Academic literature on the topic 'DHA oil'
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Journal articles on the topic "DHA oil"
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Yang, Zhi-Hong, Marcelo Amar, Maureen Sampson, Amber B. Courville, Alexander V. Sorokin, Scott M. Gordon, Angel M. Aponte, et al. "Comparison of Omega-3 Eicosapentaenoic Acid Versus Docosahexaenoic Acid-Rich Fish Oil Supplementation on Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins in Normolipidemic Adults." Nutrients 12, no. 3 (March 12, 2020): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030749.
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Background: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have both shared and different cardiovascular effects, and commonly used fish oil supplements have considerably varied EPA/DHA ratios. Aims: We compared the effects of fish oil supplements with different EPA/DHA ratios on lipoprotein metabolism. Methods: In a double-blind, randomized cross-over study, normolipidemic adults (n = 30) consumed 12 g/day of EPA-rich (EPA/DHA: 2.3) or DHA-rich (EPA/DHA: 0.3) fish oil for 8-weeks, separated by an 8-week washout period. Results: Both fish oil supplements similarly lowered plasma TG levels and TG-related NMR parameters versus baseline (p < 0.05). There were no changes in plasma cholesterol-related parameters due to either fish oil, although on-treatment levels for LDL particle number were slightly higher for DHA-rich oil compared with EPA-rich oil (p < 0.05). Both fish oil supplements similarly altered HDL subclass profile and proteome, and down regulated HDL proteins related to inflammation, with EPA-rich oil to a greater extent. Furthermore, EPA-rich oil increased apoM abundance versus DHA-rich oil (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Overall, fish oil supplements with varied EPA/DHA ratios had similar effects on total lipids/lipoproteins, but differences were observed in lipoprotein subfraction composition and distribution, which could impact on the use of EPA versus DHA for improving cardiovascular health.
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Miralles-Pérez, Bernat, Lucía Méndez, Maria Rosa Nogués, Vanessa Sánchez-Martos, Àngels Fortuño-Mar, Sara Ramos-Romero, Mercè Hereu, Isabel Medina, and Marta Romeu. "Effects of a Fish Oil Rich in Docosahexaenoic Acid on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Oxidative Stress in Healthy Rats." Marine Drugs 19, no. 10 (September 29, 2021): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19100555.
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Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with a lower risk of cardiometabolic diseases. However, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is easily oxidized, leading to cellular damage. The present study examined the effects of an increased concentration of DHA in fish oil (80% of total fatty acids) on cardiometabolic risk factors and oxidative stress compared to coconut oil, soybean oil, and fish oil containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA in a balanced ratio. Forty healthy male Sprague–Dawley rats were supplemented with corresponding oil for 10 weeks. Supplementation with the fish oil containing 80% DHA decreased plasma fat, plasma total cholesterol and muscle fat compared to the coconut oil and the soybean oil. Increasing concentrations of DHA induced incorporation of DHA and EPA in cell membranes and tissues along with a decrease in ω-6 arachidonic acid. The increase in DHA promoted lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and antioxidant response. Taken together, the increased concentration of DHA in fish oil reduced fat accumulation compared to the coconut oil and the soybean oil. This benefit was accompanied by high lipid peroxidation and subsequent protein carbonylation in plasma and in liver. In our healthy framework, the slightly higher carbonylation found after receiving fish oil containing 80% DHA might be a protecting mechanism, which fit with the general improvement of antioxidant defense observed in those rats.
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Ghasemi Fard, Samaneh, Su Peng Loh, Giovanni M. Turchini, Bo Wang, Glenn Elliott, and Andrew J. Sinclair. "Microencapsulated Tuna Oil Results in Higher Absorption of DHA in Toddlers." Nutrients 12, no. 1 (January 18, 2020): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12010248.
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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential component for brain and visual acuity development during foetal and early postnatal life. A newly released directive under the European Commission stipulates DHA as a mandatory ingredient in infant formula. This poses challenges to manufacturers in preserving the stability and bioavailability of DHA at levels akin to human breast milk. The aims of this study were (a) to investigate the bioavailability of microencapsulated omega-3 DHA formulations in healthy toddlers compared with high DHA fish oil for a one-month period and (b) to assess the effect of DHA supplementation on children’s sleep and cry patterns. Sixty toddlers were randomly allocated to four groups: 1. unfortified formula, 2. unfortified formula plus high DHA tuna oil, 3. fortified formula with dairy-based microencapsulated high DHA tuna oil powder, and 4. fortified formula with allergenic-free microencapsulated high DHA tuna oil powder. Bioavailability was assessed from both blood and faecal fatty acid levels. The results showed an enhanced bioavailability with significantly greater concentrations of blood DHA levels in formulas with microencapsulated powders. There were no significant effects of treatment on sleep and cry patterns. Application and delivery of microencapsulated DHA tuna oil powder in toddlers’ formula provided better bioavailability of the active DHA.
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Jiang, Xiaodong, Kewu Pan, Yuhong Yang, Alexander Chong Shu-Chien, and Xugan Wu. "Dietary DHA Oil Supplementation Promotes Ovarian Development and Astaxanthin Deposition during the Ovarian Maturation of Chinese Mitten Crab Eriocheir sinensis." Aquaculture Nutrition 2022 (April 9, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9997317.
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Astaxanthin (Axn) is an essential carotenoid for crustacean pigmentation, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an important fatty acid; both play key roles in maintaining the health of many aquaculture species. The present study explored the combined effect of dietary Axn and DHA on gonadal development and carotenoid deposition in adult females of the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. A 2 × 3 factorial design of experimental diets was created to contain two levels of Axn (0 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) and three levels of DHA oil (0%, 0.33%, and 0.67%). The results showed as follows: (1) For the culture performance, dietary DHA oil significantly increased the gonadosomatic index (GSI), and Diet 2 (Axn 0% + DHA oil 0.33%) had the highest GSI among all treatments. (2) For the enzymatic indicators in the hepatopancreas and hemolymph, supplementation with 0.33% DHA oil significantly improved the antioxidant capacity (T-AOC and MDA), immunity (AKP and ACP), and health status (e.g., GPT and GOT) of E. sinensis. (3) Supplementation with 100 mg/kg Axn significantly increased redness (a ∗ ) and Axn concentration in both the ovaries and hepatopancreas, and supplementation with 0.33% or 0.67% DHA oil produced a further significant improvement in Axn concentration when the diets were supplemented with 100 mg/kg of Axn. (4) As for proximate composition, dietary Axn and DHA significantly increased the deposition of total lipids and triacylglycerol in the hepatopancreas. As expected, the crabs fed diets with DHA supplementation showed an increase in the DHA percentage and DHA/EPA ratio in the ovaries and hepatopancreas. In conclusion, dietary Axn and DHA oil had positive effects on ovarian development in E. sinensis females. The optimal combination of dietary Axn and DHA oil was determined to be approximately 100 mg/kg and 0.33%, respectively, for this species during ovarian maturation.
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Rymer, C., C. Dyer, D. I. Givens, and R. Allison. "Relationship between fish oil intake by dairy cows and the yield of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in their milk." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2001 (2001): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200005810.
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The dietary essential fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are predominantly found in fish oil, but fish consumption in the UK is low. Increasing the yield of EPA and DHA in cows’ milk would increase human intakes of EPA and DHA, and this can be achieved by including fish oil in cows’ diets. However, because EPA and DHA are susceptible to rumen biohydrogenation, their transfer efficiency into milk is low.In vitroobservations by Gulatiet al. (1999) suggested that if the concentration of fish oil in the rumen exceeded 1 mg/ml, EPA and DHA were not hydrogenated. The objectives of this study were therefore to determine the relationships between fish oil intake by dairy cows, and the probable concentrations of fish oil in the cows’ rumen, with the yield of EPA and DHA in their milk.
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Sugasini, Dhavamani, Poorna C. R. Yalagala, and Papasani V. Subbaiah. "Efficient Enrichment of Retinal DHA with Dietary Lysophosphatidylcholine-DHA: Potential Application for Retinopathies." Nutrients 12, no. 10 (October 12, 2020): 3114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12103114.
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Although decreased retinal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a known risk factor for retinopathy, currently available omega-3 fatty acid supplements, which are absorbed as triacylglycerol (TAG), do not significantly enrich retinal DHA. We tested the hypothesis that lysophospahtidylcholine (LPC)-DHA which is absorbed as phospholipid, would efficiently increase retinal DHA because of the presence of LPC-specific transporter at the blood–retina barrier. In normal rats, LPC-DHA and di-DHA phosphatidylcholine (PC), which generates LPC-DHA during digestion, increased retinal DHA by 101% and 45%, respectively, but TAG-DHA had no significant effect at the same dose (40 mg/kg, 30 days). In normal mice, both sn-1 DHA LPC and sn-2 DHA LPC increased retinal DHA by 80%, but free DHA had no effect. Lipase-treated krill oil (which contains LPC-DHA and LPC-EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), but not normal krill oil (which has little LPC), increased both retinal DHA (+76%) and EPA (100-fold). Fish oil, however, had no effect, whether lipase-treated or not. These studies show that retinal DHA can be efficiently increased by dietary LPC-DHA, but not by TAG-DHA or free DHA. Since DHA is known to be protective against retinopathy and other eye diseases, this study provides a novel nutraceutical approach for the prevention/treatment of these diseases.
