DHA supplementation in newborns.

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Nishizawa, Wang, Sekine, and Saito. "Effect of Dietary DHA on DHA Levels in Retinal Rod Outer Segments in Young versus Mature Rats." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 73, no. 4 (July 1, 2003): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.73.4.259.

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We compared the effect of direct supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the fatty acid composition of the liver and the rod outer segment (ROS) membranes of the retina in young (five-week-old) and mature (one-year-old) rats. In young rats, a high content of DHA in the diet (9.7% of total energy) effectively increased the proportion of DHA in ROS membranes (41.8%), compared with the proportion observed in a linoleic acid (LA) diet group (control, 31.6%). The proportion of DHA was also significantly higher in the livers of young DHA-fed rats. These results show that direct supplementation with DHA is very effective in increasing DHA levels in the ROS membranes and livers of developing animals. In contrast, in mature rats there was no significant increase in the proportion of DHA in the ROS membranes, even after the highest dose (8.4% of total energy) of DHA, although the proportion of DHA was significantly higher in the livers of DHA-fed rats. The changes in fatty acid composition in the ROS membranes were different in young and mature rats fed high-DHA diets. Our findings indicate that mature rats maintain a constant level of DHA in the ROS membranes even after being directly supplemented with high doses of DHA.

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Huang, Guoxin, Yangdong Zhang, Qingbiao Xu, Nan Zheng, Shengguo Zhao, Kaizhen Liu, Xueyin Qu, Jing Yu, and Jiaqi Wang. "DHA content in milk and biohydrogenation pathway in rumen: a review." PeerJ 8 (December 22, 2020): e10230. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10230.

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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential human nutrient that may promote neural health and development. DHA occurs naturally in milk in concentrations that are influenced by many factors, including the dietary intake of the cow and the rumen microbiome. We reviewed the literature of milk DHA content and the biohydrogenation pathway in rumen of dairy cows aim to enhance the DHA content. DHA in milk is mainly derived from two sources: α-linolenic acid (ALA) occurring in the liver and consumed as part of the diet, and overall dietary intake. Rumen biohydrogenation, the lymphatic system, and blood circulation influence the movement of dietary intake of DHA into the milk supply. Rumen biohydrogenation reduces DHA in ruminal environmental and limits DHA incorporation into milk. The fat-1 gene may increase DHA uptake into the body but this lacks experimental confirmation. Additional studies are needed to define the mechanisms by which different dietary sources of DHA are associated with variations of DHA in milk, the pathway of DHA biohydrogenation in the rumen, and the function of the fat-1 gene on DHA supply in dairy cows.

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Gázquez, Antonio, María Ruíz-Palacios, and Elvira Larqué. "DHA supplementation during pregnancy as phospholipids or TAG produces different placental uptake but similar fetal brain accretion in neonatal piglets." British Journal of Nutrition 118, no. 11 (November 23, 2017): 981–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517002951.

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AbstractThe great variety of n-3 long-chain PUFA sources raises the question of the most adequate for using as a DHA supplement during pregnancy. Placental and fetal availability of different DHA sources remains unclear. We investigated DHA availability in maternal lipoproteins, placenta and fetal tissues in pregnant sows fed DHA as phospholipid (PL) or TAG to identify the best DHA source during this period. Pregnant Iberian sows were fed diets containing 0·8 % DHA of total fatty acids as PL from egg yolk or TAG from algae oil during the last third of gestation (40 d). Maternal tissues, placentas and fetal tissues were obtained at delivery and DHA quantified by GC. Major Facilitator Superfamily Domain Containing 2a (MFSD2a) carrier expression was analysed in both placenta and fetal brain by Western blotting. Sows fed the DHA–PL diet showed higher DHA incorporation in plasma LDL but not in plasma total lipids. No differences were found in DHA content between groups in maternal liver, adipose tissue or brain. Placental tissue incorporated more DHA in both total lipids and PL fraction in sows fed DHA–PL. However, this did not lead to an enhanced DHA accretion either in fetal plasma, fetal liver or fetal brain. MFSD2a expression was similar between both experimental groups. Maternal DHA supplementation during pregnancy in sow either as PL or TAG produces similar DHA accretion in fetal tissues but not in placenta. Both fat sources are equally available for fetal brain.

