Journal articles: 'Device to grid'

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Patino, Diego Alejandro, and Andres Eduardo Nieto Vallejo. "Scale Prototype Ring Main Unit for the Measurement and Control of Nodes in a Smart Grid." Revista Politécnica 14, no. 26 (June 2018): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33571/rpolitec.v14n26a10.

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Smart grids are playing a key role in modern electric power grids, improving load control, assuring safer operations and collecting valuable information of the electrical conditions of the grid. In a smart grid, a RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) is a device that is able to measure the electric variables of the grid and sends all the information to a MTU (Master Terminal Unit), which is responsible of controlling the operations of the grid. RMU (Ring Main Unit) devices are used in electric power grids to protect loads and to disconnect them in case of failure to prevent damage. This article presents the design of a special RMU capable of measuring voltage, current and frequency, detecting electric faults, and making automatic self-healing in order to manage the flow of energy in the smart grid to guarantee energy supply to the critical loads (hospitals). The RMU devices were installed on a scaled smart grid in order to show its operation capabilities.

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Lim, Jang Kwon, Dimosthenis Peftitsis, Diane Perle Sadik, Mietek Bakowski, and Hans Peter Nee. "Evaluation of Buried Grid JBS Diodes." Materials Science Forum 778-780 (February 2014): 804–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.778-780.804.

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The 4H-SiC Schottky barrier diodes for high temperature operation over 200 °C have been developed using buried grids formed by implantation. Compared to a conventional JBS-type SBD with surface grid (SG), JBS-type SBD with buried grid (BG) has significantly reduced leakage current at reverse bias due to a better field shielding of the Schottky contact. By introducing the BG technology, the 1.7 kV diodes with an anode area 0.0024 cm2(1 A) and 0.024 cm2(10 A) were successfully fabricated, encapsulated in TO220 packages, and electrically evaluated. Two types of buried grid arrangement with different grid spacing dimensions were investigated. The measured I-V characteristics were compared with simulation. The best fit was obtained with an active area of approximately 60 % and 70 % of the anode area in large and small devices, respectively. The measured values of the device capacitances were 1000 pF in large devices and 100 pF in small devices at zero bias. The capacitance values are proportional to the device area. The recovery behavior of big devices was measured in a double pulse tester and simulated. The recovery charge, Qc, was 18 nC and 24 nC in simulation and measurement, respectively. The fabricated BG JBS-type SBDs have a smaller maximum reverse recovery current compared to the commercial devices. No influence of the different grid spacing on the recovery charge was observed.

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Zuo, Lijian, Shuhua Zhang, Minmin Shi, Hanying Li, and Hongzheng Chen. "Design of charge transporting grids for efficient ITO-free flexible up-scaled organic photovoltaics." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 1, no. 2 (2017): 304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6qm00043f.

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Kisielewicz, Tomasz, Stanislaw Stanek, and Mariusz Zytniewski. "A Multi-Agent Adaptive Architecture for Smart-Grid-Intrusion Detection and Prevention." Energies 15, no. 13 (June 28, 2022): 4726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134726.

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The present paper deals with selected aspects of energy prosumers’ security needs. The analysis reported aim to illustrate the concept of the implementation of intrusion-detection systems (IDS)/intrusion-prevention systems (IPS), as supporting agent systems for smart grids. The contribution proposes the architecture of an agent system aimed at collecting, processing, monitoring, and possibly reacting to changes in the smart grid. Furthermore, an algorithm is proposed to support the construction of a smart-grid-operating profile, based on a set of parameters describing the devices. Its application is presented in the example of data collected from the network, indicating the process of building a device-operation profile and a possible mechanism for detecting its changes. The proposed algorithm for building the operating profile of devices in the smart grid, based on the mechanism of continuous learning by the system, allows for detecting network malfunctions not only in terms of individual events but also regarding limits of the scope of system alerts, by determining the typical behavior of devices in the smart grid. The paper gives recommendations to a software-agent system development, which is dedicated to detecting and preventing anomalies in smart grids.

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Alfakeeh, Ahmed S., Sarmadullah Khan, and Ali Hilal Al-Bayatti. "A Multi-User, Single-Authentication Protocol for Smart Grid Architectures." Sensors 20, no. 6 (March 12, 2020): 1581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061581.

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In a smart grid system, the utility server collects data from various smart grid devices. These data play an important role in the energy distribution and balancing between the energy providers and energy consumers. However, these data are prone to tampering attacks by an attacker, while traversing from the smart grid devices to the utility servers, which may result in energy disruption or imbalance. Thus, an authentication is mandatory to efficiently authenticate the devices and the utility servers and avoid tampering attacks. To this end, a group authentication algorithm is proposed for preserving demand–response security in a smart grid. The proposed mechanism also provides a fine-grained access control feature where the utility server can only access a limited number of smart grid devices. The initial authentication between the utility server and smart grid device in a group involves a single public key operation, while the subsequent authentications with the same device or other devices in the same group do not need a public key operation. This reduces the overall computation and communication overheads and takes less time to successfully establish a secret session key, which is used to exchange sensitive information over an unsecured wireless channel. The resilience of the proposed algorithm is tested against various attacks using formal and informal security analysis.

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Testa, Bridget Mintz. "Building the New Electric Grid." Mechanical Engineering 131, no. 12 (December 1, 2009): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2009-dec-1.

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This article focuses on benefits of the electric meters capable of sharing real-time usage data with the company and customers alike. Creating the smart grid on a national scale will be perhaps the biggest change to the electrical system since the rural electrification effort of the 1930s. Companies are trying to get a more reliable energy system through, for example, outage management systems, rebalancing loads, and getting help with rebalancing through consumers controlling their usage. To provide real-time or near-real time information, which is needed for consumers to monitor and control their usage, the electric meters must communicate with each other frequently. Sensing and monitoring devices at customer premises that let customers control their electric use are explicit elements of smart grids The future smart grid, Smart Grid 2.0, is next-generation, interactive, self-healing, distributed everywhere, and has an innate capability to reach every device.