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Wayne, Laura L., Daniel J. Gachotte, Paul R. Graupner, Yelena Adelfinskaya, David G. McCaskill, James G. Metz, Ross Zirkle, and Terence A. Walsh. "Plant and algal lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases increase docosahexaenoic acid accumulation at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerol in transgenic Arabidopsis seed oil." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 25, 2021): e0256625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256625.
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Although docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an important dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), is at present primarily sourced from marine fish, bioengineered crops producing DHA may offer a more sustainable and cost-effective source. DHA has been produced in transgenic oilseed crops, however, DHA in seed oil primarily occupies the sn-1/3 positions of triacylglycerol (TAG) with relatively low amounts of DHA in the sn-2 position. To increase the amount of DHA in the sn-2 position of TAG and in seed oil, putative lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases (LPAATs) were identified and characterized from the DHA-producing alga Schizochytrium sp. and from soybean (Glycine max). The affinity-purified proteins were confirmed to have LPAAT activity. Expression of the Schizochytrium or soybean LPAATs in DHA-producing Arabidopsis expressing the Schizochytrium PUFA synthase system significantly increased the total amount of DHA in seed oil. A novel sensitive band-selective heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR method was developed to quantify DHA at the sn-2 position of glycerolipids. More than two-fold increases in sn-2 DHA were observed for Arabidopsis lines expressing Schizochytrium or soybean LPAATs, with one Schizochytrium LPAAT driving DHA accumulation in the sn-2 position to 61% of the total DHA. Furthermore, expression of a soybean LPAAT led to a redistribution of DHA-containing TAG species, with two new TAG species identified. Our results demonstrate that transgenic expression of Schizochytrium or soybean LPAATs can increase the proportion of DHA at the sn-2 position of TAG and the total amount of DHA in the seed oil of a DHA-accumulating oilseed plant. Additionally, the band-selective HSQC NMR method that we developed provides a sensitive and robust method for determining the regiochemistry of DHA in glycerolipids. These findings will benefit the advancement of sustainable sources of DHA via transgenic crops such as canola and soybean.
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Geppert, Julia, Veronika Kraft, Hans Demmelmair, and Berthold Koletzko. "Microalgal docosahexaenoic acid decreases plasma triacylglycerol in normolipidaemic vegetarians: a randomised trial." British Journal of Nutrition 95, no. 4 (April 2006): 779–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051720.
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Triacylglycerol (TG) lowering effects ofn−3 long-chain PUFA (n−3 LCPUFA) have been repeatedly demonstrated, but studies investigating the individual effects of EPA or DHA on plasma TG and lipoproteins in man are rare. The effects of a new DHA-rich, almost EPA-free microalgae oil (Ulkeniasp.) on plasma lipids and several safety parameters were investigated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design intervention study. Normolipidaemic vegetarians (eighty-seven females, twenty-seven males) consumed daily microalgae oil (0·94g DHA/d) or olive oil (as placebo) for 8 weeks. DHA supplementation decreased plasma TG by 23% from 1·08 (sem 0·07) to 0·83 (sem 0·04) mmol/l (p<0·001). Absolute TG decreases after DHA supplementation were inversely correlated to baseline TG concentrations (r−0·627,p<0·001). Plasma total, LDL and HDL cholesterol increased significantly in the DHA group, resulting in lower TG:HDL cholesterol and unchanged LDL:HDL and total cholesterol:HDL cholesterol ratios. The intake of DHA-rich microalgae oil did not result in any physiologically relevant changes of safety and haemostatic factors. In conclusion, DHA-rich oil from microalgaeUlkeniasp. was well tolerated and can be considered a suitable vegetarian source ofn−3 LCPUFA. Although DHA supplementation improved some CHD risk factors (plasma TG, TG:HDL cholesterol ratio), LDL cholesterol increased. Therefore, the overall effects of this intervention on CHD risk deserve further investigation.
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CHENG, C. H., T. F. SHEN, W. L. CHEN, and S. T. DING. "Effects of dietary algal docosahexaenoic acid oil supplementation on fatty acid deposition and gene expression in laying Leghorn hens." Journal of Agricultural Science 142, no. 6 (December 2004): 683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859605004867.
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The purpose of the current study was to determine the effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on fatty acid deposition in egg yolk and various tissues of laying Leghorn hens, and on the expression of hepatic lipogenesis-related transcription factors. There were three treatments with 10 Leghorn hens per treatment. Diets were based on maize-soybean meal (ME: 12 MJ/kg; CP: 171 g/kg; Ca: 34 g/kg) supplemented with 0 (plus 20 g butter/kg), 5 g (plus 15 g butter/kg) or 20 g algal DHA oil/kg. The egg production of the birds was not affected by dietary DHA oil (P>0·05). The DHA content in egg yolks of the laying hens increased significantly (P<0·01) with the dietary supplementation of DHA. The DHA content of the total fatty acids in the egg yolk of laying hens was 4±16, 11±43 and 20±90 g/kg for 0, 5 and 20 g/kg DHA treatments, respectively for the first week, and 6±16, 18±49 and 31±86 g/kg for the second week. Therefore, algal DHA oil can be utilized by laying Leghorn hens to enhance egg yolk DHA content and produce high DHA eggs. The concentrations of triacylglycerol (TG) and cholesterol in plasma of laying Leghorn hens were not affected by dietary DHA treatments (P>0·005). The DHA content in plasma and livers of laying hens was increased with the addition of DHA in the diet (P<0·05). The DHA content in the skeletal muscle of Leghorn hens was also increased with the increase in dietary DHA. The data indicate that dietary DHA oil can be incorporated into plasma, egg yolks and various tissues. The mRNA concentrations of the lipogenesis-related transcription factors, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and SREBP2, in the livers of laying Leghorn hens were not affected by the supplement of algal DHA oil for 2 weeks, suggesting that the expressions of these transcription factors are tightly controlled and not sensitive to DHA treatments in laying hens.
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West, Annette L., Elizabeth A. Miles, Karen A. Lillycrop, Lihua Han, Johnathan A. Napier, Philip C. Calder, and Graham C. Burdge. "Dietary supplementation with seed oil from transgenic Camelina sativa induces similar increments in plasma and erythrocyte DHA and EPA to fish oil in healthy humans." British Journal of Nutrition 124, no. 9 (June 9, 2020): 922–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114520002044.
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AbstractEPA and DHA are required for normal cell function and can also induce health benefits. Oily fish are the main source of EPA and DHA for human consumption. However, food choices and concerns about the sustainability of marine fish stocks limit the effectiveness of dietary recommendations for EPA + DHA intakes. Seed oils from transgenic plants that contain EPA + DHA are a potential alternative source of EPA and DHA. The present study investigated whether dietary supplementation with transgenic Camelina sativa seed oil (CSO) that contained EPA and DHA was as effective as fish oil (FO) in increasing EPA and DHA concentrations when consumed as a dietary supplement in a blinded crossover study. Healthy men and women (n 31; age 53 (range 20–74) years) were randomised to consume 450 mg/d EPA + DHA provided either as either CSO or FO for 8 weeks, followed by 6 weeks washout and then switched to consuming the other test oil. Fasting venous blood samples were collected at the start and end of each supplementation period. Consuming the test oils significantly (P < 0·05) increased EPA and DHA concentrations in plasma TAG, phosphatidylcholine and cholesteryl esters. There were no significant differences between test oils in the increments of EPA and DHA. There was no significant difference between test oils in the increase in the proportion of erythrocyte EPA + DHA (CSO, 12 %; P < 0·0001 and FO, 8 %; P = 0·02). Together, these findings show that consuming CSO is as effective as FO for increasing EPA and DHA concentrations in humans.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "DHA oil"
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Wang, Jun. "Encapsulation of DHA oil as Pickering emulsion : effect on DHA bioaccessibility and metabolism." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2022. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03711326.
