Relevant bibliographies by topics / Developmental traits

Academic literature on the topic 'Developmental traits'

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Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Developmental traits"

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Kellogg, Elizabeth A. "Evolution of developmental traits." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 7, no. 1 (February 2004): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2003.11.004.

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Krapinec, Krešimir, Vlado Jumić, Matija Balekić, Nikola Lolić, Radomir Putnik, Tihomir Florijančić, Siniša Ozimec, and Ivica Bošković. "The Reliability of Fluctuating Asymmetry in Population Estimation: The Case of Feedlot Red Deer." Symmetry 14, no. 10 (October 8, 2022): 2092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14102092.

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Three FA indices showed correlations with age and magnitude of traits, but not in general. Significant correlations between magnitude of traits and their FA were more pronounced in AFA (12 traits) than in RFA (10 traits) in all age classes except yearlings. For the tray tine form (curvature), FA significantly correlated with its magnitude in young, middle-aged and ripe stags, which indicates that the trait is a reliable indicator of asymmetry. Significant differences in AFA among age classes were found in four traits (weight of dry antlers, volume of antlers, distal circumference of beams and total length of crown tines). By RFA, a significant difference among age classes was only found for the distal circumference of beams. Thus, AFA is a more vulnerable condition index. Contrary to other research findings, developmental instability was more pronounced in older age classes. In yearlings, no significant FA dependence on the trait of antler size was detected, but in certain traits, an asymmetry detected at an early age remains visible later as well, although in stags grown under relatively optimal (especially trophic) environment conditions, developmental instability was present anyway. This proposes two hypotheses for further research: Competition may be manifested even under controlled conditions, which might jeopardize the developmental stability of certain individuals, or some traits will show developmental instability regardless of relatively good environmental conditions.
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Ellis, Allan G., Samuel F. Brockington, Marinus L. de Jager, Gregory Mellers, Rachel H. Walker, and Beverley J. Glover. "Floral trait variation and integration as a function of sexual deception in Gorteria diffusa." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1649 (August 19, 2014): 20130563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0563.

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Phenotypic integration, the coordinated covariance of suites of morphological traits, is critical for proper functioning of organisms. Angiosperm flowers are complex structures comprising suites of traits that function together to achieve effective pollen transfer. Floral integration could reflect shared genetic and developmental control of these traits, or could arise through pollinator-imposed stabilizing correlational selection on traits. We sought to expose mechanisms underlying floral trait integration in the sexually deceptive daisy, Gorteria diffusa , by testing the hypothesis that stabilizing selection imposed by male pollinators on floral traits involved in mimicry has resulted in tighter integration. To do this, we quantified patterns of floral trait variance and covariance in morphologically divergent G. diffusa floral forms representing a continuum in the levels of sexual deception. We show that integration of traits functioning in visual attraction of male pollinators increases with pollinator deception, and is stronger than integration of non-mimicry trait modules. Consistent patterns of within-population trait variance and covariance across floral forms suggest that integration has not been built by stabilizing correlational selection on genetically independent traits. Instead pollinator specialization has selected for tightened integration within modules of linked traits. Despite potentially strong constraint on morphological evolution imposed by developmental genetic linkages between traits, we demonstrate substantial divergence in traits across G. diffusa floral forms and show that divergence has often occurred without altering within-population patterns of trait correlations.
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Hamlat, Elissa J., Jami F. Young, and Benjamin L. Hankin. "Developmental Course of Personality Disorder Traits in Childhood and Adolescence." Journal of Personality Disorders 34, Supplement B (September 2020): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2019_33_433.

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Developmental patterns of personality pathology traits are not well delineated from childhood through late adolescence. In the present study, participants (N = 675, 56% female) were recruited to create three cohorts of third (n = 205), sixth (n = 248), and ninth (n = 222) graders to form an accelerated longitudinal cohort design. We assessed six PD (avoidant, dependent, histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, schizotypal) traits based on DSM-IV trait diagnostic conceptualizations via parent report at baseline, 18 months, and 36 months. According to parent report, mean levels of avoidant, dependent, histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, and schizotypal traits all declined for both boys and girls. The changes in dependent and histrionic traits were of medium effect size, and the changes in avoidant, narcissistic, borderline, and schizotypal traits were of small effect size. Over the 3 years of the study, the traits of each PD also demonstrated moderate to high rank-order stability.
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Rudolph, Karen D., and Daniel N. Klein. "Exploring depressive personality traits in youth: Origins, correlates, and developmental consequences." Development and Psychopathology 21, no. 4 (October 14, 2009): 1155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579409990095.

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AbstractResearch suggests that depressive personality (DP) disorder may represent a persistent, trait-based form of depression that lies along an affective spectrum ranging from personality traits to diagnosable clinical disorders. A significant gap in this area of research concerns the development of DP and its applicability to youth. The present research explored the construct of DP traits in youth. Specifically, this study examined the reliability, stability, and validity of the construct, potential origins of DP traits, and the developmental consequences of DP traits. A sample of 143 youth (mean age = 12.37 years, SD = 1.26) and their caregivers completed semistructured interviews and questionnaires on two occasions, separated by a 12-month interval. The measure of DP traits was reliable and moderately stable over time. Providing evidence of construct validity, DP traits were associated with a network of constructs, including a negative self-focus, high-negative and low-positive emotionality, and heightened stress reactivity. Moreover, several potential origins of DP traits were identified, including a history of family adversity, maternal DP traits, and maternal depression. Consistent with hypotheses regarding their developmental significance, DP traits predicted the generation of stress and the emergence of depression (but not nondepressive psychopathology) during the pubertal transition. Finally, depression predicted subsequent DP traits, suggesting a reciprocal process whereby DP traits heighten risk for depression, which then exacerbates these traits. These findings support the construct of DP traits in youth, and suggest that these traits may be a useful addition to developmental models of risk for youth depression.
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Vishalakshi, C., and B. N. Singh. "Fluctuating asymmetry in certain morphological traits in laboratory populations of Drosophila ananassae." Genome 49, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 777–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g06-031.

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Fluctuating asymmetry (FA, subtle random deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry) is often used as a measure of developmental instability (DI), which results from perturbations in developmental pathways caused by genetic or environmental stressors. During the present study, we estimated FA in 5 morphological traits, viz. wing length (WL), wing to thorax ratio (W:T), sternopleural bristle number (SBN), sex-comb tooth number (SCTN), and ovariole number (ON) in 18 laboratory populations of Drosophila ananassae. FA levels of measured traits differed significantly among populations except for SBN (in males and females) and W:T ratio (in females). Positional fluctuating asymmetry (PFA), a sensitive measure of DI, also varied significantly among the populations for SBN in females and SCTN in males. Interestingly, both males and females were similar for nonsexual traits. However, when FA across all traits (sexual and nonsexual) was combined into a single composite index (CFA), significant differences were found for both populations and sexes. Males showed higher CFA values than females, suggesting that males are more prone to developmental perturbations. The magnitude of FA differed significantly among traits, being lowest for nonsexual traits (SBN, WL, W:T ratio) and highest for sexual traits (SCTN and ON). The trait size of sexual traits (SCTN and ON) was positively correlated with their asymmetry. The possible reasons for variation in FA both among traits and among populations, and the usefulness of FA as an indicator of developmental stress and phenotypic quality in D. ananassae are discussed.Key words: fluctuating asymmetry, developmental instability, morphological traits, laboratory populations, D. ananassae.
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Coventry, S. J., A. R. Barr, J. K. Eglinton, and G. K. McDonald. "The determinants and genome locations influencing grain weight and size in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 12 (2003): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02194.

