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1
Pulun, Putri Prima, and n/a. "Indonesia : development and the 'open skies policy'." University of Canberra. Comm', 1995. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061106.162752.
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Indonesia is home to 183 million people scattered through about 13 thousand
islands. There are at least 583 dialects and also various religions and ethic
groups exist in the country. Thus, the issue of unification is significant in
Indonesia. To date, the state's ideology, Pancasila, has been considered as an
effective device to bring the nation together. Pancasila is also used as a platform
for Indonesia's developmental policy making. Media in Indonesia have long been
seen as a means to support the development process.
Indonesia has just completed its first Long Term Development Plan (1969 to
1994). The first Long Term Development Plan emphasized Indonesia's
economy. Under the New Order administration, Indonesia has achieved both
political stability and a continuing economic growth. Lately, there are some
significant changes in the field of broadcasting infrastructure.
On July 24th, 1990, the government issued the Decree of the Minister of
Information (no. 111/Kep/Menpen/1990) which is unofficially known as the 'Open
Skies Policy'. This policy allows the private sector to run private television
stations and also gives permission to the public to own satellite dishes.
The 'Open Skies Policy' can be seen as a breakthrough in Indonesian media
infrastructure because from 1962 to 1989, Indonesia had only one, state owned,
television station-TVRI. Now, there are five private stations and numerous
foreign television stations beamed through at least 400 thousand satellite dishes
in the country. The number of telephones, however, has not yet exceeded 1.7
million.
This thesis recognizes that the 'Open Skies Policy' deserves thorough analysis
because it reflects a series of significant changes in the Indonesian governments
development strategies. This thesis sets itself the following objectives: to
overview major development communication paradigms and to consider which
development paradigm works most effectively in the Indonesian context; to
explain how 'development' has been conceptualized in Indonesia and how this
has manifested in media policy; to analyse the implications of the 'Open Skies
Policy' and to consider whether it represents a new direction in Indonesia's
developmental policy making.
2
Sharif, Mymoena. "A framework for e-skills policy-making in South Africa." Thesis, UWC, 2013. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1029_1395915694.
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The development of the Internet and other information and communication technologies (ICT) in recent decades represents a material foundation for a networked society and the emergence of new economies (Knowledge Society) and is now directly affecting individuals and whole societies. ICT is now an indisputable component of addressing the major issues of equity, sustainability and global competitiveness. Being still in its early developmental phase in many developing countries (such as South Africa), Knowledge Society requires profoundly new ways of thinking, working and living, which includes building of new capacities for the entire nation. These capacities are inter alia inevitably associated with the use of ICT and are often referred to as e-skills. These skills broadly described as the ability to develop and use ICT to adequately participate in an environment increasingly dominated by access to electronically enabled information and a well-developed ability to synthesise this into effective and relevant knowledge. ï· To understand the theoretical and contextual background of policy-making
ï· To explore existing policy-making frameworks that might be relevant to e-skills policy-making ï· To identify and classify e-skills related elements obtained from pertinent literature ï· To verify these policy-making elements by interviewing experienced policy-makers in the fields of ICT and e-skills ï· To suggest a framework for e-skills policy-making in the South African developmental context ï· To explain the use of the elements within the proposed e-skills policy-making framework. These objectives were achieved by reviewing the pertinent literature, which led to the construction of the conceptual model for e-skills policy-making in South Africa. This model consists of eight elements: (i) Context-related awareness, (ii) Collaborative e-skills ecology, (iii) Excellence education for all, (iv) Futures of ICT capabilities and knowledge infrastructure, (v) Research and development, (vi) Cost and affordability, (vii) E-inclusion and (viii) Monitoring and evaluation. This model was subsequently empirically tested using the Interpretive hermeneutic research approach by interviewing a number of policy-makers in the fields of e-skills or broader field of ICT policy-making. The empirical findings confirmed validity of the above e-skills policy-making elements but also elicited two new elements: (ix) Integration and systemic approach and (x) Aggregation. Consequently, these elements were assembled together into a framework for e-skills policy-making in South Africa. In order to make the proposed e-skills policy-making framework operational, the next step of this study was to relate this framework to the policy-making processes. This was done by positioning elements of e-skills policy-making framework within the EU "
In order to address a considerable deficiency in e-skills (estimated shortage of 70000 e-skilled people), the South African government through the Department of Communication has established the e-Skills Institute (e-SI) with the mandate to concentrate on the development of adequate skills to allow its citizens to improve their capacities to use all forms of ICT at work, in their education, in their personal lives and in their governance. In this regard, the e-SI is also responsible for creating appropriate policies which should be linked to other relevant national (e.g. Medium Term Strategic Framework (MTSF), 2009 &ndash
2014) and international (e.g. UN Millennium Development Goals - MDGs) developmental strategies. However, while participating in the development of the current national e-skills policy (the National e-Skills Plan of Action &ndash
NeSPA1), the author realised that there were not readily available guidelines or frameworks that could advise policy development in this area. It seems that much space in the policy development is left to the policy-makers own values, experience, expertise, judgement, the influence of lobbyists and pressure groups, pragmatism, or based on the resources available, than on evidence. Thus, this study set the following objectives:
and
Policy making 3.0"
process model. The main contribution of this study is seen in the fact that it brings a novel e-skills policy-making framework particularly design for the South African context but keeping in mind that it can possibly be used in other similar developing countries. Theoretically, this study has added to the academic understanding of significance of certain concepts for e-skills policy-making derived from the pertinent literature but
also those identified empirically by this research. Now this study can be used for a practical implementation and also as a base for further academic research. This study also has some limitations mainly seen through a fairly small research sample caused by absence or unavailability of experienced policy-makers. However, it is believed that this limitation did not limit validity of results and the practical and academic contribution of this study.
3
Sare, Rebecka Jo. "Students' Decision-making After Florida Senate Bill 1720: Guiding Students through Math Placement." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3471.
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After Senate Bill (SB) 1720, exempt students enrolling in colleges in Florida no longer have to take a college placement test or enroll in developmental education courses before enrolling in college-level classes. SB1720 caused Florida colleges to find new methods of placement for incoming students, a concern because incorrect placement can have detrimental effects for the student and institution. Bounded rationality theory and Bahr's interpretation of student typology informed this study. The purpose of this survey study was to compare the exempt students who enrolled in remedial math to those who enrolled in college-level math. Research questions asked what differences existed between the 2 groups of students comparing high school grade point average (GPA), student typology, prior knowledge of enrollment decisions, confidence in enrollment decision, satisfaction with the course, and expected course grade. A survey was distributed to all students at a Florida college affected by SB1720, and 84 responses were received from 15 developmental students, 51 gateway students, and 18 college-level students. Analysis of variance test results only showed a significant difference, F(1, 82) = .54, p = .040, between exempt students enrolled in developmental math and students enrolled in gateway or college-level math comparing high school GPA. Based on the study results, college administrators should use high school GPA as an alternative method for better placement of students in their first college-level math course. Enrolling students in the correct courses from the start could eliminate the costs of time, money, and credit hours, resulting in more students completing college on time.
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Lutz, Robert Thomas. "Faith in Transition: A Phenomenological Study of Christian College Student Leaders' Faith Experiences After Graduation." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1575908543868319.
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Forssell, Sara. "Rice price policy in Thailand : policy making and recent developments /." Lund, 2008. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/594027888.pdf.
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Stephenson, Richard Lawrence. "Information systems and policy processes in planning." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325434.
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This thesis examines the use of information, particularly that of a technical kind, in decisions and policies in land use planning, and reports on empirical analysis on the making of development plan policies by local authority planning departments. The research examines the role of technical information in planning processes and starts by identifying different ideas put forward about the potential contribution of computerised systems to the provision of such information. It is concluded that the literature on decision processes in planning has a number of weaknesses in relation to how the use of information is understood. Research on the use of information in planning has found a complex picture which is at odds with many normative theories of planning. However, an empirically based theory of the use of technical information in planning, including that from computerised sources, is poorly developed. The thesis argues that the idea of a set of policy processes - structuring access, mode of debate and decision criteria in planning decisions - is a powerful analytical tool in understanding planning practice. Using this as a base, a conceptual framework relating these processes to information use is developed from the available literature and the findings from exploratory interviews. Through a set of six case studies oflocal authority planning departments the explanatory power of this framework is assessed. On the basis of this a refined framework is put forward and a final assessment made of it using a detailed analysis of the evolution and adoption of the policies in two development plans, the Wakefield Unitary Development Plan and the Lancashire Structure Plan. The research concludes that the use of technical information is heavily influenced by the regulatory nature of the British planning system, which places a focus on the justification of policies and gives greater importance to technical analysis in some situations than others. In development plan making the semi-judicial arena of the inquiry or examination in public is central. Information from computerised sources can playa distinctive role in planning but this is dependent on how it is incorporated into the policy processes through which decisions are made. Technical information and computerised analysis can play an important role in legitimating planning decision and shaping the evolution ofpolicies, but this can only be understood within a wider context of social and political processes.
