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1
Willoughby, Kim A., Jeff S. Uhlmeyer, Joe P. Mahoney, Keith W. Anderson, and Linda M. Pierce. "Construction-Related Variability in Pavement Mat Density due to Temperature Differentials." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1849, no. 1 (January 2003): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1849-18.
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The work reported on is an extension of work done in Washington State to examine the systematic occurrence and variability in pavement mat density. The focus will be on the extent of the pavement that is affected by variable density due to temperature differentials and the fact that randomly based testing does not identify the occurrence of cyclic density differentials. Temperature differentials 14°C (25°F) or greater generally cannot be compacted to the same level of density as the surrounding mat and therefore lead to significant density differentials (increase in air voids of 2% or more). A cyclic pattern typically occurs, matching each delivered truckload of mix, although temperature differentials can occur randomly or not at all, depending on the remixing device. The largest extent of pavement is affected when no remixing occurs and temperature differentials develop for every truckload of hot mix. These temperature differentials can cover the entire width and affect up to 50% of the mat. If the delivered hot mix is thoroughly remixed before placement, temperature differentials are minimal. Although density will vary in any paving operation, it was found that a uniform temperature mat greatly increases the ability to achieve a uniform density. Because of this cyclic pattern of variable density, random sampling for in-place density does not properly identify or quantify this problem. It is recommended that temperature differential areas be determined during construction and excluded from the random sampling used for acceptance testing. The issue of variable densities due to temperature differences or aggregate segregation should be identified and eliminated at the start of the project.
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Giridharan, Guruprasad A., Michael A. Sobieski, Mickey Ising, Mark S. Slaughter, and Steven C. Koenig. "Blood Trauma Testing For Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices." Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology 45, no. 4 (July 1, 2011): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2345/0899-8205-45.4.334.
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Abstract Preclinical hemolysis testing is a critical requirement toward demonstrating device safety for U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 510(k) approval of mechanical circulatory support devices (MCSD). FDA and ASTM (formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials) have published guidelines to assist industry with developing study protocols. However, there can be significant variability in experimental procedures, study design, and reporting of data that makes comparison of test and predicate devices a challenge. To overcome these limitations, we present a hemolysis testing protocol developed to enable standardization of hemolysis testing while adhering to FDA and ASTM guidelines. Static mock flow loops primed with fresh bovine blood (600 mL, Hematocrit = 27±5%, heparin titrated for ACT >300 sec) from a single-source donor were created as a platform for investigating test and predicate devices. MCSD differential pressure and temperature were maintained at 80 mmHg and 25°±2° C. Blood samples (3 ml) were collected at 0, 5, 90, 180, 270, 360 minutes to measure CBC and plasma free hemoglobin. This protocol led to 510(k) approval of two adult MCSD and has been used to test novel cannulae and a pediatric MCSD. Standardization of hemolysis testing procedures and transparency of results may enable better blood trauma characterization of MCS devices to facilitate the FDA 510(k) and PMA submission processes and improve clinical outcomes.
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Wang, Zhe, Yuan-hua Yu, Zhan-jiang Yu, and Qi-meng Chen. "Blood coagulation dynamic testing sensor based on electromagnetic vibration." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 233, no. 6 (April 12, 2019): 611–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411919837308.
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Rapid detection techniques and methods of blood coagulation have attracted wide attention in academia and the business community in the presence of the increased demands for rapid assessment (point-of-care testing) of patients from surgery, intensive care unit, and other departments. The differential equation of vibration system composed of elastic support and electromagnetic induction devices was set up using the principle of damping vibration and establishing the dynamics model; meanwhile, the harmonic response analysis and vibration fatigue coupling analysis were carried out, the analysis results were optimized, and the experimental device of the electromagnetic induction testing sensor was established. In addition, the experimental device with blood coagulation reagent was assorted to establish the standard point-of-care testing rapid blood coagulation detection curve, and to compare the testing curve with that of the imported point-of-care testing blood coagulation instrument. The results showed that the first-order natural frequency of the designed sensor was 102.35 Hz, the correlation between the designed sensor and the imported equipment was 0.996, and the testing repeatability of the designed sensor could reach 0.002. Therefore, the designed blood coagulation testing sensor based on electromagnetic induction had the characteristics of favorable elasticity and anti-fatigue, which could meet the accuracy requirements of clinical detection. Taken together, this study could provide the core technology for developing the point-of-care testing instrument for blood coagulation dynamic testing.
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Li, Rui, Shu Yong Song, Hui Ping Zheng, Zhen Guo Ma, Hui Yong Li, and Tong Yu Zhang. "Design on Synchronize Debugging Device for Extra High Voltage Transmission Line Longitudinal Protection." Advanced Materials Research 805-806 (September 2013): 926–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.805-806.926.
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Because of time urgent before putting into operation and different place line protection equipment located, joint debugging for extra high voltage (EHV) transmission line is often not perfect although EHV transmission line is very important for modern grid. In joint debugging process, we tend to adopt static method to do fault simulation, that apply analogue to the device. To overcome the shortages of static fault simulation commonly used, which cannot accurately simulate fault characteristics in runtime, a synchronous joint debugging device is designed based on based on the analysis of the joint debugging process for line longitudinal protection. The device is a lightweight and low cost embedded system with the functions of communication and phase shift, and can offer analog signals to protection devices on both ends of the line. Based on the functions and characteristics of the synchronous joint debugging device, the joint debugging process with this device of optical fiber differential protection is analyzed. The functions of this synchronize testing device can meet the requirements, turning static to dynamic joint debugging.
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Pan, Xiaodong, Guanghui Wei, Xinfu Lu, Lisi Fan, and Xing Zhou. "Research on Wideband Differential-Mode Current Injection Testing Technique Based on Directional Coupling Device." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/143068.
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This paper presents a new kind of differential-mode current injection test method. The equal response voltage on the cable or the antenna port of the equipment under test (EUT) is regarded as equivalent principle for radiation and injection test. The injection and radiation response analysis model and the injection voltage source extrapolation model in high intensity radiated field are established. The conditions of using differential-mode current injection as a substitute for radiation are confirmed. On the basis of the theoretical analysis, the function and structure design scheme of the directional coupling device is proposed. The implementation techniques for the single differential-mode current injection method (SDMCI) and the double differential-mode current injection method (DDMCI) are discussed in detail. The typical nonlinear response interconnected systems are selected as the EUT. The test results verify the validity of the SDMCI and DDMCI test methods.
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Wang, Yu Jun, Li Jie Wang, Zhen Zhou, Yong Qing, and Jin Ying Yin. "Research of Detecting System on Aneroid Capsule of Height Control Module of Automatic Unlocking Device." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 3536–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.3536.
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Function detecting method on height control module of automatic unlocking device for parachute are explored, principle scheme and framework of the function detecting system for height control module are developed. Intelligent testing method for displacement of aneroid capsule that is the most important key component in the height control module of automatic unlocking device is put forwarded. Displacement sensor based on differential transformer is adopted to acquire the displacement information of the aneroid capsule. Sensor testing circuit and the signal processing circuit are designed. In order to make the high altitude simulation test of displacement variability of capsule stack, experimental chamber of pressure control and test based on SCM control technique is developed, furthermore, experimental data of pressure and displacement are analyzed and processed. It is shown that accuracy of displacement is lower than 0.05mm, and pressure resolution is controlled within 0.06hPa. The detecting system can be used for reliability test for height control module of Automatic Unlocking Device, and the testing and controlling methods above can be also applied for displacement and pressure measurement of other similar mechanical components.
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Yue, Mingming, Weimin Zhang, and Xin Jin. "Eddy current testing device for detecting pipeline defects based on the principle of differential excitation." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 60, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2018.60.6.306.