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Grain weight and size are traits important to malting and feed barley. Understanding the determinants of grain weight and size, especially under stressful growing environments, will aid breeding efforts to improve these traits. The determinants of grain weight and size are discussed in relation to the pre- and post-anthesis periods of barley development. Genetic mapping of the loci influencing grain weight and size has provided a fundamental understanding of these traits, and a summary of mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from Australian and international mapping populations is presented. The influence of developmental loci on grain weight and size QTLs, approaches to discovering non-developmentally related loci, and prospects for a marker assisted selection approach to improving grain weight and size are discussed.
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Simpson, Kimberley J., Jill K. Olofsson, Brad S. Ripley, and Colin P. Osborne. "Frequent fires prime plant developmental responses to burning." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1909 (August 21, 2019): 20191315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1315.

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Coping with temporal variation in fire requires plants to have plasticity in traits that promote persistence, but how plastic responses to current conditions are affected by past fire exposure remains unknown. We investigate phenotypic divergence between populations of four resprouting grasses exposed to differing experimental fire regimes (annually burnt or unburnt for greater than 35 years) and test whether divergence persists after plants are grown in a common environment for 1 year. Traits relating to flowering and biomass allocation were measured before plants were experimentally burnt, and their regrowth was tracked. Genetic differentiation between populations was investigated for a subset of individuals. Historic fire frequency influenced traits relating to flowering and below-ground investment. Previously burnt plants produced more inflorescences and invested proportionally more biomass below ground, suggesting a greater capacity for recruitment and resprouting than unburnt individuals. Tiller-scale regrowth rate did not differ between treatments, but prior fire exposure enhanced total regrown biomass in two species. We found no consistent genetic differences between populations suggesting trait differences arose from developmental plasticity. Grass development is influenced by prior fire exposure, independent of current environmental conditions. This priming response to fire, resulting in adaptive trait changes, may produce communities more resistant to future fire regime changes.
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Allemand, Mathias, Andrea E. Steiger, and Patrick L. Hill. "Stability of Personality Traits in Adulthood." GeroPsych 26, no. 1 (January 2013): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000080.

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Stability represents a fundamental concept in developmental theory and research. In this article we give an overview of recent work on personality traits and their stability in adulthood. First, we define personality traits and stability. Second, we present empirical evidence supporting change and stability of personality traits across the adult years with respect to conceptually and statistically different forms of stability. Third, we describe mechanisms and processes that enable trait stability. Finally, we discuss implications of trait stability for theory, research, and application.
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De Clercq, Barbara, Joeri Hofmans, Jasmine Vergauwe, Filip De Fruyt, and Carla Sharp. "Developmental pathways of childhood dark traits." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 126, no. 7 (October 2017): 843–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/abn0000303.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Developmental traits"

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Salihovic, Selma. "A developmental perspective on psychopathic traits in adolescence." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-34881.

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More than half of known crime is committed by 5-6% of the criminal population. Who are these people? Research has shown that it is likely that a majority of these individuals are characterized by having a psychopathic personality. Interestingly, research has shown that psychopathic features are not unique to adults. Youths with high levels of psychopathic traits resemble adult psychopaths in that they are the most frequent, severe and aggressive, delinquent offenders. There is less knowledge, however, about the development of these traits in adolescence, and many fundamental questions have yet to be addressed. The aim of this dissertation is to begin to examine a few of these questions, such as: a) the role of parents andtheir behavior in the development of psychopathic personality in adolescence; b) patterns of stability and change in psychopathic traits during adolescence; and c) whether or not subgroups of adolescents with high levels of psychopathic traits can be identified in a normative community sample. Overall, the results reveal that a psychopathic personality profile characterizes a small group of youths at particular risk of negative development. This group, as well as showing high levels of psychopathic traits throughout adolescence, report high levels of delinquent behavior, and also experience dysfunctional relationships with their parents. Further, the results reveal important subgroups of adolescents with high levels of psychopathic traits, much in accordance with the literature on adult psychopaths. Whereas one group expresses the personality style of primary psychopaths, another is more aggressive, impulsive, and anxious than the other. Taken together, the results of this dissertation suggest that some adolescents are at particular risk of future negative development. Implications for theory and practice, and for the directions of future research, are discussed.
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Verderio, G. "GENETIC DISSECTION OF DEVELOPMENTAL TRAITS IN BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/252988.

