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Journal articles on the topic 'Development in Bhutan'

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Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Kumar, Pranav. "Sino-Bhutanese Relations." China Report 46, no. 3 (August 2010): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000944551104600306.

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Historically the interaction between Bhutan and China was through Tibet. The annexation of Tibet by China and the later uprising in Tibet instilled a sense of fear in Bhutan causing it to close its northern border in 1960. However, Bhutan adopted a more open policy in the 1970s gradually increasing the contacts between the two neighbours. Border talks which started in 1984 resulted in an agreement in 1998 on maintaining peace and tranquility along border areas. While China and Bhutan neither have diplomatic relations nor any legal trade, growing Chinese interests in South Asia encompass Bhutan as well. Bhutan, therefore, faces the dilemma of not hurting the interests and sentiments of its traditional friend India while at the same time needing to respond to Chinese overtures and to solve the border problem peacefully and urgently; in the Sino-Bhutanese relationship, the Indian element remains the most important variable. The dynamics of the Sino-Indian relationship and Indian and Chinese strategic interests and activities in the Himalayas will be crucial in shaping Bhutan’s policies towards China.

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2

Namgay, Tashi. "Nation’s waste on the scale: The first Bhutan waste inventory report." Statistical Journal of the IAOS 36, no. 4 (November 25, 2020): 915–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sji-200742.

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Knowing the quantity and the composition of waste is essential to designing and delivering sound waste management policies and waste management systems. Bhutan’s 12th Five-Year Development Plan emphasizes effective waste management as one of its key performance indicators and globally, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development emphasizes the importance of waste in two of its seventeen Sustainable Development Goals. In 2019, the Bhutan National Statistics Bureau undertook its first ever survey of solid waste management. The survey covered waste generating sectors including households, commercial units, institutes, health centers, industries, Government offices and vegetable markets. Results show Bhutan generated more than 170 metric tons of waste daily – equivalent to 170,000 kilograms of sugar. More than 50 percent of solid wastes came from households, almost 50 percent was food waste, and around 50 percent was potentially recyclable. The survey posed many challenges for Bhutan, a land-locked least developed country in the Eastern Himalayas in South Asia, yet provided the opportunity to strengthen stakeholder engagement in the Bhutan National Statistical System and delivered statistics which meet a practical use for Bhutan and its people.

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3

Willetts, Marion, and Frank Beck. "The Influences of Buddhism and Development on the Well-Being of Bhutan's Street Dogs." Animal Studies Journal 9, no. 2 (December 2020): 56–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14453/asj/v9.i2.4.

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Bhutan is the only country that has implemented a nationwide capture-neuter- vaccinate-release (CNVR) program to manage its street dog population. To explore motivations for the implementation of the program and the extent to which it is successful, face-to-face interviews were conducted with representatives of all three animal sanctuaries in Bhutan that focus on the well-being of street dogs. Results suggest that Bhutan’s transition to democracy, coinciding with increases in socioeconomic development and tourism from the West, and incorporation of Buddhist teachings in its consideration of street dog management strategies guided the implementation of a nationwide CNVR program. A lack of both resources and a plan to acquire them, along with inexperience with democratic practices, however, may interfere with successful management of the program, resulting in a growing street dog population. Development in Bhutan also poses risks to the well-being of street dogs.

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4

Kantha, Pramod K. "Nepal and Bhutan in 2013." Asian Survey 54, no. 1 (January 2014): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2014.54.1.206.

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The political stalemate prevailing in Nepal since the dissolution of the first Constituent Assembly (CA) in 2012 ended with the second CA polls in November. Bhutan’s second parliamentary elections in July and the opposition People’s Democratic Party’s victory over the outgoing Druk Phuensum Tshogpa (Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party) were signs of consolidation of Bhutan’s nascent democracy.

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5

Whitecross, Richard W. "Bhutan in 2020." Asian Survey 61, no. 1 (January 2021): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2021.61.1.207.

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The year 2020 in Bhutan was dominated by the coronavirus pandemic, a decline in state revenues, and territorial claims by China. In 2019, Bhutan’s strong economy suggested that the country would graduate from the least developed country category in 2023. The economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the economy makes this less certain.

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6

Jabłońska, Elżbieta. "Buthan - droga ku demokracji." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 1 (November 28, 2014): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2014.1.8.

