Journal articles on the topic 'Development of Polymers'
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1
Roda, Ana, Ana Matias, Alexandre Paiva, and Ana Duarte. "Polymer Science and Engineering Using Deep Eutectic Solvents." Polymers 11, no. 5 (May 21, 2019): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11050912.
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The green and versatile character of deep eutectic solvents (DES) has turned them into significant tools in the development of green and sustainable technologies. For this purpose, their use in polymeric applications has been growing and expanding to new areas of development. The present review aims to summarize the progress in the field of DES applied to polymer science and engineering. It comprises fundamentals studies involving DES and polymers, recent applications of DES in polymer synthesis, extraction and modification, and the early developments on the formulation of DES–polymer products. The combination of DES and polymers is highly promising in the development of new and ‘greener’ materials. Still, there is plenty of room for future research in this field.
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Sienkiewicz, Anna, and Piotr Czub. "Flame Retardancy of Biobased Composites—Research Development." Materials 13, no. 22 (November 20, 2020): 5253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225253.
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Due to the thermal and fire sensitivity of polymer bio-composite materials, especially in the case of plant-based fillers applied for them, next to intensive research on the better mechanical performance of composites, it is extremely important to improve their reaction to fire. This is necessary due to the current widespread practical use of bio-based composites. The first part of this work relates to an overview of the most commonly used techniques and different approaches towards the increasing the fire resistance of petrochemical-based polymeric materials. The next few sections present commonly used methods of reducing the flammability of polymers and characterize the most frequently used compounds. It is highlighted that despite adverse health effects in animals and humans, some of mentioned fire retardants (such as halogenated organic derivatives e.g., hexabromocyclododecane, polybrominated diphenyl ether) are unfortunately also still in use, even for bio-composite materials. The most recent studies related to the development of the flame retardation of polymeric materials are then summarized. Particular attention is paid to the issue of flame retardation of bio-based polymer composites and the specifics of reducing the flammability of these materials. Strategies for retarding composites are discussed on examples of particular bio-polymers (such as: polylactide, polyhydroxyalkanoates or polyamide-11), as well as polymers obtained on the basis of natural raw materials (e.g., bio-based polyurethanes or bio-based epoxies). The advantages and disadvantages of these strategies, as well as the flame retardants used in them, are highlighted.
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Chawla, Pooja, and Monika Mis. "Polymeric Drugs: A Novel Approach to Drug Delivery System." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 6, no. 1 (May 31, 2013): 1925–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2013.6.1.2.
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This review article describes the current status and recent advances of polymeric drugs with regard to their application in drug delivery system. Essentially polymer-drug conjugation aims to achieve improved drug targeting, decrease drug toxicity and overcome mechanisms of drug resistance. First generation conjugates used linear monomethoxy PEGs and other linear polymers. Modern polymeric chemistry is increasingly producing new polymeric architectures such as dendrimers, hyper branched polymers and hybrid macromolecular structures (such as star polymers, linear graft and dendronized linear polymers and novel therapeutic siRNA. This undoubtedly can be employed for designing of second generation polymer therapeutics. Clinical approval of products such as Copaxone®, Renagel®, Vivagel® and Welchol® have been successful in developing interest in polymer therapeutics as a growing field of research and development. In conclusion, there is emerging data that polymer drug conjugation has become useful in a wide range of treatments from infectious to chronic diseases such as cancer. Polymer therapeutics holds promising future applications in the field of nanotherapeutics.
Polymeric Drugs: A Novel Approach to Drug Delivery System
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Dong, Xiaobo, David Lu, Tequila A. L. Harris, and Isabel C. Escobar. "Polymers and Solvents Used in Membrane Fabrication: A Review Focusing on Sustainable Membrane Development." Membranes 11, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11050309.
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(1) Different methods have been applied to fabricate polymeric membranes with non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) being one of the mostly widely used. In NIPS, a solvent or solvent blend is required to dissolve a polymer or polymer blend. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylacetamide (DMAc), dimethylformamide (DMF) and other petroleum-derived solvents are commonly used to dissolve some petroleum-based polymers. However, these components may have negative impacts on the environment and human health. Therefore, using greener and less toxic components is of great interest for increasing membrane fabrication sustainability. The chemical structure of membranes is not affected by the use of different solvents, polymers, or by the differences in fabrication scale. On the other hand, membrane pore structures and surface roughness can change due to differences in diffusion rates associated with different solvents/co-solvents diffusing into the non-solvent and with differences in evaporation time. (2) Therefore, in this review, solvents and polymers involved in the manufacturing process of membranes are proposed to be replaced by greener/less toxic alternatives. The methods and feasibility of scaling up green polymeric membrane manufacturing are also examined.
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Jeong, WonJo, Kyumin Lee, Jaeyoung Jang, and In Hwan Jung. "Development of Benzobisoxazole-Based Novel Conjugated Polymers for Organic Thin-Film Transistors." Polymers 15, no. 5 (February 24, 2023): 1156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15051156.
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Benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d′]bis(oxazole) (BBO) is a heterocyclic aromatic ring composed of one benzene ring and two oxazole rings, which has unique advantages on the facile synthesis without any column chromatography purification, high solubility on the common organic solvents and planar fused aromatic ring structure. However, BBO conjugated building block has rarely been used to develop conjugated polymers for organic thin film transistors (OTFTs). Three BBO-based monomers, BBO without π-spacer, BBO with non-alkylated thiophene π-spacer and BBO with alkylated thiophene π-spacer, were newly synthesized and they were copolymerized with a strong electron-donating cyclopentadithiophene conjugated building block to give three p-type BBO-based polymers. The polymer containing non-alkylated thiophene π-spacer showed the highest hole mobility of 2.2 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1, which was 100 times higher than the other polymers. From the 2D grazing incidence X-ray diffraction data and simulated polymeric structures, we found that the intercalation of alkyl side chains on the polymer backbones was crucial to determine the intermolecular ordering in the film states, and the introduction of non-alkylated thiophene π-spacer to polymer backbone was the most effective to promote the intercalation of alkyl side chains in the film states and hole mobility in the devices.
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Ganesh, Kumar, Dhyani Archana, and Kothiyal Preeti. "Natural Polymers in ihe Development of Floating Drug Delivery Systems: A Review." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences 2, no. 4 (November 24, 2013): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijpls.v2i4.17116.
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The purpose of writing this review on floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) was to compile the recent literature with special focus on the principal mechanism of floatation to achieve gastric retention . This can be achieved by use of various polymeric substances including natural polymers. These polymers are inexpensive, safe and available in a variety of structures with versatile characteristics. Large number of derivatizable groups, wide range of molecular weights, varying chemical composition gel forming nature of these polymers also provide an exciting opportunities in the fascinating arena of applied polymer science and drug delivery technology. All these characteristics make them suitable candidate for design and fabrication of novel gastroretentive drug delivery systems. Various natural polymers have been investigated worldwide by scientific community for their potential as floating drug delivery systems. The present article highlights various recent efforts and advanced approaches exploiting several natural polymers in this technology. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijpls.v2i4.17116 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Volume 2, Issue 4: October 2013; 165-178
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Spychalska, Kamila, Dorota Zając, Sylwia Baluta, Kinga Halicka, and Joanna Cabaj. "Functional Polymers Structures for (Bio)Sensing Application—A Review." Polymers 12, no. 5 (May 18, 2020): 1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12051154.
