Relevant bibliographies by topics / Deviation estimates

Academic literature on the topic 'Deviation estimates'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Deviation estimates"

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Korolyuk, V. S., and O. Melyaeva. "Martingale estimates for the distribution of the deviation of density estimates." Ukrainian Mathematical Journal 38, no. 1 (1986): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01056768.

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Buraczewski, Dariusz, and Mariusz Maślanka. "Large deviation estimates for branching random walks." ESAIM: Probability and Statistics 23 (2019): 823–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ps/2019006.

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Naudts, Jan, and Hiroki Suyari. "Large deviation estimates involving deformed exponential functions." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 436 (October 2015): 716–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2015.05.093.

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Pechenin, Vadim Andreevich, Michael Alexandrovich Bolotov, and N. V. Ruzanov. "Technique of Decomposition of Form Deviation for Freeform Surfaces." Key Engineering Materials 685 (February 2016): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.685.334.

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This paper presents the technique of decomposition of form deviation based on the use of wavelet filter and Fourier transform. The method allows decomposing the total deviation into systematic, random systematic (waviness) and random components. The method testing was carried out for the statistics of the deviation of the suction side of the turbine engine compressor blade. The accuracy check of the estimates of form deviations generated by the method in a series of simulated surfaces with pre-laid characteristics was carried out. The results showed that the method of decomposition allows one to estimate exactly the components of the form deviation of the simulated surfaces in their series.
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Uzhga Rebrov, Oleg, and Galina Kuleshova. "FUZZY ROBUST ESTIMATES OF LOCATION AND SCALE PARAMETERS OF A FUZZY RANDOM VARIABLE." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 2 (June 17, 2021): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2021vol2.6566.

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A random variable is a variable whose components are random values. To characterise a random variable, the arithmetic mean is widely used as an estimate of the location parameter, and variation as an estimate of the scale parameter. The disadvantage of the arithmetic mean is that it is sensitive to extreme values, outliers in the data. Due to that, to characterise random variables, robust estimates of the location and scale parameters are widely used: the median and median absolute deviation from the median. In real situations, the components of a random variable cannot always be estimated in a deterministic way. One way to model the initial data uncertainty is to use fuzzy estimates of the components of a random variable. Such variables are called fuzzy random variables. In this paper, we examine fuzzy robust estimates of location and scale parameters of a fuzzy random variable: fuzzy median and fuzzy median of the deviations of fuzzy component values from the fuzzy median.
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Shulenin, V. P. "Comparison of robust estimates of modified variants of standard deviation and average absolute deviations." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Fizika 65, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/00213411/65/2/171.

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Goddard, M. J. "Tables to calculate untrimmed range and standard deviation estimates from trimmed estimates." Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation 23, no. 1 (January 1994): 207–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610919408813165.

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Doukhan, Paul, and Elisabeth Gassiat. "Quadratic deviation of penalized mean squares regression estimates." Journal of Multivariate Analysis 41, no. 1 (April 1992): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-259x(92)90059-o.

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Sakhanenko, A. I. "Berry-esseen type estimates for large deviation probabilities." Siberian Mathematical Journal 32, no. 4 (1992): 647–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00972983.

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Mrode, R. A., C. Smith, and R. Thompson. "Selection for rate and efficiency of lean gain in Hereford cattle 1. Selection pressure applied and direct responses." Animal Science 51, no. 1 (August 1990): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100005122.

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ABSTRACTSelection of bulls for rate and efficiency of lean gain was studied in a herd of Hereford cattle. There were two selection lines, one selected for lean growth rate (LGR) from birth to 400 days and the other for lean food conversion ratio (LFCR) from 200 to 400 days of age, for a period of 8 years. A control line bred by frozen semen from foundation bulls was also maintained. Generation interval was about 2·4 years and average male selection differentials, per generation were 1·2 and — 1·1 phenotypic standard deviation units for LGR and LFCR respectively.Genetic parameters and responses to selection were estimated from the deviation of the selected lines from a control line and by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) techniques on the same material. Realized heritabilities were 0·40 (s.e. 0·12) for LGR and 0·40 (s.e. 0·13) for LFCR using the control line. Corresponding estimates from REML were 0·42 (s.e. 0·10) and 0·37 (s.e. 0·14). The estimate of the genetic correlation between LGR and LFCR was about — 0·69 (s.e. 0·12) using REML.The estimates of direct annual genetic change using deviations from the control were 3·6 (s.e. 1·3) g/day for LGR and — 0·14 (s.e. 0·07) kg food per kg lean gain for LFCR. Corrsponding estimates from REML were similar but more precisely estimated. The correlated responses for LFCR in the LGR line was higher than the direct response for LFCR.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Deviation estimates"

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Kim, Tae-Hwan. "The shrinkage least absolute deviation estimator in large samples and its application to the Treynor-Black model /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9901433.

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Du, Roy de Chaumaray Marie. "Estimation statistique des paramètres pour les processus de Cox-Ingersoll-Ross et de Heston." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0299/document.