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The text attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of the most important events and factors which have influenced the establishment of democracy in the Kingdom of Bhutan. On March 2008, Bhutan officially transformed from absolute monarchy to a modern constitutional monarchy by the successful conduct of its first parliamentary elections and the promulgation of the Constitution. Fourth King of Bhutan, His Majesty Jigme Singhye Wangchuck (referred to as “the father of democratic Bhutan”), finalized a long -term vision of democratization and decentralization by giving executive power to the Council of Ministers (Lhengye Zhungtshog). Both the moral foundation, the idea of Gross National Happiness (GNH) and enlightened monarchy has been the factor that determines and organizes the social and political life in Bhutan. GNH assumes that the real development is possible only when there is a balance between economic, social, emotional, spiritual and cultural needs. The Bhutan’s way to democracy is undoubtedly successful and the hard political work which has been ongoing for years, is still evolving.

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7

Tashi, Jigme, and Choki Sonam. "Bhutan's Living Buddhist Traditions: Past, Present, and Future." Asia Social Science Academy 10, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.51600/jass.2023.10.1.35.

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The study looks at the present state of Buddhism in Bhutan, highlighting the key features of the country's religious practices and the role of the monastic community. The research investigates how the government has incorporated Buddhist principles into its development policies, including the adoption of the Gross National Happiness (GNH) philosophy, which emphasizes the importance of spiritual and cultural values alongside economic growth. Finally, the paper explores the challenges and opportunities facing Buddhism in Bhutan in the future. The study identifies the impact of globalization, modernization, and technological advancement on Bhutan's traditional Buddhist practices and values. The research also examines the ways in which Bhutan can continue to promote and preserve its Buddhist heritage in the face of these challenges. In conclusion, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of Bhutan's living Buddhist traditions, highlighting their historical roots, present state, and future prospects. The research underscores the importance of Buddhism in shaping Bhutan's identity and provides insights into how the country can continue to preserve and promote its unique cultural heritage in the 21st century.

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8

Ogino, Kaoru, Mikiyasu Nakayama, and Daisuke Sasaki. "Domestic Socioeconomic Barriers to Hydropower Trading: Evidence from Bhutan and Nepal." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (April 7, 2019): 2062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11072062.

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Bhutan has increased exports of surplus hydropower generation, whereas Nepal has been suffering from domestic power shortages. Why has Bhutan successfully promoted hydropower development and exports, while Nepal has failed to do so? This paper focuses on inherent development barriers that stem from domestic power supply, internal governance systems, and indigenous societal sensitivity. There are lessons to be learned from Bhutan’s practices that could be applied in Nepal. First, hydropower development can be severely affected by electricity scarcity that arises when power export is privileged over domestic power supply. Nepal has fallen into this negative loop, whereas Bhutan has overcome it through policy interventions that ensure visible links between power exports and domestic power consumption. Second, the sector reforms in the two countries contrast in terms of institutional, operational, and financial efficiency. Without fundamental reforms, Nepal’s sector-wide inefficiency fuels a vicious circle. Third, local resource conflicts and social complexities have made Nepal’s hydropower projects more complicated than Bhutan’s. In planning hydropower projects, it is crucial to pay careful attention to domestic stakeholders and local benefits. Planners and governments must ensure that projects are designed with extensive benefit sharing mechanisms, sustainable value chains, effective sector reforms, and sufficient societal conflict management.

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9

Karan, Pradyumna P. "Environment and Development in Bhutan." Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography 69, no. 1 (1987): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/490408.

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Karan, Pradyumna P. "Environment and Development in Bhutan." Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 69, no. 1 (April 1987): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/04353684.1987.11879531.

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11

Mitra, Subrata K., and Srikanth Thaliyakkattil. "Bhutan and Sino–Indian Rivalry." Asian Survey 58, no. 2 (March 2018): 240–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2018.58.2.240.

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The military standoff between Chinese and Indian troops in the disputed territory of Doklam brought forward the foreign policy dilemmas of Bhutan and its search for an optimal strategy toward its two neighboring big powers. This paper discusses Bhutan’s attempts to balance its overwhelming dependence on India with the necessity of normal diplomatic relations with China.

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12

Shirgazina, E. "The Role of the Economic Development Interests of Bhutan and Nepal in Determining Their Foreign Policy Strategies." World Economy and International Relations 67, no. 9 (2023): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2023-67-9-99-108.