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Barley (Hordeum vulgare) ranks in fourth place among cultivated cereals for worldwide production and is a recognized model organism for genetic and genomic studies in the Triticeae tribe, which includes wheats (Triticum species) and rye (Secale cereale). Root and shoot architecture traits are key factors in plant performance, competition with weeds, adaptation and stress responses thus having an important impact on yield and yield stability. Breeders have proposed hypothetical optimal morphological parameters to improve production in relation to different environmental conditions. Leaf size and orientation are determinants of canopy transpiration and radiation interception e.g. in dry and sunny Mediterranean environments reduced size and erect orientation of the leaves can reduce water loss by transpiration and allow deeper light penetration into the canopy. Tillering influences crop performance, biomass and grain production, e.g. a reduction in tillering compensated by an increase dimension and number of kernels per spike could be a strategy of adaptation to dry climates. A reduction in plant height and an augment in stem thickness is connected to lodging resistance. Root system extension is connected to the ability of the plant to reach water. The objectives of this project were to dissect genetic variability for shoot and root morphological traits in barley, identifying genomic regions and characterizing genes controlling these traits, and exploring how different traits influence each other. To this end, two approaches were undertaken depending on the trait(s) under study: • the first exploited natural variation in a panel of modern and old European barley cultivars to carry out association mapping of flowering date, stem diameter, spike fertility, leaf dimension, plant height, tillering and root extension (Chapters 2 and 3); • the second was to characterize the ontogenetic basis of increased tillering using as a case study the many-noded dwarf6.6 (mnd6.6) high tillering barley mutant (Chapter 4). In the first approach, we focused on winter barley because of its agronomic interest in the Mediterranean area, where genetic improvement of drought tolerance is particularly important. We analyzed a panel of 142 European winter barley cultivars (67 two-rowed and 75 six-rowed) with a view to conduct a genome wide association scan (GWAS) for shoot and root architecture traits in two separate sets of experiments. To this end, genotyping data for 4,083 SNPs were available from previous projects of which 2,521 mapped on the POPSEQ barley reference map. PCoA results indicated the existence of two major sub-populations in our germplasm panel, corresponding to two-rowed and six-rowed barley cultivars. In order to study shoot developmental traits (Chapter 2) the panel was phenotyped during the growing season 2012-2013 in a field trial at Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza, Italy. The experimental scheme consisted in 3 replicates (each being a plot of 24 well spaced plants) in randomized blocks. For selected traits data were integrated and analyzed together with those coming from a parallel field trial that was carried out at the University of Shiraz, Iran (data courtesy of Dr. Elahe Tavakol). Flowering date (FD) and leaf width (LW) were measured in both Italy and Iran, leaf length (LL) was measured only in Iran, plant height (PH), spike length (SL), number of fertile rachis node per spike (NFRN) tillering (T) and (SD) were measured only in Italy. Best Linear Unbiased Estimators (BLUEs) of FD, LW were calculated as the phenotypic values estimated for each genotype in a mixed linear model, where genotypes were set as fixed factor and location, location-genotype interaction and replicates as random factors. For BLUEs calculation of all other traits only replicates were used as random factors. BLUEs were subjected to GWAS analyses, using a mixed linear model (MLM) correcting for population structure with a Q matrix (PCA first three coordinate) and for individuals co-ancestry using a K matrix (a pair-wise matrix defining the degree of genetic covariance among individuals). Significance of marker-trait associations was evaluated based on false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted p-values (threshold value for significant association was set at 0.05). All traits except tillering exhibited good heritability. Few QTLs were detected in GWAS (five for FD, two for LW, three for LL, one for PH, two for SL, two for NFRN, one for tillering, no one for SM). Flowering date exhibited significant correlation with leaf dimension and spike length and six markers designed on Photoperiod-H1 (Ppd-H1) gene (the major determinant for photoperiod response in barley) were the most significantly associated to FD, LW, LL and SL. In particular the recessive ppd- H1 allele causing reduced photoperiod sensitivity, delayed flowering date and increased leaf dimension and spike length compared to the Ppd-H1 allele. Three markers diagnostic for the HvCEN gene (which regulates flowering date independently from photoperiod) were significantly associated to FD and SL. These results suggested that genes for flowering date could have pleiotropic effects on other morphological traits that may mask other genetic effects. For this reason we tested a novel approach repeating GWAS for LW, LL and SL using flowering date as a cofactor (fixed effect) in further analyses. For SL and LW no new significant associations were found with this method, while new significant associations were uncovered for LL, including two markers on chromosome 5H mapped in a region where narrow leaf dwarf 1a (nld-1a) mutant had previously been previously mapped. Tillering and NFRN were only associated to markers diagnostic INTERMEDIUM-C (INT-C), one of the two main genes controlling row type: in our panel two-rowed genotypes had a significantly higher number of tillers and NFRN compared to six- rowed varieties, confirming the known pleiotropic effects of row-type genes on tillering and NFRN and the balancing of patterns of development by breeding practice for the particular row-type. Based on these results, we run GWAS for NFRN and tillering using row-type as covariate. With this model, we found six markers associated with NFRN on chromosome 5H, in the region hosting HvCO12, HvCO13, HvCO15, XvCCA-1, HvLHY, genes involved in control of flowering date. These same markers, were associated to the duration of the phase between awn primordia formation and tipping (awn arising from flag leaf) in a recently published GWAS study. Together, results from Chapter 2 provide the first evidence of the involvement of the Ppd-H1 gene in control of leaf size and spike length. Thus few QTLs were detected that explain the phenotypic variation for our morphological traits, with some major genes having strong pleiotropic effects that mask minor genetic effects. The use of traits that appear to influence others measures as covariates in GWAS models seems to be a promising approach, although the statistical power of this strategy is still to be evaluated. Germplasm collections with uniform growth habit and row-type are an attractive alternative to prevent confounding effects and allow additional loci to be detected. In Chapter 3, we explored natural genetic variation in root extension using the same winter barley panel as Chapter 2 in growth chamber experiments. In order to evaluate root growth we built 50 cm deep cylindrical pots (called rhizotrons) and used digital scans of the root system to measure total root extension with the winRHIZO software. Based on a series of preliminary tests, we used siliceous sand supplemented with controlled release fertilizer to analyze 4th leaf stage plants from 31 genotypes (9 plants per genotype). Root extension per se exhibited 75% heritability, while normalizing root extension on shoot dry weight resulted in low variability (22%) likely due to low heritability of shoot dry weight in our system. These results support the validity of our protocol for evaluation of genetic variation in root extension in barley and other cereals and indicate significant variation exists in our germplasm panel. Thus, the already collected material will be analysed to phenotype the entire panel. In the future, more variability may be uncovered by exploring wild barleys (Hordeum vulgare spp. spontaneum) or landraces. Tillering is a plastic trait affected by the complex interplay of genetic and hormonal factors with environmental conditions such as plant density/light quality and nutrient availability, which likely complicated genetic dissection of this trait in our field experiment on the winter barley panel (Chapter 2). To circumvent the limited power of the GWAS approach for this trait and understand more about the mechanisms subtending tiller formation, we decided to use the mnd6.6 mutant as a case study to investigate the ontogenetic basis of high tillering in barley and its relation to leaf development. Mutant and wild-type plants were grown in growth in a controlled chamber under long day conditions, and dissected weekly from the emergence to anthesis, registering the development of axillary buds, leaves and tillers together with internode elongation, in relation to shoot apical meristem (SAM) stage. Results show that the mutant is not altered in timing of apical meristem development and differentiation to spike, but has a shorter phyllochron that leads to an increment in the number of leaves per vegetative axis. This in turn results in a higher number of axillary buds and a higher number of tillers. The HvMND6 gene was recently identified and our results are consistent with the activity of the previously characterized rice homologue PLASTOCHRON1, indicating an evolutionarily conserved link between plastochron/phyllochron duration and tillering. Concluding, while significant genetic variation was identified for various traits within the gene pool of our winter barley collection, variability of morphological traits as leaf dimension was subordinated to the length of vegetative period. Indeed, flowering date is one of the major factors on which breeding practice has worked to adapt barley to different environments. Beyond modern European varieties, barley breeding for new ideotypes should explore wider genetic resources as Hordeum spp. spontaneum or landraces. In any case, the existence of correlations between different phenotypes calls for careful evaluation of sources of traits to avoid undesired effects on other traits, e.g. due to the relation between tillering and phyllochrone, breeding for early plant vigour through shortening phyllochron, may have pleiotropic effects and result in increased tillering whose benefits would have to be evaluated.
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Dandreaux, Danielle. "Developmental Pathways To Conduct Problems." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2007. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/566.