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Hsu, Ya-Fen, Fan-Lu Kung, Tzu-En Huang, Yi-Ning Deng, Jih-Hwa Guh, Paolo Marchetti, Elena Marchesi, Daniela Perrone, Maria Luisa Navacchia, and Lih-Ching Hsu. "Anticancer Activity and Molecular Mechanisms of an Ursodeoxycholic Acid Methyl Ester-Dihydroartemisinin Hybrid via a Triazole Linkage in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells." Molecules 28, no. 5 (March 3, 2023): 2358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052358.

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Hepatocellular carcinoma is the third most common cause of cancer-related death according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), an antimalarial drug, has been reported to exhibit anticancer activity but with a short half-life. We synthesized a series of bile acid–dihydroartemisinin hybrids to improve its stability and anticancer activity and demonstrated that an ursodeoxycholic–DHA (UDC-DHA) hybrid was 10-fold more potent than DHA against HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the anticancer activity and investigate the molecular mechanisms of UDCMe-Z-DHA, a hybrid of ursodeoxycholic acid methyl ester and DHA via a triazole linkage. We found that UDCMe-Z-DHA was even more potent than UDC-DHA in HepG2 cells with IC50 of 1 μM. Time course experiments and stability in medium determined by cell viability assay as well as HPLC-MS/MS analysis revealed that UDCMe-Z-DHA was more stable than DHA, which in part accounted for the increased anticancer activity. Mechanistic studies revealed that UDCMe-Z-DHA caused G0/G1 arrest and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential loss and autophagy, which may in turn lead to apoptosis. Compared to DHA, UDCMe-Z-DHA displayed much lower cytotoxicity toward normal cells. Thus, UDCMe-Z-DHA may be a potential drug candidate for hepatocellular carcinoma.

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Pencreac’h, Gaelle, Francoise Ergan, and Laurent Poisson. "DHA–lysophospholipid Production." Current Organic Chemistry 17, no. 8 (April 1, 2013): 793–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272811317080005.

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29

Guy-Grand, Bernard. "DHA et déclin cognitif." Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique 42, no. 3 (May 2007): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-9960(07)88752-9.

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Kuratko, Connye N., and Norman Salem. "Biomarkers of DHA status." Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 81, no. 2-3 (August 2009): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2009.05.007.

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Sanders, Thomas A. B. "DHA status of vegetarians." Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 81, no. 2-3 (August 2009): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2009.05.013.

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32

Lomangino, Kevin. "DHA in Preterm Infants." Clinical Nutrition INSIGHT 35, no. 4 (April 2009): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000348436.70187.87.

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&NA;. "DHA in Preterm Infants." Clinical Nutrition INSIGHT 35, no. 4 (April 2009): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000348437.70187.ce.

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Ohkubo, Takeshi, and Hidehiko Hibino. "Functionality of PC-DHA." Journal of Lipid Nutrition 22, no. 1 (2013): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4010/jln.22.17.

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35

Brooks, Sally L., Anita Mitchell, and Norma Steffenson. "Mothers, Infants, and DHA." MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 25, no. 2 (March 2000): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005721-200003000-00005.

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Smit, E. N. "Breast milk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) correlates with DHA status of malnourished infants." Archives of Disease in Childhood 82, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 493–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.82.6.493.

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Heath, Rory J., and Thomas R. Wood. "Why Have the Benefits of DHA Not Been Borne Out in the Treatment and Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease? A Narrative Review Focused on DHA Metabolism and Adipose Tissue." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 21 (October 31, 2021): 11826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111826.

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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid rich in seafood, is linked to Alzheimer’s Disease via strong epidemiological and pre-clinical evidence, yet fish oil or other DHA supplementation has not consistently shown benefit to the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Furthermore, autopsy studies of Alzheimer’s Disease brain show variable DHA status, demonstrating that the relationship between DHA and neurodegeneration is complex and not fully understood. Recently, it has been suggested that the forms of DHA in the diet and plasma have specific metabolic fates that may affect brain uptake; however, the effect of DHA form on brain uptake is less pronounced in studies of longer duration. One major confounder of studies relating dietary DHA and Alzheimer’s Disease may be that adipose tissue acts as a long-term depot of DHA for the brain, but this is poorly understood in the context of neurodegeneration. Future work is required to develop biomarkers of brain DHA and better understand DHA-based therapies in the setting of altered brain DHA uptake to help determine whether brain DHA should remain an important target in the prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease.

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Wen, Min, Lin Ding, Lingyu Zhang, Miaomiao Zhou, Jie Xu, Jingfeng Wang, Yuming Wang, and Changhu Xue. "DHA-PC and DHA-PS improved Aβ1–40 induced cognitive deficiency uncoupled with an increase in brain DHA in rats." Journal of Functional Foods 22 (April 2016): 417–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2016.02.004.