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L'encapsulation peut affecter la digestion et la bioaccessibilité des composés encapsulés, ce qui peut ensuite affecter leur métabolisme. Le but de ce projet était d'étudier les effets de l'encapsulation sur la bioaccessibilité et le métabolisme du DHA, en étudiant une huile de DHA non-encapsulée ou encapsulée, apportée sous forme d'omelette comme matrice alimentaire.L'huile de DHA, composée de triacylglycérols riches en DHA, a été préparée sous forme d'émulsion de Pickering, stabilisée par des isolats de protéines de lactosérum dénaturés par la chaleur. De l'huile pure ou sous forme d’émulsion a ensuite été ajoutée à l’œuf liquide pour obtenir de l’omelette. Les effets de l'encapsulation sur la digestion ont été étudiés à l'aide d'un modèle de digestion statique in vitro pour adulte, puis l’impact sur le métabolisme du DHA a été mesuré sur un modèle rat pris au sevrage.Les résultats ont montré in vitro que l'encapsulation peut augmenter la surface de contact entre l'huile de DHA et les enzymes de digestion, favorisant l'hydrolyse lipasique de l’huile de DHA et améliorant ainsi la bioaccessibilité du DHA. In vivo, l'encapsulation n'a pas impacté le profil global des acides gras, et particulièrement l’accrétion du DHA dans le cerveau. En revanche, le profil des oxylipines, dérivés oxydatifs d’acides gras, a été fortement modifié dans le plasma, le cœur et même le cerveau. Les métabolites dérivés du DHA ont globalement été augmentés tandis que ceux issus des acides gras de la famille n-6 ont été essentiellement atténués.Par conséquent, l'encapsulation de l'huile de DHA pourrait non seulement améliorer la bioaccessibilité du DHA, mais constitue également un facteur clé dans le métabolisme du DHA pour produire des précurseurs de protectines et de maresines, améliorant ainsi le statut de santé globalEncapsulation may affect the digestion and bioaccessibility of the encapsulated bioactive compounds, which in turn affects their metabolism. The purpose of this project was to study the effects of encapsulation on DHA bioaccessibility and metabolism, based on omelet as a food matrix, which contains DHA oil as encapsulated or unencapsulated form.DHA oil composed of DHA-rich triacylglycerols was prepared as a Pickering emulsion, which is stabilized by heat-denatured whey protein isolates. Pure oil or emulsion was then incorporated into eggs and cooked in an omelet. The effects of encapsulation on the digestion and metabolism of DHA were studied by using INFOGEST static in vitro digestion model for adults and in a weanling rat model, respectively.The results showed that encapsulation can increase the contact surface between DHA oil and lipase during the in vitro digestion, thereby promoting the hydrolysis of DHA oil and improving DHA bioaccessibility. In vivo, encapsulation of DHA oil did not modulate the fatty acid profile in tissues, but remarkably modified the oxylipin pattern in plasma, heart and even brain. Specific oxidized metabolites derived from DHA were upgraded while those from n-6 fatty acids were essentially mitigated.Therefore, encapsulation of DHA oil could not only improve the bioaccessibility of DHA, but is also a key factor in the metabolism of DHA to produce protectins and maresins precursors, thereby improving global health status
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Malcolm, Cari A. "Maternal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation and infant visual development." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270513.
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Atnip, Allison A. "Oxidative Stabilities of Docosahexaenoic Acid Oil and Linoleic Acid in an Aqueous System." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1284727595.
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Harvey, Jessica C. "The Effects of Fish Oil (EPA+DHA) on Chronic Ventilator Patients in a Long Term Acute Care Setting: A Randomized Control Trial." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1307125476.
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Borges, Fábio Luiz 1984. "Predição de rendimentos de derivados de petróleo a partir de análises de destilação pelo método ASTM D7169 e DHA Front End realizadas em misturas de petróleos." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266124.
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Orientador: Maria Regina Wolf MacielDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T13:22:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Borges_FabioLuiz_M.pdf: 1928972 bytes, checksum: 8ee551cc8034ad570e84bd024b3702ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: Essa dissertação tem como objetivo avaliar a utilização de curvas de destilação simulada de petróleo analisadas por dois métodos cromatográficos (ASTM D7169 e DHA Front End) combinados em um modelo de predição de rendimentos de derivados de uma unidade de destilação atmosférica e a vácuo. Os métodos utilizados são de execução mais ágil e de custo bastante reduzido em relação aos métodos de obtenção de curvas de Ponto de Ebulição Verdadeiro (PEV), sendo viável obter curvas de destilação de tanques de petróleo em laboratórios de refinarias. A utilização dessas análises possibilita a obtenção de curvas das cargas a serem processadas mais representativas do que as curvas obtidas utilizando as curvas PEV disponíveis no BDAP (Banco de Dados de Avaliação de Petróleos da Petrobras) em conjunto com a proporção de petróleos informada pelo BDEMQ (Banco de Dados de Estoque, Movimentação e Qualidade da Petrobras) em cada tanque. Para realizar essa avaliação, foi elaborada, no software PETROSIM®, uma simulação do tipo Distop, a qual foi calibrada utilizando-se as vazões e as curvas de destilação dos derivados amostrados em uma das plantas de destilação da Refinaria de Paulínia. Em seguida, foram coletadas amostras de tanques de petróleo, as quais foram analisadas pelos dois métodos combinados para obter as curvas de destilação, que foram utilizadas como dados de entrada da simulação calibrada, obtendo os rendimentos dos derivados. Foram também obtidos os rendimentos da mesma simulação calibrada utilizando como dados de entrada os dados de curvas PEV disponíveis no BDAP e também pelo método de predição baseado em rendimentos fixos de petróleos, que são gerados pelo software Blend-BR®, de propriedade da Petrobras, cujos dados de entrada também são as curvas PEV do BDAP. Os rendimentos obtidos por esses três métodos foram comparados com os rendimentos obtidos na unidade quando os tanques de petróleo amostrados foram processados. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a simulação calibrada utilizando os dados analisados pelos métodos cromatográficos forneceu rendimentos mais aderentes aos realizados do que os outros métodos, principalmente na predição de rendimentos de nafta
Abstract: This thesis aims to evaluate the use of crude distillation curves analyzed by two combined chromatographic methods (ASTM D7169 and DHA Front End) combined into an atmospheric and vacuum crude distillation unit yields prediction model. These methods are faster to be executed and have the costs pretty lower compared to the methods used to obtain the True Boiling Point (TBP) curves, enabling to obtain distillation curves of crude tanks in refinery laboratories. These analyzes enable obtaining curves of the loads to be processed more representative than the curves obtained using the TBP curves available in BDAP (the Petrobras petroleum Database) and the proportion of oils informed by BDEMQ (the Petrobras feedstocks and quality Database) for each tank. To perform this evaluation, it was built in PETROSIM® software a Distop simulation, which was calibrated using flow rates and crude cuts distillation curves from the samples collected at on of the crude distillation units of Paulínia Refinery. Samples of oil tanks, which were analyzed by the two combined methods to obtain the distillation curves, were then used as input data the calibrated simulation, obtaining the crude cuts yields. The cuts yields were also obtained by the same calibrated simulation using as input data TBP curves available at BDAP and also by a model based on fixed crude cuts yields, which are performed by the software Blend-BR®, property of Petrobras, whose data input are also the TBP curves available at BDAP. The yields obtained by these three methods were compared with the yields obtained in the industrial unit when the sampled oil tanks were processed. The results indicated that the calibrated simulation using data analyzed by the chromatographic methods provided yields that are closer to actual ones than other methods, especially for the naphtha yields
Mestrado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos
Mestre em Engenharia Química
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Tippetts, Megan. "Effect of Processing and Formulation Conditions on Physicochemical Characteristics of Food Emulsions." DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/147.
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The objective of this research was to systematically study the effect of processing conditions on crystallization behavior and destabilization mechanisms of oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions. The effects of oil content (20 and 40 wt %); crystallization temperature (Tc = 10, 5, 0, -5, -10 °C); homogenization conditions, such as high shear (HS), very low pressure homogenization (VLPH), and high pressure homogenization (HPH); and cooling rate (0.2 and 30 °C/min) on both thermal behavior and destabilization mechanisms were analyzed. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was added to VLPH emulsions and its effect on the physicochemical and oxidative stabilities and flavor was studied. Emulsions with 20% oil were less stable than those with 40% oil with a fast-cooling rate; however, stability increased when the emulsions were cooled slowly. Stability was also affected by oil and droplet size; the smaller the droplet the more stable the system. Smaller droplets (i.e., VLPH, HPH) had an effect on crystallization by delaying the onset of the crystal formation, which was promoted in emulsions with larger droplets (i.e., HS); 20% o/w emulsion crystallization was delayed more than 40%; and in emulsions crystallized using a slow-cooling rate, the crystal formation was less inhibited (i.e., crystals formed at a higher onset temperature [Ton], but at lower Tc) than when using a fast-cooling rate. The formation of lipid crystals either helped stabilize (small droplets) the emulsion and melted in a less fractionated manner or destabilized (big droplets) the emulsion. In addition, fast-cooling rates have greater fractionation than slow-cooling rates. Due to the greater stability of VLPH emulsions after thawing from being at -10 °C for 3 h, DHA was added to evaluate its effect on flavor (besides the effect on stability) of the emulsion. A descriptive panel was used to evaluate four attributes: oxidized, rancid, fishy, and buttery. The panelists were given samples after 72 h, because contrary to the TBA analysis which showed no significant differences between samples with and without DHA, the fishy smell was evident. The sensory evaluation results showed that there was a significant (p < 0.05) difference in fishiness between the VLPH emulsions with and without DHA, and that the odor was repulsive. No significance was seen for rancid and buttery flavors, and only a marginal significance was seen for oxidized.
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Neijat, Mohamed. "Omega-3 fatty acid enrichment of chicken eggs: Regulation of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in laying hens." Poultry Science, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/32076.