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Les processus de Cox-Ingersoll-Ross et de Heston jouent un rôle prépondérant dans la modélisation mathématique des cours d’actifs financiers ou des taux d’intérêts. Dans cette thèse, on s’intéresse à l’estimation de leurs paramètres à partir de l’observation en temps continu d’une de leurs trajectoires. Dans un premier temps, on se place dans le cas où le processus CIR est géométriquement ergodique et ne s’annule pas. On établit alors un principe de grandes déviationspour l’estimateur du maximum de vraisemblance du couple des paramètres de dimension et de dérive d’un processus CIR. On établit ensuite un principe de déviations modérées pour l’estimateur du maximum de vraisemblance des quatre paramètres d’un processus de Heston, ainsi que pour l’estimateur du maximum de vraisemblance du couple des paramètres d’un processus CIR. Contrairement à ce qui a été fait jusqu’ici dans la littérature,les paramètres sont estimés simultanément. Dans un second temps, on ne se restreint plus au cas où le processus CIR n’atteint jamais zéro et on propose un nouvel estimateur des moindres carrés pondérés pour le quadruplet des paramètres d’un processus de Heston.On établit sa consistance forte et sa normalité asymptotique, et on illustre numériquement ses bonnes performances
The Cox-Ingersoll-Ross process and the Heston process are widely used in financial mathematics for pricing and hedging or to model interest rates. In this thesis, we focus on estimating their parameters using continuous-time observations. Firstly, we restrict ourselves to the most tractable situation where the CIR processis geometrically ergodic and does not vanish. We establish a large deviations principle for the maximum likelihood estimator of the couple of dimensionnal and drift parameters of a CIR process. Then we establish a moderate deviations principle for the maximum likelihood estimator of the four parameters of an Heston process, as well as for the maximum likelihood estimator of the couple of parameters of a CIR process. In contrast to the previous literature, parameters are estimated simultaneously. Secondly, we do not restrict ourselves anymore to the case where the CIR process never reaches zero and we introduce a new weighted least squares estimator for the quadruplet of parameters of an Heston process. We establish its strong consitency and asymptotic normality, and we illustrate numerically its good performances
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Neves, Andrea Marolt Pimenta. "A Comparison of Implied Standard Deviations and Historical Estimates of Volatility During and After the Participation of the British Pound in the ERM." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31593.

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This thesis tests the hypothesis that the qualities of different forecasts of exchange rate volatility depend on the underlying exchange rate regime. By examining the British pound during and after its withdrawal from the European Monetary System (EMS), this analysis compares "backward-looking" historical forecasts of future volatility with the "forward-looking" forecast of volatility reflected in current option prices. Because option implied volatility contains the market's most current expectations about future prices, theory and much previous evidence suggests this should be the superior predictor of future volatility. In contrast to previous research by findings, this study concludes that option implied volatility is not superior. During the time when the pound was in the EMS, implied volatility provided reasonably good forecasts of future volatility. However, after the pound withdrew from the EMS, various statistical measures of historical volatility are found to have greater informational content and predictive power about future actual volatility than implied volatility. In particular, a time series estimate, specifically a GARCH(1,1) model, had the most informational content and predictive power about realized pound volatility, especially in the period following sterling's withdrawal from the EMS.
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Gendron, Paul John. "A comparison of digital beacon receiver frequency estimators." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09292009-020307/.

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Echiejile, Faith. "Analysis of Monthly Suspended Sediment Load in Rivers and Streams Using Linear Regression and Similar Precipitation Data." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1629203139818238.

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WEY, SYLVIANE. "1. Un test du nombre de modes. 2. Un estimateur du minimum d'entropie sous une contrainte non lineaire. 3. Un theoreme limite local. Application aux probabilites de deviation d'estimateurs." Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066234.

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Dans la premiere partie, on presente un test du nombre de modes d'une loi de probabilite reelle, on teste la bimodalite (ou plus) contre l'unimodalite. Dans la seconde partie, un estimateur du minimum d'entropie sous une contrainte non lineaire est obtenu. La convergence et la loi limite de cet estimateur sont etablies. Dans la derniere partie, on obtient un equivalent asymptotique de la probabilite que la somme de n variables aleatoires independantes appartienne a un compact, sous certaines conditions. Ce resultat est utilise pour obtenir des probabilites de deviations pour la moyenne empirique et les m-estimateurs
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Salem, Samir. "Limite de champ moyen et propagation du chaos pour des systèmes de particules avec interaction discontinue." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0387/document.

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Dans cette thèse, on étudie des problèmes de propagation du chaos et de limite de champ moyen pour des modèles relatant le comportement collectif d'individus ou de particules. Particulièrement, on se place dans des cas où l'interaction entre ces individus/particules est discontinue. Le premier travail établit la propagation du chaos pour l'équation de Vlasov-Poisson-Fokker-Planck 1d. Plus précisément, on montre que la distribution des particules évoluant sur la droite des réels interagissant via la fonction signe, converge vers la solution de l'équation de VPFP 1d, en probabilité par des techniques de type grandes déviations, et en espérance par des techniques de loi des grands nombre. Dans le second travail, on étudie une variante du modèle de Cucker-Smale, où le noyau de communication est l'indicatrice d'un cône dont l'orientation dépend de la vitesse de l'individu. Une estimation de stabilité fort-faible en distance de M.K.W. est obtenue, qui implique la limite de champ moyen. Le troisième travail a consisté à introduire de la diffusion en vitesse dans le modèle précédemment cité. Cependant, il faut ajouter une diffusion tronquée afin de préserver un système dans lequel les vitesses restent uniformément bornées. Finalement, on étudie une variante de l'équation d'agrégation où l'interaction entre individus est donnée par un cône dont l'orientation dépend de la position de l'individu. Dans ce cas on peut seulement donner une estimation de stabilité fort-faible en distance $W_\infty$, et le modèle doit être posé dans un domaine borné dans le cas avec diffusion
In this thesis, we study some propagation of chaos and mean field limit problems arising in modelisation of collective behavior of individuals or particles. Particularly, we set ourselves in the case where the interaction between the individuals/particles is discontinuous. The first work establihes the propagation of chaos for the 1d Vlasov-Poisson-Fokker-Planck equation. More precisely, we show that the distribution of particles evolving on the real line and interacting through the sign function converges to the solution of the 1d VPFP equation, in probability by large deviations-like techniques, and in expectation by law of large numbers-like techniques. In the second work, we study a variant of the Cucker-Smale, where the communication weight is the indicatrix function of a cone which orientation depends on the velocity of the individual. Some weak-strong stability estimate in M.K.W. distance is obtained for the limit equation, which implies the mean field limit. The third work consists in adding some diffusion in velocity to the model previously quoted. However one must add some truncated diffusion in order to preserve a system in which velocities remain unifomrly bounded. Finally we study a variant of the aggregation equation where the interaction between individuals is also given by a cone which orientation depends on the position of the individual. In this case we are only able to provide some weak-strong stability estimate in $W_\infty$ distance, and the problem must be set in a bounded domain for the case with diffusion
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Bitseki, Penda Siméon Valère. "Inégalités de déviations, principe de déviations modérées et théorèmes limites pour des processus indexés par un arbre binaire et pour des modèles markoviens." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00822136.