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Luxwolda, Martine F., Remko S. Kuipers, Wicklif S. Sango, Gideon Kwesigabo, D. A. Janneke Dijck-Brouwer, and Frits A. J. Muskiet. "A maternal erythrocyte DHA content of approximately 6 g% is the DHA status at which intrauterine DHA biomagnifications turns into bioattenuation and postnatal infant DHA equilibrium is reached." European Journal of Nutrition 51, no. 6 (September 28, 2011): 665–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-011-0245-9.

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40

Huang, Xujuan, Zhenqing Ding, Zhaosheng Cai, Ting Wang, Xinxin Yang, and Shibin Shang. "Preparation and characterization of hydrogels based on dehydroabietyl polyoxyethylene glycidyl ether grafted hydroxyethyl chitosans and their capability for loading and controlled release of chloramphenicol." BioResources 17, no. 3 (May 27, 2022): 4331–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.3.4331-4346.

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Dehydroabietol polyoxyethylene(10) ether (DHA(EO)10H) was reacted with epichlorohydrin (ECH) using BF3 as catalyst and transformed into DHA(EO)10H-ECH, then dehydrochlorinated in the presence of sodium hydroxide and converted into dehydroabietyl polyoxyethylene(10) glycidyl ether (DHA(EO)10GE). Hydroxyethyl chitosan (HEC) was modified with DHA(EO)10GE, and a series of different DHA(EO)10GE-grafted HECs (DHA(EO)10GE-g-HECs) were prepared. Finally, the hydrogels based on DHA(EO)10GE-g-HECs were obtained through the reaction between genipin (GE) and DHA(EO)10GE-g-HECs. Effects of the grafting degree (DG) of DHA(EO)10GE and the dosage of GE on the gelation ability of mixed solution composed of DHA(EO)10GE-g-HECs and GE were investigated, and the behaviors of DHA(EO)10GE-g-HEC/GE hydrogels as carriers for loading chloramphenicol (CAP) were studied. It was found that the gelling time of the DHA(EO)10GE-g-HEC with high DG was longer than that with low DG, and a higher GE dosage could improve the capability of DHA(EO)10GE-g-HEC to form hydrogels. The relation between the cumulative release rate of CAP, which was loaded in DHA(EO)10GE-g-HEC/GE gel, and the release times in artificial intestinal fluid could be well described by Boltzmann function. Increasing the DG or decreasing the GE dosage could improve the final cumulative release.

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Calbay, Ozlem, and Shuang Huang. "Abstract 3005: Inflammasome-independent pyroptosis mediates DHA-led ovarian cancer cell death." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 3005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3005.

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Abstract Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a natural compound, which exhibits anti-cancer capability in various cancer types in experimental models. Similar to previous reports in other cancer cell types, we demonstrated that DHA inhibited ovarian cancer cell growth by inducing cell death. In our model, distinct from the effect of DHA on other cancer cell types, we revealed that DHA-induced cell death was only slightly blocked by apoptosis inhibitor (caspase 3 inhibitor DEVD). We characterized the mechanism associated with DHA-led cell death and found that DHA-induced cell death was effectively blocked by caspase 1 inhibitor, indicating that DHA kills ovarian cancer cells by inducing pyroptosis. This mechanism was further supported by the observation that Disulfiram, a Gasdermin D inhibitor, prevented DHA-induced cell death and DHA treatment leads to the cleavage of Gasdermin D. Surprisingly, known inflammasome inhibitors did not affect DHA-induced cell death and Gasdermin D cleavage, ruling out the involvement of the inflammasome for caspase 1 activation. Instead, DHA remarkably elevated the amount of both caspase I and cleaved caspase 1 in ovarian cancer cells. This suggests that DHA activates caspase 1 by augmenting the abundance of caspase 1. Furthermore, we showed that DHA increased the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Use of ROS inhibitor (NAC) abrogated DHA-induced pyroptosis. This study uncovers pyroptosis as the mechanism for DHA-induced ovarian cancer cell death and reveals a previously unknown mechanism for caspase 1 activation. Citation Format: Ozlem Calbay, Shuang Huang. Inflammasome-independent pyroptosis mediates DHA-led ovarian cancer cell death [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3005.

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Lv, Wenwen, and Duoxia Xu. "Docosahexaenoic Acid Delivery Systems, Bioavailability, Functionality, and Applications: A Review." Foods 11, no. 17 (September 2, 2022): 2685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11172685.