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Xie, Xinwu, Zhen Cheng, Youchun Xu, Ran Liu, Qi Li, and Jing Cheng. "A sheath-less electric impedance micro-flow cytometry device for rapid label-free cell classification and viability testing." Analytical Methods 9, no. 7 (2017): 1201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ay03326a.
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A sheath-less PDMS microfluidic IFC device with a simple structure was constructed, with a good performance in single-cell detection. The electrical conductance and susceptance were used to differentiate the beads/cells.
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Othman, Norazila, Mohd Zarhamdy Md. Zain, Iskandar Shah Ishak, Abdul Rahim Abu Bakar, Mastura Ab Wahid, and Maziah Mohamad. "A colour recognition device for the visually disabled people." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 17, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v17.i3.pp1322-1329.
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<p>Visually disabled people rely on the sense of touch and sense of hearing to help them recognise anything in their everyday life. Colours, however, is also important in giving information about things such as the colour of cash note (blue, green, red, orange and purple), the colour of spices (yellow turmeric, red chilli, green chilli) and colour of cloth. Without a sense of visual, they are not able to recognise colour and perceive the beauty of colour. This study was conducted to develop a colour recognizer for visually <strong><em></em></strong>disabled people<strong><em></em></strong>. Colour recogniser used the colour sensor to sense the colour, microcontroller to recognise the colour and notify the user using a speech generator and speaker. The device is powered by dry cell batteries and designed to be user-friendly, practical and portable. The testing is done to show that this device was able to sense and differentiate 12 primary colours in the RGB colour wheel and validated the accuracy of this devices.</p>
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Rediniotis, Othon K. "A Computer-Controlled Pressure Standard." Journal of Fluids Engineering 121, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2822006.
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The operating principles, as well as the technical aspects of the implementation of a new computer-controlled pressure standard are presented. The instrument can have dual use: either as a pressure source or as a pressure sensor. The device is intended mostly for use in problems where small differential pressures are of interest, i. e., 0–2.5 KPa and high accuracy is desired. Such a pressure range encompasses, for example, most of the pressure measurement applications in subsonic wind-tunnel testing. The device interfaces to a PC and is ideal for fully-automated pressure transducer calibration applications. The accuracy of the pressures produced or measured by the device is 0.08 percent F. S. (Full Scale).
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Sangwaranatee, N., T. Wongkampha, E. Kaseam, N. W. Sangwaranatee, and W. Mekhum. "Temperature Difference of Thermoelectric Module on PIC-Microcontroller." Advanced Materials Research 979 (June 2014): 417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.979.417.
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This research is the study of electric power generated by the temperature difference below 100 °C of thermoelectric effect (cooling devices), which gets power from direct current and the electromotive force from thermoelectric module. In this research, a testing kit was designed to collect the output of temperature difference on the thermoelectric device, and compared the level of electric power of various modules in 2 different circuits; series and parallel. The result of the study showed that the higher differential temperature increased the value of electricity generation. Also, the electrical connection of thermoelectric module had an effect on power generating. When using 2 modules for each circuit, the series circuit generated more power than the parallel circuit.
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Opreni, Andrea, Nicolò Boni, Roberto Carminati, and Attilio Frangi. "Analysis of the Nonlinear Response of Piezo-Micromirrors with the Harmonic Balance Method." Actuators 10, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10020021.
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In this work, we address the simulation and testing of MEMS micromirrors with hardening and softening behaviour excited with patches of piezoelectric materials. The forces exerted by the piezoelectric patches are modelled by means of the theory of ferroelectrics developed by Landau–Devonshire and are based on the experimentally measured polarisation hysteresis loops. The large rotations experienced by the mirrors also induce geometrical nonlinearities in the formulation up to cubic order. The solution of the proposed model is performed by discretising the device geometry using the Finite Element Method, and the resulting large system of coupled differential equations is solved by means of the Harmonic Balance Method. Numerical results were validated with experimental data collected on the devices.
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SUN, XIAO-NAN, AN-PING LIU, and XIAO-SONG SUN. "STRUCTURE SIZE'S EFFECT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE SPM PIEZOELECTRIC MICROCANTILEVER." Modern Physics Letters B 27, no. 22 (August 20, 2013): 1350164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984913501649.
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For the piezoelectric microcantilever, a device is designed for the IPC-208B type scanning probe microscope. We analyzed the structure size's effect on the piezoelectric cantilever device, and find that the deformation displacement of the cantilever tip depends mainly on the length, while the output voltage of piezoelectric layer depends on the aspect ratio of cantilever itself. We choose the device structure as the length and width dimensions of 200 μm × 40 μm, piezoelectric thickness of 2.0 μm, and electrode layer of 0.2 μm for the experimental analysis. We conclude that the device voltage sensitivity is 0.43 mV/nN, and tip displacement sensitivity up to 4.6 nm/nN, which shows that the output voltage is in the mV-level, is easy to meet the input requirements of testing circuit. The differentiable range can be in nanometer scale, which meets the SPM work requirements, and the device performance is considerable.
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Wood, William A., Michael A. Wood, Scott A. Werter, Joseph J. Menn, Scott A. Hamilton, Richard Jacoby, and A. Lee Dellon. "Testing for Loss of Protective Sensation in Patients with Foot Ulceration." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 95, no. 5 (September 1, 2005): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0950469.
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Current recommendations for the prevention of foot ulceration and amputation include screening at-risk individuals by testing for loss of protective sensation at eight sites using 10-g (5.07) nylon monofilaments. Yet measurement of the cutaneous pressure threshold to differentiate one-point from two-point static touch stimuli may allow identification of these at-risk individuals earlier in the clinical course of diabetic neuropathy. The present study tested this hypothesis using a prospective, cross-sectional, multicenter design that included sensibility testing of 496 patients with diabetic neuropathy, 17 of whom had a history of ulceration or amputation. Considering the cutaneous pressure threshold of the 5.07 Semmes-Weinstein nylon monofilament to be equivalent to the 95 g/mm2 one-point static touch measured using the Pressure-Specified Sensory Device (Sensory Management Services LLC, Baltimore, Maryland), only 3 of these 17 patients with a history of foot ulceration or amputation would have been identified using the Semmes-Weinstein nylon monofilament screening technique. In contrast, using the Pressure-Specified Sensory Device, all 17 patients were identified as having abnormal sensibility, defined as greater than the 99% confidence limit for age, for two-point static touch on the hallux pulp. We conclude that patients at risk for foot ulceration can best be identified by actual measurement of the cutaneous sensibility of the hallux pulp. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95(5): 469–474, 2005)
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Sirenko, N., B. Gorkunov, S. Lvov, and Abdel Nour Saliba. "Automated Device for Magnetic Control of Products of Complex Forms Made from Electrotechnical Steels." Metrology and instruments, no. 2 (May 3, 2019): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33955/2307-2180(2)2019.3-10.
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This study proposes the device for indirect measurement of magnetic induction, with the given value of magnetic field strength, in electrotechnical steel samples of complex form with application of two permeameters. The testing of enclosed form samples requires preliminary labor-intensive coiling of magnetization and measuring windings, which is not suitable for automation of express testing. Express testing of products from electrotechnical steels is usually related to the measurement of not absolute values, but the values of deviation, taking into account the sign of the selected conventional «standard» value. Therefore, for such measurements implementation it is necessary to apply methods of comparison with the measure. The most suitable for this purpose is a differential measurement method. Comparing the increase of accuracy of testing in comparison with analogues, the design of a permeameter implies coiling of the measuring winding of four sections and their placement on the magnetic circuit on both sides of the zones of contact with the controlled pro-duct.Besides that, the windings in each pair of sections are connected in series, and the pairs of coils themselves — in series in accordance. This allows to measure the voltage on the terminals of the measuring winding, which only depends on the working magnetic flux passing through the cross section of the sample. This does not take into account magnetic dispersion flows from the magnetic circuit, which are sources of errors. This constructive technique achieves one more objective — increasing the sensitivity of the permeameter, which is adjustable since its value depends on the number of turns of the measuring winding. Obtained results allow to solve the problem of automation of the routine magnetic control of products of complex form from thin-sheet electrical steel in conditions of its mass production.