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This study tests the predictions made by several causal theories proposing different etiologies for childhood-onset and adolescent-onset conduct problems. It investigates a variety of causal factors proven to be important for the development of antisocial behaviors, specifically neuropsychological/cognitive deficits, temperamental vulnerabilities, dysfunctional parenting, deviant peers, and rebelliousness. Current theories generally agree that the early onset pathway is distinguished by interactions between a child with a difficult temperament and dysfunctional parent-child interactions. However, theories differ as to whether they emphasize the temperament and neurocognitive deficits of the child, or the parenting behaviors. In the adolescent onset pathway, theories typically focus on the importance of affiliation with deviant peers but differ as to whether this is attributed to a personality characterized by the rejection of traditional values and rebelliousness as leading to this association or failures in parenting practices. Seventy-eight pre-adjudicated adolescent (ranging in age from 11 to 18) boys housed in two short-term detention facilities and one outpatient program for boys at risk for involvement in the juvenile justice system in southeastern Louisiana participated in the current study. The sample was ethnically diverse (56% African-American) and largely came from facilities serving either a large urban or a largely suburban and rural region of the state. The sample was divided into two groups based on the youngest age of a self-reported delinquent act or parent-reported severe conduct problem. The childhoodonset group (n =47) displayed at least one serious antisocial behavior prior to age 12, whereas the adolescent-onset group (n =31) did not. As predicted, the childhood-onset group showed greater levels of dysfunctional parenting and CU traits. Contrary to predictions, however, this group also showed the strongest affiliation with deviant peers. The only variable strongly associated with the adolescent onset group was lower scores on a measure of traditionalism which indicates less endorsement of traditional values and status hierarchies. The implications of these results for understanding different causal trajectories to antisocial behavior and for designing better prevention and treatment programs for antisocial youth are discussed.
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Bin, Rahman A. N. M. Rubaiyath. "Molecular studies of some developmental and reproductive traits of Rayada rice." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2013. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/51.

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Crop domestication and subsequent breeding or directional selection have narrowed the genetic diversity of elite varieties whereas land races, ecotypes, wild relatives growing on native preferences still keep genetic diversities of stress tolerances. Rayada is such an exceptional ecotype, variant of typical deepwater rice, completely endemic to certain areas of Madhumati river tracts of Bangladesh and still shares some features of wild rices. Multiple physiological features of Rayadas are distinctly different from typical deepwater rice. In this PhD project, we have studied the specialty of Rayada rice and identified that Rayada has special tolerances to prolonged flood, submergence and cold along with longer root system and prompt recovery capacity after water stress. All these features make it as an elite resource of stress tolerance and might become a new focus of rice germplasm research. Among all deepwater rices, Rayada is the only exception, having virtually no seed dormancy, but both physiological and molecular bases of this trait are completely unknown. We examined the non-dormant nature of Rayadas as a natural variant of deepwater rice. After comparing features of freshly harvested seeds of Rayada with those of typical deepwater rice variety, we identified several concerted features; for instance, less ABA content in freshly harvested seeds; faster ABA catabolism and enhanced ROS accumulation after imbibition. Moreover, after analyzing stepwise gene expressions of 32 bZIPs in seed germination, mild and severe water stresses among three extreme ecotypes including Rayadas together with homology search with reported genes, we identified OsbZIP84 as a candidate gene for the regulation of ABA catabolism in Rayada rice. ABA content and expression analysis of OsbZIP84 and ABA8oxs in four growth and developmental stages along with phenotyping of mutant revealed the function of OSbZIP84 in the dormancy regulation of Rayada rice. Submergence tolerance during seed germination is one of the rare traits of rice, even among cereals. Except few physiological indications of tolerance, most other molecular signaling network is not known. We identified several positive and negative regulators of shoot development under submergence inducting the capacity of shoot development of Rayada rice under oxidative stress. We successfully developed a condition supplemented with riboflavin and H2O2 where intolerant genotypes successfully developed shoot under submergence. However, induced shoot development was completely inhibited by glucose, ABA and mitochondrial complex IV inhibitor signifying ABA and glucose as negative regulators, whereas ROS, riboflavin and mitochondrial complex IV as positive regulators. Gene expression analysis of α-amylases revealed H2O2 supplementation mimicked aerobic gene expression pattern. Plausible mechanisms of riboflavin and H2O2 function in submergence tolerance were also discussed. Finally, we isolated a novel mutant of Rayada variety with Kaladigha background and having four interesting phenotypes of practical implications. Mutant plant shows purple pigmentation throughout the plants organs along with dense and elongated trichomes on the adaxial leaf surface. In addition, the same mutant also shows high frequency of stigma exsertion. But ultimately, we observed that the mutant plant is completely sterile. The possible reason of the sterility was found being related to the stigma receptivity. Severe reduction of ROS accumulation in stigmas of mutant plant was observed after fluorescent H2DCF-DA staining. However, pollen grains are completely viable with normal shape and size. Interestingly, the fertility was partially restored after humidifying the panicles. Mutant progeny showed dense black coloration in seeds with significant reduction of grain weight. Moreover, it showed segregating ratio of 3:1 for purple pigmentation, suggesting single gene mutation nature. Other phenotypic features confirmed the mutant as a Rayada variety with Kaladigha background, not a seed contamination. After extensive data mining of these four phenotypes, we identified maize Lc gene with three similar phenotypes reported earlier excluding stigma exsertion, hence considered as candidate gene of this mutant. The gene expression of maize Lc homolog of rice, OsbHLH13, was exceptionally up-regulated in the purple mutant. Further studies of genetic characterization may open up the practical implications of this mesmerizing mutant. In summary, Rayada is a primitive deepwater rice ecotype that can offer many traits and genetic resources that are badly needed in rice breeding for stress tolerance and the time is mature to do the more detailed research with rapid advances in genome research weaponry
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Evans, Melanie A. "Links between personality traits and school aggression and internalizing behaviors in African American early adolescents." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Pelica, Maria de Fatima Fialho de Melo. "Transformation technology and use of Arabidopsis genes to manipulate developmental traits in crop plants." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365053.

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Kimonis, Eva. "Developmental pathways to psychopathic traits in Caucasian and African American juvenile offenders." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2005. http://louisdl.louislibraries.org/u?/NOD,277.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of New Orleans, 2005.
Title from electronic submission form. "A dissertation ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Developmental Psychology"--Dissertation t.p. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Wright, N. J. "Callous-unemotional traits in early childhood : developmental pathways and translation to aggression." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2017. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3019509/.