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Rattanasak, Thanyawat Social Sciences & International Studies Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "Electricity generation and distribution in Thailand: policy making, policy actors and conflict in the policy process." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Social Sciences & International Studies, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43785.
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Many analysts have attempted to develop a systematic approach towards understanding the public policy framework in Thailand, and the impact of policies on Thai society and the environment. However, approaches so far have been limited in scope, and little has been done to investigate Thailand's electricity development policy approach, and its impact on society and natural resources in Thailand. This thesis contributes to filling this knowledge gap through undertaking an analysis of the development of Thailand's electricity industry power generation policy, its institutions and the policy process. It also examines the policy actors working within the process, and their roles, power and influence, factors that have shaped the distinctive characteristics of the electricity industry in Thailand today, an industry that is being confronted by increased opposition to its development from a range of community groups concerned with adverse environmental and social impacts on it. My research here uses Historical Institutionalism and Policy Network Analysis to guide the investigation. A qualitative research methodology, including the examination of documentary evidence and the interviewing of 25 key informants, was used to improve our knowledge of the policy process, and to reveal the nature of the conflicts that have emerged within the Thai policy-making bureaucracy, a bureaucracy that controls the electricity industry, and between these policy actors, the elected and military governments, and other parts of the Thai community. My research found that the development of Thailand's electricity generation policy has been complex; influenced bysocio-economic and political factors, as well as by external factors such as conditionalities imposed by foreign governments and multinational lending agencies. These factors have constrained the political institutions and political elites who play a key role in setting the rules for the restructuring of the industry. As Thailand has developed to become more democratic, the emergence of new groups of policy-makers, such as elected-politicians and civil society, has brought about a change in electricity policy direction, and in the structure of the industry. The research identified four key groups of policy actors participating in the Thai electricity policy arena, including first the 'old energy aristocrats'; officials in Electricity Generation Authority of Thailand (EGAT) who established the industry. They were followed by the officials in Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO) who had a more commercial orientation and who challenged the earlier ideas, leading to proposals to privatize the industry. Civic Society Organisations (CSOs) emerged in the 1970s to challenge the large energy projects proposed by the Government, those supported by elected-politicians, particularly the politicians from Thai Rak Thai Party that tried to take control of the industry for their own ends. The TRT interventing in the industry after it came to power in the 1990s. Each of these policy participants developed their own discourses to influence policy-making and public opinion. To reveal the nature of the challenges faced in developing the electricity industry in Thailand, this thesis focuses on a number of case studies of large electricity development projects, including the Nam Choan and Pak Mun Dam Projects, the Prachub Kirikhan Power Plant Projects, and the Wiang Haeng Coal Mine Development Project. My studies reveal evidence of the significant negative impacts that these projects had and continue to have, on the communities and environment adjacent to them, and on Thai society more generally. These problems emerged due to the fact that the policy institutions were, and still are, dominated by technocrats and political elites, with limited public participation in either the policy decisions made, or the policy development process. My thesis concludes that conflicts in relation to the electricity industry policy process are likely to grow in future years, and so makes a number of suggestions as to how these issues might be addressed.
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Zhang, Aining. "The role of geomatics in supporting sustainable development policy-making." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0022/NQ52336.pdf.
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Zhang, Aining Carleton University Dissertation Geography. "The role of geomatics in supporting sustainable development policy-making." Ottawa, 2000.
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10
Peña, López Ismael. "Measuring digital development for policy-making: Models, stages, characteristics and causes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9126.
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With this work, our aim is to analyze how and why the different approaches to model and measure the Information Society have determined what is meant by the concept of access to Information and Communication Technologies and digital development. And, based on this first analysis, work on and propose a 360º digital framework that can serve policy-making while, at the same time, be able to state whether and why governments should seek to foster the development of the Information Society.Thus, the goal of this research is to identify the relevant factors that promote digital development, to define and describe - on that basis - its different stages and to explain the causes why a particular country might therefore be classified as a digital leader or a laggard and, lastly, answer whether and why governments should foster the Information Society.
To address this goal we have split our research into three main areas:
Analyzing the available tools for measuring the digital economy; and
Defining the stages of digital development, their characteristics and their causes; in particular, isolating the role of the public sector.
In the first area of research we cover the impact of ICTs, the concepts of access and the digital divide and the need to foster digital development. Our research questions in this area are:
What is "access"? What are its components?
What are the main approaches to defining access and why?
Is there any evidence that access to ICTs has had a positive or negative impact on the general socio-economic development of a country?
Why may there be a lack of access in a particular country or region, or to use a more familiar term, a "digital divide"?
Is it worthwhile for governments to attempt to foster digital development to accelerate the positive impacts of access to ICTs?
The second research theme explores, broadly and in depth, the ways in which access, digital development and the digital divide have been measured over the years, in particular through the use of composite indices. The related research questions are as follows:
What are the main models that depict digital development?
What are the approaches that these models follow to describe digital development?
What are the consequences of the different approaches followed in defining digital development models?
The third and final research theme focuses on the different stages, or phases, of digital development, their main characteristics and the reasons why digital development at the country level might be unevenly distributed.
Can we group countries according to their different levels of digital development and thus define a comprehensive model for measuring it?
What are the characteristics that enable us to cluster together countries according to their specific level of digital development?
What are the characteristics that distinguish between different levels of digital development?
Why some countries are more digitally developed than others?
The findings and reflections arising from these research questions should enable us to test the general hypothesis that guides our research. We believe that narrow institutional interests and a lack of appropriate data have led to a biased or fragmented measurement of digital development that is often focused on specific purposes. But if digital development is conceived as a continuum and described by means of a comprehensive model, then, at the country level, it can be observed that digital development happens in stages. These stages can be characterized by common features and distinguished by the scores achieved on certain key indicators. The improvement of its general economic indicators - such as income and wealth - characterizes the progression of a country along this continuum depends mainly on. Besides these basic economic aspects, if there is an appropriate Economic Incentive Regime, strong Government prioritization of ICT and a high importance afforded to ICTs in the Government's vision of the future, then digital development is much more likely to happen. In some cases, these policies may allow leapfrogging so that a country can progress faster in its digital development than would be predicted by its general level of economic development.
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Mtegha, Chigomezgo L. D. "Cabinet decision making in Malawi and Zambia : implications for development policy implementation." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3755.
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Word processed copy.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-66).
The study unravels the nature of Cabinet decision making in African Public Sector systems, and discusses its implications on development policy implementation. The demands on the State, and its key machinery, the Public Service, have evolved over time. Many states, including Zambia and Malawi, have since independence seen a decline in the welfare of their citizens, despite the plethora of development policy instruments that have been put in place to address this worrying situation. Weak policy implementation has been cited as the problem.
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Mohr, Alison, and n/a. "A New Policy-Making Instrument? The First Australian Consensus Conference." Griffith University. School of Humanities, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030707.075312.
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Consensus conferences evolved as a response to the public's increasing dissatisfaction with technocratic decision-making processes that are judged to have repeatedly failed to serve its interests. The staging of the first Australian consensus conference at Old Parliament House in Canberra in March 1999 therefore presented an ideal opportunity to analyse the evolution of this new kind of policy input from its conception through to its implementation and subsequent evaluation. This thesis set out to provide an analysis of that trajectory using elements of the theoretical approach known as actor-network theory (ANT). Previous analyses of consensus conferences have generally provided only limited evaluations of single aspects of the entire process of setting up, implementing and evaluating such a conference. Furthermore, many of the early evaluations were conducted by reviewers or units which were themselves internal to the consensus conference under scrutiny. My own analysis has tried to offer broader, although inevitably less detailed, coverage, using a perspective from contemporary social theory that offers particular advantages in analysing the creation of short-term networks designed for specific purposes. By describing and analysing the role of this relatively new policy-making instrument, I have explored the different sub-networks that operate within the consensus conference process by focussing on the ways in which the conference was organised and how the relationships between the organisers and the participants helped to shape the outcomes. Thus the entire consensus conference sequence from idea to outcome can be thought of as a construction of a network to achieve at least one immediate goal. That goal was a single potential policy input, a consensus position embodied in the report of the lay panel. To realise that goal, the network needed to be recruited and stabilised and its members made to converge on that collective statement. But how is it that a range of disparate actors, including lay and expert, are mobilised to achieve that particular goal and what are the stabilisation devices which enable, or fail to enable this goal to be reached? In the context of the first Australian consensus conference, three key alignment devices emerged: texts, money and people. Yet it is clear from the evidence that some of these network stabilisation devices functioned poorly or not at all. This thesis has drawn attention to the areas in which they were weak and what importance that weakness had for the kind of policy outcome the consensus conference achieved. The role and extent of these powerful stabilisation devices in networks was therefore a vital issue for analysis. If one of the criteria to evaluate the success of a consensus conference is that it provides the stimulus to hold another, then the Australian conference must be deemed so far a failure. No further Australian consensus conference is planned. However, Australia stands to forfeit a number of advantages if no further consensus conferences or similar occasions are organised. Policy formation in contemporary democracies has had to accommodate an increasing array of new participants in order to track more effectively the diversity of potentially significant opinions on complex policy issues. This process requires new and transparent ways to educate and inform the public on policy issues and to ensure that policy makers are better informed about the needs and concerns of their community. As the evidence presented in thesis for the Australian example and its predecessors overseas suggests, consensus conferences have the potential to play a role in the contemporary policy-making context. But the realisation of that potential will vary according to their institutional contexts and the capacity of the actors to create the temporarily most stable and productive network out of the heterogeneous human and material resources to hand.