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Martin, Steve J., Pei-Chea Tran, and Steven Marshall. "Operational efficiency improvement by using logging while drilling (LWD) fluid sampling and pressure-testing device." APPEA Journal 54, no. 2 (2014): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13116.
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Abstract An operator in Asia Pacific required a large sample volume from a gas reservoir for accurate non-hydrocarbon gas (NHCG) content analysis from two extended reach wells. This extended abstract highlights the use of an LWD fluid sampling and formation pressure-testing device to overcome numerous challenges, including a highly deviated wellbore, stuck pipe, oil-based mud (OBM) gas-sampling issues, and prevention of geo-chemical absorption. Application The choice to use an LWD fluid sampler was based on several factors that reduced significant risks. Due to the well’s deviated nature, the only traditional wireline fluid sampling solution would have required a pipe-conveyed logging mechanism. This would have added rig days to the project and increased the risk of stuck pipe. To prevent geo-chemical absorption, the storage tanks were manufactured with a specialised metallurgic design. This would be tested by applying a customer-requested coating to half the tanks and monitor differences in geo-chemical content. To prevent differential sticking, testing sequences would be limited to 90-minute intervals. Results, observations, and conclusions After two runs in separate wells, a total of 25 samples were acquired containing more than 19 litres of fluid. Due to the reduced invasion profile as a result of LWD technology, fluid stability was reached within the 90-minute threshold. Furthermore, results showed only 8% OBM contamination—half the amount seen in offsets from wireline produced fluid samples. Finally, due to the improved operation efficiency and the quality of the samples, the customer estimates that it saved nearly $10 million in rig costs and millions more in reduced retrofitting costs of the production facility. Significance of subject matter This extended abstract highlights a major step-change in fluid sampling technology. Operators no longer need to consider a well’s deviation in the ability to collect fluid samples. The recap of the two wells will offer additional best practices and risk mitigation techniques for future LWD sampling projects. It also adds yet another LWD technology that provides consistent wireline equivalent data.
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Daly, Matthew, Andrew Pequegnat, Yunhong N. Zhou, and Mohammad I. Khan. "Fabrication of a novel laser-processed NiTi shape memory microgripper with enhanced thermomechanical functionality." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 24, no. 8 (May 6, 2012): 984–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x12444492.
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The thermomechanical properties of nickel-titanium shape memory alloys have sparked significant research efforts seeking to exploit their exotic capabilities. Until recently, the performance capabilities of nickel-titanium devices have been inhibited by the retention of only one thermomechanical response. In this article, the application of a novel laser-processing technique is demonstrated to create a monolithic self-positioning nickel-titanium shape memory microgripper. Device actuation and gripping maneuvers were achieved by thermally activating processed material regions which possessed unique phase transformation onset temperatures and thermomechanical recovery characteristics. The existence of each thermomechanical material domain was confirmed through differential scanning calorimetry analysis. Independent thermomechanical recoveries of each embedded shape memory were captured using tensile testing methods. Deployment of each embedded shape memory was achieved using resistive heating, and in situ resistivity measurements were used to monitor progressive phase transformations.
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Soldatov, A. I., A. A. Soldatov, M. A. Kostina, and O. A. Kozhemyak. "Experimental Studies of Thermoelectric Characteristics of Plastically Deformed Steels ST3, 08KP and 12H18N10T." Key Engineering Materials 685 (February 2016): 310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.685.310.
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The article presents the results of experimental studies of the thermoelectric characteristics of plastically deformed steels ST3, 08KP, 12H18N10T. Measurements in the area of maximum deformation of the samples were carried out. Differences in the thermoelectric characteristics of plastically deformed steels were revealed. Steel 12H18N10T has linear characteristic, and characteristics of steels ST3 and 08KP have extreme. Constant temperature between the hot and cold electrodes needs to be maintained and also the temperature of the test specimens needs to be monitored, which in the differential testing method equals to cold electrodes. Novel block diagram of a device for testing of thermos electromotive force and monitoring of the cold electrodes temperature is proposed.
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Cavalera, Simone, Fabio Di Nardo, Luca Forte, Francesca Marinoni, Matteo Chiarello, Claudio Baggiani, and Laura Anfossi. "Switching from Multiplex to Multimodal Colorimetric Lateral Flow Immunosensor." Sensors 20, no. 22 (November 18, 2020): 6609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226609.
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Multiplex lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is largely used for point-of-care testing to detect different pathogens or biomarkers in a single device. The increasing demand for multitargeting diagnostics requires multi-informative single tests. In this study, we demonstrated three strategies to upgrade standard multiplex LFIA to multimodal capacity. As a proof-of-concept, we applied the strategies to the differential diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, a widespread pathogen, for which conventional multiplex LFIA testing is well-established. In the new two-parameter LFIA (x2LFIA), we exploited color encoding, in which the binding of multiple targets occurs in one reactive band and the color of the probe reveals which one is present in the sample. By combining the sequential alignment of several reactive zones along the membrane of the LFIA strip and gold nanoparticles and gold nanostars for the differential visualization, in this demonstration, the x2LFIA can furnish information on HIV serotype and stage of infection in a single device. Three immunosensors were designed. The use of bioreagents as the capturing ligand anchored onto the membrane or as the detection ligand labelled with gold nanomaterials affected the performance of the x2LFIA. Higher detectability was achieved by the format involving the HIV-specific antigens as capturing agent and labelled secondary bioligands (anti-human immunoglobulins M and protein G) as the probes.
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Choi, Jin Woo, Sunnie Haam, and Myuong O. Yoon. "The Investigative Study on the Small-sized Isolation Device: regarding of the isolation performance and function test In Emergency Disaster Circumstances." Fire Science and Engineering 34, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.2020.34.1.135.
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The first case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) was reported in Korea in 2015, after a Korean man from Bahrain tested positive for the infection. After first eruption, there were numbers of secondary infectees and whole country were frightened. At the time, isolated ambulances were available but few, and there was no specific way to prevent contamination during transfer. Therefore, Seoul National University Hospital and the University of Seoul developed isolation units and air filters. Four years after the MERS outbreak, this study measured the differential pressure inside and outside the small isolation units based on the differential pressure and air flow derived from simulation and testing, and proposed minimum values for virus leakage and internal sealing. A performance evaluation and testing method for the transfer equipment is proposed. The critical function of the small isolated transport equipment was defined and selected as an evaluation item; performance evaluation was carried out by simulating a real-world case. The results provide the proper pressure configuration of positive and negative pressure inside the segregation feeder; the clear criteria for the HEPA filter; and the performance criteria for the segregation feeder and air purifier.
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Shen, Li-Kuo, Kang-Hsin Fan, Ting-Lin Wu, Haw-Ming Huang, Ting-Kai Leung, Chi-Jen Chen, and Wei-Jen Chang. "Fabrication and magnetic testing of a poly-L-lactide biocomposite incorporating magnetite nanoparticles." Journal of Polymer Engineering 34, no. 3 (May 1, 2014): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2013-0207.
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Abstract Polylactic acid (PLA)-based composite has been widely used in tissue engineering. To modify the material’s properties, inorganic substances have been used to form nanoparticle-PLA composites. The aim of this study is to develop a novel magnetic biodegradable composite. Nanoscale magnetite (Fe3O4) was incorporated into a poly-L-lactide (PLLA) matrix with proportions of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% (w/w). Injection molding was carried out to produce the nano-magnetite-PLLA composite samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), superconducting quantum device (SQUID), and three-point bending were performed to test the physical properties of the magnetite-PLLA composite. The results showed that the magnetite-PLLA composite exhibited typical ferromagnetic hysteresis loops. The addition of nanoscale magnetite significantly increased the magnetic flux density of the PLLA composite. These results suggest that the magnetite-PLLA composite has the potential to be used for future applications in tissue engineering.