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Le contrôle explicite de la convergence des sommes convenablement normalisées de variables aléatoires, ainsi que l'étude du principe de déviations modérées associé à ces sommes constituent les thèmes centraux de cette thèse. Nous étudions principalement deux types de processus. Premièrement, nous nous intéressons aux processus indexés par un arbre binaire, aléatoire ou non. Ces processus ont été introduits dans la littérature afin d'étudier le mécanisme de la division cellulaire. Au chapitre 2, nous étudions les chaînes de Markov bifurcantes. Ces chaînes peuvent être vues comme une adaptation des chaînes de Markov "usuelles'' dans le cas où l'ensemble des indices à une structure binaire. Sous des hypothèses d'ergodicité géométrique uniforme et non-uniforme d'une chaîne de Markov induite, nous fournissons des inégalités de déviations et un principe de déviations modérées pour les chaînes de Markov bifurcantes. Au chapitre 3, nous nous intéressons aux processus bifurcants autorégressifs d'ordre p (). Ces processus sont une adaptation des processus autorégressifs linéaires d'ordre p dans le cas où l'ensemble des indices à une structure binaire. Nous donnons des inégalités de déviations, ainsi qu'un principe de déviations modérées pour les estimateurs des moindres carrés des paramètres "d'autorégression'' de ce modèle. Au chapitre 4, nous traitons des inégalités de déviations pour des chaînes de Markov bifurcantes sur un arbre de Galton-Watson. Ces chaînes sont une généralisation de la notion de chaînes de Markov bifurcantes au cas où l'ensemble des indices est un arbre de Galton-Watson binaire. Elles permettent dans le cas de la division cellulaire de prendre en compte la mort des cellules. Les hypothèses principales que nous faisons dans ce chapitre sont : l'ergodicité géométrique uniforme d'une chaîne de Markov induite et la non-extinction du processus de Galton-Watson associé. Au chapitre 5, nous nous intéressons aux modèles autorégressifs linéaires d'ordre 1 ayant des résidus corrélés. Plus particulièrement, nous nous concentrons sur la statistique de Durbin-Watson. La statistique de Durbin-Watson est à la base des tests de Durbin-Watson, qui permettent de détecter l'autocorrélation résiduelle dans des modèles autorégressifs d'ordre 1. Nous fournissons un principe de déviations modérées pour cette statistique. Les preuves du principe de déviations modérées des chapitres 2, 3 et 4 reposent essentiellement sur le principe de déviations modérées des martingales. Les inégalités de déviations sont établies principalement grâce à l'inégalité d'Azuma-Bennet-Hoeffding et l'utilisation de la structure binaire des processus. Le chapitre 5 est né de l'importance qu'a l'ergodicité explicite des chaînes de Markov au chapitre 3. L'ergodicité géométrique explicite des processus de Markov à temps discret et continu ayant été très bien étudiée dans la littérature, nous nous sommes penchés sur l'ergodicité sous-exponentielle des processus de Markov à temps continu. Nous fournissons alors des taux explicites pour la convergence sous exponentielle d'un processus de Markov à temps continu vers sa mesure de probabilité d'équilibre. Les hypothèses principales que nous utilisons sont : l'existence d'une fonction de Lyapunov et d'une condition de minoration. Les preuves reposent en grande partie sur la construction du couplage et le contrôle explicite de la queue du temps de couplage.
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Rummens, François. "Systèmes intégrés pour l'hybridation vivant-artificiel : modélisation et conception d'une chaîne de détection analogique adaptative." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0431/document.

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La bioélectronique est un domaine transdisciplinaire qui oeuvre, entre autres, àl’interconnexion entre des systèmes biologiques présentant une activité électrique et le mondede l’électronique. Cette communication avec le vivant implique l’observation de l’activitéélectrique des cellules considérées et nécessite donc une chaine d’acquisition électronique.L’utilisation de Multi/Micro Electrodes Array débouche sur des systèmes devantacquérir un grand nombre de canaux en parallèle, dès lors la consommation etl’encombrement des circuits d’acquisition ont un impact significatif sur la viabilité dusystème destiné à être implanté.Cette thèse propose deux réflexions à propos de ces circuits d’acquisition. Une ces desréflexions a trait aux circuits d’amplification, à leur impédance d’entrée et à leurconsommation ; l’autre concerne un détecteur de potentiels d’action analogique, samodélisation et son optimisation.Ces travaux théoriques ayant abouti à des résultats concrets, un ASIC a été conçu,fabriqué, testé et caractérisé au cours de cette thèse. Cet ASIC à huit canaux comporte doncdes amplificateurs et des détecteurs de potentiels d’action analogiques et constitue le principalapport de ce travail de thèse
Bioelectronics is a transdisciplinary field which develops interconnection devicesbetween biological systems presenting electrical activity and the world of electronics. Thiscommunication with living tissues implies to observe the electrical activity of the cells andtherefore requires an electronic acquisition chain.The use of Multi / Micro Electrode Array leads to systems that acquire a large numberof parallel channels, thus consumption and congestion of acquisition circuits have asignificant impact on the viability of the system to be implanted.This thesis proposes two reflections about these acquisition circuits. One of thesereflections relates to amplifier circuits, their input impedance and consumption; the otherconcerns an analogue action potentials detector, its modeling and optimization.These theoretical work leading to concrete results, an ASIC was designed,manufactured, tested and characterized in this thesis. This eight-channel ASIC thereforeincludes amplifiers and analogue action potentials detector and is the main contribution of thisthesis
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Chinot, Geoffrey. "Localization methods with applications to robust learning and interpolation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAG002.