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Marchbank, Jennifer A. "Skirting the issue : agenda setting, policy development and the marginalisation of women." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267593.
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Kwok, Winston C. C. "Development of International Accounting Standards, an analysis of power and policy-making." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0014/NQ42536.pdf.
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Kessler, Richard J. "Development diplomacy : the making of Philippine foreign policy under Ferdinand E. Marcos /." Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 1986.
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Thesis (Ph.D) -- Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 1986.Typescript. Vita. Bibliography: leaves 443-461. Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;
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Formosa, Paul J. "Modernised policy making? : investigating the development of the 2009 Migration Impact Fund." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2016. http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/1155/.
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This thesis investigates the nature and effectiveness of the New Labour government’s attempt to modernise policy making in Britain. This government had developed and sought to implement a new concept of modernised policymaking, claiming that it represented a significant advance on previous efforts to transform policymaking. The principles, logic and ambition of this new form of modernised policymaking were set out clearly in a number of government publications (Cabinet Office, 1999a; Cabinet Office, 1999b). The objectives of this study are, firstly, to explore and assess the nature of this new concept of policy making, contextualising its claims by reference to the long history of debates about policy-making and modernisation in Britain. Secondly, it will investigate the use of this new form of policy making through a case study. The data collected will be subjected to a detailed analysis to assess the extent to which the development of the 2009 Migration Impact Fund constituted an example of modernised policy making, as conceived by the New Labour government. The ideas contained in the Asymmetrical Power model advanced by Marsh (2003) are used to inform the understanding of the policy setting in which the case occurred. To construct the case study, multiple methods of data collection are used to form a thick narrative that covers a five-year period. This narrative begins with the policy making that took place in anticipation of new migration in the lead up to the enactment of the 2003 Treaty of Accession and culminates in an explanation of how the 2009 Migration Impact Fund was designed and implemented. The case study is then subjected to a detailed analysis designed to generate precise data about the extent to which the nine features of modernised policy making are present; how modernised policy making presents at different points in the case; the extent to which the features of modernised policy making operated synergistically; and the different explanations for the policy making that was observed in the case study. These are used to then come to a statement as to whether policy making in this case was completely modernised; significantly modernised; not particularly modernised; or not modernised. The investigation found that policy making in this case was not particularly modernised. This was so because although all elements of modernised policy making was observed to be consistently present throughout the case, directive and bargaining based policy making were predominant at all crucial points rather than modernised policy making. The investigation showed that policy making operated, for better or worse, in a traditional way with core government’s commitment to increased labour mobility around Europe shaping the response of policy makers. As well, the investigation raised questions about how we may research and come to understand the impact of modernisation reforms when looking at policy making with a high level of detail. This is because the modernised policy making observed was not identified to be a direct result of the Modernising Government reforms, something that calls for further research to better ascertain the basis of choices made by policy makers. Overall, the case study findings confirm the predominant conclusions about New Labour’s efforts to modernise policy making (see for example Massey & Pyper, 2005; Newman, 2005). This is that there was a distinct gap between the rhetoric and practice of policymaking in this period which fundamentally served to continue the advance of business orientated approaches to public administration within the traditional political context of British policy making.
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Gilmore, Joan Maree, and n/a. "Rational, nonrational and mixed models of policy making in a high school change process." University of Canberra. Education, 1992. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060712.092715.
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In many schools hours of energy and effort are dedicated to making decisions and
developing policy. At the school level issues of curriculum, faculty groupings and
structure, strategy for staff allocations and resourcing of faculties, often results in
debate before being decided upon. So often valuable time and resources are wasted in
argument, disagreement and political activity.
This study has been designed to determine what actually happens in the decision
process, with the subject of the study a single committee. The aim of the study is to
determine the style of policy development that took place and what influences
affected the decisions made.
The study is in two parts. The first section develops a Conceptual Framework and
research questions to categorise, summarise and organise data collected from policy
development processes. The Conceptual framework was designed to permit analysis
of the major components of the stages of Problem Structuring, Generation of
Alternatives and Recommending Policy Actions. The second section in includes
further Research Questions to determine whether the process applied to developing
policy was Rational, Nonrational (Incremental/Political) or a Mixed Model type.
The research method used was naturalistic and qualitative in nature and in the context
of a case study.
The main findings were that a Mixed Model of policy development was used by the
Committee with elements of both Rational and Nonrational process evident from the
research data.
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Kwong, Lau Po-yuk Christina, and 鄺劉寶玉. "A study of the development of transport policy in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31966548.
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Taylor, Anna. "Urban climate adaptation as a process of organisational decision making." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27554.
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In a world that is increasingly urbanised, cities are recognised as critical sites for tackling problems of climate change, both by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and addressing the impacts of changing climate conditions. Unlike climate change mitigation, adaptation does not have one clear, commonly agreed collective goal. Governing and making decisions on climate adaptation in cities entails contestation over knowledge, values and preferences. Currently, the two dominant conceptualisations of adaptation are as cycles or pathways. Do these models adequately theorise what can be empirically observed in cities as to how climate adaptation is undertaken? Most research on urban climate adaptation emanates from the Global North, where political, scientific, economic and administrative systems are well established and well resourced. There is a dearth of empirical research from cities of the Global South contributing to the development of urban climate adaptation theory. This thesis contributes to addressing this gap in two ways. Firstly, by drawing on both conceptual and methodological resources from the field of organisational studies, notably the streams and rounds models of decision making, organisational ethnography and processual case research. Secondly, by conducting empirical case study research on three processes of city scale climate adaptation in Cape Town, South Africa, a growing city facing many development challenges where the local government began addressing climate adaptation over ten years ago. The three adaptation processes studied are: the preparation and adoption of city-wide sectoral climate adaptation plans; the creation of a City Development Strategy with climate resilience as a core goal; and the inclusion of climate change projections into stormwater masterplans. Data were gathered through interviews, participant observation, focus groups and document review, through embedded research within a formal knowledge co-production partnership between the University of Cape Town and the City of Cape Town government. Processual analysis and applied thematic analysis were used to test models of adaptation and decision making against data from the three case studies. The findings suggest that both the cycles and pathways models of climate adaptation inadequately represent the contested and contingent nature of decision making that prevail within the governance systems of cities such as Cape Town. Based on ethnographic knowledge of how Cape Town's local government undertakes climate adaptation, it is argued that the rounds model of decision making provides conceptual tools to better understand and represent how the process of climate adaptation in cities is undertaken; tools that can be used to enhance the pathways model. The study concludes that progress in adapting cities to a changing climate is currently constrained by both the problems and potential solutions or interventions being too technical for most politicians to deal with and prioritize and too political for most technical and administrative officials to design and implement. It calls for urban climate adaptation to be understood as distributed across a multitude of actors pursuing concurrent, discontinuous processes, and thereby focus needs to be on fostering collaboration and coordination, rather than fixating on single actors, policies, plans or projects.
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Etherington, Laurence Mark. "Environmental rule-making and public consultation : a case study of the development of a new legal regime to clean up contaminated land." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314339.
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Hoeijmakers, Marjan. "Local health policy development processes health promotion and network perspectives on local health policy-making in the Netherlands /." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 2005. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=6358.
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Steingass, Sebastian Dionysius. "Federating EU development cooperation? : Europe's contributions to international development effectiveness." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283603.