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In this review we present polymeric materials for (bio)sensor technology development. We focused on conductive polymers (conjugated microporous polymer, polymer gels), composites, molecularly imprinted polymers and their influence on the design and fabrication of bio(sensors), which in the future could act as lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices. LOC instruments enable us to perform a wide range of analysis away from the stationary laboratory. Characterized polymeric species represent promising candidates in biosensor or sensor technology for LOC development, not only for manufacturing these devices, but also as a surface for biologically active materials’ immobilization. The presence of biological compounds can improve the sensitivity and selectivity of analytical tools, which in the case of medical diagnostics is extremely important. The described materials are biocompatible, cost-effective, flexible and are an excellent platform for the anchoring of specific compounds.
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Asim Mushtaq, Asim Mushtaq, and Hilmi Mukhtar and Azmi Mohd Shariff Hilmi Mukhtar and Azmi Mohd Shariff. "Recent Development of Enhanced Polymeric Blend Membranes in Gas Separation: A Review." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 42, no. 2 (2020): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000635.
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Natural gas is the most rapid growing energy sources around the world. The presence of CO2 in natural gas lowers its calorific value and purification of a natural gas by removing CO2 is an essential process to increase its value. Several separation technologies are used to remove acidic gases like H2S and CO2 from natural gas. Among these technologies, membrane process is a feasible energy saving alternate to CO2 capture. The three types of membrane include polymeric, inorganic and mixed matrix membranes. Currently, polymer membranes and inorganic membranes were considered for gas separation, but inorganic membranes are too costly. Even mixed matrix membrane performance suffered defects caused by poor glassy polymer and particle interactions. Pure glassy and pure rubbery are problematic due to their instructive properties. The blending of glassy with rubbery polymers improve membrane properties for gas separation. To enhance the compatibility of the polymer blend, a third component is added such as alkanol amines. Although, the enhanced polymeric blend membranes have many advantages in terms of permeance, selectivity, thermal and chemical stability. Polymer blending also offers an effective technique to synthesize membranes with desirable properties.
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Asim Mushtaq, Asim Mushtaq, and Hilmi Mukhtar and Azmi Mohd Shariff Hilmi Mukhtar and Azmi Mohd Shariff. "Recent Development of Enhanced Polymeric Blend Membranes in Gas Separation: A Review." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 42, no. 2 (2020): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000635/jcsp/42.02.2020.
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Natural gas is the most rapid growing energy sources around the world. The presence of CO2 in natural gas lowers its calorific value and purification of a natural gas by removing CO2 is an essential process to increase its value. Several separation technologies are used to remove acidic gases like H2S and CO2 from natural gas. Among these technologies, membrane process is a feasible energy saving alternate to CO2 capture. The three types of membrane include polymeric, inorganic and mixed matrix membranes. Currently, polymer membranes and inorganic membranes were considered for gas separation, but inorganic membranes are too costly. Even mixed matrix membrane performance suffered defects caused by poor glassy polymer and particle interactions. Pure glassy and pure rubbery are problematic due to their instructive properties. The blending of glassy with rubbery polymers improve membrane properties for gas separation. To enhance the compatibility of the polymer blend, a third component is added such as alkanol amines. Although, the enhanced polymeric blend membranes have many advantages in terms of permeance, selectivity, thermal and chemical stability. Polymer blending also offers an effective technique to synthesize membranes with desirable properties.
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Rollo-Walker, Gregory, Nino Malic, Xiaoen Wang, John Chiefari, and Maria Forsyth. "Development and Progression of Polymer Electrolytes for Batteries: Influence of Structure and Chemistry." Polymers 13, no. 23 (November 26, 2021): 4127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13234127.
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Polymer electrolytes continue to offer the opportunity for safer, high-performing next-generation battery technology. The benefits of a polymeric electrolyte system lie in its ease of processing and flexibility, while ion transport and mechanical strength have been highlighted for improvement. This report discusses how factors, specifically the chemistry and structure of the polymers, have driven the progression of these materials from the early days of PEO. The introduction of ionic polymers has led to advances in ionic conductivity while the use of block copolymers has also increased the mechanical properties and provided more flexibility in solid polymer electrolyte development. The combination of these two, ionic block copolymer materials, are still in their early stages but offer exciting possibilities for the future of this field.
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He, Yuanxin, Hongyu Li, Xiang Xiao, and Xinyu Zhao. "Polymer Degradation: Category, Mechanism and Development Prospect." E3S Web of Conferences 290 (2021): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129001012.
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With the increasing demand for polymers, white pollution has become a serious concern all around the world. The admirable degradation methods of them are desirable for overcoming this problem. In the past several decades, numerous researches on polymer degradation have been reported. This review commits to different degradation strategies of polymers and four main degradation protocols firstly, including photodegradation, oxidative degradation, catalytic degradation, and biodegradation, are demonstrated in detail. Secondly, some specific samples are discussed for each kind of degradation. Finally, the outlook and future of polymer degradation are proposed. In particular, the comprehensive comparison of different degradation methods is covered to provide the best choice for dealing with different polymers wastes. These will be beneficial to the development of processing plastic and conversion of polymer wastes.
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Koskinen, Jari, Mikko Karttunen, Mika Paajanen, and Juha Sarlin. "Polymer Nanocomposite Development for Electronic Industry Needs." Solid State Phenomena 151 (April 2009): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.151.3.
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The properties of polymeric materials have been enhanced by developing nanocomposites in several projects at the Technical Research Centre of Finland VTT. The improvement of conductivity, dielectric, mechanical properties and the thermal stability of polymer materials opens new application potential in electronic industry. In this paper the results of several projects are presented. By applying nano-POSS particles in polypropylene and epoxy the break down voltage was increased by 10 - 20%. The use of carbon nanotubes in polyaniline enhanced the conductivity by two decades compared to the commercially available polymers.
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Bashir, Musavir, and Parvathy Rajendran. "A review on electroactive polymers development for aerospace applications." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 29, no. 19 (September 12, 2018): 3681–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x18798951.
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Newfangled smart materials have inspired the researchers to look for more efficient materials that can respond to specific stimuli and retain the original shape. Electroactive polymers are such materials which are capable of sensing and real-time actuation. Various electroactive polymers are excellent candidates due to high strain rate, fast response, reliability and high mechanical compliance despite tough manufacturing. In this study, electroactive polymers are reviewed and the general enabling mechanisms employing their distinct characteristics are presented, and the factors influencing the properties of various electroactive polymers are also discussed. Our study also enumerates the current trends in the development of electroactive polymers along with its progress in aerospace discipline. The electromechanical properties of electroactive polymer materials endow them the capability to work as both sensors and actuators in the field of aerospace. Hence, we provide an overview of various applications of electroactive polymers in aerospace field, notably aircraft morphing. These actuators are vastly used in aerospace applications like Mars Nano-rover, space robotic, flapping wings and active flap. Therefore, the electroactive polymer applications such as effective actuators can be investigated more in their materials, molecular interactions, electromechanics and actuation mechanisms. Considering electroactive polymers unique properties, they will endeavour the great potential applications within aerospace industry.