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The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the economic situation in two small countries of South Asia – Bhutan and Nepal. The author has studied the agricultural sector, industrial, tourist, hydroelectric industries of their national economies, the range of goods produced by Bhutan and Nepal, as well as the circle of their main trade and economic partners. The role of income from labor migration for improving the well-being of the population of both states is considered separately. The author analyzes Bhutan’s and Nepal’s indicators of socio-economic development according to the UN classification. Based on the work carried out, the author comes to the conclusion that for both countries their economic and social interests play the key role in determining their foreign policy strategy. As landlocked countries with a complex and ambiguous history, their relations with two neighbors, India and China, are their priority. Taking into account the Indo-Chinese competitive interaction, it becomes obvious that the Governments of both Bhutan and Nepal are trying to find a balance between the two rival countries and their own national interests. However, they choose different balancing scenarios. Nepal is characterized by a clearly represented course towards the sovereignization of the country and its foreign policy with the creation of positive neutrality in relations with both neighbor states. The leadership of Bhutan, from the other side, traditionally chooses a pro-Indian course with cautious steps towards resolving contradictions in relations with China.

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13

Kantha, Pramod K. "Nepal and Bhutan in 2012." Asian Survey 53, no. 1 (January 2013): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2013.53.1.84.

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Nepal’s political transition switched into crisis mode as the Constituent Assembly (CA) dissolved on May 27 without delivering a constitution. While new elections for the CA appeared most likely, people’s confidence in the ability of ever-feuding politicians to lead the troubled nation plunged to a new low. Anticipations grew in Bhutan over parliamentary elections in 2013. Bhutan’s decision to establish diplomatic relations with China was a historic milestone.

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14

Mansingh, Surjit. "China-Bhutan Relations." China Report 30, no. 2 (May 1994): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000944559403000205.

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15

Tshering, druk. "Sustainable Development and Happiness in Bhutan." Asia Social Science Academy 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51600/jass.2021.2.1.131.

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16

Mould, Peter, Michael Hutt, Michael Aris, and Michael Hutt. "Bhutan: Aspects of Culture and Development." Mountain Research and Development 16, no. 1 (February 1996): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3673901.

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Karan, Pradyumna P. "Development Issues in Sikkim and Bhutan." Mountain Research and Development 7, no. 3 (August 1987): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3673205.

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18

Beaglehole, Robert, and Ruth Bonita. "Development with values: lessons from Bhutan." Lancet 385, no. 9971 (March 2015): 848–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60475-5.

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19

KURITA, Yasuyuki. "Environment and Development in Bhutan Himalaya." Tropics 5, no. 3/4 (1996): 281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3759/tropics.5.281.

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20

UDDIN, S., R. TAPLIN, and X. YU. "Energy, environment and development in Bhutan." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11, no. 9 (December 2007): 2083–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2006.03.008.

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21

Mathou, Thierry. "Bhutan in 2016." Asian Survey 57, no. 1 (January 2017): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2017.57.1.56.

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Celebrated nationwide as a symbol of change in continuity, the birth of the future king gave confidence to Bhutan, which continued its path toward democracy and sustainable development without undermining its identity despite several challenges lying ahead.

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22

Mathou, Thierry. "Bhutan in 2017." Asian Survey 58, no. 1 (January 2018): 138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2018.58.1.138.

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Bhutan’s agenda in 2017 was dominated by the preparation for the third parliamentary elections (slated for 2018), the 12th Five-Year Development Plan (2018–23), and the golden jubilee of the establishment of diplomatic relations with India. A military standoff between China and India on Bhutan’s border highlighted the kingdom’s strategic regional position.

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23

Tobden, Jamba. "Political Economy of Resource Economics: Unlocking the Policy Debate on Accelerated Hydropower Future in Bhutan." Bhutan Journal of Natural Resources and Development 9, no. 1 (June 27, 2022): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17102/cnr.2022.70.

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Bhutan is endowed with abundant hydropower potential and harnessing it has assumed national strategic importance as it is the backbone of Bhutan’s economy. Given the importance of hydropower, the Sustainable Hydropower Development Policy was adopted in 2008 to accelerate hydropower development and achieve economic self reliance. However, the acceleration generated a lot of controversy undermining the confidence of the Bhutanese people from all fronts, such as anticipated lower returns to investment, unstable future markets, threats from climate change, cost overrun, and delayed completion of projects. These are the emerging policy discourses among the Bhutanese bureaucrats, politicians, policy analysts, researchers, and independent thinkers concerning the hydropower future. However, a lot of what is discussed and published often comes in the form of general commentaries, media interviews, conference presentations, and official policy documents. A limited number of research papers either publish or unpublished comes from the graduate students’ thesis which are based on data and documents available in the public domain. Correspondingly, this paper engages in implementing this significant agenda with scientific enquiry on Bhutan’s investment in hydropower projects and its sustainability. Employing transdisciplinary research methodology, this paper debates why Bhutan needs to continue investing in accelerated hydropower development.

