Academic literature on the topic 'Développement de proxies'

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Journal articles on the topic "Développement de proxies"

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Reddé, Michel. "Le développement économique des campagnes romaines dans le nord de la Gaule et l’île de Bretagne." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 77, no. 1 (March 2022): 105–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ahss.2022.41.

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RésuméDeux vastes enquêtes archéologiques récentes sur le monde rural de la Bretagne insulaire et de la Gaule du Nord à l’époque romaine offrent l’occasion de proposer une vision renouvelée des campagnes et de réfléchir sur les modalités de la croissance de l’économie antique dans les provinces du nord-ouest de l’Empire. Il apparaît aujourd’hui que celle-ci s’est appuyée sur un socle protohistorique déjà très solide et que la conquête n’a pas, en elle-même, provoqué des mutations immédiates ou de véritable boom économique. Le développement de l’agriculture s’apparente à un mouvement de long terme qui a atteint son pic au IIe siècle, avant de régresser doucement, ses limites ayant alors probablement été atteintes. L’émergence de la villa romaine, traditionnellement considérée comme le moteur du progrès, s’est faite plus lentement qu’on ne le pensait, et il s’agit maintenant de revenir sur l’opposition classique entre grands domaines réputés productifs et petites fermes vouées à l’autosuffisance. Les deux enquêtes menées de part et d’autre de la Manche ont en outre beaucoup insisté sur la diversité des systèmes agro-pastoraux observés. L’article se propose donc de réexaminer les indices de la croissance à l’aide de divers proxies (densité de l’occupation du sol, volume des greniers, taille des animaux), les possibles facteurs de l’essor économique (démographie en hausse, accroissement de la surface cultivée, méthodes de culture, meilleure productivité, nouveaux marchés) et le rythme du développement, tout en soulignant les limites de celui-ci et la différenciation régionale qui en a résulté.
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De Meutter, Pieter, Luc Gerard, Geert Smet, Karim Hamid, Rafiq Hamdi, Daan Degrauwe, and Piet Termonia. "Predicting Small-Scale, Short-Lived Downbursts: Case Study with the NWP Limited-Area ALARO Model for the Pukkelpop Thunderstorm." Monthly Weather Review 143, no. 3 (February 27, 2015): 742–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-14-00290.1.

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Abstract The authors consider a thunderstorm event in 2011 during a music festival in Belgium that produced a short-lived downburst of a diameter of less than 100 m. This is far too small to be resolved by the kilometric resolutions of today’s operational numerical weather prediction models. Operational forecast models will not run at hectometric resolutions in the foreseeable future. The storm caused five casualties and raised strong societal questions regarding the predictability of such a traumatic weather event. In this paper it is investigated whether the downdrafts of a parameterization scheme of deep convection can be used as proxies for the unresolved downbursts. To this end the operational model ALARO [a version of the Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle-Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique Développement International (ARPEGE-ALADIN) operational limited area model with a revised and modular structure of the physical parameterizations] of the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium is used. While the model in its operational configuration at the time of the event did not give a clear hint of a downburst event, it has been found that (i) the use of unsaturated downdrafts and (ii) some adaptations of the features of this downdraft parameterization scheme, specifically the sensitivity to the entrainment and friction, can make the downdrafts sensitive enough to the surrounding resolved-scale conditions to make them useful as indicators of the possibility of such downbursts.
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GOUMBRI, Jean De Dieu, and Issa DIANDA. "Effect of economic institutions and the political environment on industrialisation in the WAEMU." Revue d’Economie Théorique et Appliquée 13, no. 2 (December 30, 2023): 239–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.62519/reta.v13n2a6.