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KOSAKA, T., H. NAKATANI, K. OSAKA, and Y. SAWADA. "PMC-05: Development and Evaluation of Ramie/Starch FW Composites(PMC-I: POLYMERS AND POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES)." Proceedings of the JSME Materials and Processing Conference (M&P) 2005 (2005): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeintmp.2005.2_2.
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Guo, Qingyuan, Chengjia Qian, and Yifan Ru. "The recent development of sustainable polymers from biomass: cellulose, lignin and vegetable oil." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 26 (December 30, 2022): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v26i.3696.
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At present, biomass-based polymers can be applied in several fields, such as medicine, biology, aerospace and so on. Due to their good biodegradability, more environmentally friendly products with desirable functions can be designed and processed by people. Therefore, it can be a potential candidate to solve the serious environmental pollution caused by using petroleum-based polymeric materials in the production process. In this article, cellulose, lignin and vegetable oil are taken as examples, all of which are typical biomass-based polymer monomers, by reviewing their synthesis process and applications based on the recent studies on their production, modification and performance enhancements. The properties of final products in the industry stand out compared with many other products synthesized from petroleum-based polymeric materials as there exist different scientific modification methods to synthesize materials with desirable properties. One of the most practical applications is that all of them can be used to synthesize composite materials with enhanced properties. However, more research is required to quantify the environmental benefits and reduce the costs of biomass-based polymers so that we can make full use of biomass-based polymers and even expand their application fields. The article analyzed the application of biomass-based polymers and proposed some suggestions for its future development to help solve the present environmental problems.
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SEMINOG, V. V., and V. D. MYSHAK. "RECYCLING, MODIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEW COMPOSITE MATERIALS BASED ON POLYMER WASTE." Polymer journal 44, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/polymerj.44.04.255.
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The review article considers the current problem of environmental pollution with polymer waste. To solve one of the highest priority tasks, their recycling is considered, which is advisable from an economic, practical and scientific point of view. An assessment of the resources of secondary polymeric raw materials was made. The main ways of utilization of polymeric waste are given. The features of polymer waste recycling methods are determined. The issues of modification of polymer wastes are considered and the main methods of compatibilization of polymer mixtures are shown. Particular attention is paid to the methods and mechanisms of compatibilization of polymer composites based on recycled thermoplastics and crumb rubber from waste tires as a means of obtaining new composite polymer materials with valuable performance properties. The dependence of the properties of polymer composites on the filler concentration, particle size and shape, surface treatment methods, type and content, modifying additives and compatibilizers is shown. The creation of polymer composites based on secondary polymers and fillers of various nature contributes to the solution of social and economic problems of polymer waste.
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Panozzo, J. F., H. A. Eagles, and M. Wootton. "Changes in protein composition during grain development in wheat." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 4 (2001): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00101.
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Changes in glutenin, gliadin, glutenin subunit composition, and polymer size distribution were monitored for 4 cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) throughout grain filling in an irrigated and non-irrigated environment over 2 seasons. The synthesis of glutenin and gliadin was modelled using a logistic function to determine the rate and duration of synthesis in response to environmental conditions. The maximum rate of synthesis of glutenin occurred approximately 6–8 days after the maximum rate of gliadins, with the duration extended by a similar period. High molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMWGS) were detected earlier than low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMWGS). After the initial synthesis of HMWGS, there was a period at approximately mid grain filling when the rate of synthesis was reduced, followed by a period of more rapid synthesis in the latter stages of grain filling. In contrast, once detected, LMWGS increased at a faster rate than, and were in excess with respect to, HMWGS. Cultivar and environmental differences were observed, but in all cases the average molecular weight of polymeric glutenin increased throughout grain filling. Large polymers (>400 kD) increased continuously during grain filling, whereas polymers in the range 150–400 kD remained relatively constant and smaller polymers <150 kD decreased. As grain filling approached physiological maturity, there was a rapid increase in the synthesis of large polymers. The gliadin to glutenin ratio was almost the same in grain from adjacent irrigated and non-irrigated environments subjected to high temperatures at mid grain f illing, but the proportion of highly polymeric glutenin was greater from the non-irrigated environment.
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Chen, R. T., and M. G. Jamieson. "Advances in microscopy of polymers: A FESEM and STM study." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 1042–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100089524.
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Microscopy has played a major role in establishing structure-process-property relationships in the research and development of polymeric materials. With advances in electron microscopy instrumentation (e.g., field emission SEM - FESEM) and the invention of new scanning probe microscopes (e.g., scanning tunneling microscope - STM), resolution of structures or morphologies down to the nanometer scale can be achieved with ease. This paper will focus on the application of FESEM and STM in order to understand the structure of commercial polymeric materials. Characterization of polymers using other microscopy techniques such as TEM, thermal optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) will also be discussed.The polymeric materials evaluated in this study include membranes, liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) fibers, multiphase polymer blends and polymer films or coatings. In order to minimize beam damage and maximize contrast for surface detail in beam sensitive polymers, low voltage SEM (LVSEM) was performed on a JEOL 840F field emission SEM.
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Mayhoub, Ola A., Aref A. Abadel, Yousef R. Alharbi, Moncef L. Nehdi, Afonso R. G. de Azevedo, and Mohamed Kohail. "Effect of Polymers on Behavior of Ultra-High-Strength Concrete." Polymers 14, no. 13 (June 25, 2022): 2585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14132585.
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The development of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is still practically limited due to the scarcity of robust mixture designs and sustainable sources of local constituent materials. This study investigates the engineering characteristics of Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) polymeric fiber-reinforced UHPC with partial substitution of cement at 0, 5 and 20 wt.% with latex polymer under steam and air curing techniques. The compressive and tensile strengths along with capillary water absorption and sulfate resistance were measured to evaluate the mechanical and durability properties. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was carried out to explore the microstructure development and hydration products in the designed mixtures under different curing regimes. The results indicated that the mixtures incorporating 20 wt.% SBR polymer achieved superior compressive strength at later ages. Additionally, the tensile strength of the polymeric UHPC without steel fibers and with 20% polymers was enhanced by 50%, which promotes the development of novel UHPC mixtures in which steel fibers could be partially replaced by polymer, while enhancing the tensile properties.
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S, Anjana, and Dr Shaji P. Thomas. "Development of Rice Husk and Egg Shell Fillers in Polymer Composites: A Review." Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 8 - August 5, no. 8 (August 21, 2020): 292–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20aug241.
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Natural fibers such as hemp, sisal, jute, cotton,flax and broom are the most commonly used fibers for the reinforcement of polymers. These bio fillers are used in polymeric compound because of its low cost and bio degradable nature. This review gives the information about bio fillers rice husk and egg shell used in polymer technology and importance of this bio fillers in science and technology area.