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Callous-unemotional (CU) traits have proved to be a robust and informative construct; identifying a subgroup of children with conduct problems who show more severe and persistent antisocial behaviour. The majority of this work has focused on mid to late childhood and adolescent samples, yet the study of CU traits in early childhood allows identification of developmental pathways to CU traits and may inform the development of preventative interventions. The three empirical studies included in this doctoral thesis use a longitudinal epidemiological sample (Wirral Child Health and Development Study; WCHADS) followed from pregnancy up to age 7 years to examine important questions regarding: 1) the measurement of CU traits in early childhood 2) the contribution of the early parenting relationship to child CU traits; specifically maternal sensitivity to infant distress, with possible mediation by child attachment status, and 3) a candidate sex dependant mechanism for the translation of CU traits into physical aggressive from early to mid-childhood. The first study uses the extensive sample of consecutively recruited first time mothers and the second two studies focus on a subsample stratified by psychosocial risk. The aim of the first study (Chapter 2; n = 775) was to adapt a CU traits measure for use with preschool children. The CU measure derived showed acceptable psychometric properties, factorial invariance by sex and good stability to 5 years. Validity was supported by cross-sectional associations with physical aggression for both boys and girls and incremental prediction to aggression at age 5 in girls only. The second study (Chapter 3; n = 272) examined the longitudinal contribution of maternal parenting behaviours (sensitivity to distress and to non-distress, positive regard, intrusiveness) at 7 months and attachment status at 14 months to child CU traits assessed from age 2.5 to 5 years. Latent variable modelling yielded a single parenting factor which, in line with predictions, significantly predicted reduced CU traits. The effect was mainly explained by sensitivity to infant distress and positive regard towards the infant. These two indicators evidenced a significant interaction, such that the combination of low positive regard and low sensitivity to distress predicted increased child CU traits. Neither attachment security nor disorganization predicted CU traits, so there was no evidence for mediation by attachment status. The final study (Chapter 4; n = 276) examined a hypothesised sex-specific mechanism for the translation of CU traits to aggression via HPA –axis reactivity to stress. Age 5 cortisol reactivity was found to significantly moderate the association between age 5 CU traits and age 7 teacher and mother reported aggression, evidenced by a significant 3-way interaction with sex. There was a significant two-way interaction in boys, such that higher CU traits and lower cortisol reactivity predicted increased physical aggression. Overall, this thesis provides support for the valid measurement of CU traits over the early preschool period. Sensitivity to infant distress, alongside positive regard/warmth, predicted reduced CU traits suggesting that early interventions might also focus on enhancing maternal responsiveness to distress. Findings supported the role of cortisol reactivity to social stress in the translation of CU traits to aggression and critically this was sex specific.
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Clark, Julia E. "Positive Parenting, Conduct Problems, and Callous-Unemotional Traits." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2015. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2063.

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The current study tested the association of both positive and negative aspects of parenting with callous-unemotional (CU) traits and conduct problems. Caregivers of 92 kindergarteners were recruited to complete a series of survey measures. Overall, parent-report of negative parenting practices was not associated with teacher report of conduct problems. However, parent report of positive parenting practices (i.e., warmth, positive reinforcement, positive communication and cooperation) was negatively associated with conduct problems and CU traits. Interactions between positive parenting variables and CU traits in their association with conduct problems indicated that positive reinforcement related more strongly to lower levels of conduct problem behavior for youth with high levels of CU traits. However, positive communication and cooperation related more strongly to conduct problems for youth with lower levels of CU traits. These associations suggest that parenting may play a role in the development of CU traits and conduct problems.
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Preuss, Michael David. "Personal traits and experiential characteristics of developmental mathematics faculty impact on student success /." Lynchburg, Va. : Liberty University, 2008. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu.

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Books on the topic "Developmental traits"

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Wales), New Phytologist Symposium (2nd 1997 University of. Putting plant physiology on the map: Genetic analysis of developmental and adaptive traits : proceedings of the second New Phytologist Symposium, University of Wales Bangor, April 1997. Cambridge: Published for the New Phytologist Trust by Cambridge University Press, 1997.

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Buss, Arnold H. Pathways to individuality: Evolution and development of personality traits. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/13087-000.

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Pathways to individuality: Evolution and development of personality traits. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2011.

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Massachusetts. General Court. Senate. Committee on Post Audit and Oversight. Getting on track: Common sense ideas to expedite rail trail development in Massachusetts. [Boston, Mass.]: The Committee, 2001.

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Tripura, Naba Bikram Kishore. Chittagong Hill Tracts: Long walk to peace & development. Edited by Bangladesh. Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs. Dhaka: Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs, Bangladesh Secretariat, 2016.

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Understanding human development: A multidimensional approach. 2nd ed. South Melbourne, Vic: Oxford University Press, 2010.

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L, Moore Roger, United States. National Park Service. Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Program, and Pennsylvania State University. School of Hotel, Restaurant, and Recreation Management. Leisure Studies Program, eds. The Impacts of rail-trails: A study of the users and property owners from three trails. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37127, 800 N. Capitol Street, Suite 490, Washington 20013-7127): The Service, 1992.

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Olsen, D. H., and A. Trono, eds. Religious pilgrimage routes and trails: sustainable development and management. Wallingford: CABI, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786390271.0000.

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The perfectionist's handbook: Take risks, invite criticism, and make the most of your mistakes. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2011.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, ed. New developments in engine management and driveline controls. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Developmental traits"

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Gerl, Chantal, Mirjam Stieger, and Mathias Allemand. "Developmental Changes in Personality Traits." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 1083–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1857.

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Gerl, Chantal, Mirjam Stieger, and Mathias Allemand. "Developmental Changes in Personality Traits." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1857-1.

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Laurie, David A. "Developmental and Reproductive Traits in the Triticeae." In Genetics and Genomics of the Triticeae, 591–609. New York, NY: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77489-3_20.

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Handa, Avtar K., Alka Srivastava, Zhiping Deng, Joel Gaffe, Ajay Arora, Martín-Ernesto Tiznado-Hernández, Ravinder K. Goyal, Anish Malladi, Pradeep S. Negi, and Autar K. Mattoo. "Biotechnological Interventions to Improve Plant Developmental Traits." In Transgenic Crop Plants, 199–248. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04812-8_5.

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Barker, Edward D., and Alan J. Meehan. "Developmental pathways to adolescent callous–unemotional traits." In Routledge International Handbook of Psychopathy and Crime, 478–92. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge international handbooks: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315111476-31.

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Beauchaine, Theodore P., and Penny Marsh. "Taxometric Methods: Enhancing Early Detection and Prevention of Psychopathology by Identifying Latent Vulnerability Traits." In Developmental Psychopathology, 931–67. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470939383.ch23.

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Papageorgiou, Kostas A., and Angelica Ronald. "The Genetic Basis of Psychological Traits in Infancy." In The Wiley Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology, 233–58. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118554470.ch11.

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Mandy, William. "Autistic Traits in the Development of Non-Autistic Psychopathology." In The Wiley Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology, 455–73. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118554470.ch22.

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Pijper, Jarla, Minet de Wied, Stephanie van Goozen, and Wim H. J. Meeus. "Empathy Problems in Youth with Disruptive Behavior Disorders, with and without Callous Unemotional Traits." In The Wiley Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology, 161–78. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118554470.ch7.