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Bukreev, Aleksey V. "Device for Remote and Mobile Monitoring of Electrical Grids of Agricultural Facilities." Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK 48, no. 4 (December 2021): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2021-68-4-23-28.

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The main methods that are used in the process of energy inspection of agricultural facilities include instrumental inspection of both the electrical grid of the enterprise as a whole and individual technological processes, electrical devices and electrical equipment. The instrumental survey allows you to get diagrams of the electrical load, record the consumption of electrical energy and investigate the main parameters of the electric grid on the enterprise at its different points. It is desirable to carry out such measurements without disconnecting the electrical devices, as this can lead to losses for the enterprise. The available instruments and complexes do not allow remote monitoring of the operating parameters of the electrical grid, are not adapted for long-term measurements in the conditions of agricultural facilities. Permanently installed metering devices, monitoring devices do not provide the necessary mobility during the energy audit. It is required to develop devices for remote and mobile measurement of operating parameters electrical grid of agricultural facilities. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in developing a device for remote and mobile measurement of operating parameters of electric grid of agricultural facilities. (Materials and methods) The article presents the analysis of literature sources, the analysis of existing means for measuring electrical energy parameters. (Results and discussion) The existing methods and technical means that allow for the study of the parameters of the operating modes of electric networks are not adapted to long-term measurements in the conditions of agricultural facilities, since they have low protection from the environment and a high cost. The article presents the developed device schematics and an experimental sample. Its tests were conducted verifying the accuracy of measurements and the correctness of the specified functions. (Conclusions) A device has been developed for remote and mobile measurement of operating parameters of electrical grid of agricultural facilities. Based on the test results, the operability of the developed device was confirmed.

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Liem, L. E., Daniel W. Smith, and S. J. Stanley. "Particle reduction study of flocculation mixing by means of grids." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 26, no. 3 (June 1, 1999): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l98-053.

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A flocculation study was completed by means of a vertically oscillating grid mixing device. Five types of single grids with different solidity ratios were vertically oscillated inside a 2 L jar to promote floc aggregation. Kaolin was used as the simulated turbid particles and alum was applied as the chemical coagulant. The method of measurement was completed based on the particle reduction represented by the settled water turbidity. It was found that low turbidity readings could be achieved at a wide range of average volume velocity gradient [Formula: see text], especially in the case of high solidity ratio types of grids. This indicates that the grid mixing had a stable performance and was not greatly affected by mixing variations in the vessel. The floc aggregation and erosion rate coefficient analysis showed that the grid mixing produced particle contacts with low break-up rate. A general relationship among [Formula: see text], flocculation performance parameters, and grid physical characteristics was found, indicating that the flocculation performance was easily controlled. This study has shown the potential of grids as a mixing device to produce an excellent mixing environment for floc aggregation.Key words: flocculation, grid, solidity ratio, kaolin, alum, [Formula: see text], turbidity.

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Kim, Mi-na, Jun-sin Yi, Chung-Yuen Won, and Jung-Hyo Lee. "Methods to Improve Dynamic System Response of Power Compensators Using Supercapacitors in Low-Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) Conditions." Electronics 11, no. 7 (April 5, 2022): 1144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11071144.

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In this paper, a power compensator using supercapacitors in parallel to protect grid-connected devices connected to the distributed power supply in the case of a low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) situation in designed, and a grid-connected device control method with improved responsiveness is proposed. In the LVRT situation, the distributed generation power may boost the DC_link voltage, increasing the risk of destroying grid-connected devices. To prevent this, the power compensator designed in this study absorbs active power in a fault situation and stores it in the supercapacitor to suppress the DC_link voltage rise and efficiently use the power. In addition, we propose methods to improve the response of the grid reactive power through the reactive power compensation of the power compensator in LVRT situation. To this end, the power angle (θPW) was extracted through the formula, and the reactive power command, to be compensated by the power compensator, and the reactive power command, compensated by the grid-connected devices, were calculated according to the active power value. In this way, the grid power controlled by the power compensation device and the grid-connected devices was controlled by the active/reactive power of the same power angle and analyzed mathematically. Active power control and static grid support were performed in the normal state where the reduction rate of the normal value of the grid voltage was around 10%. However, when the grid voltage dropped by 10% to 100%, the reactive power control was appropriately performed with dynamic grid support by increasing the voltage from 10% to 20% or more. We conducted a simulation of the new and renewable energy grid-connected devices using the OPAL-RT-based Hardware-in-the Loop Simulation (HILS) system to control the proposed active/reactive power.

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Cheng, Nan, Ning Lu, Ning Zhang, Tingting Yang, Xuemin Shen, and Jon W. Mark. "Vehicle-assisted device-to-device data delivery for smart grid." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 65, no. 4 (April 2016): 2325–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2015.2415512.

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Wu, Zhongchao. "Research on the influence of distributed generation and its grid connection on power system." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2260, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2260/1/012057.

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Abstract China’s per capita resources are scarce and consumed very quickly. New energy power generation has the characteristics of green, environmental protection and renewable, and it is the main development direction of the current and future power industry. With the continuous expansion of new energy power generation and grid-connected scale, various adverse effects brought to the power grid in the process of grid-connected are gradually emerging and becoming more and more serious.This paper briefly introduces the distributed power generation, and then studies and analyzes various problems brought by the grid connection of new energy to the power system from the four aspects of grid voltage, grid harmonics, grid frequency, and grid protection, and gives some solutions. For example, if the power generation equipment meets the grid-connection standard, a real-time monitoring device for power quality and a dynamic reactive power compensation device can be installed; for harmonic pollution problems, multi-pulse converters and power filter devices can be used; for power quality problems in the distribution network, the structure of the power grid can be optimized., Reasonable selection of the impedance ratio of the circuit, etc.