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Sun, Yu, Wen Chao Ding, Zhong Hui Lin, and Ru Bo Zhang. "A ECG Waveform Detection Algorithm Based on Differential Threshold and Wavelet Transform." Advanced Engineering Forum 4 (June 2012): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.4.249.
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With the portable ECG device develops rapidly, the ECG waveform detection is particularly important. As far as we know, the goal of most researchers is designing a new, real-time, high efficiency, perfect effect ECG detection algorithm. In order to obtain better detection accuracy, a new type of algorithm which combines differential threshold and the wavelet transform is designed, the method uses improved version of the differential threshold method to detect the QRS wave group, and then the P, T-wave is identified by biorthogonal wavelet transform. Dozens of MIT-BIT test data show that the algorithm fully meets the testing requirements, achieve the desired goal and obtain good results.
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Tanida, Shigehito, and Toshio Yamagishi. "Testing Social Preferences Through Differential Attention to Own and Partner’s Payoff in a Prisoner’s Dilemma Game." Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science 1, no. 2 (November 27, 2010): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2010.8.
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Cooperation in one-shot public good games, where future returns are unavailable, is observed in numerous experimental studies. Economists and psychologists explain such behavior as a reflection of social preferences—utilities deriving from payoffs to others as well as to themselves. We tested validity of this explanation by measuring how long cooperators and defectors looked at payoffs to themselves and to the partner with an eye tracking device. Cooperators spent more time than defectors looking at payoffs to the partner only when the payoff matrix was difficult for the players to perceive as an instance of social exchange. When the matrix was easy to comprehend as an instance of social exchange, cooperators paid less attention to payoff to the partner than did defectors. The results indicate that the deliberate processes assumed in social utility models take place only when the other, faster and cue-driven process is unavailable.
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Smith, Madeline, Ayenew Ashenef, and Marya Lieberman. "Paper Analytic Device to Detect the Presence of Four Chemotherapy Drugs." Journal of Global Oncology, no. 4 (December 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.00198.
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A paper analytic device, the chemoPAD, was developed and validated to visually detect methotrexate, doxorubicin, cisplatin, and oxaliplatin at concentrations commonly found in injectable dosage forms. By testing residual solution after patient treatment, the chemoPAD can be used to monitor drug quality without restriction of patient access to medication. The chemoPAD is produced by wax printing on Ahlstrom paper to create separate reaction areas and deposits small amounts of chemicals to create color changes in response to different active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). This creates a unique color bar code to identify each medication. Internal validation studies show that the chemoPAD has excellent sensitivity and specificity to differentiate between samples of 100% and 0% API, which is the distinction relevant to the majority of reported falsified chemotherapy cases. The platinum-containing drugs, cisplatin and oxaliplatin, can be detected semiquantitatively. The cards can be read either visually by comparison with a standard image or by using computer image analysis. Dosage forms were collected from the Ethiopian health care system and analyzed with the chemoPAD followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. A substandard sample was discovered and reported to the Ethiopian Food Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority.
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Beal, Aubrey N., and Robert N. Dean. "A Random Stimulation Source for Evaluating MEMS Devices using an Exact Solvable Chaotic Oscillator." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2015, DPC (January 1, 2015): 001594–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2015dpc-wp32.
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MEMS devices are nearly ubiquitous, with applications ranging from automobiles to toys, medical equipment to missiles, and cell phones to industrial equipment. At the microscale, fabrication tolerances are significantly less precise than at the scale of traditional machining techniques. This can result in significant differences in the operating characteristics between otherwise identical MEMS devices. A wide bandwidth random excitation source is ideal for evaluating these components, whether used as the forcing function for an electromechanical shaker employed to measure transmissibility, or as a voltage source to evaluate actuator structure resonances and instabilities. An electronic chaotic oscillator provides an ideal wide bandwidth voltage source which is provably random from first principles and may be simply integrated for the aforementioned MEMS testing. This type of system is easily integrated through standard Si MEMS processes and readily lends itself to application as a built-in-self test (BIST) component. These systems guarantee uniform frequency content from D.C. up to 100kHz due to their characteristically random behavior and serve as a strong candidate for providing uniform spectral density to a device under test. The proposed system is a simple, electronic circuit that creates a random, wideband excitation voltage for observing characteristics of MEMS devices. This functionality is achieved by the analog, digital or mixed signal computation of nonlinear differential equations that describe various exactly solvable chaotic systems. By creating Si microsystems which perform these computations, these test sources may be readily fabricated as integrated BIST components for MEMS devices or fabricated separately and integrated by flip chip assembly techniques. Furthermore, by considering the iterated map of this particular category of stimulation source, a direct and easy measurement of the stimulation entropy may be monitored and corrected. This work begins as a theoretical treatment involving the Nonlinear Dynamics of these types of systems including chaotic systems which permit closed form solutions. These systems are described classically through nonlinear differential equations and intuitively through iterated maps. These techniques reveal inherent methods for entropy measurement in these sources which may be implemented and controlled easily using electronic circuits. Subsequently, the simulation, circuit design methodology, circuit simulation, fabrication, testing and hardware verification of these wideband chaotic sources is presented. The development of this work delineates simple, wideband electronic testing circuits which may be fully integrated with MEMS devices using standard Si MEMS processes. The resulting microsystem may be used as the forcing function when measuring transmissibility of MEMS devices, or as a BIST element to evaluate MEMS microstructure characteristics through direct microelectronic fabrication or flip chip integration.
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Vinck, Bart, Jessica Freeman, and Maggi Soer. "Short-term effects of simultaneous cardiovascular workout and personal music device use on the outer hair cell function of young adults." Health SA Gesondheid 21 (October 11, 2016): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v21i0.986.
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Background: Recreational noise exposure, including personal music device use (PMD), has become a growing public health concern, as it may potentially result in the development of hearing difficulties.Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the differential impact and short-term effects of simultaneous cardiovascular workout and PMD use on the outer hair cell (OHC) function of young adults.Method: A quantitative research approach was followed. In this study a pre-test post-test approach was used and twelve subjects participated in three 1 h testing conditions with altered variables including: (i) exposure to PMD use in isolation, (ii) exposure to cardiovascular workout in isolation, and (iii) simultaneous exposure to the latter mentioned. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were conducted pree and post exposure for each testing condition as primary indicator of cochlear responses. The process consisted of a cycling procedure through the preset stimulus frequency sequence, measuring the 2f₁—f₂ (75—70 dBSPL) and constructing a plot of DPOAE levels as a function offrequency.Results: Individual testing conditions did not result in statistically significant changes of the DPOAE response, however a significantly different profile in the DPOAE response level increase/decrease for the higher frequencies (6—8 kHz) was obtained when comparing the different sessions. Exposure to cardiovascular workout condition in isolation indicated a clear trend of an increased DPOAE response level between the pre-exposure and post exposuretesting from 2 kHz to 8 kHz with a maximum increase at 6 kHz. Both the music-only condition and the combined condition resulted in a clear trend of decreased DPOAE response amplitudes between the pre-exposure and post-exposure testing for the higher frequencies.Conclusion: Findings support the notion of a clear effect of cardiovascular workout with and without music exposure on the OHC function at higher test frequencies, as measured by DPOAEs. Decreased DPOAE amplitudes between 2 kHz and 8 kHz were observed with music exposure and the opposite effect was observed for cardiovascular workout in isolation.
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Jiang, Jin-gang, Zhao Wang, Hong-wei Duan, Jing-qiang Liu, and Xiao-wei Guo. "Electric Field Simulation and Effect of Different Solvent Ratios on the Performance of Single Electrospun PVDF/PEI Composite Film." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4329283.