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Cette thèse de doctorat est centrée sur l'apprentissage supervisé. L'objectif principal est l'utilisation de méthodes de localisation pour obtenir des vitesses rapides de convergence, c'est-à-dire, des vitesse de l'ordre O(1/n), où n est le nombre d'observations. Ces vitesses ne sont pas toujours atteignables. Il faut imposer des contraintes sur la variance du problème comme une condition de Bernstein ou de marge. Plus particulièrement, dans cette thèse nous tentons d'établir des vitesses rapides de convergences pour des problèmes de robustesse et d'interpolation.On dit qu'un estimateur est robuste si ce dernier présente certaines garanties théoriques, sous le moins d'hypothèses possibles. Cette problématique de robustesse devient de plus en plus populaire. La raison principale est que dans l'ère actuelle du “big data", les données sont très souvent corrompues. Ainsi, construire des estimateurs fiables dans cette situation est essentiel. Dans cette thèse nous montrons que le fameux minimiseur du risque empirique (regularisé) associé à une fonction de perte Lipschitz est robuste à des bruits à queues lourde ainsi qu'a des outliers dans les labels. En revanche si la classe de prédicteurs est à queue lourde, cet estimateur n'est pas fiable. Dans ce cas, nous construisons des estimateurs appelé estimateur minmax-MOM, optimal lorsque les données sont à queues lourdes et possiblement corrompues.En apprentissage statistique, on dit qu'un estimateur interpole, lorsque ce dernier prédit parfaitement sur un jeu d'entrainement. En grande dimension, certains estimateurs interpolant les données peuvent être bons. En particulier, cette thèse nous étudions le modèle linéaire Gaussien en grande dimension et montrons que l'estimateur interpolant les données de plus petite norme est consistant et atteint même des vitesses rapides
This PhD thesis deals with supervized machine learning and statistics. The main goal is to use localization techniques to derive fast rates of convergence, with a particular focus on robust learning and interpolation problems.Localization methods aim to analyze localized properties of an estimator to obtain fast rates of convergence, that is rates of order O(1/n), where n is the number of observations. Under assumptions, such as the Bernstein condition, such rates are attainable.A robust estimator is an estimator with good theoretical guarantees, under as few assumptions as possible. This question is getting more and more popular in the current era of big data. Large dataset are very likely to be corrupted and one would like to build reliable estimators in such a setting. We show that the well-known regularized empirical risk minimizer (RERM) with Lipschitz-loss function is robust with respect to heavy-tailed noise and outliers in the label. When the class of predictor is heavy-tailed, RERM is not reliable. In this setting, we show that minmax Median of Means estimators can be a solution. By construction minmax-MOM estimators are also robust to an adversarial contamination.Interpolation problems study learning procedure with zero training error. Surprisingly, in large dimension, interpolating the data does not necessarily implies over-fitting. We study a high dimensional Gaussian linear model and show that sometimes the over-fitting may be benign
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Books on the topic "Deviation estimates"

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Lemeshko, Boris, and Pavel Blinov. Criteria for checking deviations from the exponential law. Application manual. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1097477.

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The monograph is intended for specialists who are more or less faced with the issues of statistical data analysis, processing of experimental results, and using statistical methods to analyze various aspects and trends of the surrounding reality. The guide discusses the application of statistical criteria aimed at testing the hypothesis that the analyzed sample belongs to the exponential (exponential) distribution law. The disadvantages and advantages of various criteria are indicated. Estimates of the power of the criteria and results of comparative analysis of the criteria are given, as well as tables containing percentage points and statistical distribution models necessary for applying the criteria. Following the recommendations will ensure the correctness and validity of statistical conclusions when analyzing data. It will be useful for engineers, researchers, specialists in various fields (doctors, biologists, sociologists, economists, etc.) who are faced with the need for statistical analysis of experimental results, as well as University teachers, graduate students and students.
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Knight, Keith. Asympotitics for L1 regression estimators under general conditions. Toronto: University of Toronto, Dept. of Statistics, 1997.

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Ganev, K. Statistical estimates of the deviations from the macroeconomic potential: An application to the economy of Bulgaria. Sofia: Agency for Economic Analysis & Forecasting, 2003.

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Lottman, B. Evaluation of the MV (CAPON) coherent Doppler lidar velocity estimator. MSFC, Ala: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, 1997.

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Evaluation of the MV (CAPON) coherent Doppler lidar velocity estimator: Under grant NAG8-253. Marshall Space Flight Center, Ala: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, [George C. Marshall Space Flight Center], 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Deviation estimates"

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Chen, Xia, and Wenbo V. Li. "Small Deviation Estimates for Some Additive Processes." In High Dimensional Probability III, 225–38. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8059-6_14.

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Blanchard, P., P. Combe, M. Sirugue, and M. Sirugue-Collin. "Estimates of quantum deviations from classical mechanics using large deviation results." In Quantum Probability and Applications II, 104–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0074464.

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Comets, F. "Statistical analysis of Markov random fields using large deviation estimates." In Stochastic Models, Statistical Methods, and Algorithms in Image Analysis, 132–41. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2920-9_9.