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Al-Moameri, Harith, Dalia Adil Rasool, and Zainab Majid Nahi. "A REVIEW OF POLYMER-BASED MATERIALS USED IN BIOMATERIALS FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 26, no. 5 (September 1, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.26.5.1.
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The research provides a concise overview of numerous biomedical and biomechanics uses for polymer-based materials in medical applications. Polymer-based materials are used to repair or enhance the functionality of tissues or organs damaged or disjointed in the context of implants and medical equipment, thereby enhancing patients’ well-being. The critical criterion for selecting the biomaterial is its appropriateness to the body. Polymer-based material must have certain essential characteristics to enable lengthy-term use. This family of materials, which may execute stimuli-induced active motions, includes shape-changing and shape-memory polymers as examples. Significant interest in the area of biomedicine has developed for these materials over the last 20 years, especially in minimally invasive surgeries. In this regard, the development of novel antimicrobial technologies for biomedical implementations depends heavily on polymeric biomaterials and would continue to do so. This review article focuses on the properties and applications of smart polymers application, biomolecule conjugates of smart polymers on surfaces, and Forms of smart polymeric biomaterials. This article presents an overview of the scope of application of the three polymeric-based materials.
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Wang, Hui, Genyuan Wang, Liang Hu, Bingcheng Ge, Xiaoliang Yu, and Jiaojiao Deng. "Porous Polymer Materials for CO2 Capture and Electrocatalytic Reduction." Materials 16, no. 4 (February 15, 2023): 1630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16041630.
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Efficient capture of CO2 and its conversion into other high value-added compounds by electrochemical methods is an effective way to reduce excess CO2 in the atmosphere. Porous polymeric materials hold great promise for selective adsorption and electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 due to their high specific surface area, tunable porosity, structural diversity, and chemical stability. Here, we review recent research advances in this field, including design of porous organic polymers (POPs), porous coordination polymers (PCPs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and functional nitrogen-containing polymers for capture and electrocatalytic reduction of CO2. In addition, key issues and prospects for the optimal design of porous polymers for future development are elucidated. This review is expected to shed new light on the development of advanced porous polymer electrocatalysts for efficient CO2 reduction.
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Salamanca, Constain H., Álvaro Barrera-Ocampo, and Jose Oñate-Garzón. "Development, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Ampicillin-Loaded Nanoparticles Based on Poly(maleic acid-co-vinylpyrrolidone) on Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains." Molecules 27, no. 9 (May 5, 2022): 2943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092943.
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This study was focused on synthesizing, characterizing, and evaluating the antimicrobial effect of polymer nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with ampicillin. For this, the NPs were produced through polymeric self-assembly in aqueous media assisted by high-intensity sonication, using anionic polymers corresponding to the sodium salts of poly(maleic acid-co-vinylpyrrolidone) and poly(maleic acid-co-vinylpyrrolidone) modified with decyl-amine, here named as PMA-VP and PMA-VP-N10, respectively. The polymeric NPs were analyzed and characterized through the formation of polymeric pseudo-phases utilizing pyrene as fluorescent probe, as well as by measurements of particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, and encapsulation efficiency. The antimicrobial effect was evaluated by means of the broth microdilution method employing ampicillin sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. The results showed that PMA-VP and PMA-VP-N10 polymers can self-assemble, forming several types of hydrophobic pseudo-phases with respect to the medium pH and polymer concentration. Likewise, the results described that zeta potential, particle size, polydispersity index, and encapsulation efficiency are extremely dependent on the medium pH, whereas the antimicrobial activity displayed an interesting recovery of antibiotic activity when ampicillin is loaded in the polymeric NPs.
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Ma, Zeyu, Bo Wang, and Lei Tao. "Stepping Further from Coupling Tools: Development of Functional Polymers via the Biginelli Reaction." Molecules 27, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 7886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227886.
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Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have been used to prepare polymers with appealing functions. The Biginelli reaction, one of the oldest and most famous MCRs, has sparked new scientific discoveries in polymer chemistry since 2013. Recent years have seen the Biginelli reaction stepping further from simple coupling tools; for example, the functions of the Biginelli product 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-(thi)ones (DHPM(T)) have been gradually exploited to develop new functional polymers. In this mini-review, we mainly summarize the recent progress of using the Biginelli reaction to identify polymers for biomedical applications. These polymers have been documented as antioxidants, anticancer agents, and bio-imaging probes. Moreover, we also provide a brief introduction to some emerging applications of the Biginelli reaction in materials and polymer science. Finally, we present our perspectives for the further development of the Biginelli reaction in polymer chemistry.
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Boyer, Séverine A. E., Takeshi Yamada, Hirohisa Yoshida, and Jean-Pierre E. Grolier. "Modification of molecular organization of polymers by gas sorption: Thermodynamic aspects and industrial applications." Pure and Applied Chemistry 81, no. 9 (August 19, 2009): 1603–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-08-11-09.
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In polymer science, gas–polymer interactions play a central role for the development of new polymeric structures for specific applications. This is typically the case for polymer foaming and for self-assembling of nanoscale structures where the nature of the gas and the thermodynamic conditions are essential to control. An important applied field where gas sorption in polymers has to be documented through intensive investigations concerns the (non)-controlled solubilization of light gases in the polymers serving, for example, in the oil industry for the transport of petroleum fluids. An experimental set-up coupling a vibrating-wire (VW) detector and a pVT technique has been used to simultaneously evaluate the amount of gas entering a polymer under controlled temperature and pressure and the concomitant swelling of the polymer. Scanning transitiometry has been used to determine the interaction energy during gas sorption in different polymers; the technique was also used to determine the thermophysical properties of polymers submitted to gas sorption. The role of the pressurizing fluid has been documented in terms of the influence of pressure, temperature, and nature of the fluid.
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Lendlein, Andreas, and Marc Behl. "Shape-Memory Polymers for Biomedical Applications." Advances in Science and Technology 54 (September 2008): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.54.96.
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Most polymers used in clinical applications today are materials that have been developed originally for application areas other than biomedicine. On the other side, different biomedical applications are demanding different combinations of material properties and functionalities. Compared to the intrinsic material properties, a functionality is not given by nature but result from the combination of the polymer architecture and a suitable process. Examples for functionalities that play a prominent role in the development of multifunctional polymers for medical applications are biofunctionality (e.g. cell or tissue specificity), degradability, or shape-memory functionality. In this sense, an important aim for developing multifunctional polymers is tailoring of biomaterials for specific biomedical applications. Here the traditional approach, which is designing a single new homo- or copolymer, reaches its limits. The strategy, that is applied here, is the development of polymer systems whose macroscopic properties can be tailored over a wide range by variation of molecular parameters. The Shape-memory capability of a material is its ability to trigger a predefined shape change by exposure to an external stimulus. A change in shape initiated by heat is called thermally-induced shape-memory effect. Thermally, light-, and magnetically induced shape-memory polymers will be presented, that were developed especially for minimally invasive surgery and other biomedical applications. Furthermore triple-shape polymers will be introduced, that have the capability to perform two subsequent shape changes. Thus enabling more complex movements of a polymeric material.