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On the basis of the finite element calculation theory of electric field, the electric field distribution in a representative electrospinning device is computed. The electric field structure of a needle-plate type electrospinning device was simulated by means of ANSYS software. And the vector distribution of the nozzle on the spinneret pipe was got. For the purpose of the analysis on the influence of different solvent ratios on the performance of a single electrospun PVDF/PEI composite film, polyvinylidene fluoride and polyetherimide with a mass ratio of 8/2 were dissolved in a mixed solvent. The mixed solvent is composed of N,N-dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran, added in different proportions. Through the electrostatic spinning technology, PVDF/PEI composite fiber membranes were prepared. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mechanical properties testing, the effects of tetrahydrofuran on the composite microstructure, crystallinity, and mechanical properties of the PVDF/PEI composite fiber membranes are discussed.
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Soldatov, A. I., A. A. Soldatov, P. V. Sorokin, A. A. Abouellail, and M. A. Kostina. "Thermoelectric Method of Plastic Deformation Detection." Materials Science Forum 938 (October 2018): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.938.112.
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The paper presents an approach of non-destructive testing of plastic deformation of metals and alloys by measuring the differential thermoelectric power. Using the developed measuring device for this purpose, measurements of thermoelectric power were performed on several types of steels that are used in the manufacture of product pipelines. Incisions were made on the surface of the testes objects, for the purpose of experimental detection of the place of plastic deformation. In the process of stretching, thermoelectric power was measured at and near the place of the proposed plastic deformation. During the process of stretching the sample, the decrease in thermoelectric power measurement occurs almost linearly. The maximum change in the thermoelectric power measurement of the tested object was observe before the rapture discontinuity.
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Zheng, Zhe, and Ren Jie Zhang. "Metal Detecting Sensor Based on Linear Hall Effect Elements." Applied Mechanics and Materials 530-531 (February 2014): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.530-531.83.
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This paper presents a new type metal detector measurement system based on linear Hall-effect elements. This system adopts a low voltage DC power supply, which drives a U type (or C type) core coil to generate a magnetic field space. Two linear Hall-effect elements are placed at the center of core coil measurement section. With the differential operational testing method, the sensing signal is collected and displayed with SCM system. In the paper, we analyze the feasibility of the measurement system in theory. Further a practical measurement device is designed and produced to verify the theoretical analysis. Experiments data shows that, within a sensing gap between 0.5mm and 3mm, this new Hall-effect element metal detection equipment could effectively resolute nondestructive metal and the damage metal with small cracks, especially sensitive to the longitudinal crack. As a conclusion, this metal detector has several advantages such as simple structure, small volume, low cost, no radiation, so that it would be convenient for production, carrying and application. The new type metal detector measurement system proposed in this paper has important significance for industrial and manufacturing production testing and maintenance of equipment.
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Fillion, Ray. "Embedded Actives and Its Industry Effects." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2011, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 000382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2011-tp5-paper5.
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Over the 60 plus year history of microelectronics packaging, electronic devices have been mounted onto an interconnect structure to form a microelectronics circuit. The devices could be bare chips, CSPs or packaged components such as SMT or thru-hole carriers. The interconnect structures could be circuit boards, ceramic substrates or flex circuits. This methodology has enabled a clear divide between the fabrication, assembly and test of the semiconductor device, the fabrication and test of the interconnect structure and the assembly and test of the component/substrate assembly. Over the past decade a new packaging methodology, embedded actives (chips), has been developed that changes all of these industry norms. In an embedded actives packaging approach, one or more bare or chip scale semiconductor devices are embedded within the interconnect structure. Although these approaches have significant electrical performance, size and cost benefits, the normal barriers between chip packaging, substrate fabrication and component assembly are removed. The interconnect structure is not completed prior to component embedding and the embedded component cannot be tested at packaged part level without the interconnect structure. This complicates electrical testing and makes it virtually impossible to differentiate between a defective component, a defective interconnect or a defective component to substrate contact. This paper will look at the history of embedded active developments and go into the various processes and structures being used. It will cover their electrical, reliability and size advantages and will address the revolutionary changes that the microelectronics industry must make to effectively utilize these technologies.
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Bianchi, Valentina, Monica Mattarozzi, Marco Giannetto, Andrea Boni, Ilaria De Munari, and Maria Careri. "A Self-Calibrating IoT Portable Electrochemical Immunosensor for Serum Human Epididymis Protein 4 as a Tumor Biomarker for Ovarian Cancer." Sensors 20, no. 7 (April 3, 2020): 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20072016.
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Nowadays, analytical techniques are moving towards the development of smart biosensing strategies for the point-of-care accurate screening of disease biomarkers, such as human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), a recently discovered serum marker for early ovarian cancer diagnosis. In this context, the present work represents the first implementation of a competitive enzyme-labelled magneto-immunoassay exploiting a homemade IoT Wi-Fi cloud-based portable potentiostat for differential pulse voltammetry readout. The electrochemical device was specifically designed to be capable of autonomous calibration and data processing, switching between calibration, and measurement modes: in particular, firstly, a baseline estimation algorithm is applied for correct peak computation, then calibration function is built by interpolating data with a four-parameter logistic function. The calibration function parameters are stored on the cloud for inverse prediction to determine the concentration of unknown samples. Interpolation function calibration and concentration evaluation are performed directly on-board, thus reducing the power consumption. The analytical device was validated in human serum, demonstrating good sensing performance for analysis of HE4 with detection and quantitation limits in human serum of 3.5 and 29.2 pM, respectively, reaching the sensitivity that is required for diagnostic purposes, with high potential for applications as portable and smart diagnostic tool for point-of-care testing.
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Çotuk, H. Birol, Adil Deniz Duru, and Şamil Aktaş. "Monitoring Autonomic and Central Nervous System Activity by Permutation Entropy during Short Sojourn in Antarctica." Entropy 21, no. 9 (September 14, 2019): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21090893.
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The aim of this study was to monitor acute response patterns of autonomic and central nervous system activity during an encounter with Antarctica by synchronously recording heart rate variability (HRV) and electroencephalography (EEG). On three different time-points during the two-week sea journey, the EEG and HRV were recorded from nine male scientists who participated in “The First Turkish Antarctic Research Expedition”. The recordings were performed in a relaxed state with the eyes open, eyes closed, and during a space quantity perception test. For the EEG recordings, the wireless 14 channel EPOC-Emotiv device was used, and for the HRV recordings, a Polar heart rate monitor S810i was used. The HRV data were analyzed by time/frequency domain parameters and ordinal pattern statistics. For the EEG data, spectral band power in the conventional frequency bands, as well as permutation entropy values were calculated. Regarding HRV, neither conventional nor permutation entropy calculations produced significant differences for the different journey time-points, but only permutation entropy was able to differentiate between the testing conditions. During the cognitive test, permutation entropy values increased significantly, whereas the conventional HRV parameters did not show any significant differences. In the EEG analysis, the ordinal pattern statistics revealed significant transitions in the course of the sea voyage as permutation entropy values decreased, whereas spectral band power analysis could not detect any significant difference. Permutation entropy analysis was further able to differentiate between the three testing conditions as well between the brain regions. In the conventional spectral band power analysis, alpha band power could separate the three testing conditions and brain regions, and beta band power could only do so for the brain regions. This superiority of permutation entropy in discerning subtle differences in the autonomic and central nervous system’s responses to an overwhelming subjective experience renders it suitable as an analysis tool for biomonitoring in extreme environments.
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Zhu, Haoqi, Dongliang Liu, Xu Zhang, and Feng Qu. "Reliability of Boost PFC Converters with Improved EMI Filters." Electronics 7, no. 12 (December 8, 2018): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7120413.