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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), mainly found in microalgae and fish oil, is crucial for the growth and development of visual, neurological, and brain. In addition, DHA has been found to improve metabolic disorders associated with obesity and has anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and anti-adipogenesis effects. However, DHA applications in food are often limited due to its low water solubility, instability, and poor bioavailability. Therefore, delivery systems have been developed to enhance the remainder of DHA activity and increase DHA homeostasis and bioavailability. This review focused on the different DHA delivery systems and the in vitro and in vivo digestive characteristics. The research progress on cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, visual, neurological/brain, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, food applications, future trends, and the development potential of DHA delivery systems were also reviewed. DHA delivery systems could overcome the instability of DHA in gastrointestinal digestion, improve the bioavailability of DHA, and better play the role of its functionality.

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Moreno-Indias, Isabel, Lorenzo E. Hernández-Castellano, Davinia Sánchez-Macías, Antonio Morales-delaNuez, Alexandr Torres, Anastasio Argüello, and Noemí Castro. "Milk Replacer Supplementation with Docosahexaenoic Acid from Microalgae Does Not Affect Growth and Immune Status in Goat Kids." Animals 10, no. 7 (July 20, 2020): 1233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10071233.

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Consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has beneficial effects for consumers’ health. Consequently, there is an increased interest in enhancing meat fatty acid profiles (i.e., PUFA and DHA content) through diverse nutritional strategies. This study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementing a microalgae-derived product rich in DHA on growth and immune system development in newborn goat kids. In this experiment, newborn goat kids were fed milk replacer (MR) supplemented with three levels of a microalgae-derived product rich in DHA (DHA-Gold®, Martek Biosciences, MD, USA). Groups were designed as follows: MR-NS (milk replacer without DHA-Gold® supplementation; n = 10), MR-DHA-9 (9 g of DHA-Gold®/L milk replacer; n = 10) and MR-DHA-18 (18 g of DHA-Gold®/L milk replacer; n = 10). The immune status of the kids was evaluated by the plasma IgG and IgM concentrations, as well as by the complement system and chitotriosidase activities. Dietary supplementation with DHA did not affect either growth or innate and humoral immunity (p > 0.05). This study concludes that supplementation with DHA does not cause negative effects on growth and immune status in newborn goat kids.

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Singh, Harmanpreet, Shubham Thakur, Nikhil Shri Sahajpal, Harjeet Singh, Amrinder Singh, Harminder Singh Sohal, and Subheet Kumar Jain. "Recent Advances in the Novel Formulation of Docosahexaenoic Acid for Effective Delivery, Associated Challenges and Its Clinical Importance." Current Drug Delivery 17, no. 6 (August 6, 2020): 483–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567201817666200512103402.

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Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) is an essential polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid, and a fundamental structural component of the phospholipid membranes, especially of neural and retinal cells. DHA is found to be critical for the normal development and functioning of neurons and synaptogenesis in the brain, and is required during pre- and post-natal stages of life. DHA has also been observed to exhibit neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, geographical dietary variations and poor economic conditions lead to insufficient DHA levels resulting in various health deficits like improper brain development, cognitive disorders, and other clinical complications. Thus, to prevent its deficiency-induced derangements, several authorities recommend DHA as a supplement during pregnancy, infancy, and throughout adulthood. In past decades, the soft gelatin capsule was only feasible resolute of DHA, but due to their limitations and invention of new technologies; it led to the development of new dosage forms with improved physicochemical characteristics of DHA. This article will discuss in detail about the role of DHA in brain development, microalgae oil as an emerging source of DHA, clinical- and pharmacological-activities of DHA, issues related to DHA oil, current formulation of DHA along with their application, limitations, and strategies used for improvement and future prospectives.

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Ghasemi Fard, Samaneh, Su Peng Loh, Giovanni M. Turchini, Bo Wang, Glenn Elliott, and Andrew J. Sinclair. "Microencapsulated Tuna Oil Results in Higher Absorption of DHA in Toddlers." Nutrients 12, no. 1 (January 18, 2020): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12010248.