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The European Union (EU) has long strived to act collectively in the face of international challenges such as poverty, hunger and state fragility beyond its borders. While the EU member states and institutions seek coherent responses to these challenges, they also have partly competing agendas. Yet there has been increasing agreement on collective action. To understand this agreement, this thesis asks how policy professionals contribute to the advocacy of policy norms for collective action between the EU institutions and the member states. The research analyses policy processes in EU development cooperation since the early 2000s. In development cooperation the EU's effectiveness has been particularly contested because of the combination of competing ideas about the EU's role and about how to achieve effective and sustainable development. The research finds that, while formal decisions about collective action remain in the hands of member states, transnational networks of policy professionals in the EU institutions, member state bureaucracies and civil society contribute to shaping the terms of debate regarding the EU's role in effective development cooperation. These network interactions, which form around institutional decision-making centres, transcend the organisational boundaries of member state bureaucracies, EU institutions and civil society organisations. These findings fill a gap in our understanding of how EU norms governing collective external action are advocated as existing research has tended to focus on how institutional structure facilitate state coordination. By concentrating on the cases of Germany and the United Kingdom and their engagement with the EU institutions, the research revises existing, dominant views on norm advocacy in EU external action: It links the previously little related concepts of norm advocacy and discursive networks to analyse the agency and scope of policy professionals in the advocacy of EU policy norms; and it provides new empirical insights into the role of these policy professionals for collective action between the EU institutions and the member states in development cooperation.
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Hamill, John. "The development of the UK pension structure and the making of pension policy." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270750.
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Winter, William E. "Development decision-making in St. Louis, MO institutions, incentives, and urban development /." Diss., St. Louis, Mo. : University of Missouri--St. Louis, 2006. http://etd.umsl.edu/r1221.
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Fuma, Ayanda. "Why South Africa's energy-poverty policy ignores female well-being : a case of non-decision-making?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20675.
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In South African urban-informal contexts characterized by high levels of unemployment, women still have a close relation to the household. Females shoulder most of the burden associated with fulfilling domestic energy requirements. Despite this, energy-poverty policies like the Free Basic Alternative Energy Policy of 2007 ignore the specific challenges faced by women such as the financial implications of procuring daily domestic energy. This study adds insight to this issue by adopting two approaches: firstly, this study explores views captured in twenty semi-structured interviews from a sample of 12 females and 8 males living in an informal settlement, located north of Durbanville in the Western Cape Province. This thesis relies on a case study design based on this informal settlement to describe the nuances and gender specific experiences which exist in managing domestic energy. Secondly, an unobtrusive research approach is taken, relying on an analysis of secondary data from online media and academic platforms. The data is analysed using Bachrach and Baratz (1962) guide to uncover power dynamics veiled in the formal processes of energy-poverty policy development in South Africa. This thesis asks how energy-poverty policy can contribute to addressing the so-called gender-energy-poverty nexus, recognising that social constructs of gender and policy formulation processes may be under-pinned by dynamics of non-decision-making. The main findings of the study show that attributes of non-decision-making which feature in both the formal and informal power dynamics perpetuate female hardships in energy management. Social norms (informal power dynamics) influence the division of household labour including domestic energy management, which renders energy a major pre-occupation for women particularly. Furthermore, not recognizing informality in energy-poverty policy (formal power dynamics) negatively impacts women's well-being as women are dissatisfied with poor performing cooking and lighting fuels which negatively impacts young children's health, including inadequate options for food storage due to limited appliance use in the un-electrified informal settlement. Recommendations for the Free Basic Alternative Energy Policy to address energy-poverty in a gender-sensitive way may help to alleviate the negative impacts of securing daily energy on female informal settlement dwellers.
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Stephenson, Paul Jeffrey. "Trans-European networks and integration : the development of European policy-making in transport infrastructure." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619821.
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Sood, Aditya. "Integrated watershed management as an effective tool for sustainable development using distributed hydrological models in policy making /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 190 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1833621281&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Gillies, Clare Louise. "Development of evidence synthesis methods for health policy decision making - A chain of evidence approach." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/7462.
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This project comprises a critical exploration and development of methods for the synthesis of evidence, using a chain of evidence approach, from diverse, yet inter-related, sources. The methodologies were explored through the development of a comprehensive decision model to assess different health policies in respect to screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Four strategies were compared which were, no screening (current policy), screening for T2DM alone allowing for early diagnosis and treatment of the condition, and two strategies whereby both impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and T2DM were screened for, allowing for early treatment of T2DM and for either lifestyle or pharmacological interventions to be applied to those with IGT in an attempt to delay the onset of T2DM. The comprehensive decision model developed here was innovative when compared to current published models in a number of ways. Firstly the entire model was encompassed within a single flexible framework, which has a number of advantages, and secondly as much of the available data as was feasible to use, was incorporated into the model inputs. A number of methodological issues and techniques were explored during the development of the comprehensive decision model. These included mixed treatment comparison analyses, assessment of baseline risk on intervention effects and the use of individual patient data. A number of sensitivity analyses and model extensions were carried out to assess the parameters with most influence on model results, and to adapt the model to different screening scenarios. The results of the model provide evidence that a screening strategy for IGT and T2DM, followed by appropriate treatment and interventions appears to be a cost-effective screening strategy. Uncertainty still surrounds the cost-effectiveness of screening for T2DM alone and further research is required. Running decision models within a Bayesian, comprehensive decision modelling framework, allows for model flexibility and has advantages over more conventional modelling techniques.
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Staros, James. "The Making of Public Morality: Politics, Social Engineering and the Development of a Safer Cigarette." OpenSIUC, 2008. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/264.
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There has been a well-documented and causal relationship between cigarette smoking and disease for over forty years, and at least an implicit concern over tobacco and health for decades, if not centuries prior; however, government policy on how to address tobacco as a public health issue has been erratic. At the turn of the twentieth century, when cigarettes first became a national phenomenon, the federal government imposed few if any regulations, and even encouraged the use of cigarettes. By the 1960s, government, public health entities and the tobacco industry were cooperating to try to fix the problem. Although there was great success in this early, if uneasy alliance, by the 1980s this coalition was fragmented and the search for a pragmatic solution to the tobacco problem came to an abrupt end. This dissertation is an investigation into how policy-makers, tobacco industry executives and public health officials each ignored opportunities to come to a practical solution to the problem which confronted them. The 1960s saw these groups work together to formulate a harm reduction policy approach which would lessen, if not eliminate, the concerns from each constituent group. Despite some significant early successes, this effort was derailed due to partisan positioning, misguided self-interest, and certain individual personalities. This analysis of the safer-cigarette campaign sheds light on a little explored avenue in the tobacco debate, as well as highlights the challenges of policy making in Washington.
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Dellar, Graham Brendon. "Organizational change for school development: a study of implementation of school-based decision-making groups." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Education, 1990. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=15568.
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This study analyses, interprets and describes the dynamics of the change process occurring as members of three secondary school communities attempted to implement a Ministry of Education initiative involving the establishment of a school-based decision-making group.A review of literature on innovation and change, organization theory and school improvement is presented as a basis for the establishment of a conceptual framework for the study. Within this framework, implementation is viewed as the interaction of the innovation with the characteristics of each adopting school. These interactions are viewed as occurring within two change environments. The first, the general change environment, is shared by all schools under study. This environment reflects the broader economic, political and educational pressures prompting change. The second environment is specific to each school. It forms the immediate context within which the implementation process occurs. Before examining the specific nature of the implementation process within each school site, attention is given to the general change environment from which the innovation emerged. This is accompanied by an analysis of the evolutionary nature of the innovation itself as it underwent progressive clarification at Ministry of Education level.To assess the influence that specific environmental characteristics have on the implementation process, schools with markedly differing setting characteristics were selected for study. An instrument to assess school organizational climate was developed, (SOCQ) and then administered to twenty three secondary schools in the Perth metropolitan area. The resulting data were analysed and used to select three schools with distinctly different organizational climate characteristics for closer study of the implementation process.For each school, detailed portrayals of the implementation ++events were distilled in order to capture the complexities of the change. Cross-case analysis of the casestudy data was then undertaken to draw out particular issues, events and interactions that appeared to be of importance in directing the implementation process within individual schools and across all three sites.The final chapter addresses the initial set of research questions and presents a series of findings and associated recommendations stemming from this study. Of the range of findings to emerge from the study three appear to be of critical importance for our understanding of the organizational change process. The first finding is that the implementation of a policy innovation is best viewed as a process of "interactive modification" That is, a process whereby the innovation prompts modifications to be made to the adopting system and where the adopting system prompts modifications to be made to the innovation in a complex and dynamic manner. This finding goes beyond the notion of of change as "adaptation" or "evolution" to suggest more dynamic and interrelated process of change occurring to both the innovation and the adopting system. The second finding is that adopting system, the school, is best viewed as an open social system influenced by and yet exerting an influence upon the broader change environment in which it exists. Consequently the implementation of change is subject to influence by infomation, issues, events and interventions stemming from internal and external sources. The reality of the organizational change process is therefore far more complex and dynamic than previous theories and models of change suggest. A third and related finding is that secondary schools appear to be comprised of a number of sub-systems. The extent to which these sub-systems are interdependent or linked appears to influence not only the school's initial response to ++
change but also the schools capacity to undertake meaningful and significant implementation of an innovation. This finding has implications for the design of specific change strategies that focus on improving the degree of sub-system linkage within a school. Such change strategies might occur prior to or run concurrently with other strategies concerned with the implementation of specific organizational changes.It is hoped that these findings have value for several audiences. First, they should be of particular importance to Ministry and school personnel presently confronted by organizational change. Second, the findings should not only serve to inform those building change theory, but also those educators who might hold responsibility for the implementation of similar policy innovations.