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S.K. Kesri and P. Kumar. "INTERCONNECTED DC MICROGRID FOR EFFICIENT USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ENGINEERING AND APPLIED TECHNOLOGY (IJEAT) 2, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.52005/ijeat.v2i2.27.

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The use of a dc micro-grid with the interconnection of the main ac power supply, which is provided from renewable energy sources such as the sun, wind, and other sources, was investigated in this article. Micro-grids will play a significant role in the future development of the energy sector, but the generation phase may differ. In this article, we show that when we use green energy sources for dc applications such as smartphone chargers, laptop chargers, and LEDs, the performance of the dc micro-grid device improves by up to 40%. This is due to the reduction of ac to dc and back to ac, which results in excessive power conversion losses in the current system. The PIC16F73 microcontroller is used to power the micro-grid device and solar tracker, increasing the model's performance. When this sort of device is attached to a specific load, it uses more power during off-grid renewable generation, resulting in more pulse width modulation (PWM) waveform generation, demonstrating the system's failure compared to renewable energy sources.

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Goudarzi, Arman, Farzad Ghayoor, Muhammad Waseem, Shah Fahad, and Issa Traore. "A Survey on IoT-Enabled Smart Grids: Emerging, Applications, Challenges, and Outlook." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 23, 2022): 6984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15196984.

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Swift population growth and rising demand for energy in the 21st century have resulted in considerable efforts to make the electrical grid more intelligent and responsive to accommodate consumers’ needs better while enhancing the reliability and efficiency of modern power systems. Internet of Things (IoT) has appeared as one of the enabling technologies for smart energy grids by delivering abundant cutting-edge solutions in various domains, including critical infrastructures. As IoT-enabled devices continue to flourish, one of the major challenges is security issues, since IoT devices are connected through the Internet, thus making the smart grids vulnerable to a diverse range of cyberattacks. Given the possible cascading consequences of shutting down a power system, a cyberattack on a smart grid would have disastrous implications for the stability of all grid-connected infrastructures. Most of the gadgets in our homes, workplaces, hospitals, and on trains require electricity to run. Therefore, the entire grid is subject to cyberattacks when a single device is hacked. Such attacks on power supplies may bring entire cities to a standstill, resulting in massive economic losses. As a result, security is an important element to address before the large-scale deployment of IoT-based devices in energy systems. In this report, first, we review the architecture and infrastructure of IoT-enabled smart grids; then, we focus on major challenges and security issues regarding their implementation. Lastly, as the main outcome of this study, we highlight the advanced solutions and technologies that can help IoT-enabled smart grids be more resilient and secure in overcoming existing cyber and physical attacks. In this regard, in the future, the broad implementation of cutting-edge secure and data transmission systems based on blockchain techniques is necessary to safeguard the entire electrical grid against cyber-physical adversaries.

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Zhang, Meng, Baikui Li, Mengyuan Hua, and Jin Wei. "Investigation of Electrical Contacts to p-Grid in SiC Power Devices Based on Charge Storage Effect and Dynamic Degradation." Electronics 9, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101723.

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P-grid is a typical feature in power devices to block high off-state voltage. In power devices, the p-grid is routinely coupled to an external electrode with an Ohmic contact, but Schottky contact to the p-grid is also proposed/adopted for certain purposes. This work investigates the role of contact to p-grid in power devices based on the commonly adopted technology computer-aided design (TCAD) device simulations, with the silicon carbide (SiC) junction barrier Schottky (JBS) diode as a case study. The static characteristics of the JBS diode is independent of the nature of the contact to p-grid, including the forward voltage drop (VF) and the breakdown voltage (BV). However, during the switching process, a Schottky contact would cause storage of negative charges in the p-grid, which leads to an increased VF during switching operation. On the contrary, an Ohmic contact provides an effective discharging path for the stored negative charges in the p-grid, which eliminates the dynamic degradation issues. Therefore, the necessity of an Ohmic contact to p-grid in power devices is clarified.

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Wang, Lin Yuan. "The Application Research of Current Protection Device in Low-Voltage Rural Grid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 3675–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.3675.

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Current protective device against direct and indirect electric shock as well as effective protection against electrical fires has been widely used in the rural power grid, but there is also a more prominent issue. Residual current protection device in use often appearing malfunction, tripping phenomenon has seriously affected the security and stability and reliability of power supply and low voltage distribution systems. In this paper, it should be from a low-voltage distribution systems and wiring protection devices, power grid maintenance operation, standardized management products, technical training and promotion of social workers and other aspects of a comprehensive solution to this problem; and presented on the remaining current protection device applications, some of the views.

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Cao, Yang, Tao Jiang, Miao He, and Junshan Zhang. "Device-to-Device Communications for Energy Management: A Smart Grid Case." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 34, no. 1 (January 2016): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2015.2452471.

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Li, Chong Zhan, Gao Ming Liu, Wei Song, and Xiao Bo Wang. "Study on Setting Calculation Data Center Based on Model Splicing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 373-375 (August 2013): 1397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.373-375.1397.

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This paper splices power grids detailed model of all dispatching areas to form the whole power grids detailed model through power grid model splicing technology based on common information model (CIM). This paper introduces the solution to managing the equivalent model, partitioning the splicing boundary, disposing the device on the border etc. Specific to setting calculation based on the whole power grid, some splicing solutions are also proposed concerning calculation rate and problems demanding large internal storage.

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Huang, Haichao, Zhouzhenyan Hong, Huiming Zhou, Jiaxian Wu, and Ning Jin. "Knowledge Graph Construction and Application of Power Grid Equipment." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (October 9, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8269082.