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Amadou, Zakou. "Agropastoralists’ Climate Change Adaptation Strategy Modeling: Software and Coding Method Accuracies for Best-Worst Scaling Data." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1631–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_129.

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AbstractInvestigating software and coding method accuracies are still a challenge when dealing with best-worst scaling data. Comparing various climate change policy estimates and their relative importance across different statistical packages has received little attention. In this chapter, we use best-worst scaling approach to determine agropastoralist preferences for 13 climate change adaptation policies across two popular statistical packages (R and SAS). While data were collected from 271 agropastoralists, mixed logit was used to analyze data. Results reveal that mean and standard deviation estimates for 13 climate change adaptation policies from R are higher and statistically significant than SAS estimates. Based on R estimates, prolific animal selection, vaccination, settlement, strategic mobility, and strategic destocking are the most popular climate change adaptation policies, and more than two-third of respondents are in favor of these policies.
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Baldi, Paolo, Lucia Caramellino, and Maria Gabriella Iovino. "Pricing Complex Barrier Options with General Features Using Sharp Large Deviation Estimates." In Monte-Carlo and Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods 1998, 149–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59657-5_9.

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Obretenov, A., and S. Rachev. "Estimates of the deviation between the exponential and new classes of bivariate distributions." In Stability Problems for Stochastic Models, 93–102. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0072715.

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Collamore, Jeffrey F., and Anand N. Vidyashankar. "Large Deviation Tail Estimates and Related Limit Laws for Stochastic Fixed Point Equations." In Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics, 91–117. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38806-4_5.

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Lesigne, Emmanuel. "The large deviations estimate." In The Student Mathematical Library, 23–27. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/stml/028/07.

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Lesigne, Emmanuel. "The moderate deviations estimate." In The Student Mathematical Library, 45–51. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/stml/028/09.

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Pérez-Iglesias, Joaquín, and Lourdes Araujo. "Standard Deviation as a Query Hardness Estimator." In String Processing and Information Retrieval, 207–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16321-0_21.

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Conference papers on the topic "Deviation estimates"

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Lalehpour, Amirali, Ahmad Barari, and Saeed Jamiolahmadi. "A Finite Element Approach to Estimate the Detailed Deviation Zone in Coordinate Metrology." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-48008.

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The exact detailed knowledge of deviation zone in a manufactured surface needs measurement of infinite number of points when the coordinate metrology is utilized. The coordinate metrology process provides deviation of the limited number of discrete points on a measured surface, but typically the process is not capable to explore any information of the surface regions between these measured points. A Finite Element approach for Deviation Zone Evaluation (DZE) on the entire inspected surface is presented in this paper. The developed DZE solution estimates the deviation values at any unmeasured point of the inspected surface when a detailed understanding of the surface geometric deviations is required. Implementation of the developed methodology is described and case study for typical industrial parts is presented. This methodology can be used for closed-loop of inspection and manufacturing processes when a compensation scheme is available to compensate the manufacturing errors based on the DZE data.
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Islam, A. M. T., and S. A. Sjolander. "Deviation in Axial Turbines at Subsonic Conditions." In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-026.

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An improved correlation is presented for the deviation in axial turbines at subsonic flow conditions. Development of the correlation began with the assumption that the deviation is primarily determined by the blade loading (pressure difference) towards the trailing edge. The blade row parameters which influence this pressure difference are identified. A functional form for the correlation was then assumed and the unknown coefficients in the function were determined based on a database of known values of the deviation. This database includes in-house experimental results, estimates of deviation obtained from Navier-Stokes simulations, as well as cases from the literature for which sufficient geometric data are provided. The evaluation of the empirical coefficients of the correlation was treated as an optimization problem. The optimization was performed using a genetic algorithm which proved very effective and robust. The new deviation correlation appears to be significantly more successful than existing correlations.
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Dunham, John. "Compressor Off-Design Performance Prediction Using an Endwall Model." In ASME 1996 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-gt-062.

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A throughflow method for designing and analysing compressors has to be supplied with loss, deviation, and blockage estimates for every blade row. The earliest methods used empirical correlations for profile loss and deviation, together with an empirical blockage or “work done” factor, and empirical estimates of additional losses near the endwalls. Previous papers by the author have described how to replace the empirical blockage factor and endwall corrections by explicit calculations using a new mathematical model of the endwall phenomena. Those papers illustrated the application of the method near design conditions, using either design profile loss and deviation figures or computations by a viscous-inviscid interaction blade-to-blade method. In order to estimate off-design performance rapidly over the whole operating range, some way of estimating off-design profile loss and deviation must be chosen. In this paper, the previously-derived design point loss and deviation figures are retained, and an empirical correlation due to Miller, Wasdell, and Wright is used to predict the changes in loss and deviation off-design. It is shown by means of sample three-dimensional Navier-Stokes computations that the endwall model remains applicable off-design. The method has been tested against two low speed and two high speed compressors, one of each example having controlled-diffusion blading. The low speed compressor characteristic maps are predicted only approximately, but the predicted high speed compressor maps are good. It is widely believed that endwall flow separation can initiate stall or surge. As stall or surge was approached the shape factor of the annulus wall boundary layer at one location rose sharply, but no single stall-predicting value could be found.
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Mohan, Shankar, Youngki Kim, and Anna G. Stefanopoulou. "On Improving Battery State of Charge Estimation Using Bulk Force Measurements." In ASME 2015 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2015-9966.