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Eggs enriched with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly the longer chain PUFA (LCPUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) can boost human consumption of these fatty acids implicated in human health. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) from plant seeds/oils, primarily serve as the source of omega-3 PUFA for hens, however, the scarcity of ALA-rich plants and the limited conversion of ALA to LCPUFA are challenges for egg enrichment. Two major experiments were conducted to determine potential factors regulating egg enrichment of omega-3 LCPUFA based on detailed assessment of PUFA profiles in different lipid pools of hen tissues. In experiment 1, supplementation of graded levels of hempseed products, provided ~ 0.1 to 1.3% of ALA in the diets. Experiment 2, investigated dietary supplementation of flaxseed oil (ALA-rich) and algal DHA (preformed LCPUFA), each providing similar graded levels of total omega-3 PUFA. Both ALA-containing models demonstrated a plateau in DHA enrichment of eggs at higher ALA intakes. ALA-containing diets led to high concentrations of ALA in the triacylglycerol (TAG) fraction of eggs and plasma, and the adipose tissue of flaxseed oil-fed hens. In total phospholipid (PL), particularly the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), the levels of EPA and ALA in the yolk were linearly associated with those in the liver. In all tissues, DHA dominated the PE pool, exhibiting a plateau with a strong inverse correlation to the ratio of ALA to EPA in the liver, suggesting limited ALA availability for egg DHA enrichment. The use of algal DHA should therefore permit further accumulation of DHA in the total PL and TAG fractions of yolk. However, enrichment via preformed DHA (at 3.36% algal product) was also limited by hepatic PL resulting in more DHA and EPA being shunted to the adipose TAG, concurrent with elevated hepatic acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL1) expression. As a function of total omega-3 PUFA intakes (regardless of source), similar levels of stearidonic acid (SDA) and particularly EPA accumulated in liver PE. Therefore, hepatic PL regulation, possibly aimed at maintaining EPA level, may potentially be limiting the amount of ALA accumulation in the same pool, hence limiting the endogenous synthesis of DHA and subsequent enrichment in eggs.February 2017
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Rosing, Keith Andrew. "The Feasibility of a Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Effects of Fish Oil - Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexanoic Acid (DHA) - on Chronic Ventilator Patients in a Long-Term Acute Care Hospital (LTACH) Setting." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1241813078.
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Jensen, Maren T. "Effects of A-beta immunotherapy and Omega-3 fatty acid administration in Alzheimer's transgenic mice." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001438.
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Woodman, Richard John. "The independent effects of purified EPA and DHA supplementation on cardiovascular risk in treated-hypertensive type 2 diabetic individuals." University of Western Australia. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2003.0028.
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[Formulae and special characters can only be approximated here. Please see the pdf version of the Abtract for an accurate reproduction.] Type 2 diabetes at least doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease. This can partly be explained by the increased prevalence of risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia and obesity. However, the underlying abnormality of insulin resistance and the presence of more recently identified risk factors including endothelial dysfunction, increased inflammation, and increased oxidative stress might also contribute towards the heightened cardiovascular risk. Fish oil, which contains eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3), has wide-ranging beneficial effects on these and other abnormalities, and has reduced cardiovascular mortality in secondary prevention studies. Animal and human studies have recently established that in addition to EPA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) also has beneficial effects, and furthermore, may have less detrimental effects than EPA on glycaemic control which has worsened in some fish and fish oil studies involving Type 2 diabetic subjects. Study 1 : This intervention study aimed to determine the independent effects of EPA and DHA on cardiovascular risk factors and glycaemic control in individuals with Type 2 diabetes receiving treatment for hypertension. In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of parallel design, 59 subjects in good to moderate glycaemic control (HbA1c < 9%) were recruited from media advertising and randomised to 4 g/day of EPA, DHA or olive oil (placebo) for 6 weeks. Thirty-nine men and 12 post-menopausal women aged 61.2±1.2 yrs completed the study. Relative to placebo, and with Bonferroni adjustments for multiple comparisons, serum triglycerides fell by 19% (p=0.022) and 15% (p=0.022) in the EPA and DHA groups respectively. There were no changes in serum total cholesterol, or LDL- and HDL-cholesterol, although HDL2-cholesterol increased 16% with EPA (p=0.026) and 12% with DHA (p=0.05). HDL3-cholesterol fell by 11% (p=0.026) with EPA supplementation and LDL particle size increased by 0.26±0.10 nm (p=0.02) with DHA. Urinary F2-isoprostanes, an in-vivo marker of oxidative stress was reduced by 19% following EPA (p=0.034) and by 20% following DHA. DHA but not EPA supplementation reduced collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation (16.9%, p=0.05) and thromboxane release (18.8%, p=0.03), but there were no significant changes in PAF-stimulated platelet aggregation. Fasting glucose rose by 1.40±0.29 mmol/l (p=0.002) following EPA and 0.98±0.29 mmol/l (p=0.002) following DHA. Neither EPA nor DHA had any significant effect on HbA1c, fasting serum insulin or C-peptide, insulin sensitivity, stimulated insulin secretion, 24-hr ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate, markers of inflammation, and fibrinolytic or vascular function. Study 2 : This study aimed to examine the influence and causes of increased inflammation on vascular function in subjects recruited for Study 1. Compared with healthy controls (n=17), the diabetic subjects (n=29) had impaired flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) (3.9±3.0% vs 5.5±2.4%, p=0.07) and glyceryl-trinitrate mediated dilatation (GTNMD) (11.4±4.8% vs 15.4±7.1%, p=0.04) of the brachial artery. They also had higher levels of the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (2.7±2.6 mg/l vs 1.4±1.1 mg/l, p=0.03), fibrinogen (3.4±0.7 g/l vs 2.7±0.3 g/l, p<0.001) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (20.9±13.4 pg/l vs 2.5±1.7 pg/l, p<0.001). In diabetic subjects, after adjustment for age and gender, leukocyte count was an independent predictor of FMD (p=0.02), accounting for 17% of total variance. Similarly, leukocyte count accounted for 23% (p<0.001) and IL-6 for 12% (p=0.03) of variance in GTNMD. Von Willebrand factor, a marker of endothelial cell activation was correlated with leukocyte count (r=0.38, p=0.04), FMD (r=-0.35, p=0.06) and GTNMD (r=-0.47, p=0.009), whilst P-selectin, a marker of platelet activation was correlated with fibrinogen (r=0.58, p=0.001). Conclusion : EPA and DHA have similar beneficial effects on triglycerides, HDL2 cholesterol and oxidative stress in individuals with Type 2 diabetes and hypertension. However, DHA also increases LDL particle size and reduces collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation and thromboxane release, thus offering more potential than EPA as an anti-thrombotic agent. The beneficial effects of both oils were potentially offset by deterioration in glycaemic control. Neither oil affected blood pressure or vascular function. Longer-term studies with major morbidity and mortality as the primary outcome measures are required to assess the overall benefits and risks of EPA and DHA. The cross-sectional observations from Study 2 are consistent with the hypothesis that impaired vascular function in individuals with Type 2 diabetes and hypertension is at least in part secondary to increased inflammation, with associated endothelial and platelet activation.
Books on the topic "DHA oil"
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Ley, Beth M. DHA (docosahexaenoic acid): The magnificent marine oil. Temecula, CA: BL Publications, 1999.
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Bhvāʺ, ʼOṅʻ Khyinʻ. Mranʻ māʹ cāʺ suṃʺ mhu dha leʹ nhaṅʻʹ cāʺ suṃʺ chī. Ranʻ kunʻ: Tuiṅʻʺ Laṅʻʺ Cā pe Tuikʻ, 2000.
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Xiaomei, Liu, ed. Jing yi de yu you DHA EPA liao xiao. Taibei Xian Xindian Shi: Shi mao chu ban she, 1994.
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1941-, Tang Shaoyun, Tang Shaoyun 1941-, and Xiamen da xue, eds. Mei li Xia da: Tang Shaoyun Xiamen da xue xiao yuan feng jing you hua ji = A campus between mountains and sea oil : paintings of Xiamen University. Xiamen Shi: Xiamen da xue chu ban she, 2011.
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Ley-Jacobs, Beth. DHA: The Magnificent Marine Oil (Health Learning Handbook). Bl Publications, 1998.
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Maj, Dorota. Modyfikujący wpływ roślinnych dodatków paszowych na użytkowość mięsną i ekspresję wybranych genów u królików w zależności od wieku i płci. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-29-8.