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Recent development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology enquires the traditional power grid system involving additional information and connectivity of all devices for the smooth transit to the next generation of smart grid system. In an AI-enhanced power grid system, each device has its unique name, function, property, location, and many more. A large number of power grid devices can form a complex power grid knowledge graph through serial and parallel connection relationships. The scale of power grid equipment is usually extremely large, with thousands and millions of power devices. Finding the proper way of understanding and operating these devices is difficult. Furthermore, the collection, analysis, and management of power grid equipment become major problems in power grid management. With the development of AI technology, the combination of labeling technology and knowledge graph technology provides a new solution understanding the internal structure of a power grid. As a result, this study focuses on knowledge graph construction techniques for large scale power grid located in China. A semiautomatic knowledge graph construction technology is proposed and applied to the power grid equipment system. Through a series of experimental simulations, we show that the efficiency of daily operations, maintenance, and management of the power grid can be largely improved.

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Tan, Yong Zi, and John L. Rubinstein. "Through-grid wicking enables high-speed cryoEM specimen preparation." Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology 76, no. 11 (October 13, 2020): 1092–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2059798320012474.

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Blotting times for conventional cryoEM specimen preparation complicate time-resolved studies and lead to some specimens adopting preferred orientations or denaturing at the air–water interface. Here, it is shown that solution sprayed onto one side of a holey cryoEM grid can be wicked through the grid by a glass-fiber filter held against the opposite side, often called the `back', of the grid, producing a film suitable for vitrification. This process can be completed in tens of milliseconds. Ultrasonic specimen application and through-grid wicking were combined in a high-speed specimen-preparation device that was named `Back-it-up' or BIU. The high liquid-absorption capacity of the glass fiber compared with self-wicking grids makes the method relatively insensitive to the amount of sample applied. Consequently, through-grid wicking produces large areas of ice that are suitable for cryoEM for both soluble and detergent-solubilized protein complexes. The speed of the device increases the number of views for a specimen that suffers from preferred orientations.

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Coughran, W. M., M. R. Pinto, and R. K. Smith. "Adaptive grid generation for VSLI device simulation." IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 10, no. 10 (1991): 1259–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/43.88922.

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Bai, Xue Feng, Shi Qiu, and Pei Li. "Photovoltaic Grid-Connected Generation Gnalog Device Gesign." Applied Mechanics and Materials 577 (July 2014): 494–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.577.494.

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With the reduction of non-renewable energy resources, energy conservation and development of new energy has become an important strategic plan around the world. Photovoltaic technology is also developing rapidly with more and more applications of solar energy. The project designed a set of solar photovoltaic grid-connected power generation analog devices. In this paper, the maximum power point tracking, DC-AC inverter technology, SPWM control technology related to single-phase grid-connected PV system have been studied, a comprehensive theoretical has been analyzed and to develop the relevant control scheme and design a set of simulator based on MSP430F169 microcontroller. The experimental results have met the target and achieved the desired effect.

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Castro, Lorena, Maximiliano Bueno-López, and Juan Mora-Flórez. "Fuzzy Mathematics-Based Outer-Loop Control Method for Converter-Connected Distributed Generation and Storage Devices in Micro-Grids." Computation 9, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation9120134.

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The modern changes in electric systems present new issues for control strategies. When power converters and distributed energy resources are included in the micro-grid, its model is more complex than the simplified representations used, sometimes losing essential data. This paper proposes a unified fuzzy mathematics-based control method applied to the outer loop of a voltage source converter (VSC) in both grid-connected and islanded modes to avoid using simplified models in complex micro-grids and handle the uncertain and non-stationary behaviour of nonlinear systems. The proposed control method is straightforwardly designed without simplifying the controlled system. This paper explains the design of a fuzzy mathematics-based control method applied to the outer-loop of a VSC, a crucial device for integrating renewable sources and storage devices in a micro-grid. Simulation results validated the novel control strategy, demonstrating its capabilities for real field applications.

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Yang, Yongheng, Huai Wang, and Frede Blaabjerg. "Reliability Assessment of Transformerless PV Inverters considering Mission Profiles." International Journal of Photoenergy 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/968269.

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Due to the small volume and high efficiency, transformerless inverters have gained much popularity in grid-connected PV applications, where minimizing leakage current injection is mandatory. This can be achieved by either modifying the modulation schemes or adding extra power switching devices, resulting in an uneven distribution of the power losses on the switching devices. Consequently, the device thermal loading is redistributed and thus may alter the entire inverter reliability performance, especially under a long-term operation. In this consideration, this paper assesses the device reliability of three transformerless inverters under a yearly mission profile (i.e., solar irradiance and ambient temperature). The mission profile is translated to device thermal loading, which is used for lifetime prediction. Comparison results reveal the lifetime mismatches among the power switching devices operating under the same condition, which offers new thoughts for a robust design and a reliable operation of grid-connected transformerless PV inverters with high efficiency.

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Kazymov, Ivan M., Boris S. Kompaneets, and Oleg N. Drobyazko. "Development of a device for control of electric energy parameters in the distribution network." Modern Transportation Systems and Technologies 7, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 106–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst202173106-119.

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Background: As of today, the actual problem in the power sector is to create a device for the collection and transmission of information in networks of different voltage levels. Aim: The research presented in the framework of this article is aimed at creating a universal device intended for use in electrical networks of low and medium voltage in order to collect and transmit information about the parameters of electrical energy at the place of installation of the device. Methods: The study was performed with the use of computer modeling techniques developed electronic devices. Results: A functional diagram of the developed device is given, options for its connection to the network for various conditions and requirements are indicated, and recommendations for use are given. Conclusion: The obtained results can be used by power grid companies and industrial enterprises to analyze the condition and efficiency of power grids.

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Hauser, Janosch, Gustaf Kylberg, Mathieu Colomb-Delsuc, Göran Stemme, Ida-Maria Sintorn, and Niclas Roxhed. "A microfluidic device for TEM sample preparation." Lab on a Chip 20, no. 22 (2020): 4186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0lc00724b.

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We present a capillary-driven microfluidic single-use device that prepares a TEM grid with minimal user interaction. The user only initiates the sample preparation process, waits for about one minute and then collects the TEM grid, ready for imaging.