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Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries undergo physical deformation as their state-of-charge (SOC) changes. The physical deformation causes changes in the pressure (equivalently, force) applied at the end-plates of a constrained battery pack or module. This paper proposes the fusion of bulk force and battery voltage measurements to estimate the SOC in Li-ion battery packs. In this paper, using discrete Linear Quadratic Estimators (dLQEs), the advantage of using force measurements in addition to voltage measurement to improve SOC estimates is quantitatively studied through simulations. It is observed that including force measurements can decrease the mean and standard deviation of SOC estimation error by 50% in some SOC intervals.
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Mukoyama, Hiroshi, Shigeyuki Shimachi, and Yoshihide Hakozaki. "Contact Pressure Estimates of Tooth Surfaces of Gear Couplings." In ASME 2000 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2000/ptg-14452.

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Abstract Recent demands for gear couplings are to reduce the backlash and to increase the shaft angle limit. On coping with these demands, the tooth contact pressure is recognized as the trade-off problem. In the traditional estimation of tooth contact pressure, the deflection of tooth is calculated by using the formula for spur gear that has long contact bearing in the face width direction, although gear coupling has it in the tooth depth direction. And, the Hertz depression of the tooth surface is estimated as that of the infinite plane. Additionally, the traditional methods don’t consider about the edge contact on the tip or end of tooth. A successive approximation method is established to find the load distribution on the mating teeth surfaces. As for the effect of the edge contact on the tip or end of tooth, it is cleared that the contact pressure distribution deforms itself severely, but the maximum pressure is almost constant. The expressions estimating the maximum pressure and the displacement of tooth base are constructed for 6 parameters as follows; total load coefficient, relative curvature of teeth surfaces, tooth module, ratio of tooth height to face width, angle of tip contact and deviation of end contact.
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Noergaard, Christian, Michael M. Bech, and Daniel B. Roemer. "A Motion Observer With On-Line Parameter Estimation for Moving-Coil Based Digital Valves in Digital Displacement Machines." In 9th FPNI Ph.D. Symposium on Fluid Power. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpni2016-1543.

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In this paper, a method is developed to estimate the parameters and motion of a moving coil actuator in the digital valves of Digital Displacement machines. The parameter estimation is carried out using three simple distinctive schemes from which certain electrical and magnetic parameters may be estimated. The parameter estimation method uses simple adaptation laws to update the moving coil actuator parameters used to estimate the valve plunger motion in an observer. The observer estimates the velocity using the back electro-motive force (back-emf) induced when moving the coil based on current and voltage measurements, but without any mechanical sensors. The valve movement of digital valves is confined by mechanical end-stops enabling estimating the valve position through integration of the estimated velocity relatively accurate. The observer depends on precise knowledge of the electrical dynamics to accurately estimate the valve motion. When the parameters are converged through adaptation the observer proves to be capable of tracking the valve motion relatively accurate, however some deviation occur at the mechanical end-stops of the valve. The parameter estimation method and the observer is implemented and tested off-line when using experimental data obtained from a newly developed digi-valve prototype which uses a moving coil actuator as the force producing element.
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Perez, Ethan, Ryan T. Kelly, Kotaro Matsui, Naoki Tani, and Aleksandar Jemcov. "Analysis of the Convergence Rate of Turbulence Model Uncertainties for Transonic Axial Compressor Simulation." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15716.

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Abstract Numerical experiments were performed to assess the effect of numerical discretization error on the convergence rate of polynomial chaos (PC) approximations for a transonic axial compressor stage. A random variable with a uniform distribution and expected value of one was introduced into the expression for turbulent viscosity of the k-ω SST turbulence model. Model uncertainty was quantified from the expected value and standard deviation estimates obtained via univariate non-intrusive polynomial chaos. Spectral projection and point collocation were both used and their results were compared. The effect of discretization error on convergence of the PC approximation was investigated using a grid refinement study with four grids. The PC expansion was computed for each grid while maintaining the same boundary conditions, basis functions, model evaluations, random variable distribution, and polynomial order. The quantities of interest (QOIs) were total–to–total pressure ratio, total–to–total temperature, and adiabatic efficiency. The grid resolution was found to have an influence on resulting surrogate models and the estimates of expected value and standard deviation for all QOIs. However, the estimates converged towards final values as the mesh was refined. Point collocation provided different estimates from spectral projection and the difference was also found to depend on the mesh size.
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Park, Joel T., Toby J. Ratcliffe, Lisa M. Minnick, and Lauren E. Russell. "Test Results and Uncertainty Estimates for CEHIPAR Model 2716." In SNAME 29th American Towing Tank Conference. SNAME, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/attc-2010-025.

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The 24th International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC) has initiated an inter-laboratory test of a 5.720 m length model that is geometrically similar to David Taylor Model Basin (DTMB) model 5415, a pre-design version of the U. S. Navy surface ship combatant DDG-51. Resistance, sinkage, and trim measurements were completed during the last week of August 2009 on DTMB Carriage #1. Test results include an uncertainty analysis. Since the test program was initiated, the uncertainty analysis procedures were revised by the 25th ITTC for consistency with the ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (ISO GUM 1995). This paper describes the analysis by the ISO GUM. All measurement results are traceable to NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). These results are for a test conducted on a single day over a Froude number, Fr, range of 0.10 to 0.41 and 9 different velocities. Only resistance results are reported here. A total of 12 repeat runs were performed at Fr = 0.10, 0.28, and 0.41. The variation in results is quite large in comparison to the uncertainty estimate at a single run condition. The uncertainty from Type A method as computed from the standard deviation of the time series was the largest uncertainty component in resistance from the drag block gages. For example at Fr = 0.41, the residuary resistance coefficient was CR = 0.003721 ±0.000041 (±1.11 %) with about ±0.000031 (±0.83 %) from the block gage measurement. A 4th-order polynomial approximates the experimental data quite well with a correlation of coefficient of 0.999. The fitted value at Fr = 0.41 is CR = 0.00366 ±0.00012 (±3.3 %). The curve fitted value is considered to be the best estimate of the uncertainty when combined with the measured value. For the most part, the resistance coefficients are in agreement with previous results within the uncertainty of the estimates.
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Rocha, Francisco Wallison, Emilio Francesquini, and Daniel Cordeiro. "An Approach Inspired by Simulation Points to Accelerate Smart Cities Simulations." In Escola Regional de Alto Desempenho de São Paulo. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/eradsp.2021.16703.