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Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of economic institutions and the political environment on industrialisation in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU). The data used cover six countries over the period 2008-2018. These are Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. Ordinary least squares and generalized least squares estimates reveal that economic institutions, proxied by economic freedom, have a positive effect on industrialisation. In contrast, terrorism undermines the industrialisation boom in the region. The findings of the paper point to the need for WAEMU governments to take a critical look at economic freedom and a stable political environment as a precondition to ensure industrial development in the Union. Keywords: Industrialisation - Economic institutions - Political environment - WAEMU Effet des institutions économiques et de l'environnement politique sur l'industrialisation dans l'UEMOA Résumé : L'objectif de cet article est d’analyser l’effet des institutions économiques et de l’environnement politique sur l’industrialisation dans l’Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest-Africaine (UEMOA). Les données utilisées couvrent six pays sur la période 2008-2018. Il s'agit du Burkina Faso, de la Côte d’Ivoire, du Mali, du Niger, du Sénégal et du Togo. Les estimations des moindres carrés ordinaires et des moindres carrés généralisés révèlent que les institutions économiques, représentées par la liberté économique, ont un effet positif sur l’industrialisation. En revanche, le terrorisme compromet l’essor de l’industrialisation dans la région. Les conclusions de cet article soulignent la nécessité pour les gouvernements de l’UEMOA de porter un regard critique sur la liberté économique et un environnement politique stable comme condition préalable pour assurer le développement industriel dans l'Union. Mots-clés : Industrialisation - Institutions économiques - Environnement politique -UEMOA JEL Classification: E02 - L52 – O14 – P48
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Berti-Equille, Laure, and Rafael L. G. Raimundo. "Combining Ecological and Socio-Environmental Data and Networks to Achieve Sustainability." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 7 (September 14, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.7.112703.

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Environmental degradation in Brazil has been recently amplified by the expansion of agribusiness, livestock and mining activities with dramatic repercussions on ecosystem functions and services. The anthropogenic degradation of landscapes has substantial impacts on indigenous peoples and small organic farmers whose lifestyles are intimately linked to diverse and functional ecosystems. Understanding how we can apply science and technology to benefit from biodiversity and promote socio-ecological transitions ensuring equitable and sustainable use of common natural resources is a critical challenge brought on by the Anthropocene. We present our approach to combine biodiversity and environmental data, supported by two funded research projects: DATAPB (Data of Paraíba) to develop tools for FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data sharing for governance and educational projects and the International Joint Laboratory IDEAL (artificial Intelligence, Data analytics, and Earth observation applied to sustAinability Lab) launched in 2023 by the French Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement) and co-coordinated by the authors, with 50 researchers in 11 Brazilian and French institutions working on Artificial Intelligence and socio-ecological research in four Brazilian Northeast states: Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, and Ceará (Berti-Equille and Raimundo 2023). As the keystone of these transdisciplinary projects, the concept-paradigm of socio-ecological coviability (Barrière et al. 2019) proposes that we should explore multiple ways by which relationships between humans and nonhumans (fauna, flora, natural resources) can reach functional and persistent states. Transdisciplinary approaches to agroecological transitions are urgently needed to address questions such as: How can researchers, local communities, and policymakers co-produce participatory diagnoses that depict the coviability of a territory? How can we conserve biodiversity and ecosystem functions, promote social inclusion, value traditional knowledge, and strengthen bioeconomies at local and regional scales? How can biodiversity, social and environmental data, and networks help local communities in shaping adaptation pathways towards sustainable agroecological practices? How can researchers, local communities, and policymakers co-produce participatory diagnoses that depict the coviability of a territory? How can we conserve biodiversity and ecosystem functions, promote social inclusion, value traditional knowledge, and strengthen bioeconomies at local and regional scales? How can biodiversity, social and environmental data, and networks help local communities in shaping adaptation pathways towards sustainable agroecological practices? These questions require transdisciplinary approaches and effective collaboration among environmental, social, and computer scientists, with the involvement of local stakeholders (Biggs et al. 2012). As such, our methodology relies on two approaches: A large-scale study of socio-ecological determinants of coviability over nine states and 1794 municipalities in Northeast Brazil, combines multiple data sources from IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística), IPEA (Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada) , MapBiomas, Brazil Data Cube, and our partners: GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility), INCT Odisseia (Observatory of the dynamics of the interactions between societes and their environments), and ICMBio (Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade) to enable the computation of proxies and indicators of biodiversity structure, ecosystem functions, and socio-economic organization at different scales. We will perform exploratory data analysis and use artificial intelligence (Rolnick et al. 2022) to identify proxies for adaptability, resilience, and vulnerabilities. A multilayer network approach for modeling the interplay between socio-ecological and governance systems will be desgined and tested using adaptive network modeling (Raimundo et al. 2018). Beyond multilayer networks to model socio-ecological dynamics (Keyes et al. 2021), we will incorporate the evolution of the governance systems at the landscape scale and apply Latin Hypercube methods to explore the parameter space (Raimundo et al. 2014) and get a broad characterization of the model dynamics with insights into how the interplay of coupled adaptive systems influence socio-ecological resilience under multiple ecological and socio-economic scenarios. The overall methodology and study case scenarios will be presented. A large-scale study of socio-ecological determinants of coviability over nine states and 1794 municipalities in Northeast Brazil, combines multiple data sources from IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística), IPEA (Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada) , MapBiomas, Brazil Data Cube, and our partners: GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility), INCT Odisseia (Observatory of the dynamics of the interactions between societes and their environments), and ICMBio (Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade) to enable the computation of proxies and indicators of biodiversity structure, ecosystem functions, and socio-economic organization at different scales. We will perform exploratory data analysis and use artificial intelligence (Rolnick et al. 2022) to identify proxies for adaptability, resilience, and vulnerabilities. A multilayer network approach for modeling the interplay between socio-ecological and governance systems will be desgined and tested using adaptive network modeling (Raimundo et al. 2018). Beyond multilayer networks to model socio-ecological dynamics (Keyes et al. 2021), we will incorporate the evolution of the governance systems at the landscape scale and apply Latin Hypercube methods to explore the parameter space (Raimundo et al. 2014) and get a broad characterization of the model dynamics with insights into how the interplay of coupled adaptive systems influence socio-ecological resilience under multiple ecological and socio-economic scenarios. The overall methodology and study case scenarios will be presented.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Développement de proxies"