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The switching device in a power converter can produce very serious electromagnetic interference (EMI). In order to solve this problem and the associated reliability and stability issues, this article aimed to analyze and model the boost power factor correction (PFC) converter according to the EMI conduction path. The sources of common-mode (CM) and differential-mode (DM) noise of the boost PFC converter were analyzed, and the DM and CM equivalent circuits were deduced. Furthermore, high-frequency modeling of the common-mode inductor was developed using a precise model, and the EMI filter was designed. According to the Class B standard for EMI testing, it is better to restrain the EMI noise in the frequency range (150 kHz to 30 MHz) of the EMI conducted disturbance test. Using this method, a 2.4-kW PFC motor driving supply was designed, and the experimental results validate the analysis.
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Rana, Aditya, Manjari Killa, Neelam Yadav, Annu Mishra, Ashish Mathur, Arun Kumar, Manika Khanuja, Jagriti Narang, and Roberto Pilloton. "Graphitic Carbon Nitride as an Amplification Platform on an Electrochemical Paper-Based Device for the Detection of Norovirus-Specific DNA." Sensors 20, no. 7 (April 7, 2020): 2070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20072070.
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Norovirus is one of the leading causes of gastroenteritis, acute vomiting, intense diarrhoea, acute pain in the stomach, high fever, headaches, and body pain. Conventional methods of detection gave us very promising results but had disadvantages such as low sensitivity, cost ineffectiveness, reduced specificity and selectivity, etc. Therefore, biosensors can be a viable alternative device which can overcome all setbacks associated with the conventional method. An electrochemical sensor based on oxidized graphitic carbon nitride (Ox-g-C3N4) modified electrochemical paper-based analytical device (ePAD) was fabricated for the detection of norovirus DNA. The synthesized Ox-g-C3N4 nanosheets were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The capture probe DNA (PDNA) modified electrodes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). These two characterization techniques were also employed to find the optimal scan rate, response time and temperature of the fabricated sensor. The fabricated biosensor showed a limit of detection (LOD) of 100 fM. Furthermore, the specificity of the reported biosensor was affirmed by testing the response of capture probe DNA with oxidized graphitic carbon nitride (PDNA/Ox-g-C3N4) modified ePAD on the introduction of a non-complimentary DNA. The fabricated ePAD sensor is easy to fabricate, cost effective and specific, and requires a minimum analysis time of 5 s.
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Mansfield, John F., Michael D. Thouless, Justin A. Stefano, and Judd Holbrook. "Design and Construction of a Quantitative Uniaxial Straining Stage For The Environmental SEM." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 268–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600021462.
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The environmental scanning electron microscope (or Environmental SEM) is a powerful tool in the materials science laboratory. The large sample chamber and ability to operate in a very poor vacuum (>5Torr) makes it an ideal device for a wide variety of in-situ studies. A three point bending stage has been used in the ElectroScan E3 environmental SEM at the University of Michigan for over four years. The stage is extremely flexible and can be used to view samples in both planar and transverse views. It also allows for quantitative recording of the stress and strain exerted on the sample via a load cell and a linear variable differential transducer. The output s of the load cell are acquired into an Apple Macintosh computer via a National Instruments analog-to-digital acquisition card. To extend the capability of EMAL's in-situ tensile testing laboratory, a uniaxial tensile stage has been constructed in collaboration with the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics.
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Smolin, Yu P., and K. V. Vostrikov. "COMPACTION OF SATURATED SOILS WITH REGARD TO COMPRESSIBLE PORE FLUID AND SOIL CREEP." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 21, no. 5 (October 29, 2019): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2019-21-5-192-199.
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The paper describes the problem of consolidation of clay soil with spherical tensor and stress deviator, taking into account compressibility of pore fluid and the soil creep. In solving the problem, the differential equation is suggested for compacting cohesive soil filled with linearly compressible groundwater. It is considered that the gas volume in the groundwater does not exceed 10 %. The solution of the differential equation is based on the Fourier transform.For the numerical calculation of creep during compaction of consolidated soil an easy-touse method was used, i.e. testing of soil samples of the same monolith in the compression device, but different height. Knowing the relative vertical deformation of these samples, approximation and extrapolation methods allow to find the relative deformation at the sample height tending to zero. At almost zero sample thickness, deformation depends only on the soil creep, while the pore pressure will no longer play a role.The obtained values of the relative strain are used to select the function of the creep nucleus. It is found that the exponential function optimally describes the process of soil compaction over the entire area: from the beginning of compaction to its termination.Knowing the pressure, the stress in soil and the amount of sediment are found with a triaxial compression, taking into account its instantaneous deformation.
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Han, Zhen Hua, and Ze Hu Feng. "SCM Based High Precision Temperature Controller Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 313-314 (March 2013): 549–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.313-314.549.
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t is designed by adopting SUNPLUS SPCE061A version 16-bits Single Chip Microcomputer; it has realized functions as manual setting temperature, automatic temperature control, showing the real-time temperature of water. The testing mode of water temperature adopts AD590 version integrated analog temperature sensor to perceive the temperature of water in vessels and uses operational amplifier to amplify minute analog voltage signal outputted by sensor. It employs keyboard scan mode to set target temperature (40°C~90°C) and displays dynamically the real-time temperature of water with digestion. The system controls the guide circuit and closing of the heating device by using relay circuit, achieving the aim of keeping design temperature constant essentially. PID algorithm is adopted in water temperature control method. The proportion, integration and differential constant in PID algorithm are debugged with experiments in order to control the proportion of heating time and reduce the adjusting time of the system. The system boasts the advantages of high controlling precision, stability and reliability, flexible operation, strong currency.
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Li, Ran, Dalong Wang, Wenshu Wei, and Shoubin Li. "Analysis of the Movement Characteristics of the Pump Valve of the Mine Emulsion Pump Based on the Internet of Things and Cellular Automata." Mobile Information Systems 2021 (August 2, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9032769.
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Studying the movement characteristics of the coalmine emulsion pump valve is of great significance for optimizing the dynamic response characteristics of the pump valve, reducing the hysteresis effect, and improving the volumetric efficiency. This article combines the Internet of Things (IoT) and cellular automata techniques to investigate the movement characteristics of the valve of the emulsion pump. Based on Adolf’s exact differential equation and Runge–Kutta iterative method, the movement displacement and movement of the pump valve spool speed curve are computed using Scilab software. We employ cellular automata and AMESim to establish the hydraulic system model of emulsion pump and analyze the movement characteristics of pump valve movement displacement, speed, stability, and closing hysteresis through simulation. Finally, the IoT techniques and a test device are used to evaluate the movement displacement of the pump valve. The experimental results verify the feasibility of using the proposed method to study the pump valve motion characteristics, greatly reduce the cost of testing and parameterized design, and contribute to the development of highly reliable and efficient emulsion pump valves.
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Schultealbert, Caroline, Robin Diener, Johannes Amann, Tobias Baur, Andreas Schütze, and Tilman Sauerwald. "Differential scanning calorimetry on micro hotplates for temperature calibration and mass quantification." tm - Technisches Messen 87, no. 3 (March 26, 2020): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2019-0142.
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AbstractIn this work a novel calibration method for micro hotplates is developed and tested. The method is based on phase change processes of applied testing materials, which can be identified due to their phase change enthalpy in the power needed for the hotplate to linearly heat up. For traceability and reproducibility tests a ceramic heating element (Umweltsensortechnik GmbH, Geschwenda, Germany) including a Pt100 sensing element was used. Using the melting process of Hexatriacontane and different temperature ramps the feasibility of the method was tested, and the onset point of the phase change was identified as the best feature for temperature calibration. On this substrate we achieved an absolute deviation of 5 °C to literature values and a relative uncertainty of 0.3 °C. Pyrazine, which can be removed more easily, showed an absolute deviation of 2.5 °C to literature values and a relative uncertainty of again 0.3 °C for temperature calibration. The sublimation process of Hexamethylenetetramine was also tested but did not yield stable results. The two materials successfully tested on the ceramic heater were then transferred to MEMS membrane heaters (AS-MLV-P2 and AS-MLV, both metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors, ams AG, Premstätten, Austria) showing the applicability of the method for MEMS device calibration and yielding relative uncertainties for the calibrated heater resistance of 0.17 Ω (corresponding to 0.39 °C). For Hexatriacontane on the ceramic hotplate we also show the possibility of mass quantification through evaluating the phase change enthalpy.