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Approaches using simulations are of great value for smart cities research. However, city-scale simulators can be both processing and memory-intensive, and hard to scale. To speed up these simulations and to allow executing larger scenarios, this work presents an approach based on an technique named Simpoint to estimate the result of new simulations using previous simulations. This technique aims to identify and cluster recurring patterns during a simulation. Then, unique representatives of each cluster are selected and their simulation is used to estimate the simulation results of the remaining cluster elements. The experimental results for our estimates are promising.On a dataset with 16,993 time series, our technique was able to estimate the original series with an average error of 1.60979e-11 and standard deviation of 9.18228e-11.
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Castaldo, Timothy. "Method of Analysis for Impact of Input Uncertainty Error Propagation in a Highly Nonlinear System: Applied to Modern Aircraft Engine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-82219.

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Abstract Current methods for compressor vane control in a turbo-jet engine rely on measurements or estimates of compressor inlet temperatures and speed to determine the most favorable compressor stator vane angles over the course of an effectively infinite-horizon control decision process. During each instance of this process, the stator vane angles must be adjusted with a regular frequency to manage compressor efficiency and stability over the course of a flight. The optimality suffers from uncertainty in compressor inlet temperature, though the extent of deviation from optimality is unknown, as is the cost-benefit trade space for addressing this issue. This is an example of a more general problem in systems engineering, which is to estimate the cost of uncertainty in information with respect to its effect on deviations from optimality in infinite- and indefinite-horizon decision processes subject to a stochastic state machine that determines decision outcome. This thesis will develop a methodology for (A) estimating the cost of uncertain information in these kinds of sequential decision processes, (B) characterizing the trade space associated with addressing this problem, and (C) application to the jet engine design refinement problem.
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Reports on the topic "Deviation estimates"

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Cristia, Julian P., Paulo Bastos, Kim Beomsoo, and Ofer Malamud. Good schools or good students?: evidence on school effects from universal random assignment of students to high schools. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004380.

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How much do schools differ in their effectiveness? Recent studies that seek to answer this question account for student sorting using random assignment generated by central allocation mechanisms or oversubscribed schools. However, the resulting estimates, while causal, may also reflect peer effects due to differences in peer quality of non-randomized students. We exploit universal random assignment of students to high schools in certain areas of South Korea to provide estimates of school effects that may better reflect the effects of school practices. We find significant effects of schools on scores in high-stakes college entrance exams: a 1 standard deviation increase in school quality leads to 0.06-0.08 standard deviations higher average academic achievement in Korean and English languages. Analogous estimates from areas of South Korea that do not use random assignment, and therefore include the effects of student sorting and peer effects, are substantially higher.
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Kaffenberger, Michelle, and Lant Pritchett. Women’s Education May Be Even Better Than We Thought: Estimating the Gains from Education When Schooling Ain’t Learning. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/049.

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Women’s schooling has long been regarded as one of the best investments in development. Using two different cross-nationally comparable data sets which both contain measures of schooling, assessments of literacy, and life outcomes for more than 50 countries, we show the association of women’s education (defined as schooling and the acquisition of literacy) with four life outcomes (fertility, child mortality, empowerment, and financial practices) is much larger than the standard estimates of the gains from schooling alone. First, estimates of the association of outcomes with schooling alone cannot distinguish between the association of outcomes with schooling that actually produces increased learning and schooling that does not. Second, typical estimates do not address attenuation bias from measurement error. Using the new data on literacy to partially address these deficiencies, we find that the associations of women’s basic education (completing primary schooling and attaining literacy) with child mortality, fertility, women’s empowerment and the associations of men’s and women’s basic education with positive financial practices are three to five times larger than standard estimates. For instance, our country aggregated OLS estimate of the association of women’s empowerment with primary schooling versus no schooling is 0.15 of a standard deviation of the index, but the estimated association for women with primary schooling and literacy, using IV to correct for attenuation bias, is 0.68, 4.6 times bigger. Our findings raise two conceptual points. First, if the causal pathway through which schooling affects life outcomes is, even partially, through learning then estimates of the impact of schooling will underestimate the impact of education. Second, decisions about how to invest to improve life outcomes necessarily depend on estimates of the relative impacts and relative costs of schooling (e.g., grade completion) versus learning (e.g., literacy) on life outcomes. Our results do share the limitation of all previous observational results that the associations cannot be given causal interpretation and much more work will be needed to be able to make reliable claims about causal pathways.
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Yu, Chenghao. The NSLS-II Components Relative Alignment Deviation Estimate. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1480953.

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Yu, Chenghao. The NSLS-II Components Relative Alignment Deviation Estimate. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1505117.

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Berlinski, Samuel. Helping Struggling Students and Benefiting All: Peer Effects in Primary Education. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004268.

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We exploit the randomized evaluation of a remedying education intervention that improved the reading skills of low-performing third grade students in Colombia, to study whether providing educational support to low-achieving students affects the academic performance of their higher-achieving classmates. We find that the test scores of non-treated children in treatment schools increased by 0.108 of a standard deviation compared to similar children in control schools. We interpret the reduced-form effect on higher-achieving students as a spillover effect within treated schools. We then estimate a linear-in-means model of peer effects, finding that a one-standard-deviation increase in peers' contemporaneous achievement increases individual test scores by 0.679 of a standard deviation. We rule out alternative explanations coming from a reduction in class size. We explore several mechanisms, including teachers' effort, students' misbehavior, and peer-to-peer interactions. Our findings show that policies aimed at improving the bottom of the achievement distribution have the potential to generate social-multiplier effects that benefit all.
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Ahumada, Hildegart, Eduardo A. Cavallo, Santos Espina-Mairal, and Fernando Navajas. Sectoral Productivity Growth, COVID-19 Shocks, and Infrastructure. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003411.