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The aim of the study was to determine the effect of feed additives (algae, soybean, and sunflower oil) used in the rabbit feed on: growth indices and slaughter traits, pH, colour, texture, chemical composition, fatty acid profile and oxidative stability (TBARS) of the meat as well as FTO and FABP4 genes expression in the meat’s intramuscular fat (m. longissimus lumborum), depending on the age and sex. The experimental material consisted of Termond White rabbits (n = 160, 80 females and 80 males). Animals were weaned on the 35th day of life, and housed in metal cages arranged in batteries (4 rabbits of the same sex in a cage). From weaning to 12 or 18 weeks of age, the rabbits were fed pellets ad libitum. Animals in the control group (C) received non-supplemented pellets throughout the experiment. In the other groups, the pellet contained 1% algae (A), 3% sunflower oil (OS), and 3% soybean oil(SO).The experimental diets were formulated to have similar protein and energy content. Diets were balanced by lowering the proportion of other feed components. The total share of all components remained at 100%. The results indicate that 3% vegetable oils (soybean or sunflower) supplementation of diets for growing rabbits leads to an increase of body weight and improvement of some of the slaughter traits, while 1% addition of algae to the feed causes deterioration of body weight and slaughter traits. The effect of oil additive depends on the animals’ age. Supplementation of the rabbits’ diet with algae (1%) or sunflower and soybean oils (3%) led to an increase in the dressing percentage of rabbits slaughtered at 18 weeks of age (approx. 3%), but had no effect on the dressing percentage of rabbits slaughtered at 12 weeks of age. Feeding pellets with either 3% vegetable oils or 1% algae additive to the rabbits did not significantly change the chemical composition of the meat. Protein content increased and intramuscular fat content decreased with age, while ash and water content were similar. The feed additives significantly differentiated meat acidity without deteriorating meat quality. Diet modification has not affected negatively meat colour. 24 h after the slaughter, the colour of rabbit meat was similar across the studied feeding groups. Correlation between diet and rabbits’ age was found. Meat texture (hardness, springiness and chewiness) of all rabbit groups slaughtered at 12 weeks of age was similar, and the shear for cewas greater in rabbits fed pellets with algae and soybean oil. At 18 weeks of age, rabbit meat from experimental groups had lower hardness and chewiness, compared to meat of the animals from the control group. Meat shear force was higher in the control group, and from algae-supplemented group. The correlation between diet and age was also found. The use of 3% vegetable oils or 1% algae as feed additives significantly reduced meat oxidative stability. Soybean or sunflower oil (3%) usedas feed additives favourably modified the fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content was increased, including linoleic acid, and PUFA/MUFA ratio was improved. The content of these acids decreased with age. The use of algae (1%) as a feed additive resulted in positive effect on the increase of n-3 fatty acid content (EPA and DHA) in meat intramuscular fat. Algae supplementation improved pro-health properties of meat, with low n-6/n-3 acid ratio (2.5), indicating that diet modification may affect the fatty acid composition of rabbit meat. The influence of diet and age on FTO and FABP4 gene expression in meat intramuscular fat (m. longissimus lumborum) was found. FTO and FABP4 gene expression increased with age and was the highest in the group of rabbits with 1% algae supplementation in the diet. The effect of rabbits’ gender on growth, slaughter traits, meat quality and gene expression in rabbits was not observed. In conclusion, the use of natural feed additives, such as sunflower, soybean oil or algae, can improve the nutritional value of rabbit meat, without changing its chemical or physical properties, and therefore the meat can serve as functional food, with properties beneficial to human health. The results obtained in this study also indicate that the expression of FTO and FABP4 genes in rabbit muscles is regulated by dietary factors and age, which, in addition to cognitive significance, has practical implications for improving technological and dietary quality of rabbit meat.
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Storey, Stephanie, and P. J. Ochlan. Oil and Marble. Audible Studios on Brilliance Audio, 2016.
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Rosaria, Belgiorno Maria, ed. Mavrorachi: Il profumo di Afrodite e il mistero della dea senza volto : dal 2000 a.C. ad oggi quattromila anni di profumo. Roma: Gangemi, 2007.
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Rosaria, Belgiorno Maria, ed. Mavrorachi: Il profumo di Afrodite e il mistero della dea senza volto : dal 2000 a.C. ad oggi quattromila anni di profumo. Roma: Gangemi, 2007.
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Storey, Stephanie. Oil and Marble: A Novel of Leonardo and Michelangelo. Arcade, 2018.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "DHA oil"
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Suzuki, H., Y. Morikawa, and H. Takahashi. "Effect of DHA Oil Supplementation on Intelligence and Visual Acuity in the Elderly." In Fatty Acids and Lipids - New Findings, 68–71. Basel: KARGER, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000059767.
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Shanmugam, Kirubanandan, Deepak Kumar Verma, Mamta Thakur, Ramandeep Kaur, Kawaljit Singh Sandhu, and Maninder Kaur. "Silver-Based Solvent Extraction of EPA/DHA from Fish Oil: Chemistry and Process Development." In Biotechnical Processing in the Food Industry, 161–204. Includes bibliographical references and index.: Apple Academic Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003057543-8.
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Doughman, Scott, Sreerama Krupanidhi, and C. B. Sanjeevi. "DHA-Rich Algae Oil Is a Safe and Effective Vegetarian Source of Omega-3." In Omega-3 Fatty Acids, 263–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40458-5_21.
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Nagahama, Kunio, Tatsuru Suzuki, Satoshi Kikuchi, Yoshihira Tanaka, Kaoru Nakano, Hidetaka Noritomi, and Satoru Kato. "Separation of EPA and DHA from Fish Oil Using Supercritical Extraction with Ag Complex Pretreatment." In Developments in Food Engineering, 630–32. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2674-2_203.
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Kramer, Kirsten, Ching-hui Tseng, and Kangming Ma. "Measuring the Levels of EPA and DHA in Nutraceutical Oils." In Omega-6/3 Fatty Acids, 365–84. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-215-5_20.
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Ouenniche, Jamal, Bing Xu, and Kaoru Tone. "DEA IN PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CRUDE OIL PREDICTION MODELS." In Advances in DEA Theory and Applications, 381–403. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118946688.ch25.
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Thiessaputra, Obhi, Muhamad Haddin, and Sri Arttini Dwi Prasetyowati. "DGA Method Based on Fuzzy for Determination of Transformer Oil Quality." In Proceedings of International Conference on Smart Computing and Cyber Security, 119–26. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7990-5_11.
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Naidu, G. T., U. Mohan Rao, and Suresh Kumar Sudabattula. "Mineral Oil-Filled Transformer DGA from Detective Correction to Strategic Prevention." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 577–84. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2354-7_51.
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Atıcı, Kazım Barış, and Nalân Gülpınar. "Robust DEA Approaches to Performance Evaluation of Olive Oil Production Under Uncertainty." In Robustness Analysis in Decision Aiding, Optimization, and Analytics, 299–318. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33121-8_14.
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Azimova, Shakhnoza S., and Anna I. Glushenkova. "Amygdalus communis L. (A. dulcis Mill., Prunus amygdalus Stokes, P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb)." In Lipids, Lipophilic Components and Essential Oils from Plant Sources, 703–5. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-323-7_2326.
Full textConference papers on the topic "DHA oil"
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SHAO, Wenyao, Mengwen YAN, Quanling XIE, and Xueshan PAN. "Microencapsulation of DHA Algal Oil by Spray Drying." In International Conference on Biological Engineering and Pharmacy 2016 (BEP 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/bep-16.2017.17.
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Al-Khalaifah, Hanan, Afaf Al-Nasser, and Tahani Al-Surrayai. "SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF TABLE EGGS AS AFFECTED BY FORTIFICATION OF LAYING FEED RATIONS WITH DIFFERENT FAT SOURCES." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/23.
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The major objective of this research paper was to investigate the effect of enrichment with different oil sources on the egg quality traits in laying hens. A total of 300 one-day-old pullets were used. There were seven dietary treatments of 10 % diet of the following: soybean oil (SO), sunflower oil (SFO), canola oil (CO), flaxseed oil (FLO), fish oil (FO), a mix of fish oil and soya oil (SO+FO), and DHA algal biomass oil. Each treatment contained six replicates with seven birds each. Random samples of 10 eggs per treatment were used; making 70. The organoleptic parameters included tests on smell, taste, color, and texture. The results revealed that there were no significant differences between the eggs from hens fed the different dietary treatments in terms of the organoleptic parameters used. Flaxseed oil, Fish oil and a mixture of Soy oil +Fish oil can be efficiently used to enrich poultry eggs with n-3 PUFA. However, FLO and flaxseeds can be safely used to avoid the fishy smell of poultry products, if present upon reheating
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Manni, Andrea, John P. Richie, Neil Trushin, Bogdan Prokopczyk, A. Patterson, John P. Vanden Heuvel, Sharlene Washington, et al. "Abstract 3657: Identification of active metabolites of docosohexaenoic acid (DHA): A first step towards unraveling the fish oil/breast cancer conundrum." In Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-3657.
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Cugno, Chiara, Ganesh Halade, and Md Mizanur Rahman. "Omega-3 fatty acid-rich fish oil supplementation prevents rosiglitazone-induced osteopenia in aging mice." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0099.
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Rosiglitazone is an effective insulin-sensitizer, however, associated with bone loss mainly due to increased bone resorption, and bone marrow adiposity, and decreased bone formation. We investigated the effect of the co-administration of fish oil (FO) rich in omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) on rosiglitazone (RSG)-induced bone loss in aging C57BL/6 mice and the mechanisms underlying potential preventive effect. Mice fed the iso-caloric diet supplemented with fish oil exhibited significantly higher levels of bone density in different regions compared to the other groups. In the same cohort of mice, reduced activity of COX-2, enhanced activity of alkaline phosphatase, lower levels of cathepsin k, PPAR-γ, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and a higher level of anti-inflammatory cytokines were observed. Moreover, fish oil restored rosiglitazone-induced down-regulation of osteoblast differentiation and up-regulation of adipocyte differentiation in C3H10T1/2 cells and inhibited the up-regulation of osteoclast differentiation of RANKL-treated RAW264.7 cells. We finally tested our hypothesis on human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) differentiated to osteocytes and adipocytes confirming the beneficial effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) omega-3 FA during treatment with rosiglitazone, through the down-regulation of adipogenic genes, such as adipsin and FABP4 along the PPARg/FABP4 axis, and reducing the capability of osteocytes to switch toward adipogenesis. Our findings demonstrate that fish oil may prevent rosiglitazone-induced bone loss by inhibiting inflammation, osteoclastogenesis, and adipogenesis and by enhancing osteogenesis in the bone microenvironment. Further clinical studies will be undertaken to establish this treatment regimen for the successful treatment of diabetic patients with rosiglitazone without adverse side effects on bone.