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Rupal, Ashmita, Sivansankara Rao Meda, Abhishek Gupta, Ishan Tank, Ashish Kapoor, Sanjay Kumar Sharma, T. Sathish, and P. Murugan. "Utilization of Polymer Composite for Development of Sustainable Construction Material." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (June 8, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1240738.
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Polymers have gained an extensive application due to their versatility of properties and benefits. Hence, the polymer blends and composites reinforced with different infusions at different scales, macro to nanofillers, can be fabricated, leading to specific tailormade applications. The main objective of this investigation is to overview the various studies carried out to reuse the waste materials like electroplating sludge, fly ash, etc. For the development of construction materials. This paper summarizes the use of polymers in composite material formulations for the development of building materials such as lightweight concrete, protective coatings, paver blocks, bricks, and structural components. Different tests, namely viscosity, density, flash point, amine value, and epoxy equivalent weight, were performed on polymers to find their suitability as binder materials. Various laboratory tests such as compressive strength, water absorption, tear resistance, flexural strength, and split tensile tests were carried out to determine the mechanical properties of the developed materials. By using polymers with the addition of sustainable filler and waste materials, the replacement of costly raw material can be achieved by more than 50% in the case of paver blocks, up to 60% in bitumen-polymer composite, 80% in case of lightweight concrete and polymer-based panels. This insight gives the framework for the selection of different materials, optimization of combining ratio of materials, and their testing for the development of polymer-based materials.
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EL-Ghoul, Yassine, Fahad M. Alminderej, Fehaid M. Alsubaie, Radwan Alrasheed, and Norah H. Almousa. "Recent Advances in Functional Polymer Materials for Energy, Water, and Biomedical Applications: A Review." Polymers 13, no. 24 (December 10, 2021): 4327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13244327.
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Academic research regarding polymeric materials has been of great interest. Likewise, polymer industries are considered as the most familiar petrochemical industries. Despite the valuable and continuous advancements in various polymeric material technologies over the last century, many varieties and advances related to the field of polymer science and engineering still promise a great potential for exciting new applications. Research, development, and industrial support have been the key factors behind the great progress in the field of polymer applications. This work provides insight into the recent energy applications of polymers, including energy storage and production. The study of polymeric materials in the field of enhanced oil recovery and water treatment technologies will be presented and evaluated. In addition, in this review, we wish to emphasize the great importance of various functional polymers as effective adsorbents of organic pollutants from industrial wastewater. Furthermore, recent advances in biomedical applications are reviewed and discussed.
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Kim, Jinsang. "Assemblies of conjugated polymers: Intermolecular and intramolecular effects on the photophysical properties of conjugated polymers." Pure and Applied Chemistry 74, no. 11 (January 1, 2002): 2031–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200274112031.
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Conjugated polymers are emerging materials for electronic applications due to the tunability of their properties through variation of their chemical structure. Their applications, which currently include light-emitting diodes (LEDs), field effect transistors (FETs), plastic lasers, batteries, and sensors, are expanding to many new areas. The two critical parameters that determine the function of conjugated polymer-based devices are chemical structure and nanostructure of a conjugated polymer in the solid state. While the physical properties of isolated polymers are primarily controlled by their chemical structure, these properties are drastically altered in the solid state due to electronic coupling between polymer chains as determined by their interpolymer packing and conformation. However, the development of effective and precise methods for controlling the nanostructure of polymers in the solid state has been limited because polymers often fail to assemble into organized structures due to their amorphous character and large molecular weight.In this review, recent developments of organizing methods of conjugated polymers and the conformation and interpolymer interaction effects on the photophysical properties of conjugated polymers are summarized.
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Ma, Liang. "Comparing the Principles of Reversible Covalent Chemistry and Supramolecular Chemistry Points to New Directions in the Development of Polymers." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 26 (December 30, 2022): 446–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v26i.4025.
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Polymers are some of the most widely used materials for human use and have greatly facilitated people's lives. However, with the use of polymer materials, traditional thermoplastic and thermoset materials are unable to meet the more diverse needs, and traditional processing methods are not able to significantly improve the performance of polymer materials. Some researchers have found that by applying the principles of reversible covalent and supramolecular chemistry in dynamic chemistry in the development of polymers, the properties and functions of polymers can be changed from the bottom up. Therefore, this paper analyses the similarities and differences between the principles of reversible covalent chemistry and supramolecular chemistry by collecting applications of reversible covalent chemistry and supramolecular chemistry in the field of polymer synthesis and comparing the two to provide assistance for future developments in the field of polymers.
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Angelescu, Nicolae, Ioana Ion, Darius Stanciu, José Barroso Aguiar, Elena Valentina Stoian, and Vasile Bratu. "Special Concrete with Polymers." Scientific Bulletin of Valahia University - Materials and Mechanics 14, no. 11 (October 1, 2016): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bsmm-2016-0001.
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Abstract The development of polymeric materials offers new perspectives of science and technology due to their outstanding properties. These properties are obtained either due to the effect of dispersion polymers and their polymerization either due to their intervention in structure formation. They were prepared epoxy resin polymer concrete, Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregate and to evaluate the influence of resin dosage on microstructures and density of such structures reinforced concrete mixtures. The paper detailing the raw materials used in experimental works and structural properties of concrete studied.
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Kotobuki, Masashi, Qilin Gu, Lei Zhang, and John Wang. "Ceramic-Polymer Composite Membranes for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Bridging the Big Gap between Ceramics and Polymers." Molecules 26, no. 11 (June 1, 2021): 3331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113331.
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Clean water supply is an essential element for the entire sustainable human society, and the economic and technology development. Membrane filtration for water and wastewater treatments is the premier choice due to its high energy efficiency and effectiveness, where the separation is performed by passing water molecules through purposely tuned pores of membranes selectively without phase change and additional chemicals. Ceramics and polymers are two main candidate materials for membranes, where the majority has been made of polymeric materials, due to the low cost, easy processing, and tunability in pore configurations. In contrast, ceramic membranes have much better performance, extra-long service life, mechanical robustness, and high thermal and chemical stabilities, and they have also been applied in gas, petrochemical, food-beverage, and pharmaceutical industries, where most of polymeric membranes cannot perform properly. However, one of the main drawbacks of ceramic membranes is the high manufacturing cost, which is about three to five times higher than that of common polymeric types. To fill the large gap between the competing ceramic and polymeric membranes, one apparent solution is to develop a ceramic-polymer composite type. Indeed, the properly engineered ceramic-polymer composite membranes are able to integrate the advantages of both ceramic and polymeric materials together, providing improvement in membrane performance for efficient separation, raised life span and additional functionalities. In this overview, we first thoroughly examine three types of ceramic-polymer composite membranes, (i) ceramics in polymer membranes (nanocomposite membranes), (ii) thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes, and (iii) ceramic-supported polymer membranes. In the past decade, great progress has been made in improving the compatibility between ceramics and polymers, while the synergy between them has been among the main pursuits, especially in the development of the high performing nanocomposite membranes for water and wastewater treatment at lowered manufacturing cost. By looking into strategies to improve the compatibility among ceramic and polymeric components, we will conclude with briefing on the perspectives and challenges for the future development of the composite membranes.