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Ong, Louis Jun Ye, Liang Zhu, Gabriel Jenn Sern Tan, and Yi-Chin Toh. "Quantitative Image-Based Cell Viability (QuantICV) Assay for Microfluidic 3D Tissue Culture Applications." Micromachines 11, no. 7 (July 9, 2020): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11070669.
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Microfluidic 3D tissue culture systems are attractive for in vitro drug testing applications due to the ability of these platforms to generate 3D tissue models and perform drug testing at a very small scale. However, the minute cell number and liquid volume impose significant technical challenges to perform quantitative cell viability measurements using conventional colorimetric or fluorometric assays, such as MTS or Alamar Blue. Similarly, live-dead staining approaches often utilize metabolic dyes that typically label the cytoplasm of live cells, which makes it difficult to segment and count individual cells in compact 3D tissue cultures. In this paper, we present a quantitative image-based cell viability (QuantICV) assay technique that circumvents current challenges of performing the quantitative cell viability assay in microfluidic 3D tissue cultures. A pair of cell-impermeant nuclear dyes (EthD-1 and DAPI) were used to sequentially label the nuclei of necrotic and total cell populations, respectively. Confocal microscopy and image processing algorithms were employed to visualize and quantify the cell nuclei in the 3D tissue volume. The QuantICV assay was validated and showed good concordance with the conventional bulk MTS assay in static 2D and 3D tumor cell cultures. Finally, the QuantICV assay was employed as an on-chip readout to determine the differential dose responses of parental and metastatic 3D oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) to Gefitinib in a microfluidic 3D culture device. This proposed technique can be useful in microfluidic cell cultures as well as in a situation where conventional cell viability assays are not available.
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Meinen, J., J. Thieser, U. Platt, and T. Leisner. "Using a high finesse optical resonator to provide a long light path for differential optical absorption spectroscopy: CE-DOAS." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 3 (June 4, 2008): 10665–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-10665-2008.
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Abstract. Cavity enhanced methods in absorption spectroscopy have seen a considerable increase in popularity during the past decade. Especially Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (CEAS) established itself in atmospheric trace gas detection by providing tens of kilometers of effective light path length using a cavity as short as 1 m. In this paper we report on the construction and testing of a compact and power efficient light emitting diode based broadband Cavity Enhanced Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer (CE-DOAS) for in situ field observation of atmospheric NO3. This device combines the small size of the cavity with the enormous advantages of the DOAS approach in terms of sensitivity and specificity. In particular, no selective removal of the analyte (here NO3) is necessary, thus the CE-DOAS technique can – in principle – measure any gas detectable by DOAS. We will discuss the advantages of using a light emitting diode (LED) as light source particularly the precautions which have to be satisfied for the use of LEDs. The instrument was tested in the lab by detecting NO3 in a mixture of NO2 and O3 in air. It was then compared to other trace gas detection techniques in an intercomparison campaign in the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR at NO3 concentrations as low as 6.3 ppt.
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Kutikov, Artem B., Simon W. Moore, Richard T. Layer, Pamela E. Podell, Nithya Sridhar, Andrea J. Santamaria, Alex A. Aimetti, Christoph P. Hofstetter, Thomas R. Ulich, and James D. Guest. "Method and Apparatus for the Automated Delivery of Continuous Neural Stem Cell Trails Into the Spinal Cord of Small and Large Animals." Neurosurgery 85, no. 4 (August 29, 2018): 560–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyy379.
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AbstractBackgroundImmature neurons can extend processes after transplantation in adult animals. Neuronal relays can form between injected neural stem cells (NSCs) and surviving neurons, possibly improving recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). Cell delivery methods of single or multiple bolus injections of concentrated cell suspensions thus far tested in preclinical and clinical experiments are suboptimal for new tract formation. Nonuniform injectate dispersal is often seen due to gravitational cell settling and clumping. Multiple injections have additive risks of hemorrhage, parenchymal damage, and cellular reflux and require additional surgical exposure. The deposition of multiply delivered cells boluses may be uneven and discontinuous.ObjectiveTo develop an injection apparatus and methodology to deliver continuous cellular trails bridging spinal cord lesions.MethodsWe improved the uniformity of cellular trails by formulating NSCs in hyaluronic acid. The TrailmakerTM stereotaxic injection device was automatized to extend a shape memory needle from a single-entry point in the spinal cord longitudinal axis to “pioneer” a new trail space and then retract while depositing an hyaluronic acid-NSC suspension. We conducted testing in a collagen spinal models, and animal testing using human NSCs (hNSCs) in rats and minipigs.ResultsContinuous surviving trails of hNSCs within rat and minipig naive spinal cords were 12 and 40 mm in length. hNSC trails were delivered across semi-acute contusion injuries in rats. Transplanted hNSCs survived and were able to differentiate into neural lineage cells and astrocytes.CONCLUSIONThe TrailmakerTM creates longitudinal cellular trails spanning multiple levels from a single-entry point. This may enhance the ability of therapeutics to promote functional relays after SCI.
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Wang, Lei, and Weidong Gao. "Comprehensive evaluation of the fabric crease recovery property by the whole recovery process." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 15-16 (January 7, 2020): 1661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519899177.
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Current standard methods specify the recovery angle of a folded wrinkle in a controlled recovery period as the evaluation standard for the fabric crease recovery property. Nevertheless, there are limitations in the characterization of the whole recovery process by using the single recovery angle. We proposed a whole-process test method and comprehensive evaluation method for assessing the fabric crease recovery property. Firstly, a specimen was tested on the automatic fabric crease recovery testing device to obtain the “time-recovery angle” data. Then, the “time-average recovery angle” data was calculated by the recovery angle at the corresponding moment in the recovery period from repeated testing. The “time-average recovery angle” data was fitted into power function equation f( t) = atb. Parameter a reflects the degree of initial recovery. Parameter b reveals the speed degree at which the sample recovery reaches stable status. The K value, the ratio of a to b, could be calculated. Finally, the [Formula: see text] value, the average of the K values of four folded ways, was used to evaluate the crease recovery property of the fabric. The experimental results demonstrate that the [Formula: see text] values have positive correlation with the recovery angle of the fifth minute in the recovery period ( r = 0.92). In addition, for fabrics with the similar recovery angle results obtained from the wrinkle recovery angle evaluation method, the proposed method could differentiate the property of the fabrics. Therefore, the evaluation method can accurately reflect the initial resilience and comprehensive crease recovery property of textile materials.
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Tada, Tetsuo, and Keiichi Sawada. "4720671 Semiconductor device testing device." Microelectronics Reliability 28, no. 4 (January 1988): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-2714(88)90273-9.
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William, Wilson, Bruce Dahl, and David Hertsgaard. "Soybean quality differentials, blending, testing and spatial arbitrage." Journal of Commodity Markets 18 (June 2020): 100095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomm.2019.100095.
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Yuan, Yi, Changdong Liu, and Meina Huang. "The Structure and Performance of Short Glass Fiber/High-Density Polyethylene/Polypropylene Composite Pipes Extruded Using a Shearing–Drawing Compound Stress Field." Materials 12, no. 8 (April 23, 2019): 1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12081323.