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MOZAH, Michael E., Sergey V. SAMOYLENKOV, Andrey P. VAVILOV, Evgeny P. PROKHOROV, Andrey S. PUCHKOV, Andrey V. MAYOROV, Rustam L. BAYBEKOV, Oksana V. TOKAREVA, and Andrey V. ZHUKOV. "First Superconducting Fault Current Limiter in Russian Power Grid." Elektrichestvo 4, no. 4 (2021): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/0013-5380-2021-4-4-16.

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Superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) is an innovative method for reducing the level of short-circuit currents in high-voltage electrical networks. This reduces the number of points of separation of the electrical network in conditions of short-circuit current limitation and thereby increases the network capacity and reliability of power supply to consumers. At the same time, the development of such devices poses new challenges for power engineers related to the integration of this equipment into the existing power system. The article discusses the process of implementation and pilot operation of the SFCT 220 kV pilot project (produced by CJSC “SuperOx”) at the 220/20 kV “Mnevniki” high-voltage substation in Moscow. The project required an extensive set of scientific studies and tests to confirm the characteristics of new devices and the possibility of their use in Russian power systems, the use of digital modeling technologies to test the operability of relay protection devices, as well as the development of new methodological documents for calculating the short-circuit current and relay protection parameters. As a result of the work, SFCT was switched on at the 220/20 kV “Mnevniki” substation at the end of 2019. The subsequent operation of the SFCT in 2019-2020 fully confirmed the declared characteristics of the device and the correctness of the selected technical solutions. The article is devoted to the features of the process of integrating a new device into the existing power system, the main technical solutions, the results of testing and operation of the device, as well as possible prospects for the development of SFCT technology.

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S, Sandeep, Halashankar N. Patil, Arunkumar HS, Yathish S, and Prof Sandeep K V. "Review Paper on Energy Management for Home Automation Using AI." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 2050–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41059.

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Abstract: The smart energy management system was developed with the ability to record, store, and process power consumption data for all major home and industrial devices. Artificial intelligence technologies such as decision making and XG Boost have made advances in power electronics and energy engineering. These technologies provide powerful tools for designing, simulating, controlling, estimating, and fault diagnostic control of modern smart grids and renewable energy systems. AI technology has evolved rapidly over the past few decades, and its applications in modern industrial systems are growing rapidly. Power consumption data can be accessed from the web portal and handheld devices. Homeowners and industry companies can track power consumption by appliance, device, facility, or device. This allows you to better adjust your power consumption. Using the weather forecast, the system decides to switch between photovoltaics or grids using a machine learning concept-based deterministic algorithm. Keywords: Control of smart grid, Energy management system, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Decision making

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Muhammad, Moiz, Holger Behrends, Stefan Geißendörfer, Karsten von Maydell, and Carsten Agert. "Power Hardware-in-the-Loop: Response of Power Components in Real-Time Grid Simulation Environment." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030593.

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With increasing changes in the contemporary energy system, it becomes essential to test the autonomous control strategies for distributed energy resources in a controlled environment to investigate power grid stability. Power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) concept is an efficient approach for such evaluations in which a virtually simulated power grid is interfaced to a real hardware device. This strongly coupled software-hardware system introduces obstacles that need attention for smooth operation of the laboratory setup to validate robust control algorithms for decentralized grids. This paper presents a novel methodology and its implementation to develop a test-bench for a real-time PHIL simulation of a typical power distribution grid to study the dynamic behavior of the real power components in connection with the simulated grid. The application of hybrid simulation in a single software environment is realized to model the power grid which obviates the need to simulate the complete grid with a lower discretized sample-time. As an outcome, an environment is established interconnecting the virtual model to the real-world devices. The inaccuracies linked to the power components are examined at length and consequently a suitable compensation strategy is devised to improve the performance of the hardware under test (HUT). Finally, the compensation strategy is also validated through a simulation scenario.

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Zhao, Ying, Jin Shan Ji, and Nai Cheng Du. "The Filtering Device under Improved Direct Current Control." Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (November 2012): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.433.

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This paper mainly describes the mechanism and elimination method of harmonic in low-voltage power grid. Improve direct current control method in the traditional filter method,filtering the harmonic and timely compensating reactive power in the grid. On this condition, it can make the power grid safe and stability. At the same time simulate the improved direct current control method, and the results verify the correctness and rationality of the control method.

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Qi, Bing, Hong Wei Xie, Li Kun Zhang, Li Li Wang, and Song Song Chen. "Mechanical Analysis of the Energy Cycling Control for Further Smart Grid." Advanced Materials Research 804 (September 2013): 378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.804.378.

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Power electronic devices always consume a lot of energy, and this energy is then converted into heat, so that the device temperature rises. It will not only affect the device performance in full cycling, but also may result in damage, if the problem of heat dissipation can not be solved. In this paper, we propose an energy cycle approach that can provide a full utilization of the reused energy from the expansion tank to distributed pump. The Power distribution analysis of the controlling cabinet is presented together with the component in power cabinet. With the capacity of power electronic devices and power levels increasing rapidly, the thermal performance of the cooling system can be improved and higher requirements can be obtained.

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Le Ngoc, Giang. "Design and control of a single-phase voltage compensator based on an AC Chopper." Ingeniería Solidaria 17, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/2357-6014.2021.01.01.

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Introduction: This paper is the result of the research “Design and control of single phase voltage compensator based on AC Chopper” developed in the AD-AF Academy of Viet Nam in 2019. Problem: This article develops power electronic devices based on AC chopper and provides solution for the voltage sag which is long-lasting and deep amplitude of fading at rural power grid. Objective: Improve the quality of the electricity system in rural Vietnam. Methodology: With the improvement of power system, power quality has become the major concern of user and grid companies. The Voltage sag has turned into the research priority because of the most frequently happening and great economic loss. Based on the rounded analysis of traditional voltage compensation devices, this article develops power electronic devices based on AC chopper and provides solution for the voltage sag which is long-lasting and deep amplitude of fading at rural power grid. Results: On the one hand, it reduces the cost and space of the device. On the other hand, it solves the short compensation time of UPS and DVR. Conclusion: The trial operation proves that this single-phase low-voltage compensation device has obvious compensation effect for most resistive loads and some inductive loads, less harmonic content, long continuous compensation time and stable performance. Originality: This compensation device integrates the advantages of UPS and DVR, and also solves their shortcomings and deficiencies. Limitations: The authors need to spend more time to the development and design three-phase low-voltage compensation device.