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24

Dorji, Sangay, Rajanathan Rajaratnam, and Karl Vernes. "The Vulnerable red panda Ailurus fulgens in Bhutan: distribution, conservation status and management recommendations." Oryx 46, no. 4 (October 2012): 536–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605311000780.

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AbstractThe red panda Ailurus fulgens is categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Pressurized by an expanding human population, it is mainly threatened by habitat destruction, with < 10,000 mature individuals remaining. The red panda has been studied in India, China, Nepal and, to a lesser extent, Myanmar, but no research has been published on this species in Bhutan. Here, we report on the current distribution and conservation status of the red panda in Bhutan using information gathered from field surveys, interviews and unpublished reports. Red pandas are most common at 2,400–3,700 m altitude in fir Abies densa forests with an undergrowth of bamboo. They occur in most national parks and associated biological corridors within Bhutan's protected area network, overlapping with a rural human population that is undergoing increased socio-economic development. Although culturally respected, red pandas face threats from road construction, harvesting of timber, bamboo and minor forest products, livestock grazing, inefficiently managed tourism, and domestic dogs. We believe conservation of red pandas in Bhutan requires (1) inclusion of ecologically sound principles into future development, (2) implementation of programmes that improve rural socio-economy through ecotourism and cultivation of appropriate cash crops, (3) development of education programmes that raise awareness of red pandas for rural people, (4) management of rural dog populations, (5) greater capacity building for wildlife managers, and (6) more ecological research.

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Whitecross, Richard W. "Bhutan in 2019." Asian Survey 60, no. 1 (January 2020): 204–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2020.60.1.204.

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Bhutan in 2019 was dominated by the change of government in late 2018, better diplomatic relations with India, and cultivation of relations with China. The economy was strong, with the country due to graduate from least developed country status in 2023, though unemployment is a concern.

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Tenzin, Karma, Tshewang Gyeltshen, Gyan P. Bajgai, Sonam Nyedup, Choki Choki, Jyotsna Rimal, OP Kharbanda, Dechen Wangmo, and Gampo Dorji. "Oral Health & Dentistry in Bhutan: call for actions to address a public health urgency." Bhutan Health Journal 7, no. 1 (June 4, 2021): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47811/bhj.120.

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Introduction: Bhutan’s healthcare approach in achieving the sustainable development goal 3 (SDG 3) has been largely through primary healthcare as enshrined in the universal health coverage (UHC). Bhutan has forged a unique primary healthcare model in which oral health is integrated in its primary care initiatives. The Oral Health program under the Department of public health was established in 1999 with clear line objectives. The program has achieved commendable successes over the years. However, with changing needs, enhancing and mainstreaming of oral health and dentistry in the country must be accorded a top priority. This is particularly important as the Oral Health Policy and service standards were drafted fourteen years ago in 2007. The 2021 World Health Orgnization (WHO) agreement “to provide basic oral health services to all”, to which Bhutan is signatory, needs to be strictly implemented. Therefore, oral health dialogue was conducted to deliberate on the oral health systems in the country with experts from the field who were from within and outside Bhutan. This oral health policy dialogue generated important themes such as strategic and competent workforce, capacity development, need to transform oral health services in more people centric ways and mainstreaming oral health in other health policies.

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27

Tshering, Dolay, Jeanette Berman, Judith Miller, and Adele Nye. "Influence of Study Abroad Experiences in Australia on Teacher Education in Bhutan’s Education Colleges." Journal of the International Society for Teacher Education 26, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/jiste.v26i2.3924.

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Tertiary education in Bhutan has changed with the establishment of the Royal University of Bhutan in 2003, and the two constituent colleges of education have brought many developments in the education system in Bhutan. As the majority of the faculty members in the education colleges are Australian alumni, this case study was focused on how their Australian educational experiences have influenced professional practice in teacher education. This focus was part of a qualitative study which revealed influences in teacher education, research, and leadership as three critical changes that were attributed to the Australian educated faculty members of the education colleges. Inculcating international best practices in teaching pedagogy, curriculum development taking into account the Bhutanese context, and development of Early Childhood Care and Development curriculum are reported in this paper along with discussion of the implications for the Bhutanese education system.

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Jeronen, Eila, Päivi Ahonen, and Riitta-Liisa Korkeamäki. "Connections of Transformative Education with Bhutan’s Pedagogical Ideas for Promoting Sustainability Education." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010163.