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Kang, C., and W. P. Jepson. "Comparison of the Performance of Drag Reducing Agent Between 2.5 cP Oil and 6.0 cP Oil in Multiphase Flow in Horizontal Pipes." In ASME 2001 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2001-17117.
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Abstract Experimental studies have been performed in a 10 cm diameter, 36 m long, multiphase flow loop to examine the effect of drag reducing agents using 6 cP oil. Studies were performed for superficial liquid velocities of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m/s and superficial gas velocities between 2 and 12 m/s. Carbon dioxide was used as the gas phase. The drag reducing agent (DRA) concentrations were 20 and 50 ppm. The system was maintained at a pressure of 0.13 MPa and a temperature of 25 °C. The comparison of the conditioning of flow with DRA between 2.5 cP oil and 6 cP oil is presented. The results show that pressure drop in both 2.5 cP oil and 6 cP oil was reduced significantly in multiphase flow with addition of DRA. A DRA concentration of 50 ppm was more effective than 20 ppm DRA for all cases. As the oil viscosity was increased from 2.5 cP to 6 cP oil, the transition to annular flow was observed to occur at lower superficial gas velocities. For slug flow and lower superficial gas velocities, the effectiveness in 2.5 cP oil was much higher than that in 6 cP oil with addition of DRA. However, for higher superficial gas velocities, the effectiveness in both oils was similar. For annular flow, the effectiveness in 2.5 cP oil was higher than in 6 cP oil with 50 ppm DRA. At low superficial gas velocities, DRA in 2.5 cP oil was more effective in reducing the slug frequency. This led to a higher average pressure drop reduction in 2.5 cP oil. However, at higher superficial gas velocities, the slug frequency decreased in both oils almost the same magnitude.
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Dennison, Jason C., and Jon M. Trout. "Transformer oil DGA monitoring technology study 2015." In 2016 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdc.2016.7519918.
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Jayadas, N. H., K. Prabhakaran Nair, and G. Ajithkumar. "Vegetable Oils as Base Oil for Industrial Lubricants: Evaluation Oxidative and Low Temperature Properties Using TGA, DTA and DSC." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63893.
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In this paper oxidative degradation of saturated and unsaturated vegetable oils is studied by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) and their low temperature properties are studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Both non-isothermal and isothermal thermo gravimetric analysis procedures are used for the study. The onset temperatures of oxidative degradation and weight gain in isothermal TGA are taken as measures of oxidative and thermal stabilities. Three vegetable oils namely coconut oil, sesame oil and sunflower oil with varying degree of un-saturation are selected for the study. The results are found to agree with reported results obtained by conventional methods. Several standard methods are currently available for determining the oxidative and low temperature properties of base oils. These methods are extremely time-consuming and data reproducibility between laboratories is poor. TGA, DTA and DSC are excellent tools to evaluate base oils in respect of their oxidative and low temperature behavior in that they produce results quickly, reproducibly and the sample requirement is very low.
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Zuo, Julian Youxiang, Denise Freed, Oliver C. Mullins, and Dan Zhang. "DFA Profiling of Oil Columns with Asphaltene Grading." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/133656-ms.
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Puscas, Cosmina L., Geza Bandur, Dorina Modra, and Remus Nutiu. "Considerations About Using Vegetable Oils in Lubricants." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63838.
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New lubricating oils obtained from mixtures of synthetic diesters (di-2-ethylhexyl-adipate (DOA) and di-2-ethylhexyl-sebacate (DOS)) and vegetable oils (sunflower, SFO, soybean, SO and rapeseed oil, RO) are studied. The characteristics of all these mixtures are given together with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric (TG) analyses.
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Abdou, Hesham A. M. "Managing of a Strategic Crude Oil Pipeline for Maximum Transportation Capacity." In ASME 2013 India Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2013-9802.
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The aged crude oil pipeline; 16″ × 166 km since November 1984, extends from Meleiha field at western desert to El-Hamra terminal at coast of the Mediterranean sea. Its original capacity was 100,000 BOPD using two pumping stations; one at Meleiha and the other is a boosting station, 83 km far from Meleiha. Planned pumped flow rate increased to 177,000 BOPD at the time that Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) reduced from 1440 psi to 950 psi. This paper shows managing procedures led to pumping higher flow rate without exceeding MAWP, where two solutions to accommodate such increase in production were applied; firstly by looping the existing pipeline with a (16″ × 56 km), secondly by using a Drag Reducing Agent (DRA), so that could reduce hydraulic friction losses and Total Dynamic Pressure (TDP) in the system and could pumped more with reduced initial pumping pressure at Meleiha. So, the intermediate station was temporarily abandoned. Mathematical models are designed to simulate pumping operation through the whole system, where TDP is predicted for the three pipeline cases: 1- normal case without both looping & DRA. 2- case without DRA & with looping. 3- case with both looping & DRA. Laws of hydraulics are applied with the deduced formula represents performance of DRA in which percentage of drop in pressure losses is modeled as a function of DRA dose in ppm. Close agreement is remarked between values of the deduced theoretical values and actual values obtained for TDP, confirming validity of such mathematical models.
Reports on the topic "DHA oil"
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Cohen, Yuval, Christopher A. Cullis, and Uri Lavi. Molecular Analyses of Soma-clonal Variation in Date Palm and Banana for Early Identification and Control of Off-types Generation. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592124.bard.
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Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is the major fruit tree grown in arid areas in the Middle East and North Africa. In the last century, dates were introduced to new regions including the USA. Date palms are traditionally propagated through offshoots. Expansion of modern date palm groves led to the development of Tissue Culture propagation methods that generate a large number of homogenous plants, have no seasonal effect on plant source and provide tools to fight the expansion of date pests and diseases. The disadvantage of this procedure is the occurrence of off-type trees which differ from the original cultivar. In the present project we focused on two of the most common date palm off-types: (1) trees with reduced fruit setting, in which most of the flowers turn into three-carpel parthenocarpic fruits. In a severe form, multi-carpel flowers and fruitlets (with up to six or eight carpels instead of the normal three-carpel flowers) are also formed. (2) dwarf trees, having fewer and shorter leaves, very short trunk and are not bearing fruits at their expected age, compared to the normal trees. Similar off-types occur in other crop species propagated by tissue culture, like banana (mainly dwarf plants) or oil palm (with a common 'Mantled' phenotype with reduced fruit setting and occurrence of supernumerary carpels). Some off-types can only be detected several years after planting in the fields. Therefore, efficient methods for prevention of the generation of off-types, as well as methods for their detection and early removal, are required for date palms, as well as for other tissue culture propagated crops. This research is aimed at the understanding of the mechanisms by which off-types are generated, and developing markers for their early identification. Several molecular and genomic approaches were applied. Using Methylation Sensitive AFLP and bisulfite sequencing, we detected changes in DNA methylation patterns occurring in off-types. We isolated and compared the sequence and expression of candidate genes, genes related to vegetative growth and dwarfism and genes related to flower development. While no sequence variation were detected, changes in gene expression, associated with the severity of the "fruit set" phenotype were detected in two genes - PdDEF (Ortholog of rice SPW1, and AP3 B type MADS box gene), and PdDIF (a defensin gene, highly homologous to the oil palm gene EGAD). We applied transcriptomic analyses, using high throughput sequencing, to identify genes differentially expressed in the "palm heart" (the apical meristem and the region of embryonic leaves) of dwarf vs. normal trees. Among the differentially expressed genes we identified genes related to hormonal biosynthesis, perception and regulation, genes related to cell expansion, and genes related to DNA methylation. Using Representation Difference Analyses, we detected changes in the genomes of off-type trees, mainly chloroplast-derived sequences that were incorporated in the nuclear genome and sequences of transposable elements. Sequences previously identified as differing between normal and off-type trees of oil palms or banana, successfully identified variation among date palm off-types, suggesting that these represent highly labile regions of monocot genomes. The data indicate that the date palm genome, similarly to genomes of other monocot crops as oil palm and banana, is quite unstable when cells pass through a cycle of tissue culture and regeneration. Changes in DNA sequences, translocation of DNA fragments and alteration of methylation patterns occur. Consequently, patterns of gene expression are changed, resulting in abnormal phenotypes. The data can be useful for future development of tools for early identification of off-type as well as for better understanding the phenomenon of somaclonal variation during propagation in vitro.
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Rusiecki, Jennifer A., Louis French, Zygmunt Galdzicki, Celia Byrne, Ligong Chen, Liying Yan, and Matthew Polin. Epigenetic Patterns of TBI: DNA Methylation in Serum of OIF/OEF Servicemembers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada585498.