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Zhu, You Yi, Wen Li Luo, Guo Qing Jian, Chao An Wang, Qing Feng Hou, and Jia Ling Niu. "Development and Performance of Water Soluble Salt-Resistant Polymers for Chemical Flooding." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.227.
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The basic requirement of polymer for chemical flooding was introduced, development progress and performance evaluation of salt-resistant polymers for chemical flooding were discussed, and development direction of polymers for chemical flooding was indicated in this paper.
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Köhler, Thomas, Thomas Gries, and Gunnar Seide. "Development of Bio-Based Self-Reinforced PLA Composites." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.278.
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Self-reinforced polymer composites (SRPCs) are receiving increasing attention by the industry for lightweight applications. The polymers used for SRPCs today are derived from fossil resources. However, due to a limitation of resources, interest is growing regarding the use of new alternatives for petrol based polymers in form of bio-based ones. SRPCs combine high stiffness, high impact and high durability with impairing recyclability. In SRPCs the same polymer is used for the reinforcing and matrix phases. SRPCs can be manufactured by commingling reinforcing and matrix fibres with different melting temperatures. The use of commingled yarns allows the combination of a large variety of fibres and therefore a wide range of material properties.
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Wieser, Martin, Andreas Schaur, Seraphin Hubert Unterberger, and Roman Lackner. "On the Effect of Recycled Polyolefins on the Thermorheological Performance of Polymer-Modified Bitumen Used for Roofing-Applications." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 16, 2021): 3284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063284.
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In order to meet the technical specifications in roofing applications, the bitumen used for this purpose is standardly modified by polymers. This, in general, allows the re-use of recycled polymer during the production of polymer-modified bitumen (PmB), simultaneously reducing the amount of polymeric waste. Recycling processes, however, may degrade or contaminate polymers, leading to reduced crystallinity and lower melting temperature. Six different recycled polyolefins (high crystallinity: iPP, HDPE; reduced crystallinity: APP, PP Copolymer; waxy polyolefins: Wax 105, Wax 115) were assessed on their suitability for roofing applications. Mixing characteristics, polymer distribution and thermo-mechanical properties of the PmB samples were determined, employing fluorescence microscopy, modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MTDSC) and dynamic shear rheometry (DSR). Depending on mixing properties, two levels of polymer content (5 and 16 wt% or 16 and 30 wt%) were considered. High crystallinity polymers exhibited the biggest increase in |G*| and lowest phase angle. Reduced crystallinity polymers were more easily dispersed and showed improved |G*| and phase angle. Waxy polyolefins improved bitumen similarly to reduced crystallinity polymers and are easily dispersed. The results suggest, that a reduced crystallinity or lower melting temperature of the recycled polymers resulting from degradation or contamination may be beneficial, resulting in improved mixing behavior and a more homogeneous distribution of the polymer within the bitumen.
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Cobra, Raphael, Paula Sanvezzo, Marcia Branciforti, and Janaina Mascarenhas. "Circular Technology Roadmapping (TRM): Fostering Sustainable Material Development." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 7036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137036.
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To design more sustainable products often means improving the sustainability of materials. Currently, sustainable innovation calls upon materials to not only minimize environmental impacts but also to become circular. That requires efforts to keep materials functional for longer, avoid early disposal, and re-entering the cycle via recycling and other feedback processes. Those emerging challenges for materials development and the Circular Economy (CE) are especially critical in the case of polymers. How to develop strategies to preserve the value of polymers remains a question that mobilizes both researchers and practitioners. Technology Roadmapping (TRM) is a tool traditionally used for planning innovation processes and has supported the development of sustainable materials and other sustainability-related projects. This study tests TRM’s potential to assist with the planning of new circular polymers solutions and proposes the Circular TRM method. This proposition results from the case study of the development of waste-based fiber-polymer materials and strategies for getting them into the market. Our case study demonstrates how it would be possible to differentiate the various polymer material technologies and determine the most circular strategy path.
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Cheng, Xiaoxiao, Tengfei Miao, Yilin Qian, Zhengbiao Zhang, Wei Zhang, and Xiulin Zhu. "Supramolecular Chirality in Azobenzene-Containing Polymer System: Traditional Postpolymerization Self-Assembly Versus In Situ Supramolecular Self-Assembly Strategy." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17 (August 27, 2020): 6186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176186.
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Recently, the design of novel supramolecular chiral materials has received a great deal of attention due to rapid developments in the fields of supramolecular chemistry and molecular self-assembly. Supramolecular chirality has been widely introduced to polymers containing photoresponsive azobenzene groups. On the one hand, supramolecular chiral structures of azobenzene-containing polymers (Azo-polymers) can be produced by nonsymmetric arrangement of Azo units through noncovalent interactions. On the other hand, the reversibility of the photoisomerization also allows for the control of the supramolecular organization of the Azo moieties within polymer structures. The construction of supramolecular chirality in Azo-polymeric self-assembled system is highly important for further developments in this field from both academic and practical points of view. The postpolymerization self-assembly strategy is one of the traditional strategies for mainly constructing supramolecular chirality in Azo-polymers. The in situ supramolecular self-assembly mediated by polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) is a facile one-pot approach for the construction of well-defined supramolecular chirality during polymerization process. In this review, we focus on a discussion of supramolecular chirality of Azo-polymer systems constructed by traditional postpolymerization self-assembly and PISA-mediated in situ supramolecular self-assembly. Furthermore, we will also summarize the basic concepts, seminal studies, recent trends, and perspectives in the constructions and applications of supramolecular chirality based on Azo-polymers with the hope to advance the development of supramolecular chirality in chemistry.
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Saharia, Balen, Gouranga Das, and Bipul Nath. "COMPATIBILITY SCREENING OF VIDAGLIPTIN WITH IONIC AND NON-IONIC POLYMERIC EXCIPIENTS FOR THE DESIGN OF EXTENDED RELEASE DELIVERY SYSTEM." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 04 (April 30, 2021): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12671.
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Studies of drug-polymer compatibility play an important role in the preformulation stage for the development of pharmaceutical dosage forms. The potential physical and chemical interactions between drugs and polymer can affect the chemical nature, stability and bioavailability of the dosage form and as a result in the therapeutic response in the clinical phase. The present study reveals the thermal and spectroscopic study of physical mixtures of Vildagliptin (VDG) and HPMC in combination with cationic polymers chitosan, anionic polymers NaCMC and nonionic polymers PEO for extended release (ER). In the first phase of the study, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used as tool to detect any interaction. In the next phase, a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) technique was used to confirm and to investigate the type of the possible interactions between the components. In both cases, the spectroscopic data revealed that the analysed polymeric excipients did not show any affect on the VDG. Results of the present study indicated the suitability of the HPMC K4M hydrophilic matrix polymers in combination with cationic polymers, anionic polymers and non-ionic polymers in the preparation of extended release formulation of VDG.