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Hall, Ralph P. 1975. "Understanding and applying the concept of sustainable development to transportation planning and decision-making in the U.S." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34555.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology, Management, and Policy Program, 2006.Includes bibliographical references.
This research demonstrates that sustainable development is a multidimensional concept that should be approached in a transdisciplinary manner. Its objective has been to synthesize and integrate disparate and currently unconnected lines of thought that have not yet been applied in a systematic way to promote sustainable development and sustainable transportation. The primary contribution of this research is the theoretical development of a decision-support framework that identifies the tools and approaches that decision-makers could/should use to create policies and programs that transition society towards sustainability. These tools and approaches are either articulated or developed by the author throughout the dissertation. Specific ideas explored include a Rawlsian/utilitarian decision-making philosophy; a hybrid trade-off/positional analysis framework that is presented as an alternative to benefit-cost analysis; ecological vs. environmental economics; participatory backcasting; and ways to stimulate disrupting and/or radical technological innovation. To identify gaps that exist between theory and practice, the approach embodied in the proposed sustainable transportation decision-support framework is compared with current metropolitan transportation planning and decision-making processes in the U.S. The framework is then used to consider how the U.S. federal government might move the nation's transportation system towards sustainability.
by Ralph P. Hall.
Ph.D.
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Harding, Alan Paul. "Urban economic development programme under the Thatcher Governments 1979-87 : an analysis of public policy making." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334248.
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Li, Jingyi. "Transmission of cultural values in the production of EFL textbooks for the Chinese primary curriculum." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6573.
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In the global world, cultural issues relating to the subject of English as Foreign Language (EFL) have become important. This is especially the case when considering the EFL curriculum for Chinese Primary Education. Many writers have addressed the nature of curriculum design as knowledge and cultural reproduction, but usually in the North American and European literature. This research takes these debates and relocates them in the context of China as it enters a new market economy, embedded in its own version of ‘internationalism’. The 2001 national curriculum marked the beginning of China’s educational reform. From a reading of this literature, two main questions emerged: 1) what cultural values are transmitted through EFL textbooks for Chinese Primary Education?; 2) how do curriculum-making processes impact upon textbook production? The findings provide an important insight into knowledge and cultural reproduction in Chinese Education, especially in the subject of EFL. Two volumes of EFL textbooks, which were used in primary schools, were selected to examine the delivery of cultural values. Based on these initial findings, the researcher conducted a series of interviews and focus groups in order to trace the process of textbook production and curriculum creation. Participants included educational administrators in the Ministry of Education in China, curriculum designers, textbook editors from both Chinese and foreign publishers as well as classroom teachers. Research findings suggest that, the production of EFL textbooks should be recognised as a part of curriculum-making processes in the context of Chinese Primary Education. The ‘textbook’ can be seen as the ‘official’ interpretation of the Chinese culture. Indeed, the EFL curriculum is recognized as a vehicle for moral education by policy makers and educators. EFL textbooks include many moral messages promoting expected behaviour in contemporary China – ‘diligence, independence, respect and obedience, patriotism and collectivism’. The processes of generating this ‘production’ have spaces for less ‘official’ and more ‘hidden’ curriculum messages. Indeed, ‘lacunae’ – hidden spaces – in EFL curriculum design and textbook production have been identified. Various key players are involved in the curriculum-making process, including the State, its agencies, and intellectuals. However, instead of being a straight top-down structure led by the political elites, the strict control of the State over curriculum policy-making is finely nuanced. In fact, it was found that the practices of curriculum-making involve a complicated State-intellectuals partnership. Further, it is mainly the culture of the intellectual group which is reproduced through the EFL subject in Chinese Primary Education. Textbook editors and censors, inherently part of the intellectual elites, and key players in the curriculum designing process, rely heavily upon their own version of ‘common sense’. This thesis therefore concludes that the ‘hidden spaces’ through which curriculum design, development and delivery take place, generate a more nuanced understanding of Chinese cultural reproduction, than has previously been thought.
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Chung, Chao-Chen. "Government, governance and the development of the innovation systems : the example of the Taiwanese biotechnology and related sectoral policies." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/government-governance-and-the-development-of-the-innovation-systems-the-example-of-the-taiwanese-biotechnology-and-related-sectoral-policies(504024b2-cb76-4624-a31b-3572e4a7fa57).html.
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This thesis focuses on the research of RTDI policies (research, technology, development and innovation), and the main theme of this thesis is to link the three variables together: RTDI policy-making process, the contents of RTDI policies, the appropriateness of RTDI policies on configuration of the national, the sectoral and the technological innovation systems. We assume the policy-making process of RTDI policies would shape the contents of the RTDI policies. Once the contents of RTDI policies are implemented, the RTDI policies would influence, whether appropriate or inappropriate, on configuration of the three innovation systems. We define the configuration of the three innovation systems as national, sectoral and technological innovation system (NSTIS). We use the Taiwanese biotechnology and related sectoral policies as the empirical examples. Biotechnology in Taiwan configures with three sectors, i.e. pharmaceuticals, agriculture and medical device. Between 2000 and 2008, the Taiwanese government intensively promoted many policies in order to support the development of biotechnology and related sectors. Among the various policies, we choose the National Science and Technology Programs and the regulation policies (in terms of Law of Pharmaceutical Affairs and the Agro-pesticides Management Act) as our two empirical cases and set up the in-depth discussion for the policy-making process of the two policies.On the basis of the empirical cases of Taiwan, we explore the influence of the RTDI policy-making process on the contents of RTDI policies which further shapes the development of the NSTIS.
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Rivett-Carnac, Kate. "Local economic development, industrial policy and sustainable development in South Africa : a critical reflection on three new policy frameworks." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/945.
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Bergman, Bengt. "Poliser som utbildar poliser : Reflexivitet, meningsskapande och professionell utveckling." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Pedagogiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-125676.