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Ma, You Jie, Cheng Liao, and Xue Song Zhou. "Research of Photovoltaic Grid System Voltage Stability Based on the Bifurcation Theory." Advanced Materials Research 413 (December 2011): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.413.79.

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In grid-connected photovoltaic system, the inverter, grid device, power electronic devices etc. They consume a large quantity of reactive power; mostly in distribution system, a perceptual load must also consume reactive power, these makes big interference interconnection of photovoltaic system after serious test the voltage stability. Therefore, carry on research of voltage stability in grid-connected photovoltaic system has important significance. With the voltage stability, voltage quality, analysis the possible influence of photovoltaic grid power system on power grid in safe and stable operation. Discuss probable bifurcation behavior in photovoltaic grid system. Introduce the basic concept of bifurcation, and then review the application of bifurcation theory in research of voltage stability from two aspects: static bifurcation and dynamic bifurcation. Finally take a look at bifurcation theory research of photovoltaic grid system voltage stability.

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Kalinin, Lev, Dmitrii Zaitsev, Mihai Tirsu, Irina Golub, and Danila Kaloshin. "ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS OF PHASE REGULATING DEVICE BASED ON “STAR” CIRCUIT." Journal of Engineering Science 28, no. 3 (September 2021): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.52326/jes.utm.2021.28(3).05.

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The electric power industry development mean increases the electric grids flexibility through the use of various devices type (FACTS) controlled by means of power electronics and being an element of the Smart Grid. This type of device includes a phaseshifting transformer (PST), which redistributes power flows in the branches of electrical networks. In connection with the relevance of this topic, new technical solutions appear that implement similar functions, which entails the need for a comparative analysis of such developments in order to optimize the energy characteristics of this kind of equipment. The aim of the work is to develop schematic version of the PST made according to the "star" scheme and analyze its operation in typical modes. During the study, the energy characteristics of the device were determined. The possibility of reducing the typical power of the phase-shifting device due to the use of capacitive compensation is analyzed.

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Sobolev, M. O., B. F. Tarasenko, L. F. Mechkalo, S. A. Voynash, and V. A. Sokolova. "Threshing and separating device." Traktory i sel'hozmashiny 1, no. 2 (2021): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0321-4443-2021-2-61-67.

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The article presents a brief analysis of the technology of harvesting grain crops and technical means, from which it follows that one-section threshing-separating decks structurally look as fol-lows. The “sockets” for their installation in the combine are fixed on the side cheeks, which, in turn, are rigidly connected to the transverse strips, installed between them at a uniform interval along the entire length of the deck, and the transverse strips with their inner side are located on a cylindrical surface with a certain drum wrap angle. At the same time, to increase the rigidity of the transverse strips and the entire deck as a whole, below the surface of the bar tier, the transverse strips are inter-connected by rectangular ribs curved along a concentric circle of a larger radius than the radius of the working surface of the separating grid. All decks are installed on the combine with respect to the outer diameter of the drum beaters, not along a concentric circle, but with an offset. Therefore, the principal disadvantages of single-drum single-section decks are the high levels of under-threshing, loss of free grain in the coarse heap through straw walkers, and especially crushing. In this connec-tion, there is a need for its improvement, as well as the need to modernize the threshing-separating device with an improvement in the operation of the air-sieve cleaning. On the basis of prospecting studies, a single-section threshing deck protected by the RF patent was proposed. The deck consists of at least three zones. In the first zone of threshing and separation the separating grid is made two-tier, with a variable distance between the tiers by means of a variant installation under the main tier of removable bars of the grid, located on the transverse slats with a step t larger on radii than those of the main tier, passing in the middle of the step bars of the main upper tier with intervals from 0.75 to 1.25t. In the second zone of separation and threshing the separating grid with a length of 5 to 12 intervals between the transverse strips is single-tier, but the step between the grid bars located on the continuation of the tier of the first zone on the transverse strips of the zone is at least 1.5t of the step. In the third zone of final threshing and separation with a length of no more than 6 intervals between the transverse slats, a single-tier grating is a continuation of the upper tier of the first zone with a bar pitch from 0.5 to 1.5t of the first zone pitch. This solution has practical significance and perspective for implementation by installing them on self-propelled grain harvesters.

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Chen, Weikun, Nianpeng Wu, Zitao Gong, Qiang Shi, and Bei He. "Construction Technology of Tower Erection with Mobile Crane Adopting the Relaying Auxiliary Device." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 3, no. 2 (October 28, 2022): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v3i2.2173.

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The use of cranes to complete the tower assembly in the plain and hilly areas has been widely used in the construction of the tower assembly. But its construction safety hazards are obvious. Tower erection by using crane based on docking device is an advanced construction technology in the field of power grid construction at home and abroad. It has the advantages of high construction efficiency and good safety. This construction technology has certain requirements on construction technology, supporting docking auxiliary devices, and crane operator skills. In this paper, the design and feasibility of the docking device and construction technology are discussed in combination with the tower erection construction of Qinglong-Liangzhuang 220kV line project. Successful application through engineering shows: The docking device is safe and reliable, and the construction process is reasonable and feasible. This experience provided reference for the erection of other types of transmission towers using crane based on docking device in power grid construction.