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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential component for brain and visual acuity development during foetal and early postnatal life. A newly released directive under the European Commission stipulates DHA as a mandatory ingredient in infant formula. This poses challenges to manufacturers in preserving the stability and bioavailability of DHA at levels akin to human breast milk. The aims of this study were (a) to investigate the bioavailability of microencapsulated omega-3 DHA formulations in healthy toddlers compared with high DHA fish oil for a one-month period and (b) to assess the effect of DHA supplementation on children’s sleep and cry patterns. Sixty toddlers were randomly allocated to four groups: 1. unfortified formula, 2. unfortified formula plus high DHA tuna oil, 3. fortified formula with dairy-based microencapsulated high DHA tuna oil powder, and 4. fortified formula with allergenic-free microencapsulated high DHA tuna oil powder. Bioavailability was assessed from both blood and faecal fatty acid levels. The results showed an enhanced bioavailability with significantly greater concentrations of blood DHA levels in formulas with microencapsulated powders. There were no significant effects of treatment on sleep and cry patterns. Application and delivery of microencapsulated DHA tuna oil powder in toddlers’ formula provided better bioavailability of the active DHA.

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Lefils, Jennifer, Alain Géloën, Hubert Vidal, Michel Lagarde, and Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac. "Dietary DHA: time course of tissue uptake and effects on cytokine secretion in mice." British Journal of Nutrition 104, no. 9 (May 21, 2010): 1304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510002102.

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Consumption of DHA has numerous beneficial effects, but little is known about these effects during the first few days of the DHA dietary intake. The main objectives of the present study were to determine the time course of DHA incorporation into phospholipids in different mouse tissues and the effects of DHA supplementation on adiponectin and leptin secretion. Mice were fed either a control diet or a DHA-rich diet, and some were killed on days 0, 4, 8, 16 and 32. Some mice were fed the DHA-rich diet for 16 d, and were then maintained on the control diet for sixteen more days (washout period). DHA supplementation increased plasma adiponectin secretion by 2·4-fold as early as 4 d after the initiation of the DHA-rich diet feeding. The adiponectin concentration remained 1·6-fold higher after the 16 d washout period. Plasma leptin levels were significantly lower after 4 d of feeding with DHA. These effects were associated with a significant increase in DHA incorporation in phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine of all analysed tissues (liver, heart and white adipose tissues). DHA mainly got incorporated at the expense of n-6 arachidonic acid. The present data show that DHA rapidly improved the profile of secreted adipokines, and that these protective effects were long lasting.

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Yang, Quan, Xujuan Huang, Zhaosheng Cai, Zhenqing Ding, Xinxin Yang, and Xinyan Yan. "Preparation of dehydroabietyl polyethylene glycol aldehyde modified hydroxyethyl chitosans and their physicochemical properties." BioResources 18, no. 4 (August 17, 2023): 7041–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.4.7041-7053.

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A series of polymeric surfactants based on monodehydroabietyl polyoxyethylene(5) ether (DHA(EO)5H) and hydroxyethyl chitosan (HEC) were prepared through a three-step process. First, DHA(EO)5H was oxidized using activated MnO2 and transformed into dehydroabietyl polyethylene glycol(5) aldehyde (DHA(EO)4CH2CHO). Then, the DHA(EO)4CH2CHO was reacted with HEC and converted into Schiff-base. Finally, the polymeric surfactant, DHA(EO)4CH2CHO modified HEC (DHA(EO)4CH2CHO-m-HEC), was obtained by reducing the Schiff-base with sodium borohydride. The grafting degree (DG) of DHA(EO)4CH2CHO substitution onto HEC for DHA(EO)4CH2CHO-m-HECs was determined using elemental analysis (EA), and the surface activities and foam performance of DHA(EO)4CH2CHO-m-HECs in aqueous solution were investigated respectively. The emulsifying capacities of DHA(EO)4CH2CHO-m-HECs were evaluated according to the stability times of emulsion composed of water and liquid paraffin. The experimental results showed the DG could have significant influence on the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of DHA(EO)4CH2CHO-m-HECs and their surface tensions at cmc (γcmc), but nearly no effect on their minimum surface tensions (γmin) in aqueous solution. Among the synthetic polymeric surfactants in this investigation, DHA(EO)4CH2CHO-m-HEC with DG of 56.95% exhibited the best emulsification and foam properties.

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Lim, Sun-Young, and Hiramitsu Suzuki. "Dose-Response Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid Ethyl Ester on Maze Behavior and Brain Fatty Acid Composition in Adult Mice." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 72, no. 2 (March 1, 2002): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.72.2.77.