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Willmore, Katherine E., Jane E. Buikstra, James M. Cheverud, and Joan T. Richtsmeier. "Developmental Origins of and Covariation Between Metric and Nonmetric Cranial Traits." In Bones, Genetics, and Behavior of Rhesus Macaques, 61–84. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1046-1_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Developmental traits"

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Lee, Kyunghwa. "A Comparative Research about Developmental Traits of Elementary Students’ Creativity between Korea and Australia." In 10th International Workshop on Education. Global Vision School Publication, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21742/asehl.2016.5.35.

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Andrushchenko, Nataliia, Evgenij Kryukov, Rifkat Muhamedrahimov, Aleksander Iova, Irina Arintsina, Varvara Anikina, Oksana Poteshkina, Maryia Solodunova, Irina Mamajchuk, and Daryia Chernego. "Traits and perspectives of comprehensive diagnostics of mental health of young children with intraventricular hemorrhages and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in anamnesis." In Innovations in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Children's Developmental Disorders. University of Latvia, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/idtcdd.2018.02.

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"379. Multivariate GWAS revealed a critical region on chromosome 4 for developmental and feather growth traits in ducks." In World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-940-4_379.

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Samuel, Tinu Mary, Dominik Grathwohl, Jodi Bettler, Purva Rajhans, Jowena Lebumfacil, Rachel Lawenko, and Elvira Estorninos. "Oral Nutritional Supplementation Supports Achievement of Developmental Skills, Temperament Traits, and Parent-Reported Toddler Quality of Life in Toddlers Experiencing Growth Concerns." In European Nutrition Conference. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091255.

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Sófi, Gyula, and Johanna Farkas. "MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF JUVENILE PSYCHOPATHY IN LAW ENFORCEMENT ASPECTS." In SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.2.5.21.p22.

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It is well recognized that there is a link between psychopathy, violent behaviour, and crime. Psychopathy is a personality construct typically related to deficits in interpersonal (e.g., manipulative, selfish), emotional (e.g., callous-unemotional) functioning, and social deviance with developmental origins. Characteristics associated with adult antisocial behaviour have been identified in children and adolescents. A large number of studies have provided empirical pieces of evidence. Despite researchers agreeing with the most essential components of psychopathy such as agreeableness, conscientiousness, fearlessness, or dominance, there has been some debate in certain areas. The existing literature on the construct of juvenile psychopathy shows that most youths start manifesting antisocial acts in their early life. The focus of this study was to present the role of psychopathic traits in juveniles and connect it to law enforcement, criminal law, child and adolescent psychiatry, and other forensic sciences (criminology, criminal psychology). Juvenile psychopathy is a subgroup of antisocial youth, and their identification is very important because of preventative measures, law enforcement, and more. Youth with high psychopathic traits establish their antisocial career early on. They are aggressive to people and animals, in most cases destroy others’ property, lie, deceive, thieve and commit other serious violent behaviours (not respecting rules). Ultimately, the recognition of such factors has a predictive value not only from the point of view of child and adolescent psychiatry but also from the point of view of law enforcement and forensic psychology, as they can be applied in crime prevention. Keywords: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mental disorders, Fearless Dominance, Agreeableness, Callous/unemotional
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"Towards a Reference Plant Trait Ontology for Modeling Knowledge of Plant Traits and Phenotypes." In International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Ontology Development. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0004138302200225.

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Vyortkina, Dina. "TRAITS OF INNOVATIVE UNIVERSITIES." In International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2016.1858.

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Sturdee, Miriam, Matthew Ivory, David Ellis, Patrick Stacey, and Paul Ralph. "Personality Traits in Game Development." In EASE 2022: The International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering 2022. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3530019.3530042.

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Andra, Craciun, and Barbara Craciun. "DOMINANT VOCATIONAL PROFILE IDENTIFIED AMONG STUDENTS OF POLYTECHNICS UNIVERSITY, BUCHAREST." In eLSE 2015. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-15-205.

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The present paper proposes to offer a detailed presentation of the vocational profile identified among students of Polytechnics University of Bucharest, Romania. Having contact with the students of this University we have identified their need of getting to know themselves but also to identify those activities for which they might be most suitable for. We consider that it is vital within the contact with students to draw their vocational profiles as basis of a constructive collaboration and support needed for them to find potential activities that fit their interests and potential. We consider that identifying the vocational profile of students we come in contact with as professors or trainers facilitates obtaining optimal results for both sides; therefore, students benefit from educational programs adapted to their needs and developmental potential (sighting personal aspects such as aptitudes, temperamental foundation to vocational aspects such as interests, hobbies, activities in which they seem to be naturally productive in) - a way in which they become more likely to obtain both personal satisfactions and easy to identify, consistent results in their activities. As for professors, having to know the vocational profile of students they collaborate with allows them to adapt faster in relationship with them and to potentiate their own personal traits according to their audience. We may assert that applying identifying such vocational profiles among students will gradually increase their satisfaction towards the educational environement along with the optimism and positive appraisal towards future professional outcome. In this regard, we propose a cantitative instrument elaborated in order to support our objective and which we consider to be suitable and adaptable for other University domains.
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Rajendran, Aarthi, Thangamani Murugesan, Narmatha Chinnasamy, Gurudharshini Balaji Rao, Iswarya Muthuraj, and Mounisuhitha Krishnamoorthy. "Exploring deep learning techniques in healthcare sectors for clinical traits." In SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING: Sustainable Development in Material Science of Today Is the Innovation of Tomorrow. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0153663.

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Reports on the topic "Developmental traits"

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Paran, Ilan, and Molly Jahn. Analysis of Quantitative Traits in Pepper Using Molecular Markers. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570562.bard.