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Pesnin, Marie. "Apports des nouveaux traceurs d'anomalies isotopiques à l'étude des déséquilibres isotopiques dans les biocarbonates." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASJ033.

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Les biocarbonates produits par les organismes marins tels que les foraminifères ou les coraux sont des archives importantes pour étudier les environnements et climats du passé. Depuis les travaux de H. Urey en 1947, il est établi que la composition isotopique en oxygène-18 (δ18O) des carbonates reflète à la fois la température de formation et le rapport isotopique (18O/16O) de l'eau de mer. Cette relation, supposément fondée sur l'équilibre thermodynamique entre l'eau et le carbonate, peut cependant être perturbée soit par des paramètres environnementaux, soit par des mécanismes biologiques . Chez certains organismes, comme les coraux, ces « effets vitaux » se manifestent par des déséquilibres isotopiques flagrants, qui compliquent l'interprétation d'une partie non négligeable du registre sédimentaire fossile. En réponse à ces problèmes, cette thèse adopte une approche novatrice en tirant partie de nouveaux traceurs isotopiques, les anomalies d'oxygèen-17 (Δ17O) et les « clumped isotopes » (Δ47, Δ48), en complément des mesures traditionnelles de δ13C et δ18O. En travaillant à partir d'échantillons modernes dont les conditions de croissance sont bien documentées, les contraintes supplémentaires fournies par ces traceurs permettent de mieux caractériser les facteurs qui influençent la composition isotopique des biocarbonates.Ce travail a commencé par une première étape exploratoire, visant d'une part (1) à identifier les organismes / cas d'étude à cibler en priorité, en associant des mesures isotopiques à faible résolution spatiale avec des observations in situ fournissant des informations minéralogiques, élémentaires et isotopiques à bien plus haute résolution, et d'autre part (2) à établir des protocoles expérimentaux optimisés pour les techniques instrumentales de pointe utilisées pour les mesures de Δ47/Δ48 (par spectrométrie de masse à très haute sensibilité) et de Δ17O (par VCOF-CRDS, une technologie spectroscopique innovante). Le premier volet de ce travail a donné lieu à la première l'étude publiée sur les clumped isotopes dans les squelettes de bryozoaires. Les résultats mettent en évidence une forte influence de la minéralogie sur le signal Δ47, qui semble résulter d'un simple effet thermodynamique. Par contre, il apparaît que les organismes de certains sites présentent des déséquilibres isotopiques spécifiques, potentiellement associés à la salinité locale. Ces résultats suscitent de nouvelles interrogations sur l'influence de certains paramètres environnementaux sur l'activité de certaines enzymes, en particulier l'anhydrase carbonique qui joue un rôle majeur dans le maintien de l'équilibre isotopique entre l'eau et le carbone inorganique dissous (CID). Le second volet porte sur la caractérisation, chez les coraux d'eau froide, des écarts à l'équilibre dans cinq dimensions isotopique (δ13C, δ18O, Δ17O, Δ47, Δ48), observées ici conjointement pour la première fois. Les observations sur Δ47 et Δ48 sont en accord avec une publication indépendante récente, et cohérentes avec un modèle théorique du CID, suggérant que la signature isotopique des coraux profonds est principalement contrôlée par des effets cinétiques liés à l'absorption du CO₂ métabolique. Cependant, les prédictions de ce même modèle sont en désaccord avec nos mesures de Δ17O (qui ont été depuis confirmées par des observations indépendantes), soulignant la nécessité de réviser certains paramètres du modèle. La richesse des questions nouvelles suscitées par ce travail de thèse illustre l'intérêt de combiner les observations dans un espace multi-isotopique à 5 dimensions avec des modèles théoriques quantitatifs, tout en confrontant ces modèles aux spécificités biologiques de chaque organisme marin, permettant tout à la fois de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de biominéralisation et de quantifier l'influence des effets vitaux dans les biocarbonates sur les paléo-reconstructions