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This compilation thesis concerns how an educator task in Swedish police education context can be understood as individual and collective meaning making and professional development. The main actors in this thesis are police teachers, police supervisors and field training officers (FTOs), and they have a mutual task in educating new police officers and hence preparing for a complex occupation. However, due to varied educating preparations these three groups of police educators seem to perform their task with different prerequisites in a constantly revised and developed Swedish police education. During the last twenty years research and literature regarding occupational and professional education concern, among other issues, professional development and professionalization, frequently from a learner orientated and lifelong learning perspective. Hence, as ideas of transferring occupational knowledge from person to person increasingly appears to be regarded as obsolete, internship education through supervising pedagogies seems to have evolved during the last decades. The rarely investigated intra-professional educators (e.g., police officers educating new police officers) have an important role in this kind of learning process, especially due to socialisation phenomena frequently described in worldwide research regarding the police occupation. The conceptions of Swedish intra-professional police educators are investigated through an exploratory and qualitative design using mainly focus-group interviews and with a reflexive approach and hermeneutic analyse models. Viewed through a theoretical framework based on meaning making, reflexivity and thought styles/thought collectives, the findings disclose that the Swedish police educators clearly share similar views on pedagogies although they have disparate preparations before the task. Their conceptions reveal how the police educating task works as an incentive for increased insights in the police task, as well as in the educating task. These findings are also conceptualized as a collective process in interacting with police students and police probationers, with reflexivity as a main tool for meaning making, especially in the educating task. In conclusion this thesis argues how the conceptions of the Swedish police educators can vitalize the discussion about how police educators better can be prepared, especially through courses with reflexive pedagogies. The conclusion also emphasizes on how the positive, reflexive and creative intentions within the intra-professional police educators can be used as a role model and as an incentive in developing the Swedish police force, and that these ideas can be applied on other occupations and professions.I en stor fyrkantig soffgrupp i ett fikarum på Polishögskolan i Solna runt år 2002, fördes stafettsamtal om problembaserad undervisning. Lärare, chefer och ibland städpersonal eller administrativ personal deltog genom att gå in och ut ur dessa samtal beroende på vilka andra sysslor som pockade på. I denna fyrkant skapades på något sätt både pedagogik och pedagoger, av både erfarna och oerfarna utbildare. Detta skedde främst genom utbyte av erfarenheter av lyckade och mindre lyckade undervisningsaktiviteter i syfte att skapa mening i ett för många av deltagarna okänt utbildningskoncept, ofta genom användandet av begreppet reflektion. Stafettsamtalen kan beskrivas som del av en process eller ett förlopp där något framåtskrider och utvecklas, i detta fall polisutbildarnas kunskapande och meningsskapande om polisutbildning. Den meningsskapande processen placerades inom ramen för den nya reviderade polisutbildningen, som satts i spel 1998. Polisutbildningen skulle nu bygga på en problembaserad pedagogik (Colliver, 2000; Hmelo-Silver, 2004) och initialt utföras av i huvudsak yrkespraktiker med begränsad pedagogisk erfarenhet eller utbildning, vilket genererade oväntade problem som krävde snabba lösningar. De första åren från 1998 innebar många problem med både frustrerade lärare och polisstudenter, vilket en utvärdering visade (Rikspolisstyrelsen, 2000). Denna situation skapade ändå en pragmatisk men reflekterande utbildningskultur där studenternas lärande till poliser till stor del var i fokus (Polishögskolan, 2014b). De lärare som hade polisiär bakgrund, i denna avhandling benämnda ”polislärare”, fick en framträdande roll för att fungera som en brygga mellan yrkeserfarenhet och teoretisk/praktisk kunskap, trots att få av de utbildande poliserna hade pedagogisk utbildning eller någon längre erfarenhet av att undervisa. Vissa polislärare visade också en brant utvecklingskurva gällande förmågan att undervisa, medan andra misslyckades helt och försvann lika snabbt som de kom. Denna beskrivning bygger på min egen upplevelse av händelseförloppet, för jag satt också där i fyrkanten, som nyanställd lärare i muntlig och skriftlig framställning, erfaren gällande undervisning men helt okunnig om polisverksamhet. Lärarna på Polishögskolans gemensamma uppdrag var att på bästa sätt förbereda polisstudenter för en introduktion in i en polisiär yrkesverksamhet och yrkeskultur (Crank, 2004; Lauritz, 2009). Ett polisyrke som många i samhället har en uppfattning om, och som visat sig vara ett i många avseenden komplext uppdrag. Manning (2010) har under årtionden ägnat sig åt att belysa polisarbetets komplexitet och förändring. Han menar bland annat att polisarbetet kan ses utifrån ett dramaturgiskt perspektiv där poliser förväntas 2 fatta svåra beslut baserat på subjektiva omdömen i en offentlig miljö, och i hög grad beroende av samarbetet med kollegor och allmänheten: Policing is both an individual and collective performance, based on faceto-face interactions, public deference, and societal validation of the collective representation. The process of interaction is the product of policing, and the consequences of these interactions are the most consequential outcomes of policing. (2010, s. 183) Polisuppdraget har också förändrats under de senaste trettio åren, från reaktivt till proaktivt allteftersom samhället ökat kraven på polisen via problembaserat långsiktigt polisarbete (Fielding, 1988; Macvean & Cox, 2012; Paoline & Terrill, 2007). Uppdraget kan dessutom sägas vara motsägelsefullt, med å ena sidan den repressiva aspekten att upprätthålla lag och ordning och å andra sidan vara en service och trygghet för medborgarna (Petersson, 2015). Litteraturen beskriver också att många av de kunskaper som krävs för att lösa snabbt uppkomna situationer är svåra att utveckla på ett utbildningscampus utan kräver kontakt med yrkespraktiken (Chan et al., 2003). Ur detta perspektiv blir det därför synnerligen intressant hur sådan kunskap utvecklas och frodas i utrymmet mellan utbildning och yrkespraktik. Vidare, även om forskningen visar att det finns poliser som är olämpliga och har stora svårigheter att hålla sig professionella i detta uppdrag, finns det berättelser om poliser som klarar av att upprätthålla den professionella etiken i svåra situationer. Det finns alltså uppenbarligen poliser som kan vara empatiska, men ändå tydliga och handlingskraftiga, repressiva men ändå professionella, goda kollegor som ändå kan säga ifrån och anmäla om något fel begåtts. Litteratur om polisyrket berör även fenomen som sammanhållning, kamratskap, konformitet, kåranda, alienation, övervåld, rasism, stress, posttraumatisk stress, korruption och lämplighet (Crank, 2004; Lauritz & Karp, 2013; Van Maanen, 1975). Litteraturen ger också exempel på antiintellektualism inom polisen, där handlingskraft är normen och reflektionsförmåga ses som en svaghet (Crank, 2004; Granér, 2004, s. 214). Det finns också beskrivet hur konkret yrkeskunskap byggd på sunt förnuft (common sense knowledge) uppmuntras under polisutbildningen, vilket grundar sig i polisarbetets oförutsägbarhet och därmed riskfylldhet; man måste kunna lita på att kollegan finns där och agerar när fara uppstår. Där skildras också hur sunt-förnuft-kunskap konstitueras i rutinartat småprat mellan uppdragen i det dagliga polisarbetet, till exempel genom utbyte av dråpliga anekdoter från polisarbetet (”war stories”) (McNulty, 1994). Blivande poliser beskriver också sitt första möte med poliskollektivet som välkomnande och omslutande, speciellt avseende det vardagliga småpratet kollegor emellan (Ekman, 1999: Lauritz, 2009). Här har studier också visat på ett polisyrke med ökad etisk medvetenhet, där nya poliser faktiskt kan fungera 3 som förändringsagenter mot en positiv utveckling av poliskulturen utifrån dessa höjda samhälleliga krav (Chan et al., 2003; Granér, 2004; Reid, 2015). Efter att ha tagit del av ovanstående litteratur, väcktes mitt intresse för olika perspektiv på polisutbildarnas betydelse för hur lärandet till ett polisyrke går till, och vilken betydelse detta får för en förmodat lärande organisation (Andersson Arntén, 2014; Bergman & Jansson, 2010). Runt 2006 gjorde jag en första genomgång av forskning om polisutbildning. Då upptäcktes en lucka i forskning om yrkesutbildare som aktiva subjekt i sitt yrkeslärande (Se Webster-Wright, 2009), i synnerhet studier av poliser som är polisutbildare. Speciellt noterade jag en avsaknad av svensk forskning på hur polisutbildare hanterar frågorna ovan och hur de ser sig på sig själva som utbildare i detta sammanhang. Ett kunskapsintresse började på så sätt mejslas fram och blev inledningen till ett explorativt forskningsprojekt inom yrkesutbildningsfältet, ett projekt som skulle pågå i över tio år. Slutresultatet blev denna doktorsavhandling om polisers individuella och kollektiva upplevelser av uppdraget som polisutbildare och presenteras i form av sammanläggning av en redan publicerad licentiatuppsats om polislärare (delstudie ett) samt två artiklar rörande aspiranthandledare (delstudie två), och aspirantinstruktörer (delstudie tre). Jag menar att denna avhandling kan vara intressant även för andra yrkesutbildningar, både vad gäller frågor om grundutbildning såväl som vidareutbildning, men även rörande förändring, utveckling och lärande i en yrkespraktik. Kunskapsbidraget är främst empiriskt eftersom polisutbildare, internationellt och i Sverige, i begränsad omfattning har undersökts. Avhandlingen bidrar också i metodologiskt avseende då främst intervjuer i fokusgrupper använts, vilket är ovanligt i polisforskning. Dessutom tillämpas ett teoretiskt ramverk baserat på idéer från bland annat John Dewey, Jennifer A. Moon och Ludwik Fleck, i en kombination som kan vara en inspiration för andra liknande studier med fokus på utvecklingsprocesser i yrkesutbildning och yrkesverksamhet.
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Thornton, Stella R. "Policy making in an inter-organisational network : the development of country parks in Strathclyde and Greater Manchester." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390339.
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Torres, Misty Dawn. "Finding Childcare for the Disabled Child: The Process and Decisions Through the Primary Caregiver’s Lens." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1433776716.
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Mbokazi, Nonzuzo Nomfundo Mbalenhle. "Understanding policy making and policy implementation with reference to land redistribution in South Africa : case studies form the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018197.
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This thesis focuses on land reform in post-apartheid South Africa and specifically on land redistribution, as one of the main pillars of land reform. There have been many studies undertaken on land redistribution in South Africa and these studies offer deep criticisms of the prevailing land redistribution model (a market-led, but state-assisted model) and the ways in which this model has failed to meaningfully address colonial dispossession of land. Further, studies have focused on post-redistribution livelihoods of farmers and the many challenges they face. One significant gap in the prevailing literature is a sustained focus on the state itself, and particularly questions around policy formation and implementation processes pertaining to land redistribution. Delving into policy processes is invariably a difficult task because outsider access to intra-state processes is fraught with problems. But a full account of land redistribution in South Africa demands sensitivity to processes internal to the state. Because of this, it is hoped that this thesis makes a contribution to the existing South African land redistribution literature. In pursuing the thesis objective, I undertook research amongst farmers on selected redistributed farms outside Grahamstown in the Eastern Cape, as well as engaging with both current and former state land officials. Based on the evidence, it is clear that the policy process around land in South Africa is a complex and convoluted process marked not only by consensus-making and combined activities but also by tensions and conflicts. This, I would argue, is the norm with regard to what states do and how they work.