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Rubinstein, John L., Hui Guo, Zev A. Ripstein, Ali Haydaroglu, Aaron Au, Christopher M. Yip, Justin M. Di Trani, Samir Benlekbir, and Timothy Kwok. "Shake-it-off: a simple ultrasonic cryo-EM specimen-preparation device." Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology 75, no. 12 (November 22, 2019): 1063–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2059798319014372.

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Although microscopes and image-analysis software for electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) have improved dramatically in recent years, specimen-preparation methods have lagged behind. Most strategies still rely on blotting microscope grids with paper to produce a thin film of solution suitable for vitrification. This approach loses more than 99.9% of the applied sample and requires several seconds, leading to problematic air–water interface interactions for macromolecules in the resulting thin film of solution and complicating time-resolved studies. Recently developed self-wicking EM grids allow the use of small volumes of sample, with nanowires on the grid bars removing excess solution to produce a thin film within tens of milliseconds from sample application to freezing. Here, a simple cryo-EM specimen-preparation device that uses components from an ultrasonic humidifier to transfer protein solution onto a self-wicking EM grid is presented. The device is controlled by a Raspberry Pi single-board computer and all components are either widely available or can be manufactured by online services, allowing the device to be constructed in laboratories that specialize in cryo-EM rather than instrument design. The simple open-source design permits the straightforward customization of the instrument for specialized experiments.

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Wang, Wen Long, Ning Ning Huo, and Xue Lian Li. "Intelligent Research about Automate Substation Primary Equipment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 727-728 (January 2015): 733–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.727-728.733.

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With the acceleration of smart grid construction, intelligent become the development direction of the automatic substation, primary equipment is an important part of intelligent smart grid, running for safe and reliable operation of the substation automation is significant. This article briefly describes a device in the form of intelligence, once analyzed the working principle of intelligent devices and describes the intelligent transformers, circuit breakers and other primary equipment implementation.

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GHASEMI, M., M. HABIBI, and R. AMROLLAHI. "Prediction of potential well structure formed in spherical inertial electrostatic confinement fusion devices with various parameters." Journal of Plasma Physics 79, no. 3 (November 26, 2012): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002237781200092x.

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AbstractIn this paper, the theoretical analysis regarding potential structure on the inertial electrostatic confinement fusion devices has been carried out. Negatively biased grid as cathode placed at the center of the device surrounded by anode is assumed. The device is an ion-injection system and electrons may be emitted from the surface of the cathode. So the existence of both ion and electron currents inside the cathode is considered. Dependence of radial potential well structure on some important parameters as the spreads in the normalized total and angular electron and ion energies, the ratio of ion circulating current to electron circulating current, ion perveance, and grid transparency are investigated by solving Poisson equation.

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Kaintura, Arun, Kyle Foss, Odysseas Zografos, Ivo Couckuyt, Adrien Vaysset, Tom Dhaene, and Bart Sorée. "Fast Characterization of Input-Output Behavior of Non-Charge-Based Logic Devices by Machine Learning." Electronics 9, no. 9 (August 26, 2020): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091381.

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Non-charge-based logic devices are promising candidates for the replacement of conventional complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS) devices. These devices utilize magnetic properties to store or process information making them power efficient. Traditionally, to fully characterize the input-output behavior of these devices a large number of micromagnetic simulations are required, which makes the process computationally expensive. Machine learning techniques have been shown to dramatically decrease the computational requirements of many complex problems. We use state-of-the-art data-efficient machine learning techniques to expedite the characterization of their behavior. Several intelligent sampling strategies are combined with machine learning (binary and multi-class) classification models. These techniques are applied to a magnetic logic device that utilizes direct exchange interaction between two distinct regions containing a bistable canted magnetization configuration. Three classifiers were developed with various adaptive sampling techniques in order to capture the input-output behavior of this device. By adopting an adaptive sampling strategy, it is shown that prediction accuracy can approach that of full grid sampling while using only a small training set of micromagnetic simulations. Comparing model predictions to a grid-based approach on two separate cases, the best performing machine learning model accurately predicts 99.92% of the dense test grid while utilizing only 2.36% of the training data respectively.

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Zhang, Lei, Jun Liu, Yan Song Li, Zhan Sheng Wang, and Chun Xiao Li. "A Survey on Solutions Dealing with Power Shaking in Distribution Network." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 2538–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.2538.

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This paper reviewed the solutions to power shaking in distribution network from both grid side and device side. Among them, the grid-side solutions include reinforcing inspections, lighting protection and conducting accident statistics with electricity sectors. Solutions in device side are improving the ability of anti-power shaking of device itself, using dual power supply, application of UPS for important device, equipping fast switching device, application of voltage compensation device, and motor restarting after power shaking. The last part is the summary coping with power shaking in distribution network.

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Ju, Heung-Jin, Bong-Seok Kim, Hui-Dong Hwang, Jeong-Ho Park, Seung-Kil Choi, and Kwang-Cheol Ko. "Effect of Double Grid Cathode in IEC Device." Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers 23, no. 9 (September 1, 2010): 724–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4313/jkem.2010.23.9.724.

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Sergan, T., J. Kelly, M. Lavrentovich, E. Gardner, and D. Hansen. "LIQUID CRYSTALLINE DEVICE WITH REFLECTIVE WIRE GRID POLARIZER." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 413, no. 1 (January 2004): 537–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421400490439248.

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SHINJI, Takao, Tetsuo YAMAKAMI, Akito MORIYAMA, Atushi AKISAWA, Takao KASHIWAGI, Goro FUJITA, and Masayoshi MATSUBARA. "Evaluation of Micro Grid including Power Storage Device." Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy 88, no. 3 (2009): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3775/jie.88.199.

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Filippini, D., J. Gunnarsson, and I. Lundström. "Chemical image generation with a grid-gate device." Journal of Applied Physics 96, no. 12 (December 15, 2004): 7583–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1811392.