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The dose-response effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) ethyl ester (EE) on maze-learning ability in mice was studied. Male Crj:CD-1 mice aged three months were fed a) a diet containing 5 g palm oil/100 g diet (control group); b) a diet containing 0.5 g DHA ethyl ester/100 g diet plus 4.5 g palm oil/100g diet (DHA-EE 0.5% group); c) a diet containing 1g DHA ethyl ester/100 g diet plus 4g palm oil/100 g diet (DHA-EE 1% group); d) a diet containing 2 g DHA ethyl ester/100 g diet plus 3 g palm oil/100 g diet (DHA-EE 2% group) for four months. Maze-learning ability was assessed three months after the start of the experiment. The time required to reach the maze exit and the number of times that a mouse strayed into blind alleys in the maze were measured in three trials, performed every four days. In trial 1, the DHA-EE 0.5%, 1% and 2% groups required less (p < 0.05) time to reach the maze exit, and the DHA-EE 2% group strayed (p < 0.05) into blind alleys fewer times than the control group. In trial 3 performed four days after the second trial, the DHA-EE 2% group needed less (p < 0.05) time to find the exit and spent a fewer (p < 0.05) number of times in blind alleys than did the control group. In the total lipids of plasma and brain of mice fed DHA, increasing intakes of DHA resulted in an increase in DHA levels, with a corresponding decrease in arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6). Improved maze-learning ability in mice fed DHA-EE 2% was associated with higher DHA levels in brain. Our results suggest that there are no linear dose-response effects of DHA on maze-learning ability, however, the intake of DHA-EE 2% diet improves learning ability in adult mice as demonstrated by maze performance.

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Kosasih, Raphael, Ninik Mudjihartini, and Saptawati Bardosono. "Correlation Between Docosahexaenoic Acid Intake and It’s Content in Breast Milk of Lactating Mothers in Jakarta." World Nutrition Journal 3, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25220/wnj.v03.i2.0006.

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Objective: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the predominant structural fatty acid in the brain and crucial for cognitive development in early life. Newborn DHA intake completely depends on preformed DHA in mother’s breast milk. In advancing years, globalization has been declining the fish intake of Asian countries. This study aims to determine DHA intake among lactating mothers in Jakarta and its association with breast milk’s DHA.Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Grogol Petamburan and Cilincing Public Health Centers, Jakarta. Eighty healthy lactating mothers aged 20–35 years old in 1–6 months postpartum were taken using consecutive sampling method. Characteristics data were taken by interviews and DHA intake was assessed with the semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Breast milk specimens were collected in the morning and its DHA content was analyzed using Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry. Descriptive analyses and Spearman rho test were used with a 95% confidence level.Result: This study showed the median of subjects’ DHA intake was 158.5(13.9–719.7) mg/day, i.e., 67.5% of the subjects was below Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recommendation. The median of breast milk DHA was 51.7(19–184.7) mg/day, only 42.5 % of the subjects had breast milk DHA to meet the minimal requirement of their infant. A moderate positive correlation was found between maternal DHA intake with breast milk DHA (r = 0.478, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Maternal DHA intake has moderate positive correlation with breast milk DHA, more than half of the subject had DHA intake below FAO recommendation.

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Xiao, Ying, Yu Huang, and Zhen-Yu Chen. "Distribution, depletion and recovery of docosahexaenoic acid are region-specific in rat brain." British Journal of Nutrition 94, no. 4 (October 2005): 544–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051539.

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The present study examined: (i) age-induced regional changes in fatty acid composition of brain phospholipids; (ii) α-linolenic acid deficiency-induced regional depletion and recovery of DHA in the brain. DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) did not distribute evenly in the brain. In weaning and adult rats, the region with the highest DHA percentage was the cortex whereas the medulla had the lowest DHA percentage. In the aged rats, both the cortex and cerebellum were the regions with the highest DHA percentage whereas in the neonatal rats, the striatum had the greatest percentage of DHA, and the hypothalamus and hippocampus had the least percentage of DHA. Regarding AA, the hippocampus was the region that had the highest percentage whereas the medulla was the region with the lowest percentage except for the neonatal rats, whose cerebellum, hypothalamus, striatum and midbrain had AA percentage lower than hippocampus and cortex. DHA was not proportionally depleted in various regions of brain when the rats were maintained on an n-3-deficient diet for two generations. The results demonstrated that the cortex, hippocampus, striatum, cerebellum and hypothalamus had DHA depleted by >71 %, whereas the midbrain and medulla had only 64 and 57 % DHA depleted, respectively. The most important observation was that the diet reversal for 12 weeks resulted in complete DHA recovery in all regions except for the medulla where the recovery was only 62 %. It was concluded that the location of DHA, n-3 deficiency-induced DHA depletion and reversibility of DHA deficiency across the brain were region-specific.

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Journal articles on the topic 'DHA'

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