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Thamrin, Mardiah, and torry thamrin@yahoo com. "AN EXPLORATION OF THE EXTENT TO WHICH PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS COULD REDRESS SOME OF THE DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES IN EASTERN INDONESIA." Flinders University. Flinders Institute of Public Policy and Management, 2006. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20060605.121727.
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Indonesia achieved remarkable growth during the first 25 years of its series of Five Year Development Plans, which started in 1968. However, growth has not been well distributed across the regions, in part this is as a result of the Indonesian government development policy of a growth centre approach which has benefited �Western Indonesia� (Kawasan Barat Indonesia, KBI) more than �Eastern Indonesia� (Kawasan Timur Indonesia, KTI). Prosperity needs to be spread across Indonesian regions and needs to be more equitably shared.
The thesis argues that government needs to search for other ways to overcome the imbalance by accelerating KTI development, to reduce this region�s resentment, which may increase the risk of disintegration.
The central aim of this research is to describe and critically evaluate the potential usefulness of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) as a means to address the regional imbalance in economic development. It aims to make a contribution by:
1. Describing in detail the ways government decision-makers see the
situation, in other words giving the viewpoints of the state;
2. Providing detailed transcriptions of the interpretations and opinions
expressed by powerful decision makers in the public and private
sectors;
3. Demonstrating how the public, private and non-government sectors
operate;
4. Making the realistic point that the links across these sectors leads to both
positive and negative outcomes; including
5. Illustrating through examples how corruption spreads from the public
to the other sectors.
This study examines the contributing factors to regional imbalance in Indonesia between KBI and KTI by means of a case study of policy and management challenges in KTI. It examines the current strategy used for accelerating the economic development of KTI and considers whether a new strategy of Public Private Partnerships would have relevance and can be developed and implemented to accelerate the development.
Current strategies especially formulated for accelerating KTI economic development include:
(i) The Policy and Strategy of the Eastern Indonesia Development Council
(ii) The Program of the Ministry for Acceleration of Eastern Indonesian Development; and
(iii) The Integrated Economic Development Zone program
However, one of the weaknesses of these policies is the lack of cooperation across government and the private sector.
This study has found that the government strategies and policies have neither matched local needs nor the implementation of economic development. The study, based on both interviews and secondary data, demonstrates that the causes of the economic imbalance are systemic and multiple. They span not only government policies contributing to the imbalance directly and indirectly but also other factors, such as:
(i) Systemic corruption across the public, private and non-government sectors;
(ii) Lack of willingness to address the issues, lack of capital, lack of capable human resource and lack of infrastructure, lack of domestic and international market access, lack of communication and coordination and lack of cooperation.
To overcome these problems, the Indonesian government together with business and the watchful eye of diverse civil society organizations need to change policies, systems, and visions for developing this region.
Public Private Partnerships through a mutual partnership program could be one way of accelerating the development in KTI. On the one hand there are some direct and positive consequences of this new vision, for example, the private sector sharing their knowledge, skills, funds, management and enhanced utilisation of market mechanisms to support the government in the development process. On the other hand there are many limitations to the approach such as government often accepts greater risk than is warranted, dangers of corruption and cronyism which may attend more intensive in long-term relationship and contracted services resulted in corruption and secret business influence in government. According to Transparency International, Indonesia remains one of the most corrupt nations internationally. Unless strategies are put in place to address systemic and endemic corruption and Public Private Partnerships are well managed, then the model for Public Private Partnership will only serve to exacerbate the problem. Systemic corruption also effects trust amongst stakeholders, which needs to be hand-in-hand with strategies to address �demoralisation� for developing prosperity.
Government is becoming more responsive to the private sector�s needs by providing a conducive environment for investment, entrepreneurship and innovation. Public Private Partnerships could be a means to balance power between public, non-government and private sectors if there is more capacity building to enhance the competency and responsibility of the players.
No development solution can come about by working with only the public or the private or the community sectors or just non-government organizations. This study makes a strong case that the �solutions need to be found in Partnerships�. However, in exploring the complexity of the social capital of trust-based networks between people (but which also unfortunately exclude others) which are important for partnerships and, correspondingly, with partnerships being important for social capital, the researcher finds that there is no neat or simplistic partnership that can produce miraculous results. Some partnerships can be corrupt, some can lead to better life chances for local citizens, but the merits of each case need to be considered contextually. Widespread change is only likely when there is systemic change across governance arenas (public, private and non-government) and with consideration of social, cultural, political, economic and environmental factors. Instead of blaming development problems on insufficient participation or the lack of capacity of the ordinary people, the problems lie equally with the state, big business and non-government organizations. More effective managerial skills and efficient processes are needed in the governance of all these organizations while the role played by civil society is essential in making this governance accountable. Better partnerships can provide models that could inspire others to follow.
Overall this study describes the complex problems created by poor policy making from above. The �gaze� (in the sense used by Foucault) is shifted from the �non-participating and incapable� citizens to the �ineffective and inefficient� powerful. Why are ordinary people so often studied to find answers to societal or systemic problems? The thesis argues that this is because they are easier to ask, more tolerant of the researcher, more resigned to answering a number of questions, or perhaps think it is easier to answer questioners in order to �get rid of them�.
Instead this thesis probes the viewpoints of the powerful. Researcher who is interested in understanding how the state operates in Eastern Indonesia could �trawl through this material� in order to develop a greater understanding of the dynamics of power.
To conclude, the researcher is first and foremost a practical person, who wishes to find solutions by creating the conditions for better partnership arrangements. Instead, she found that the decision makers are part of the problem. For transformation in governance to occur, stronger civil society cooperation through �communities of practice� is needed. This would be in the interests of all sectors of society if a regionally more balanced sustainable future is to be achieved.
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Williamson, Daniel. "Policy making using computer simulators for complex physical systems : Bayesian decision support for the development of adaptive strategies." Thesis, Durham University, 2010. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/348/.
Full textAbstract:
Policy makers increasingly rely on computer models to aid policy judgements for complex systems. The climate system, for example, is extremely complicated and its reaction to changes in radiative forcing through CO2 emissions can only be explored using models. Bayesian methods for making inferences about physical systems that combine information from computer simulators and system observations have become increasingly well studied. We apply some of these methods to the policy problem where the decisions to be made are inputs to the computer model. Particular features of our methodologies include: the provision of Bayesian decision support for the policy problem when it is known that policy may be adapted in reaction to future observations of the complex system; and careful integration of the knowledge that our computer simulators will evolve and improve over time, which may affect downstream strategies and, hence, current policy. Our methods also allow research investment questions to be explored in the context of the wider policy problem. For example, the question of whether or not an improved version of a computer simulator should be built and how much it should be run can be addressed as part of the policy problem.
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Bobacka, Roger. "The development of working hours legislation in Finland in the 1990s : still a case of corporatist policy making?" Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312357.
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Working hours has become, besides unemployment, the most important labour market issue in the European Union (EU) and other European countries during the 1990s. The aim of the thesis is to discuss, analyse and evaluate how the issue of working hours legislation is resolved in Finland, a Finland that differs significantly from previous decades. The main concepts in the thesis are corporatism and corporate pluralism, both underlining consensual policy making. The thesis focuses mainly on a third level of consensus, labelled policy consensus. The overall research question is what an in-depth sectoral analysis of working hours legislation can tell us about labour market policy making in Finland in the 1990s. The empirical material is based on both official and unofficial material from the decision making processes, complemented by interviews with the major participants. Although the main focus is on Finland, comparisons with Sweden and the United Kingdom are made. The result of the analysis is that the development of working hours legislation, and Finnish labour market policy making overall in the 1990s, is characterised by one-dimensionality. The one-dimensional politics brings with it some side effects, the most important being an intolerance of dissensus and opposition in the name of consensus. The consensus politics in Finland are therefore no more than a rule by the more powerful. The normative justification of the inclusion of main economic interest groups in terms of their knowledge of the issues is questionable, since knowledge has become overshadowed by power. The use of the corporatist concept if also inappropriate when it comes to Finnish labour market policy making, since it is debatable whether labour market policy making in Finland has adhered to any distinct forms of the concept.
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Ijoma, Uchenna. "Promoting Sustainable Development in Nigeria Through Rural Women’s Participation in Decision-Making About Renewable Energy Law and Policy." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41865.