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Soejima, Motsuhiro, and Masashi Nagafuji. Effect of DH-Class Low Viscosity Diesel Engine Oil on Reduction of Total Friction Loss. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0611.
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Rusiecki, Jennifer A. Epigenetic Patterns of TBI: DNA Methylation in Serum of OIF/OEF Service Members. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada540727.
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Rusiecki, Jennifer A. Epigenetic Patterns of PTSD: DNA Methylation in Serum of OIF/OEF Service Members. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada506346.
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Eldar, Avigdor, and Donald L. Evans. Streptococcus iniae Infections in Trout and Tilapia: Host-Pathogen Interactions, the Immune Response Toward the Pathogen and Vaccine Formulation. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575286.bard.
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In Israel and in the U.S., Streptococcus iniae is responsible for considerable losses in various fish species. Poor understanding of its virulence factors and limited know-how-to of vaccine formulation and administration are the main reasons for the limited efficacy of vaccines. Our strategy was that in order to Improve control measures, both aspects should be equally addressed. Our proposal included the following objectives: (i) construction of host-pathogen interaction models; (ii) characterization of virulence factors and immunodominant antigens, with assessment of their relative importance in terms of protection and (iii) genetic identification of virulence factors and genes, with evaluation of the protective effect of recombinant proteins. We have shown that two different serotypes are involved. Their capsular polysaccharides (CPS) were characterized, and proved to play an important role in immune evasion and in other consequences of the infection. This is an innovative finding in fish bacteriology and resembles what, in other fields, has become apparent in the recent years: S. iniae alters surface antigens. By so doing, the pathogen escapes immune destruction. Immunological assays (agar-gel immunodiffusion and antibody titers) confirmed that only limited cross recognition between the two types occurs and that capsular polysaccharides are immunodominant. Vaccination with purified CPS (as an acellular vaccine) results in protection. In vitro and ex-vivo models have allowed us to unravel additional insights of the host-pathogen interactions. S. iniae 173 (type II) produced DNA fragmentation of TMB-8 cells characteristic of cellular necrosis; the same isolate also prevented the development of apoptosis in NCC. This was determined by finding reduced expression of phosphotidylserine (PS) on the outer membrane leaflet of NCC. NCC treated with this isolate had very high levels of cellular necrosis compared to all other isolates. This cellular pathology was confirmed by observing reduced DNA laddering in these same treated cells. Transmission EM also showed characteristic necrotic cellular changes in treated cells. To determine if the (in vitro) PCD/apoptosis protective effects of #173 correlated with any in vivo activity, tilapia were injected IV with #173 and #164 (an Israeli type I strain). Following injection, purified NCC were tested (in vitro) for cytotoxicity against HL-60 target cells. Four significant observations were made : (i) fish injected with #173 had 100-400% increased cytotoxicity compared to #164 (ii) in vivo activation occurred within 5 minutes of injection; (iii) activation occurred only within the peripheral blood compartment; and (iv) the isolate that protected NCC from apoptosis in vitro caused in vivo activation of cytotoxicity. The levels of in vivo cytotoxicity responses are associated with certain pathogens (pathogen associated molecular patterns/PAMP) and with the tissue of origin of NCC. NCC from different tissue (i.e. PBL, anterior kidney, spleen) exist in different states of differentiation. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis revealed the "adaptation" of the bacterium to the vaccinated environment, suggesting a "Darwinian-like" evolution of any bacterium. Due to the selective pressure which has occurred in the vaccinated environment, type II strains, able to evade the protective response elicited by the vaccine, have evolved from type I strains. The increased virulence through the appropriation of a novel antigenic composition conforms with pathogenic mechanisms described for other streptococci. Vaccine efficacy was improved: water-in-oil formulations were found effective in inducing protection that lasted for a period of (at least) 6 months. Protection was evaluated by functional tests - the protective effect, and immunological parameters - elicitation of T- and B-cells proliferation. Vaccinated fish were found to be resistant to the disease for (at least) six months; protection was accompanied by activation of the cellular and the humoral branches.
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Ostersetzer-Biran, Oren, and Jeffrey Mower. Novel strategies to induce male sterility and restore fertility in Brassicaceae crops. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604267.bard.
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Abstract Mitochondria are the site of respiration and numerous other metabolic processes required for plant growth and development. Increased demands for metabolic energy are observed during different stages in the plants life cycle, but are particularly ample during germination and reproductive organ development. These activities are dependent upon the tight regulation of the expression and accumulation of various organellar proteins. Plant mitochondria contain their own genomes (mtDNA), which encode for rRNAs, tRNAs and some mitochondrial proteins. Although all mitochondria have probably evolved from a common alpha-proteobacterial ancestor, notable genomic reorganizations have occurred in the mtDNAs of different eukaryotic lineages. Plant mtDNAs are notably larger and more variable in size (ranging from 70~11,000 kbp in size) than the mrDNAs in higher animals (16~19 kbp). Another unique feature of plant mitochondria includes the presence of both circular and linear DNA fragments, which undergo intra- and intermolecular recombination. DNA-seq data indicate that such recombination events result with diverged mitochondrial genome configurations, even within a single plant species. One common plant phenotype that emerges as a consequence of altered mtDNA configuration is cytoplasmic male sterility CMS (i.e. reduced production of functional pollen). The maternally-inherited male sterility phenotype is highly valuable agriculturally. CMS forces the production of F1 hybrids, particularly in predominantly self-pollinating crops, resulting in enhanced crop growth and productivity through heterosis (i.e. hybrid vigor or outbreeding enhancement). CMS lines have been implemented in some cereal and vegetables, but most crops still lack a CMS system. This work focuses on the analysis of the molecular basis of CMS. We also aim to induce nuclear or organellar induced male-sterility in plants, and to develop a novel approach for fertility restoration. Our work focuses on Brassicaceae, a large family of flowering plants that includes Arabidopsis thaliana, a key model organism in plant sciences, as well as many crops of major economic importance (e.g., broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and various seeds for oil production). In spite of the genomic rearrangements in the mtDNAs of plants, the number of genes and the coding sequences are conserved among different mtDNAs in angiosperms (i.e. ~60 genes encoding different tRNAs, rRNAs, ribosomal proteins and subunits of the respiratory system). Yet, in addition to the known genes, plant mtDNAs also harbor numerous ORFs, most of which are not conserved among species and are currently of unknown function. Remarkably, and relevant to our study, CMS in plants is primarily associated with the expression of novel chimericORFs, which likely derive from recombination events within the mtDNAs. Whereas the CMS loci are localized to the mtDNAs, the factors that restore fertility (Rfs) are identified as nuclear-encoded RNA-binding proteins. Interestingly, nearly all of the Rf’s are identified as pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins, a large family of modular RNA-binding proteins that mediate several aspects of gene expression primarily in plant organelles. In this project we proposed to develop a system to test the ability of mtORFs in plants, which are closely related to known CMS factors. We will induce male fertility in various species of Brassicaceae, and test whether a down-relation in the expression of the recombinantCMS-genes restores fertility, using synthetically designed PPR proteins.
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Altstein, Miriam, and Ronald J. Nachman. Rational Design of Insect Control Agent Prototypes Based on Pyrokinin/PBAN Neuropeptide Antagonists. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593398.bard.