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The study aims to clarify how transformative education teaching and learning ideas have been incorporated into sustainable development-focused education in Bhutan. Sustainable development is included in various ways in the Educating for Gross National Happiness Training Manual (GNH TM) developed by the Ministry of Education of Bhutan in 2013. GNH-focused education aims at developing students’ respect and critical thinking for the well-being of human beings and the environment. The article provides an overview of 26 selected articles published in peer-reviewed scientific journals from 1991–2021. Altogether, 12 sustainable development-focused transformative education articles were analyzed in detail using qualitative content analysis. The results of the study show that transformative education is reflected in many ways in the teaching goals, objectives, contents, and methods introduced in the GNH TM units. Consequently, transformative education and teaching have become part of teaching in Bhutan’s schools, with an emphasis on sustainable development and protection of the environment. However, for a sustainable future, active student-centered teaching and learning methods should be used in a more diverse way.

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29

Dhakal, D. N. S. "Twenty-Five Years of Development in Bhutan." Mountain Research and Development 7, no. 3 (August 1987): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3673197.

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30

Wangchuk, Tashi. "The Middle Path to Democracy in the Kingdom of Bhutan." Asian Survey 44, no. 6 (November 2004): 836–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2004.44.6.836.

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I explicate here the conditions conducive to fostering democracy in Bhutan. Using an interdisciplinary framework, I argue that village society is fundamentally democratic, but the state is not, and that the state can be democratized by formalizing traditional institutions. However, I argue that anti-Bhutan rebels in Nepal cannot bring democracy to Bhutan.

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31

Chapman, G. P., and H. N. Misra. "Bhutan: Problems and Policies." Geographical Journal 156, no. 2 (July 1990): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/635331.

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32

Lees, Emma. "Intangible Cultural Heritage in a Modernizing Bhutan: The Question of Remaining Viable and Dynamic." International Journal of Cultural Property 18, no. 2 (May 2011): 179–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739111000129.

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AbstractThis article considers the measures being taken in Bhutan to support the cultural practices and traditions of weaving as Bhutan rapidly moves to modernize. Woven cloth is one of a number of artisan practices in Bhutan that contribute to a unique body of intangible cultural heritage, and a distinctive and instantly recognizable Bhutanese identity. Cloth and cloth production have come to have significant influence on the cultural, socioeconomic and political, as well as the ceremonial and religious life of the people of Bhutan. However with modernization and an increasingly global outlook, many socioeconomic transformations are taking place, challenging traditional cultural practices to remain relevant and viable to younger generations. Bhutan offers a unique case study as a country engaging only relatively recently with globalization after a long history of cultural isolation. Bhutan also offers up a unique policy response to modernization, its Gross National Happiness (GNH) measure, which attempts to embody a strong social, cultural, and environmental imperative within the development process. This article will analyze the various measures taking place to maintain cultural identity and cultural practices within the context of development policy and practice, and will link this discussion to measures and approaches taking place at an international level by agencies such as UNESCO.

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SHARMA, PAWAN KUMAR. "Socio-economic Development of Women in Rural Bhutan." Productivity 61, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32381/prod.2020.61.02.6.

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Banerjee, Aditya, and W. Jotin Singh. "Bhutan: On the Path towards Sustainable Economic Development." International Journal of Business Intelligents 002, no. 001 (June 10, 2013): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20894/ijbi.105.002.001.004.

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35

Dhakal, D. N. S. "Hydropower in Bhutan: A Long-Term Development Perspective." Mountain Research and Development 10, no. 4 (November 1990): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3673491.

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SHARMA, PAWAN KUMAR. "Socio-economic Development of Women in Rural Bhutan." Productivity 61, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32381/prod.2020.61.02.6.

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37

Labh, Kapileshwar. "Economic Development in Bhutan: Recent Trends and Prospects." International Studies 31, no. 2 (April 1994): 189–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020881794031002004.

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38

Moktan, Suresh. "Development of Small and Medium Enterprises in Bhutan." South Asian Survey 14, no. 2 (December 2007): 251–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097152310701400205.

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Ogino, Kaoru, Sambit Kumar Dash, and Mikiyasu Nakayama. "Change to hydropower development in Bhutan and Nepal." Energy for Sustainable Development 50 (June 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2019.02.005.

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40

Wangdi, Karma, Tashi Dhendup, and Tsethup Tshering. "A new critical habitat for conservation of the White-bellied Heron Ardea insignis Hume, 1878 (Aves: Ardeidae) from Bhutan." Journal of Threatened Taxa 9, no. 2 (February 26, 2017): 9862. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2892.9.2.9862-9863.