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Original objectives: The overall goal of the proposal was to determine the genetic and molecular control of pathways leading to the production of secondary metabolites determining major fruit quality traits in pepper. The specific objectives were to: (1) Generate a molecular map of pepper based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. (2) Map QTL for capsaicinoids content (3) Determine possible association between capsaicinoids and carotenoid content and structural genes for capsaicinoid and carotenoid biosynthesis. (4) Map QTL for quantitative traits controlling additional fruit traits. (5) Map fruit-specific ESTs and determine possible association with fruit QTL (6) Map the C locus that determines the presence and absence of capsaicinoids in pepper fruit and identify candidate genes for C. Background: Pungency, color, fruit shape and fruit size are among the most important fruit quality characteristics of pepper. Despite the importance of the pepper crop both in the USA and Israel, the genetic basis of these traits was only little known prior to the studies conducted in the present proposal. In addition, molecular tools for use in pepper improvement were lacking. Major conclusions and achievements: Our studies enabled the development of a saturated genetic map of pepper that includes numerous simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and the integration of several independent maps into a single resource map that consists of over 2000 markers. Unlike previous maps that consisted mostly of tomato-originated RFLP markers, the SSR-based map consists of largely pepper markers. Therefore, the SSR and integrated maps provide ample of tools for use in marker-assisted selection for diverse targets throughout the Capsicum genome. We determined the genetic and molecular bases of qualitative and quantitative variation of pungency, the most unique characteristics of pepper fruit. We mapped and subsequently cloned the Pun1 gene that serves as a master key for capsaicinoids accumulation and showed that it is an acyltransferase. By sequencing the Pun1 gene in pungent and non-pungent cultivars we identified a deletion that abolishes the expression of the gene in the latter cultivars. We also identified QTLs that control capsaicinoids content and therefore pungency level. These genes will allow pepper breeders to manipulate the level of pungency for specific agricultural and industrial purposes. In addition to pungency we identified genes and QTLs that control other key developmental processes of fruit development such as color, texture and fruit shape. The A gene controlling anthocyanin accumulation in the immature fruit was found as the ortholog of the petunia transcription factor Anthocyanin2. The S gene required for the soft flesh and deciduous fruit nature typical of wild peppers was identified as the ortholog of tomato polygalacturonase. We identified two major QTLs controlling fruit shape, fs3.1 and fs10.1, that differentiate between elongated and blocky and round fruit shapes, respectively. Scientific and agricultural implications: Our studies allowed significant advancement of our understanding at the genetic and molecular levels of important processes of pepper fruit development. Concomitantly to gaining biological knowledge, we were able to develop molecular tools that can be implemented for pepper improvement.
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Cook, Stephen, and Loyd Hook. Developmental Pillars of Increased Autonomy for Aircraft Systems. ASTM International, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/tr2-eb.

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Increased automation for aircraft systems holds the promise to increase safety, precision, and availability for manned and unmanned aircraft. Specifically, established aviation segments, such as general aviation and light sport, could utilize increased automation to make significant progress towards solving safety and piloting difficulties that have plagued them for some time. Further, many emerging market segments, such as urban air mobility and small unmanned (e.g., small parcel delivery with drones) have a strong financial incentive to develop increased automation to relieve the pilot workload, and/or replace in-the-loop pilots for most situations. Before these advances can safely be made, automation technology must be shown to be reliable, available, accurate, and correct within acceptable limits based on the level of risk these functions may create. However since inclusion of these types of systems is largely unprecedented at this level of aviation, what constitutes these required traits (and at what level they must be proven to) requires development as well. Progress in this domain will likely be captured and disseminated in the form of best practices and technical standards created with collaboration from regulatory and industry groups. This work intends to inform those standards producers, along with the system designers, with the goal of facilitating growth in aviation systems toward safe, methodical, and robust inclusion of these new technologies. Produced by members of the manned and unmanned small aircraft community, represented by ASTM task group AC 377, this work strives to suggest and describe certain fundamental principles, or “pillars”, of complex aviation systems development, which are applicable to the design and architectural development of increased automation for aviation systems.
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Paran, Ilan, and Molly Jahn. Genetics and comparative molecular mapping of biochemical and morphological fruit characters in Capsicum. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586545.bard.

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Original objectives: The overall goal of our work was to gain information regarding the genetic and molecular control of pathways leading to the production of secondary metabolites determining major fruit quality traits in pepper and to develop tools based on this information to assist in crop improvement. The specific objectives were to: (1) Generate a molecular map of pepper based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. (2) Map QTL for capsaicinoid (pungency) content (3) Determine possible association between capsaicinoid and carotenoid content and structural genes for capsaicinoid and carotenoid biosynthesis. (4) Map QTL for quantitative traits controlling additional fruit traits. (5) Map fruit-specific ESTs and determine possible association with fruit QTL (6) Map the C locus that determines the presence and absence of capsaicinoid in pepper fruit and identify candidate genes for C.locus. Background: Pungency, color, fruit shape and fruit size are among the most important fruit quality characteristics of pepper. Despite the importance of the pepper crop both in the USA and Israel, the genetic basis of these traits was poorly understood prior to the studies conducted in the present proposal. In addition, molecular tools for use in pepper improvement were lacking. Major conclusions and achievements: Our studies enabled the development of a saturated genetic map of pepper that includes numerous SSR markers. This map has been integrated with a number of other independent maps resulting in the publication of a single resource map consisting of more than 2000 markers. Unlike previous maps based primarily on tomato-originated RFLP markers, the new maps are based on PCR markers that originate in Capsicum providing a comprehensive and versatile resource for marker-assisted selection in pepper. We determined the genetic and molecular bases of qualitative and quantitative variation of pungency, a character unique to pepper fruit. We mapped and subsequently cloned the Pun1 gene that serves as a master regulatoar for capsaicinoid accumulation and showed that it is an acyltransferase. By sequencing the Pun1 gene in pungent and non-pungent cultivars we identified a deletion that abolishes the expression of the gene in the latter cultivars. We also identified QTL that control capsaicinoid content and therefore pungency level. These genes will allow pepper breeders to manipulate the level of pungency for specific agricultural and industrial purposes. In addition to pungency we identified genes and QTL that control other key developmental processes of fruit development such as color, texture and fruit shape. The A gene controlling anthocyanin accumulation in the immature fruit was found as the ortholog of the petunia transcription factor Anthocyanin2. The S gene required for the soft flesh and deciduous fruit nature typical of wild peppers was identified as the ortholog of tomato polygalacturonase. We identified two major QTL controlling fruit shape, fs3.1 and fs10.1, that differentiate elongated and blocky and round fruit shapes, respectively. Scientific and agricultural implications: Our studies allowed significant advances in our understanding of important processes of pepper fruit development including the isolation and characterization of several well known genes. These results also provided the basis for the development of molecular tools that can be implemented for pepper improvement. A total of eleven refereed publications have resulted from this work, and several more are in preparation.
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Díaz, Julia A. Calderón, Jeffrey L. Vallet, Clay Lents, Danny Nonneman, Jeremy Miles, Elaine Wright, Lea Rempel, et al. Optimal Dietary Energy and Protein for Gilt Development: Age at Puberty, Ovulation Rate, and Reproductive Tract Traits. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1338.

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Eshed, Yuval, and Sarah Hake. Shaping plant architecture by age dependent programs: implications for food, feed and biofuel. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597922.bard.

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Age dependent programs are responsible for the physiological and developmental differences of young and mature plants. These include a range of morphological characters such as leaf shape and leaf composition (waxes, lignin etc..) but also different in developmental potentials. Apical buds of juvenile plants are vegetative, while those of mature plants can be reproductive. Likewise, basal buds form in the axills of juvenile leaves have different fates than distal buds formed in the axils of mature leaves. The goal of our joint project is to understand and exploit theses age related programs for specific improvement of crop plants. To that end both the WIS group and the PGEC group are using mutants with age related defects as well as modified expression of miR156 to modify age related programs in crop plants- Tomato and potato in Israel and Maize, switchgrass and Brchipodium in the US. In the US, major effort were made to: Characterize the contribution of selected miR156 target genes to yield component traits of maize. Functional analysis of microRNAs and their targets in new crop plants. In Israel, the research progressed in several directions: Understanding the interplay between age dependent programs and the potential of tomato and potato meristems to produce tubers. Evaluation of the agronomic value of mutants that alter flowering regime in side shoots in general, and in the sympodial buds in particular Characterization of wild type axillary buds, comparing shoot ontogeny of gradually maturing apices from basal and distal positions along the main shoot of tomato.
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Perl-Treves, Rafael, Rebecca Grumet, Nurit Katzir, and Jack E. Staub. Ethylene Mediated Regulation of Sex Expression in Cucumis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586536.bard.