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Ma, Wei, Yu Hui Zhang, Zong Ze Xia, Cheng Ma, Yan Liu, Ya Dong Si, Peng Fei Cheng, Feng Wei Sun, Li Shuai He, and Chen Yang Liu. "Remote Calibration System in Metering Device." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 2535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.2535.

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With the continuous expansion of the grid size, the number of checkpoints metering device is also increased workload and difficulty inspectors also increasing, to carry out verification and monitoring of remote metering devices mark significant. Discusses the remote calibration and monitoring system principle, function and application metering device at checkpoints, and also describes the configuration and functions of the system back-office support software, scientifically demonstrated the remote meter error, PT secondary circuit drop, CT and secondary circuit admittance verification and monitoring of significance.

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Suo, Na, and Lina Guo. "Research on thermal design control and optimization of relay protection and automation equipment." Thermal Science 24, no. 5 Part B (2020): 3119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci191106086s.

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Relay protection devices and power automation systems are an important product in the power equipment manufacturing industry. They are customarily divided into secondary equipment for the transmission and distribution industry, and are responsible for protecting and controlling the primary equipment of the power grid and measuring the load of the power grid system. Thermal design is a major research topic for the reliability study of relay protection devices. The paper introduces the thermal design process of the relay protection device processing equipment, from the single-chip, module level, etc. to construct and isolate the airway facilities, and uses the FLOTHERM software to simulate the relay protection device model. Thermal simulation can guide the structural design, optimize the structure, make the single-machine structure more reasonable, and the heat dissipation more effective, improving the reliability of the single machine.

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Wen, Feng. "Solar Photovoltaic Grid-Connected Key Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 2028–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.2028.

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In order to solve the problem of solar energy photovoltaic grid technology, a kind of photovoltaic grid-connected simulation device based on FPGA was designed. It consists of FPGA, auxiliary fly-back switch power, full-bridge DC/AC converter, LC filter and some protecting circuit etc. The device has high speed of MPPT adjustment and tracking of frequency and phase, with frequency ranging from 30Hz to 55Hz, deviation is below 0.4%, stability is above 99.6%, converting efficiency is up to about 80%.

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Bozzola, John J. "A Sampling Device For Acquisition of Negatively Stained Clinical Specimens." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 43 (August 1985): 464–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100119144.

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Transmission electron microscopists have used the negative staining technique for the rapid identification of viral particles in clinical samples for nearly forty years. Occasionally, it was the only laboratory procedure available until appropriate cultural or serological procedures were developed for the particular virus.Specimens for negative staining may be classified as either directly collected fluids (urine, vesicle fluid, serum, cerebral spinal fluid, tears, nasal secretions, washings from various lesions or body sites), or suspensions in physiologically balanced solutions (suspensions of disrupted cells or semisolid materials as excreta or pus). The technique for specimen preparation usually consists of depositing the fluid specimen onto a coated grid followed by the application of a drop of stain. It is also possible to mix the fluid with stain prior to deposition on the grid. Most often specimens must be collected and transported some distance over variable periods of time in order to perform the procedure. In the laboratory, trained technicians process the specimens and carefully manipulate the fragile coated grids using jeweler's forceps that often become contaminated with infectious material.

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Lohmeier, Daniel, Dennis Cronbach, Simon Ruben Drauz, Martin Braun, and Tanja Manuela Kneiske. "Pandapipes: An Open-Source Piping Grid Calculation Package for Multi-Energy Grid Simulations." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 26, 2020): 9899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239899.

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The increasing complexity of the design and operation evaluation process of multi-energy grids (MEGs) requires tools for the coupled simulation of power, gas and district heating grids. In this work, we analyze a number of applicable tools and find that most of them do not allow coupling of infrastructures, oversimplify the grid model or are based on inaccessible source code. We introduce the open source piping grid simulation tool pandapipes that—in interaction with pandapower—addresses three crucial criteria: clear data structure, adaptable MEG model setup and performance. In an introduction to pandapipes, we illustrate how it fulfills these criteria through its internal structure and demonstrate how it performs in comparison to STANET®. Then, we show two case studies that have been performed with pandapipes already. The first case study demonstrates a peak shaving strategy as an interaction of a local electricity and district heating grid in a small neighborhood. The second case study analyzes the potential of a power-to-gas device to provide flexibility in a power grid while considering gas grid constraints. These cases show the importance of performing coupled simulations for the design and analysis of future energy infrastructures, as well as why the software should fulfill the three criteria.

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Luo, Can, Shuaihao Lei, Chuan Wang, Li Cheng, Chenzhi Xia, Di Zhang, and Qiang Guo. "Investigation of Complex Characteristics of Waterjet Propulsion Device with Intake Grid." Shock and Vibration 2021 (October 23, 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6688635.

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The intake grid is always installed technically to protect the impeller at the entrance of the waterjet propulsion device’s inlet duct affecting its performance. Therefore, this study discussed the complex features of the circular, rectangular, and streamlined intake grid. Consistent geometry size of the intake grid mentioned above is to be maintained to guarantee the identical flow capacity at the entrance of inlet duct. Using experimental and simulated method, the outcomes are drawn as below. Rather than the circular and rectangular intake grid, the streamlined intake grid can improve the hydraulic performance of the waterjet propulsion device. The numerical method is proved to be correct as the consistence of the hydraulic characteristic between the test and simulated results. The causes of hydraulic loss in the contraction segment and straight pipe segment are the intake grid and the inflow velocity, respectively; meanwhile, the loss in the belt pipe segment owes to the vortex, flow separation, and impact on the back. The intake grid has a positive effect on the depth of the inlet velocity profile, but a negative effect on the width of it. The intake grid installation results in thrust reduction, the progress of velocity-weighted average angle, and the regress of axial velocity uniformity. The performance of waterjet propulsion device is complex and evaluated by the hydraulic performance index (HPI), thrust performance index (TPI), and characteristic of flow pattern index (CFPI). Based on the three evaluation indexes, the streamlined scheme is raised to be the recommended scheme.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Device to grid'

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