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Glass fiber reinforced polyolefin composite materials have many advantages regarding their performance and have been widely used in many fields. However, there are few reports on the simultaneously bidirectional self-enhancement of glass fiber reinforced polyethylene/polypropylene composite pipe. To self-reinforce the pipe’s circular and axial properties simultaneously, short glass fiber reinforced high-density polyethylene/polypropylene (SGF/HDPE/PP) pipes were extruded using a shearing–drawing two-dimensional compound stress field pipe-extrusion device. The effects of the rotating speed of the rotating shear sleeve on the orientation, heat behavior, microstructure, and tensile strength of the pipe were investigated in this paper. The microstructure was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the crystal diffraction was analyzed using a polycrystalline X-ray diffractometer (WAXD), the heat behavior was measured using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and the tensile strength was tested using a universal electronic tensile testing machine. The results showed that the shear induction effect induced by the shear rotating promoted the formation of the oriented structure of the crystal plate and SGFs along the circular and axial directions of the pipe simultaneously. Furthermore, it increased the crystallinity of the system, and self-improved the pipe’s circular and axial tensile strength at the same time.
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Gonzalez-Alvarez, Isabel, Marival Bermejo, Yasuhiro Tsume, Alejandro Ruiz-Picazo, Marta Gonzalez-Alvarez, Bart Hens, Alfredo Garcia-Arieta, Greg E. Amidon, and Gordon L. Amidon. "An In Vivo Predictive Dissolution Methodology (iPD Methodology) with a BCS Class IIb Drug Can Predict the In Vivo Bioequivalence Results: Etoricoxib Products." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13040507.
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The purpose of this study was to predict in vivo performance of three oral products of Etoricoxib (Arcoxia® as reference and two generic formulations in development) by conducting in vivo predictive dissolution with GIS (Gastro Intestinal Simulator) and computational analysis. Those predictions were compared with the results from previous bioequivalence (BE) human studies. Product dissolution studies were performed using a computer-controlled multicompartmental dissolution device (GIS) equipped with three dissolution chambers, representing stomach, duodenum, and jejunum, with integrated transit times and secretion rates. The measured dissolved amounts were modelled in each compartment with a set of differential equations representing transit, dissolution, and precipitation processes. The observed drug concentration by in vitro dissolution studies were directly convoluted with permeability and disposition parameters from literature to generate the predicted plasma concentrations. The GIS was able to detect the dissolution differences among reference and generic formulations in the gastric chamber where the drug solubility is high (pH 2) while the USP 2 standard dissolution test at pH 2 did not show any difference. Therefore, the current study confirms the importance of multicompartmental dissolution testing for weak bases as observed for other case examples but also the impact of excipients on duodenal and jejunal in vivo behavior.
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Meinen, J., J. Thieser, U. Platt, and T. Leisner. "Technical Note: Using a high finesse optical resonator to provide a long light path for differential optical absorption spectroscopy: CE-DOAS." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 8 (April 27, 2010): 3901–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3901-2010.
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Abstract. Cavity enhanced methods in absorption spectroscopy have seen a considerable increase in popularity during the past decade. Especially Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (CEAS) established itself in atmospheric trace gas detection by providing tens of kilometers of effective light path length using a cavity as short as 1 m. In this paper we report on the construction and testing of a compact and power efficient light emitting diode based broadband Cavity Enhanced Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer (CE-DOAS) for in situ observation of atmospheric NO3. This device combines the small size of the cavity with the advantages of the DOAS approach in terms of sensitivity, specificity and insensivity to intensity fluctuations of the light source. In particular, no selective removal of the analyte (here NO3) is necessary for calibration of the instrument if appropriate corrections are applied to the CEAS theory. Therefore the CE-DOAS technique can – in principle – measure any gas detectable by DOAS. We will discuss the advantages of using a light emitting diode (LED) as light source particularly the precautions which have to be considered for the use of LEDs with a broad wavelength range. The instrument was tested in the lab by detecting NO3 formed by mixing of NO2 and O3 in air. It was then compared to other trace gas detection techniques in an intercomparison campaign in the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR at Forschungszentrum Jülich at NO3 concentrations as low as 6.3 ppt.
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Ohme, Bruce W., Mark R. Larson, Bhal Tulpule, and Alireza Behbahani. "Characterization of Circuit Blocks for Configurable Analog-Front-End." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2014, HITEC (January 1, 2014): 000146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hitec-wa13.
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Analog functions have been implemented in a Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) process optimized for high-temperature (>225°C) operation. These include a linear regulator/reference block that supports input voltages up to 50V and provides multiple independent voltage outputs. Additional blocks provide configurable sensor excitation levels of up to 10V DC and/or 20V AC-differential, with current limiting and monitoring. A dual-channel Programmable-Gain-Instrumentation Amplifier (PGIA) and a high-level AC input block with programmable gain and offset serve signal conditioning, gain, and scaling needs. A multiplexer and analog buffer provide an output that is scaled and centered for down-stream A-to-D conversion. Limited component availability and high component counts deter development of sensing and control electronics for extreme temperature (>200°) applications. Systems require front-end power conditioning, sensor excitation and monitoring, response amplification, scaling, and multiplexing. Back-end Analog-to-Digital conversion and digital processing/control can be implemented using one or two integrated circuit chips, whereas the front-end functions require component counts in the dozens. The low level of integration in the available portfolio of SOI devices results in high component count when constructing signal conditioning interfaces for aerospace sensors. These include quasi-DC sensors such as thermo-couples, strain-gauges, bridge transducers as well as AC-coupled sensors and position transducers, such as Linear Variable Differential Transducers (LVDT's). Furthermore, a majority of sensor applications are best served by excitation/response voltage ranges that typically exceed the voltage range of digital electronics (either 5V or 3.3V in currently available digital IC's for use above 200°C). These constraints led Embedded Systems LLC to design a generic device which was implemented by Honeywell as an analog ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). This paper will describe the ASIC block-level capabilities in the context of the typical applications and present characterization data from wafer-level testing at the target temperature range (225C). This material is based upon work performed by Honeywell International under a subcontract from Embedded Systems LLC, funding for which was provided by the U.S. Air Force Small Business Innovative Research program.
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Sheremet, Oleksii, Tetiana Kiriienko, Andrii Besh, and Kateryna Sheremet. "Designing a shock test system prototype based on a hydroelastic drive." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 2, no. 7 (110) (April 30, 2021): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.226697.
Full textAbstract:
Laboratory shock tests involve the reproduction of simple one-time and repeated pulses of a certain waveform. In practice, such mechanical impacts on an object are implemented at specialized testing equipment ‒ shock systems. A promising direction in the development of shock machines includes the structures that operate on the energy of elastic deformation of the compressed liquid and the shell of the vessel that contains it. Such systems make it possible to improve the versatility, manageability, and accuracy of impact tests. Underlying this study is the use of a hydroelastic drive to design a prototype of the automated electro-hydraulic system for a shock test system. The proposed shock test system prototype makes it possible to expand the functionality of the installations to perform impact tests with a series of pulses, as well as improve manageability and increase the level of automation. The main feature of the proposed structural scheme is that the reconfiguration for a new impact pulse occurs very quickly. Owing to the presence of a driven rotary drum with braking devices, the bench makes it possible to generate a shock pulse repetition frequency of 1‒2 Hz. The constructed mathematical model of the shock machine takes into consideration the inertia of moving masses, the rigidity of the liquid or "one-way" spring of the charging chamber, as well as the influence of dampers on which the test platform rests. The variables in the mathematical model are linked by differential equations describing two periods within a shock system work cycle: charging and pulse generation. The model's practical value is to determine the dynamic characteristics of the test installation, as well as to calculate the required structural and technological parameters. The differential equations describing the movements at the shock machine have been solved in a numerical way. The study results have established the optimal value (in terms of minimizing the overload on an article on the return stroke of the rod) for the damping factor of the braking device, which is 13,000 kg/s. In this setting, the ratio of the amplitude of acceleration on the reverse stroke to the amplitude of effective acceleration during tests is reduced to a minimum of 0.195