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Vikhareva, I. N., I. I. Zaripov, D. F. Kinzyabulatova, N. S. Minigazimov, and G. K. Aminova. "Biodegradable polymer materials and modifying additives: state of the art. Part I." Nanotechnologies in Construction A Scientific Internet-Journal 12, no. 6 (December 27, 2020): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15828/2075-8545-2020-12-6-320-325.
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One of the most demanded materials on the planet is plastic, the excellent performance of which contributes to the accumulation of a significant amount of waste on its basis. In this regard, a new approach to the development of these materials has been formed in scientific circles: the production of polymer composites with constant performance characteristics for a certain period and then capable of destruction under the influence of environmental factors. Analysis of the current state of the industry of polymeric materials shows that the most urgent is the use of such classical polymers as polyolefins and polyvinyl chloride. First of all, the optimal solution to this problem due to the lack of a suitable replacement for traditional polymers is the development of composites based on them with the use of biodegradable additives. In this case, a set of problems associated with waste disposal is solved: the decomposition period of the recycled waste is significantly reduced, the territories required for plastic waste are reduced. The paper outlines the preconditions for the emergence and further development of the field of biodegradable polymers. The main quantitative characteristics of the production capacities of manufactured bioplastics by types, regions and industries of application are given. Modern methods of reducing and regulating the degradation time of polymer materials are presented. The main global and domestic manufacturers of biodegradable polymers and their products are listed, as well as a list of the main manufacturers of biodegradable additives for polymeric materials. Modern types of bioplastics based on renewable raw materials, composites with their use, as well as modified materials from natural and synthetic polymers are listed. The main methods for determining the biodegradability of existing bioplastics are described
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Morones-Ramírez, J. Rubén. "Coupling Metallic Nanostructures to Thermally Responsive Polymers Allows the Development of Intelligent Responsive Membranes." International Journal of Polymer Science 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/967615.
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Development of porous membranes capable of controlling flow or changing their permeability to specific chemical entities, in response to small changes in environmental stimuli, is an area of appealing research, since these membranes present a wide variety of applications. The synthesis of these membranes has been mainly approached through grafting of environmentally responsive polymers to the surface walls of polymeric porous membranes. This synergizes the chemical stability and mechanical strength of the polymer membrane with the fast response times of the bonded polymer chains. Therefore, different composite membranes capable of changing their effective pore size with environmental triggers have been developed. A recent interest has been the development of porous membranes responsive to light, since these can achieve rapid, remote, noninvasive, and localized flow control. This work describes the synthesis pathway to construct intelligent optothermally responsive membranes. The method followed involved the grafting of optothermally responsive polymer-metal nanoparticle nanocomposites to polycarbonate track-etched porous membranes (PCTEPMs). The nanoparticles coupled to the polymer grafts serve as the optothermal energy converters to achieve optical switching of the pores. The results of the paper show that grafting of the polymer andin situsynthesis of the metallic particles can be easily achieved. In addition, the composite membranes allow fast and reversible switching of the pores using both light and heat permitting control of fluid flow.
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Mikheeva, Aleksandra N., Ilya E. Kuznetsov, Marina M. Tepliakova, Aly Elakshar, Mikhail V. Gapanovich, Yuri G. Gladush, Evgenia O. Perepelitsina, et al. "Novel Push-Pull Benzodithiophene-Containing Polymers as Hole-Transport Materials for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells." Molecules 27, no. 23 (November 29, 2022): 8333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238333.
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Donor-acceptor conjugated polymers are considered advanced semiconductor materials for the development of thin-film electronics. One of the most attractive families of polymeric semiconductors in terms of photovoltaic applications are benzodithiophene-based polymers owing to their highly tunable electronic and physicochemical properties, and readily scalable production. In this work, we report the synthesis of three novel push–pull benzodithiophene-based polymers with different side chains and their investigation as hole transport materials (HTM) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). It is shown that polymer P3 that contains triisopropylsilyl side groups exhibits better film-forming ability that, along with high hole mobilities, results in increased characteristics of PSCs. Encouraging a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.4% was achieved for P3-based PSCs that outperformed the efficiency of devices based on P1, P2, and benchmark PTAA polymer. These findings feature the great potential of benzodithiophene-based conjugated polymers as dopant-free HTMs for the fabrication of efficient perovskite solar cells.
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Vikhareva, Irina N., Evgeniya A. Buylova, Gulnara U. Yarmuhametova, Guliya K. Aminova, and Aliya K. Mazitova. "An Overview of the Main Trends in the Creation of Biodegradable Polymer Materials." Journal of Chemistry 2021 (July 23, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5099705.
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Plastic is one of the most demanded materials on the planet, and the increasing consumption of which contributes to the accumulation of significant amounts of waste based on it. For this reason, a new approach to the development of these materials has been formed: the production of polymers with constant operational characteristics during the period of consumption and capable of then being destroyed under the influence of environmental factors and being involved in the metabolic processes of natural biosystems. The paper outlines the prerequisites for the development of the field of creating biodegradable composite materials, as well as the main technical solutions for obtaining such polymeric materials. The main current solutions for reducing and regulating the degradation time of polymer materials are presented. The most promising ways of further development of the field of bioplastics production are described. Common types of polymers based on renewable raw materials, composites with their use, and modified materials from natural and synthetic polymers are considered.
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Kumar, Gaurav, Bin Cai, Sascha Ott, and Haining Tian. "Visible-light photoredox catalysis with organic polymers." Chemical Physics Reviews 4, no. 1 (March 2023): 011307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0123282.
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The development of photocatalysts to drive organic reactions is a frontier research topic. Organic polymers can be well tuned in terms of structural and photophysical properties and, therefore, constitute a promising class of photocatalysts in photoredox catalysis for organic synthesis. In this review article, we provide an overview of the concept of photoredox catalysis and recent developments in organic polymers as photocatalysts including porous organic polymers, graphitic carbon nitride, carbon dots, and polymer dots with adjustable reactivity that have undergone state-of-the-art advancement in different photoredox catalytic organic reactions.
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Bao, Yinyin. "Controlling Molecular Aggregation-Induced Emission by Controlled Polymerization." Molecules 26, no. 20 (October 16, 2021): 6267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206267.
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In last twenty years, the significant development of AIE materials has been witnessed. A number of small molecules, polymers and composites with AIE activity have been synthesized, with some of these exhibiting great potential in optoelectronics and biomedical applications. Compared to AIE small molecules, macromolecular systems—especially well-defined AIE polymers—have been studied relatively less. Controlled polymerization methods provide the efficient synthesis of well-defined AIE polymers with varied monomers, tunable chain lengths and narrow dispersity. In particular, the preparation of single-fluorophore polymers through AIE molecule-initiated polymerization enables the systematic investigation of the structure–property relationships of AIE polymeric systems. Here, the main polymerization techniques involved in these polymers are summarized and the key parameters that affect their photophysical properties are analyzed. The author endeavored to collect meaningful information from the descriptions of AIE polymer systems in the literature, to find connections by comparing different representative examples, and hopes eventually to provide a set of general guidelines for AIE polymer design, along with personal perspectives on the direction of future research.