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Monoecious species such as melon and cucumber develop separate male and female (or bisexual) flowers on the same plant individual. They display complex genetic and hormonal regulation of sex patterns along the plant. Ethylene is known to play an important role in promoting femaleness and inhibiting male development, but many questions regarding critical sites of ethylene production versus perception, the relationship between ethylene and the sex determining loci, and the possible differences between melon and cucumber in this respect are still open. The general goal of the project was to elucidate the role of ethylene in determining flower sex in Cucumis species, melon and cucumber. The specific Objectives were: 1. Clone and characterize expression patterns of cucumber genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and perception. 2. Genetic mapping of cloned genes and markers with respect to sex loci in melon and cucumber. 3. Produce and analyze transgenic melons altered in ethylene production or perception. In the course of the project, some modifications/adjustments were made: under Objective 2 (genetic mapping) a set of new mapping populations had to be developed, to allow better detection of polymorphism. Under Objective 3, cucumber transformation systems became available to us and we included this second model species in our plan. The main findings of our study support the pivotal role of ethylene in cucumber and melon sex determination and later stages of reproductive development. Modifying ethylene production resulted in profound alteration of sex patterns in melon: femaleness increased, and also flower maturation and fruit set were enhanced, resulting in earlier, more concentrated fruit yield in the field. Such effect was previously unknown and could have agronomic value. Our results also demonstrate the great importance of ethylene sensitivity in sex expression. Ethylene perception genes are expressed in sex-related patterns, e.g., gynoecious lines express higher levels of receptor-transcripts, and copper treatments that activate the receptor can increase femaleness. Transgenic cucumbers with increased expression of an ethylene receptor showed enhanced femaleness. Melons that expressed a defective receptor produced fewer hermaphrodite flowers and were insensitive to exogenous ethylene. When the expression of defective receptor was restricted to specific floral whorls, we saw that pistils were not inhibited by the blocked perception at the fourth whorl. Such unexpected findings suggest an indirect effect of ethylene on the affected whorl; it also points at interesting differences between melon and cucumber regarding the mode of action of ethylene. Such effects will require further study. Finally, our project also generated and tested a set of novel genetic tools for finer identification of sex determining genes in the two species and for efficient breeding for these characters. Populations that will allow easier linkage analysis of candidate genes with each sex locus were developed. Moreover, effects of modifier genes on the major femaleness trait were resolved. QTL analysis of femaleness and related developmental traits was conducted, and a comprehensive set of Near Isogenic Lines that differ in specific QTLs were prepared and made available for the private and public research. Marker assisted selection (MAS) of femaleness and fruit yield components was directly compared with phenotypic selection in field trials, and the relative efficiency of MAS was demonstrated. Such level of genetic resolution and such advanced tools were not used before to study these traits, that act as primary yield components to determine economic yields of cucurbits. In addition, this project resulted in the establishment of workable transformation procedures in our laboratories and these can be further utilized to study the function of sex-related genes in detail.
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Linger, Richard C., and Andrew P. Moore. Foundations for Survivable System Development: Service Traces, Intrusion Traces, and Evaluation Models. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada389267.

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Seol, Dai-Wu. TRAIL-Based Anticancer Drug Development. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada407205.

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Uni, Zehava, and Peter Ferket. Enhancement of development of broilers and poults by in ovo feeding. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695878.bard.

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Abstract:
The specific objectives of this research were the study of the physical and nutritional properties of the In Ovo Feeding (IOF) solution (i.e. theosmostic properties and the carbohydrate: protein ratio composition). Then, using the optimal solution for determining its effect on hatchability, early nutritional status and intestinal development of broilers and turkey during the last quarter of incubation through to 7 days post-hatch (i.e. pre-post hatch period) by using molecular, biochemical and histological tools. The objective for the last research phase was the determination of the effect of in ovo feeding on growth performance and economically valuable production traits of broiler and turkey flocks reared under practical commercial conditions. The few days before- and- after hatch is a critical period for the development and survival of commercial broilers and turkeys. During this period chicks make the metabolic and physiological transition from egg nutriture (i.e. yolk) to exogenous feed. Late-term embryos and hatchlings may suffer a low glycogen status, especially when oxygen availability to the embryo is limited by low egg conductance or poor incubator ventilation. Much of the glycogen reserve in the late-term chicken embryo is utilized for hatching. Subsequently, the chick must rebuild that glycogen reserve by gluconeogenesis from body protein (mostly from the breast muscle) to support post-hatch thermoregulation and survival until the chicks are able to consume and utilize dietary nutrients. Immediately post-hatch, the chick draws from its limited body reserves and undergoes rapid physical and functional development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in order to digest feed and assimilate nutrients. Because the intestine is the nutrient primary supply organ, the sooner it achieves this functional capacity, the sooner the young bird can utilize dietary nutrients and efficiently grow at its genetic potential and resist infectious and metabolic disease. Feeding the embryo when they consume the amniotic fluid (IOF idea and method) showed accelerated enteric development and elevated capacity to digest nutrients. By injecting a feeding solution into the embryonic amnion, the embryo naturally consume supplemental nutrients orally before hatching. This stimulates intestinal development to start earlier as was exhibited by elevated gene expression of several functional genes (brush border enzymes an transporters , elvated surface area, elevated mucin production . Moreover, supplying supplemental nutrients at a critical developmental stage by this in ovo feeding technology improves the hatchling’s nutritional status. In comparison to controls, administration of 1 ml of in ovo feeding solution, containing dextrin, maltose, sucrose and amino acids, into the amnion of the broiler embryo increased dramatically total liver glycogen in broilers and in turkeys in the pre-hatch period. In addition, an elevated relative breast muscle size (% of broiler BW) was observed in IOF chicks to be 6.5% greater at hatch and 7 days post-hatch in comparison to controls. Experiment have shown that IOF broilers and turkeys increased hatchling weights by 3% to 7% (P<0.05) over non injected controls. These responses depend upon the strain, the breeder hen age and in ovo feed composition. The weight advantage observed during the first week after hatch was found to be sustained at least through 35 days of age. Currently, research is done in order to adopt the knowledge for commercial practice.
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10

Depetris-Chauvin, Emilio, and David Weil. Malaria and Early African Development: Evidence from the Sickle Cell Trait. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19603.

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