Full textAbstract:
“[T]o devise development planning without the participation of [rural] women is like using four fingers when you have ten.”
Both lack of access to energy and climate change threatens poverty reduction and sustainable development in Nigeria. Most poor communities in Africa use inadequate fuels and are highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, with women bearing most of the social, economic, and environmental costs. Promoting access to affordable and sustainable energy through policy interventions is one crucial path to achieving sustainable development. Renewable energy offers countries the opportunity to meet the energy demands of the poorest and most vulnerable in each society, and thereby achieve many of the sustainable development goals, such as: hunger and poverty eradication, gender equity, affordable and clean energy, climate action, and maternal health. The Nigerian government is constantly formulating legal frameworks for renewable energy to expand the availability of energy (including electricity) to rural areas while reducing the impacts of climate change. Yet the extent to which these legal frameworks will be implemented successfully remain in doubt; as to date, Nigeria has been unable to achieve its stated goal of sustainable development. Why are renewable energy policies and laws in Nigeria not succeeding? This thesis asks whether one reason may be that Nigerian women living in rural areas have little role in both designing renewable energy laws and policies and participating in their effective implementation. This is a problem given that rural women are the primary users of unsustainable energy, they suffer most from its negative impacts, they are the main beneficiaries of rural electrification, and the closest to the needs and capacities of the population in rural communities.
This thesis is mainly qualitative. Multiple approaches (feminist historical research, documentary or doctrinal analysis as well as analysis by specific illustrative examples) were used to explore the phenomenon of why the Nigerian government’s concerted efforts at developing the legal frameworks for renewable energy have not yielded their desired goals of promoting sustainable development, and what lessons could be learned from South Africa. In addition to contributing to the gender and renewable energy literature, the research attempts to develop a blueprint for inclusive approaches to renewable energy law. It investigates how renewable energy legal and institutional frameworks could effectively include rural women. Using ideas from feminist legal theorists, the thesis makes a case for why rural women should be considered suitable stakeholder participants. It concludes that renewable energy policy- and law-making processes which consider the voices and active participation of rural women could encourage an increase in the generation, distribution, and use of renewable energy in the poorest inaccessible areas while closing the gap between renewable energy policies and laws, and sustainable development. Finally, it recommends that renewable energy policies and laws should increase rural women’s participation by using among other things “recognition politics,” which allows for the representation of subordinate social groups in bodies such as Parliaments; for example, by using measures such as mandatory affirmative action – quota system clauses, and techniques such as“Taking Parliament to the People.”
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Borodin, Dmitry. "Development and Application of Credit Scoring Models in Retail Decision-Making Processes of Financial Institutions." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264692.
Full textAbstract:
Usage of outputs from credit scoring models within decision-making process is often neglected in the existing literature. Nonetheless, it is a critical component of a successful lending process. This thesis introduces the concept of credit scoring and discusses steps typically employed within model development process. This thesis then provides an overview of how modeling outputs are typically used in lending. The thesis primarily focuses on definition of cut-offs points, policy and business rules, limit assignment and risk based pricing. The introduced approaches are modeled in the last part of the thesis.
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Graham, Vaughn Fitzgerald. "The ownership of official development assistance in the security and justice sector in Jamaica 2005-2013 : how the nature of sectoral development policy making reflects and challenges international aid policy." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5465/.
Full textAbstract:
Ownership refers to programme aid recipient countries establishing their own development priorities by leading development policymaking in partnership with donors, rather than donors prescribing priorities for these recipients. Ownership has become a central indicator of global aid effectiveness since the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. Simultaneously, donors have shifted towards a reliance on sectoral programme assistance which channels programme aid throughout whole sectors rather than using piecemeal projects. The donors comprising the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development-Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC) have institutionalized ownership as international aid policy, and are broadly of the view that ownership at the sectoral level is best promoted through a reliance on sector wide approaches (SWAps). However there is no settled understanding of what recipient leadership entails; there is lack of an institutional understanding of recipient contexts, and how these contexts can operationalize ownership; and there has been a spurious association between ownership and SWAps over time. By relying on Historical Institutionalism, this thesis discusses how broader institutional characteristics establish the context of recipient policymaking generally, and how these characteristics contextualize the operationalization of ownership during sectoral development policymaking, specifically. The evidence reveals that ownership can be simultaneously reflected and challenged in Jamaica.
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Lopez, John Michael. "Rhetoric of National Development policy-making : the \"ideology of national development\" and administration of President Juscelino Kubitschek of Brazil during 1956-1958 /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487259580261539.
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Rohorua, Frederick Isom. "The Concept of Development in Ulawa in Solomon Islands and its Implications for National Development Policy and Planning." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2541.
Full textAbstract:
'Social development' and 'economic development' are complex concepts, concepts that may be interpreted very differently in different contexts and at different times. Not only may the processes involved be different in different contexts, so too may be the criteria by which success is judged. It is argued here that successive Solomon Islands governments have striven for social and economic development without taking full account of the real nature of Solomon Islands society. What is needed is national development policy, planning and implementation that arise out of, and take fully into account, the historical, geographic and cultural context of Solomon Islands. On the whole, the socio-economic structure of Solomon Islands society is currently underpinned by a tri-partite hierarchy in which, for the majority of Solomon Islanders, kastom (traditional beliefs and practices) and church (the beliefs and practices endorsed by the church) take precedence over the state as legitimate forms of authority. This inevitably poses problems for state-led development. If socio-economic development activities are to be successful in achieving a better quality of life for all Solomon Islanders, including those who live in rural areas, they must take full account of the role of kastom and church in the lives of the people. This must include an understanding of the differing concepts of development of people in different areas of the country such as those of Ulawa islanders that are discussed here. The thesis begins with an introduction to the research (Chapter 1) in which the theoretical framework is located broadly within the postmodern paradigm. In Chapter 2 the essentially qualitative and interpretive nature of the methodology is outlined and explained. Chapter 3 provides a critical review of international development literature in which it is argued that official definitions and descriptions of development are based on production and deficit models. The need to accommodate an indigenous and organic concept of development, one that takes account of the diversity of human experience, is stressed. Chapter 4 provides an outline of Solomon Islands society. Here, the historical narrative is complemented by three metaphors - 'island', wantok and betelnut - which serve to reinforce and explain the nature of Solomon Islands society and the ways in which that society has been shaped by historical processes. Chapter 5 is devoted to a discussion of modern development activity in Solomon Islands, the main focus being on the period immediately preceding and following independence. Chapter 6 explores, with particular reference to Ulawa Island, indigenous concepts of development and the impact of national development activities on rural-dwelling islanders. It also engages the issue of state reform, proposing a model based on a two tier system, with central government in its current form dealing directly with the people at constituency rather than provincial level. Finally, Chapter 7 summarizes the main conclusions reached. It is noted that the failure of both pre- and post-independence governments to take full account of the nature of Solomon Islands society has been a major factor in the lack of effective development in the islands.
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Keng, Shu. "Making markets work in rural China the transformation of local networks in a Chinese town, 1979-1999 /." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3035960.
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Chege, Stella E. W. "Assessing youth participation in decision-making processes in community development programmes: a case study of the Spes Bona High School Dream2be Peer Education Programme." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6109_1360933352.
Full textAbstract:
During this study, the challenges and best practices of youth participation in problem identification, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of programmes were investigated and the effect of project outcomes on the youth and its implications for community development observed. The use of the qualitative research methodology to examine the extent to which the youth are involved in the decision-making processes was employed. In addition, a literature review that pertained to youth development and participatory community development was conducted. In particular, the participatory concept, and its relation to the inclusion of the youth at the decision-making table, was examined. By providing evidence from the empirical data, an argument is
presented that there are internal rigidities that are a hindrance to the youth in expressing their voice in the decision-making platform. However, the conclusion can be drawn that in order to understand the process of participatory development, it is crucial for the youth, community development practitioners and other stakeholders to understand the socio-economic conditions surrounding the youth as these will ensure positive programme outcomes as well as subsequent sustainable youth development.
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Zheng, Jinming. "A comparative analysis of the policy process of elite sport development in China and the UK (in relation to three Olympic sports of artistic gymnastics, swimming and cycling)." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/17382.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis seeks to analyse the policy making and policy implementation processes of elite sport in China and the UK, covering the period 1992-2012. Three sports are selected for detailed cases studies: artistic gymnastics, swimming and cycling. They represent a wide range of sports in two countries, based on their varying competiveness, weights and traditions. Key areas including organisational structure, financial support, talent identification and athlete development, coaching, training, competition opportunities, scientific research and others (including international influence and other sport- and country-specific areas) are identified to organise the discussion. The aim is not only to present key characteristics of the development of each sport in China and the UK respectively and to introduce the successful experience and problems but also to form a basis for the discussion of policy making, policy implementation and policy changes.