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Kausar, Ayesha. "Polymeric nanocomposites reinforced with nanowhiskers: Design, development, and emerging applications." Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting 36, no. 3 (January 5, 2020): 312–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756087919898731.
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This article provides insights into nanowhisker nanofiller particles, different categories of polymer/nanowhisker nanocomposites, and broad span of applications. Nanowhiskers are hierarchical needle-like elementary crystallites, often used as nanofillers in polymers. Cellulose, chitin, zinc oxide, fullerene, and aluminum nitride-based nanowhiskers have been employed in matrices. Inclusion of organic and inorganic nanowhiskers in polymers has enhanced thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, thermal stability, water resistance, and other physical properties of nanocomposites. Polymer/nanowhisker nanocomposites have found technical applications in supercapacitors, sensors, anticorrosion agents, antibacterial agents, and drug delivery systems. Future research directions for potential applications rely on material design, nanowhisker functionalization, better dispersion, better reinforcement, and better processing techniques.
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Ramanavicius, Simonas, Arunas Jagminas, and Arunas Ramanavicius. "Advances in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Based Affinity Sensors (Review)." Polymers 13, no. 6 (March 22, 2021): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13060974.
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Recent challenges in biomedical diagnostics show that the development of rapid affinity sensors is very important issue. Therefore, in this review we are aiming to outline the most important directions of affinity sensors where polymer-based semiconducting materials are applied. Progress in formation and development of such materials is overviewed and discussed. Some applicability aspects of conducting polymers in the design of affinity sensors are presented. The main attention is focused on bioanalytical application of conducting polymers such as polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) ortho-phenylenediamine. In addition, some other polymers and inorganic materials that are suitable for molecular imprinting technology are also overviewed. Polymerization techniques, which are the most suitable for the development of composite structures suitable for affinity sensors are presented. Analytical signal transduction methods applied in affinity sensors based on polymer-based semiconducting materials are discussed. In this review the most attention is focused on the development and application of molecularly imprinted polymer-based structures, which can replace antibodies, receptors, and many others expensive affinity reagents. The applicability of electrochromic polymers in affinity sensor design is envisaged. Sufficient biocompatibility of some conducting polymers enables to apply them as “stealth coatings” in the future implantable affinity-sensors. Some new perspectives and trends in analytical application of polymer-based semiconducting materials are highlighted.
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David, Tanya M. S., Cheng Zhang, and Sam-Shajing Sun. "Development of Low Energy Gap and Fully Regioregular Polythienylenevinylene Derivative." Journal of Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/379372.
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Low energy gap and fully regioregular conjugated polymers find its wide use in solar energy conversion applications. This paper will first briefly review this type of polymers and also report synthesis and characterization of a specific example new polymer, a low energy gap, fully regioregular, terminal functionalized, and processable conjugated polymer poly-(3-dodecyloxy-2,5-thienylene vinylene) or PDDTV. The polymer exhibited an optical energy gap of 1.46 eV based on the UV-vis-NIR absorption spectrum. The electrochemically measured highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level is −4.79 eV, resulting in the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level of −3.33 eV based on optical energy gap. The polymer was synthesized via Horner-Emmons condensation and is fairly soluble in common organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran and chloroform with gentle heating. DSC showed two endothermic peaks at 67°C and 227°C that can be attributed to transitions between crystalline and liquid states. The polymer is thermally stable up to about 300°C. This polymer appears very promising for cost-effective solar cell applications.
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Ridho, Muhammad Rasyidur, Erika Ayu Agustiany, Muslimatul Rahmi Dn, Elvara Windra Madyaratri, Muhammad Ghozali, Witta Kartika Restu, Faizatul Falah, et al. "Lignin as Green Filler in Polymer Composites: Development Methods, Characteristics, and Potential Applications." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (April 30, 2022): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1363481.
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After cellulose, lignin is the most commonly used natural polymer in green biomaterials. Pulp and paper mills and emerging cellulosic biorefineries are the main sources of technical lignin. However, only 2–5% of lignin has been converted into biomaterials. Making lignin-based polymer biocomposites to replace petroleum-based composites has piqued the interest of many researchers worldwide due to the positive environmental impact of traditional composites over time. In composite development, lignin is being used as a filler in commercial polymers to improve biodegradability and possibly lower production costs. As a natural polymer, lignin may have different properties depending on the isolation method and source, affecting polymer-based composites. The application has been affected by the characteristics of lignin and the uniform distribution of lignin in polymers. The review’s goal was to provide an overview of technical lignin extraction, properties, and its potential appropriate utilization. It was also planned to revisit the lignin-based composites’ preparation procedure as well as their composite characteristics. Solvent casting and extrusion methods are used to fabricate lignin from polymeric matrices such as polypropylene, epoxy, polyvinyl alcohol, polylactic acid, starch, wood fiber, natural rubber, and chitosan. Packaging, biomedical materials, automotive, advanced biocomposites, flame retardant, and other applications for lignin-based composites has existed. As a result, the technology is still being refined to increase the performance of lignin-based biocomposites in several applications. This review could assist explain lignin’s position as a composite additive, which could lead to more efficient processing and application strategies.
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Tan and Rodrigue. "A Review on Porous Polymeric Membrane Preparation. Part II: Production Techniques with Polyethylene, Polydimethylsiloxane, Polypropylene, Polyimide, and Polytetrafluoroethylene." Polymers 11, no. 8 (August 5, 2019): 1310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11081310.
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The development of porous polymeric membranes is an important area of application in separation technology. This article summarizes the development of porous polymers from the perspectives of materials and methods for membrane production. Polymers such as polyethylene, polydimethylsiloxane, polypropylene, polyimide, and polytetrafluoroethylene are reviewed due to their outstanding thermal stability, chemical resistance, mechanical strength, and low cost. Six different methods for membrane fabrication are critically reviewed, including thermally induced phase separation, melt-spinning and cold-stretching, phase separation micromolding, imprinting/soft molding, manual punching, and three-dimensional printing. Each method is described in details related to the strategy used to produce the porous polymeric membranes with a specific morphology and separation performances. The key factors associated with each method are presented, including solvent/non-solvent system type and composition, polymer solution composition and concentration, processing parameters, and ambient conditions. Current challenges are also described, leading to future development and innovation to improve these membranes in terms of materials, fabrication equipment, and possible modifications.
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Farnam, Marjan, Hilmi Mukhtar, and Azmi Mohd Shariff. "A Review on Glassy Polymeric Membranes for Gas Separation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 625 (September 2014): 701–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.625.701.
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Polymeric membranes are widely used for gas separation purposes but their performance is restricted by the upper bound trade-off discovered by Robeson in 1991. The polymeric membrane can be glassy, rubbery or a blend of these two polymers. This review paper discusses the properties of glassy polymer membranes and their performance in gas separation. The area of improvement for glassy membrane with development of mixed matrix membrane is also highlighted.