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The general objective of this study was to develop rationally designed mimetic antagonists (and agonists) of the PK/PBAN Np class with enhanced bio-stability and bioavailability as prototypes for effective and environmentally friendly pest insect management agents. The PK/PBAN family is a multifunctional group of Nps that mediates key functions in insects (sex pheromone biosynthesis, cuticular melanization, myotropic activity, diapause and pupal development) and is, therefore, of high scientific and applied interest. The objectives of the current study were: (i) to identify an antagonist biophores (ii) to develop an arsenal of amphiphilic topically active PK/PBAN antagonists with an array of different time-release profiles based on the previously developed prototype analog; (iii) to develop rationally designed non-peptide SMLs based on the antagonist biophore determined in (i) and evaluate them in cloned receptor microplate binding assays and by pheromonotropic, melanotropic and pupariation in vivo assays. (iv) to clone PK/PBAN receptors (PK/PBAN-Rs) for further understanding of receptor-ligand interactions; (v) to develop microplate binding assays for screening the above SMLs. In the course of the granting period A series of amphiphilic PK/PBAN analogs based on a linear lead antagonist from the previous BARD grant was synthesized that incorporated a diverse array of hydrophobic groups (HR-Suc-A[dF]PRLa). Others were synthesized via the attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers. A hydrophobic, biostablePK/PBAN/DH analog DH-2Abf-K prevented the onset of the protective state of diapause in H. zea pupae [EC50=7 pmol/larva] following injection into the preceding larval stage. It effectively induces the crop pest to commit a form of ‘ecological suicide’. Evaluation of a set of amphiphilic PK analogs with a diverse array of hydrophobic groups of the formula HR-Suc-FTPRLa led to the identification of analog T-63 (HR=Decyl) that increased the extent of diapause termination by a factor of 70% when applied topically to newly emerged pupae. Another biostablePK analog PK-Oic-1 featured anti-feedant and aphicidal properties that matched the potency of some commercial aphicides. Native PK showed no significant activity. The aphicidal effects were blocked by a new PEGylated PK antagonist analog PK-dF-PEG4, suggesting that the activity is mediated by a PK/PBAN receptor and therefore indicative of a novel and selective mode-of-action. Using a novel transPro mimetic motif (dihydroimidazole; ‘Jones’) developed in previous BARD-sponsored work, the first antagonist for the diapause hormone (DH), DH-Jo, was developed and shown to block over 50% of H. zea pupal diapause termination activity of native DH. This novel antagonist development strategy may be applicable to other invertebrate and vertebrate hormones that feature a transPro in the active core. The research identifies a critical component of the antagonist biophore for this PK/PBAN receptor subtype, i.e. a trans-oriented Pro. Additional work led to the molecular cloning and functional characterization of the DH receptor from H. zea, allowing for the discovery of three other DH antagonist analogs: Drosophila ETH, a β-AA analog, and a dF analog. The receptor experiments identified an agonist (DH-2Abf-dA) with a maximal response greater than native DH. ‘Deconvolution’ of a rationally-designed nonpeptide heterocyclic combinatorial library with a cyclic bis-guanidino (BG) scaffold led to discovery of several members that elicited activity in a pupariation acceleration assay, and one that also showed activity in an H. zea diapause termination assay, eliciting a maximal response of 90%. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a CAP2b antidiuretic receptor from the kissing bug (R. prolixus) as well as the first CAP2b and PK receptors from a tick was also achieved. Notably, the PK/PBAN-like receptor from the cattle fever tick is unique among known PK/PBAN and CAP2b receptors in that it can interact with both ligand types, providing further evidence for an evolutionary relationship between these two NP families. In the course of the granting period we also managed to clone the PK/PBAN-R of H. peltigera, to express it and the S. littoralis-R Sf-9 cells and to evaluate their interaction with a variety of PK/PBAN ligands. In addition, three functional microplate assays in a HTS format have been developed: a cell-membrane competitive ligand binding assay; a Ca flux assay and a whole cell cAMP ELISA. The Ca flux assay has been used for receptor characterization due to its extremely high sensitivity. Computer homology studies were carried out to predict both receptor’s SAR and based on this analysis 8 mutants have been generated. The bioavailability of small linear antagonistic peptides has been evaluated and was found to be highly effective as sex pheromone biosynthesis inhibitors. The activity of 11 new amphiphilic analogs has also been evaluated. Unfortunately, due to a problem with the Heliothis moth colony we were unable to select those with pheromonotropic antagonistic activity and further check their bioavailability. Six peptides exhibited some melanotropic antagonistic activity but due to the low inhibitory effect the peptides were not further tested for bioavailability in S. littoralis larvae. Despite the fact that no new antagonistic peptides were discovered in the course of this granting period the results contribute to a better understanding of the interaction of the PK/PBAN family of Nps with their receptors, provided several HT assays for screening of libraries of various origin for presence of PK/PBAN-Ragonists and antagonists and provided important practical information for the further design of new, peptide-based insecticide prototypes aimed at the disruption of key neuroendocrine physiological functions in pest insects.
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Jordan, Ramon L., Abed Gera, Hei-Ti Hsu, Andre Franck, and Gad Loebenstein. Detection and Diagnosis of Virus Diseases of Pelargonium. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568793.bard.
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Pelargonium (Geranium) is the number one pot plant in many areas of the United States and Europe. Israel and the U.S. send to Europe rooted cuttings, foundation stocks and finished plants to supply a certain share of the market. Geraniums are propagated mainly vegetatively from cuttings. Consequently, viral diseases have been and remain a major threat to the production and quality of the crop. Among the viruses isolated from naturally infected geraniums, 11 are not specific to Pelargonium and occur in other crops while 6 other viruses seem to be limited to geranium. However, several of these viruses are not sufficiently characterized to conclude that they are distinct agents and their nomenclature and taxonomy are confusing. The ability to separate, distinguish and detect the different viruses in geranium will overcome obstacles te developing effective detection and certification schemes. Our focus was to further characterize some of these viruses and develop better methods for their detection and control. These viruses include: isolates of pelargonium line pattern virus (PLPV), pelargonium ringspot virus (PelRSV), pelargonium flower break virus (PFBV), pelargonium leaf curl (PLCV), and tomato ringspot virus (TomRSV). Twelve hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies specific to a geranium isolate of TomRSV were produced. These antibodies are currently being characterized and will be tested for the ability to detect TomRSV in infected geraniums. The biological, biochemical and serological properties of four isometric viruses - PLPV, PelRSV, and PFBV (and a PelRSV-like isolate from Italy called GR57) isolated from geraniums exhibiting line and ring pattern or flower break symptoms - and an isolate ol elderbeny latent virus (ELV; which the literature indicates is the same as PelRSV) have been determined Cloned cDNA copies of the genomic RNAs of these viruses were sequenced and the sizes and locations of predicted viral proteins deduced. A portion of the putative replicase genes was also sequenced from cloned RT-PCR fragments. We have shown that, when compared to the published biochemical and serological properties, and sequences and genome organizations of other small isometric plant viruses, all of these viruses should each be considered new, distinct members of the Carmovirus group of the family Tombusviridae. Hybridization assays using recombinant DNA probes also demonstrated that PLPV, PelRSV, and ELV produce only one subgenomic RNA in infected plants. This unusual property of the gene expression of these three viruses suggests that they are unique among the Carmoviruses. The development of new technologies for the detection of these viruses in geranium was also demonstrated. Hybridization probes developed to PFBV (radioactively-labeled cRNA riboprobes) and to PLPV (non-radioactive digoxigenin-labeled cDNAs) were generally shown to be no more sensitive for the detection of virus in infected plants than the standard ELISA serology-based assays. However, a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay was shown to be over 1000 times more sensitive in detecting PFBV in leaf extracts of infected geranium than was ELISA. This research has lead to a better understanding of the identity of the viruses infecting pelargonium and to the development of new tools that can be used in an improved scheme of providing virus-indexed pelargonium plants. The sequence information, and the serological and cloned DNA probes generated from this work, will allow the application of these new tools for virus detection, which will be useful in domestic and international indexing programs which are essential for the production of virus-free germplasm both for domestic markets and the international exchange of plant material.
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Cahaner, Avigdor, Susan J. Lamont, E. Dan Heller, and Jossi Hillel. Molecular Genetic Dissection of Complex Immunocompetence Traits in Broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586461.bard.
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Objectives: (1) Evaluate Immunocompetence-OTL-containing Chromosomal Regions (ICRs), marked by microsatellites or candidate genes, for magnitude of direct effect and for contribution to relationships among multiple immunocompetence, disease-resistance, and growth traits, in order to estimate epistatic and pleiotropic effects and to predict the potential breeding applications of such markers. (2) Evaluate the interaction of the ICRs with genetic backgrounds from multiple sources and of multiple levels of genetic variation, in order to predict the general applicability of molecular genetic markers across widely varied populations. Background: Diseases cause substantial economic losses to animal producers. Emerging pathogens, vaccine failures and intense management systems increase the impact of diseases on animal production. Moreover, zoonotic pathogens are a threat to human food safety when microbiological contamination of animal products occurs. Consumers are increasingly concerned about drug residues and antibiotic- resistant pathogens derived from animal products. The project used contemporary scientific technologies to investigate the genetics of chicken resistance to infectious disease. Genetic enhancement of the innate resistance of chicken populations provides a sustainable and ecologically sound approach to reduce microbial loads in agricultural populations. In turn, animals will be produced more efficiently with less need for drug treatment and will pose less of a potential food-safety hazard. Major achievements, conclusions and implications:. The PI and co-PIs had developed a refined research plan, aiming at the original but more focused objectives, that could be well-accomplished with the reduced awarded support. The successful conduct of that research over the past four years has yielded substantial new information about the genes and genetic markers that are associated with response to two important poultry pathogens, Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and Escherichia coli (EC), about variation of immunocompetence genes in poultry, about relationships of traits of immune response and production, and about interaction of genes with environment and with other genes and genetic background. The current BARD work has generated a base of knowledge and expertise regarding the genetic variation underlying the traits of immunocompetence and disease resistance. In addition, unique genetic resource populations of chickens have been established in the course of the current project, and they are essential for continued projects. The US laboratory has made considerable progress in studies of the genetics of resistance to SE. Microsatellite-marked chromosomal regions and several specific genes were linked to SE vaccine response or bacterial burden and the important phenomenon of gene interaction was identified in this system. In total, these studies demonstrate the role of genetics in SE response, the utility of the existing resource population, and the expertise of the research group in conducting such experiments. The Israeli laboratories had showed that the lines developed by selection for high or low level of antibody (Ab) response to EC differ similarly in Ab response to several other viral and bacterial pathogens, indicating the existence of a genetic control of general capacity of Ab response in young broilers. It was also found that the 10w-Ab line has developed, possibly via compensatory "natural" selection, higher cellular immune response. At the DNA levels, markers supposedly linked to immune response were identified, as well as SNP in the MHC, a candidate gene responsible for genetic differences in immunocompetence of chickens.