Biocarbonates produced by marine organisms such as foraminifera or corals serve as important archives for studying past environments and climates. Since the work of H. Urey in 1947, it has been established that the oxygen-18 isotopic composition (δ18O) of carbonates reflects both the formation temperature and the isotopic ratio (18O/16O) of seawater. However, this relationship, supposedly based on the thermodynamic equilibrium between carbonate and water, can be disturbed by either environmental parameters or biological mechanisms. In certain organisms, such as corals, these "vital effects" manifest as significant isotopic disequilibrium, complicating the interpretation of a substantial portion of the fossil sedimentary record.In response to these challenges, this thesis adopts an innovative approach by leveraging new isotopic tracers, namely oxygen-17 anomalies (Δ17O) and "clumped isotopes" (Δ47, Δ48), in addition to traditional δ13C and δ18O measurements. By working with modern samples for which growth conditions are well documented, the additional constraints provided by these tracers allow for a better characterization of the factors influencing the isotopic composition of biocarbonates.This work began with an exploratory phase, aimed at (1) identifying the organisms/case studies by combining low spatial resolution isotopic measurements with in situ observations that provide mineralogical, elemental, and isotopic information at much higher resolution, and (2) establishing optimized experimental protocols for cutting-edge instrumental techniques used for Δ47/Δ48 measurements (via ultra-high sensitivity mass spectrometry) and Δ17O (via VCOF-CRDS, an innovative spectroscopic technology).The first part of this work resulted in the first published study on clumped isotopes in bryozoan skeletons. The results highlight a strong influence of mineralogy on the Δ47 signal, which seems to result from a simple thermodynamic effect. However, it appears that organisms from certain sites exhibit specific isotopic disequilibrium, potentially linked to local salinity. These findings raise new questions about the influence of certain environmental parameters on the activity of specific enzymes, particularly carbonic anhydrase, which plays a key role in maintaining isotopic equilibrium between water and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC).The second part focuses on characterizing isotopic disequilibria in five isotopic dimensions (δ13C, δ18O, Δ17O, Δ47, Δ48) in cold-water corals, observed together here for the first time. The observations on Δ47 and Δ48 are consistent with a recent independent publication and align with a theoretical DIC model, suggesting that the isotopic signature of deep-sea corals is primarily controlled by kinetic effects related to the absorption of metabolic CO₂. However, the predictions of this same model are at odds with our Δ17O measurements (which have since been confirmed by independent observations), underscoring the need to revise certain model parameters.The richness of new questions raised by this thesis highlights the value of combining observations in a five-dimensional multi-isotopic space with quantitative theoretical models, while confronting these models with the biological specifics of each marine organism. This approach enables a deeper understanding of biomineralization mechanisms and allows for a more precise quantification of the influence of vital effects in biocarbonates on paleo-reconstructions
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