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This paper examines sectoral productivity shocks of the COVID-19 pandemic, their aggregate impact, and the possible compensatory effects of improving productivity in infrastructure-related sectors. We employ the KLEMS annual dataset for a group of OECD and Latin America and the Caribbean countries, complemented with high-frequency data for 2020. First, we estimate a panel vector autoregression of growth rates in sector level labor productivity to specify the nature and size of sectoral shocks using the historical data. We then run impulse-response simulations of one standard deviation shocks in the sectors that were most affected by COVID 19. We estimate that the pandemic cut economy-wide labor productivity by 4.9 percent in Latin America, and by 3.5 percent for the entire sample. Finally, by modeling the long-run relationship between productivity shocks in the sectors most affected by COVID 19, we find that large productivity improvements in infrastructure--equivalent to at least three times the historical rates of productivity gains--may be needed to fully compensate for the negative productivity losses traceable to COVID 19.
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Lichand, Guilherme, Carlos Alberto Dória, Onicio Leal Neto, and João Cossi. The Impacts of Remote Learning in Secondary Education: Evidence from Brazil during the Pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003344.

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The goal of this paper is to document the pedagogic impacts of the remote learning strategy used by an state department of education in Brazil during the pandemic. We found that dropout risk increased by 365% under remote learning. While risk increased with local disease activity, most of it can be attributed directly to the absence of in-person classes: we estimate that dropout risk increased by no less than 247% across the State, even at the low end of the distribution of per capita Covid-19 cases. Average standardized test scores decreased by 0.32 standard deviation, as if students had only learned 27.5% of the in-person equivalent under remote learning. Learning losses did not systematically increase with local disease activity, attesting that they are in fact the outcome of remote learning, rather than a consequence of other health or economic impacts of Covid-19. Authorizing schools to partially reopen for in-person classes increased high-school students test scores by 20% relative to the control group.
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Beal, Samuel, Matthew Bigl, and Charles Ramsey. Live-fire validation of command-detonation residues testing using a 60 mm IMX-104 munition. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45266.

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Command detonation (i.e., static firing) provides a method of testing munitions for their postdetonation residues early in the acquisition process. However, necessary modifications to the firing train and cartridge orientation raise uncertainty whether command detonation accurately represents residue deposition as it occurs during live-fire training. This study col-ected postdetonation residues from live-fired 60 mm IMX-104 mortar cartridges and then compared estimated energetic-compound deposition rates between live fire and prior command detonations of the same munition. Average live-fire deposition rates of IMX-104 compounds determined from 11 detonations were 3800 mg NTO (3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one), 34 mg DNAN (2,4-dinitroanisole), 12 mg RDX (1,3,5-Trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-Triazine), and 1.9 mg HMX (1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-Tetrazocane) per cartridge. Total live-fire residue deposition (mean ± standard deviation: 3800 ± 900 mg/cartridge) was not significantly different from command detonation using a representative fuze simulator (3800 ± 900 mg/cartridge, n = 7, p = 0.76) but was significantly different from command detonation using a simplified fuze simulator (2200 ± 500 mg/cartridge, n = 7, p < 0.01). While the dominant residue compound NTO was broadly similar between live fire and command detonation, the minor residue compounds RDX and DNAN were underestimated during command detonation by a factor of approximately three to seven.
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Pessino, Carola, Nadir Altinok, and Cristian Chagalj. Allocative Efficiency of Government Spending for Growth in Latin American Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004310.

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There is scant empirical economic research regarding the way that Latin American governments efficiently allocate their spending across different functions to achieve higher growth. While most papers restrict their analysis to the size of government, much less is known about the composition of spending and its implications for long-term growth. This paper sheds light on how allocating expenditures to investment in quality human and physical capital, and avoiding waste on inefficient expenditures, enhance growth in Latin America. This paper uses a novel dataset on physical and human capital and detailed public spending that includes -for the first time- Latin American countries, which is categorized by a cross-classification that provides the breakdown of government expenditure, both, by economic and by functional heads. The database covers 42 countries of the OECD and LAC between 1985 and 2017. There are five main results. First, the estimated growth equations show significant positive effects of the factors of production on growth and plausible convergence rates (about 2 percent). The estimated effect of the physical investment rate is positive and significant with a long-run elasticity of 1.2. Second, while the addition of years of education as a proxy for human capital tends to have no effect on growth, the addition of a new variable that measures quality-adjusted years of schooling as a proxy for human capital turns out to have a positive and significant effect across all specifications with a long-run elasticity of 1.1. However, if public spending on education (excluding infrastructure spending) is added to the factor specification, growth is not affected. This is mainly because, once quality is considered, spending more on teacher salaries has no effect on student outcomes. Therefore, the key is to increase quality, not just school performance or education spending. Third, both physical and human capital are equally important for growth: the effect of increasing one standard deviation of physical capital or human capital statistically has the same impact on economic growth. Fourth, increasing public investment spending (holding public spending constant) is positive and significant for growth (a 1% increase in public investment would increase the long-term GDP per capita by about 0.3 percent), in addition to the effect of the private investment rate. However, the effect of public spending on payroll, pensions and subsidies does not contribute to economic growth. Fifth, the overall effect of the size of public spending on economic growth is negative in most specifications. An increase in the size of government by about 1 percentage point would decrease 4.1 percent the long-run GDP per capita, but the more effective the government is, the less harmful the size of government is for long-term growth.
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