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The White-bellied Heron Ardea insignis is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species due to its extremely small and rapidly dwindling population. Bhutan is home to the highest number of White-bellied Heron and the species is distributed patchily across 11 different sites in central and south-west Bhutan. In this note, we present the first evidence of the species in eastern Bhutan, on the Drangmechhu River in Trashi Yangtse district. The finding extends the distribution of the species in Bhutan and recognizes one more potentially critical habitat for immediate conservation attention. As elsewhere, the new site is found to be primarily threatened by hydropower development. The need for conservation initiatives for the species is immediate and highly recommended.

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Sharma, Tulsi Prasad. "Impact of Incorporating ICT Skills into the Curriculum of the Bhutanese Education System." South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics 18, no. 2 (April 7, 2023): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2023/v18i2655.

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Information and Communication Technology is considered as an important tool for the development of modern education in the 21st century. This research aims to provide insights into the impact of integrating ICT skills into the curriculum of the Bhutanese education system on students' academic performance, including their proficiency in using technology for communication, collaboration, and problem-solving. It is seen that most of schools in Bhutan do not have sufficient computers and internet connection in the schools. Recently, the Government of Bhutan has emphasized the implementation of ICT in all sectors and education was given higher priority. Bhutan has launched its first telecommunication network only in 1963. Only in 1999, Bhutan had officially launched with internet and television. Study was carried out using the survey questionnaires, data were collected, analyzed and represented in different graphs and table forms. Shortage of ICT infrastructures and technical expertise is seen to be major barriers to ICT integration in the schools of Bhutan.

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Sangay, Tiger, Rajanathan Rajaratnam, and Karl Vernes. "Current distribution and conservation status of Bhutan Takin Budorcas whitei Lydekker, 1907 (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)." Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, no. 14 (December 26, 2016): 9630. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2925.8.14.9630-9637.

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The Bhutan Takin Budorcas whitei Lydekker, 1907 is endemic to Bhutan and it is categorized as Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. While the other Takin species have been studied in China (Golden Takin B. bedfordi; Sichuan Takin B. tibetana) and India (Mishmi Takin B. taxicolor), only one study has focused on the Bhutan Takin. In this paper, we report the current distribution and conservation status of the Bhutan Takin using the information gathered through field surveys, interviews and unpublished reports. Bhutan Takin are seasonal migrants, occurring between 1500–5550 m, preferring areas in close proximity to river valleys and geothermal outlets (hot springs). Takin avoid areas that are disturbed by road construction and power transmission lines, and where they have to compete for forage with domestic livestock. Takin conservation in Bhutan requires: (1) a commitment to reduce disturbances from domestic livestock through better herding and animal husbandry practices, (2) environmentally friendly road construction, inclusive of wildlife corridors, (3) establishment of satellite offices and regularizing anti-poaching patrol systems, (4) development of education programs to enlist support for Takin conservation, and (5) encouragement of more research on the ecology and management needs of the species.

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Thinley, Jigmi Y. "Current Political Situation in Southern Bhutan." South Asian Survey 1, no. 1 (March 1994): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097152319400100108.

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Mocko, Anne, and Dorji Penjore. "Nepal and Bhutan in 2014." Asian Survey 55, no. 1 (January 2015): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2015.55.1.75.

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Both Nepal and Bhutan formed new parliamentary governments in 2014. In both cases, a new party took control, but major policies remained unchanged. Many people experienced hardships in buying basic commodities (because of inflation in Nepal and a subsidy dispute in Bhutan). Nepal faced three natural disasters.

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Mazumdar, Arijit. "Bhutan's Military Action against Indian Insurgents." Asian Survey 45, no. 4 (July 2005): 566–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2005.45.4.566.

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This article describes the December 2003 Bhutanese military action against northeast Indian insurgent groups that had set up camps in Bhutan. It analyzes the reasons why Bhutan was forced to deal with this problem and places its actions in the context of domestic politics and foreign relations.

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Bhattarai, Hemlal. "Trends of Biogas Development and Usages in Developing Countries-A Case of Bhutan." Frontier Energy System and Power Engineering 3, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um049v3i2p25-33.

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Renewable Energy Sources are a much-talked topic in recent times in the field of the energy system. As significant threats and challenges are poised for the health and environment by fossil fuel-based energy sources in meeting the energy requirements, there are initiatives and approaches taken to promote the usage of renewable energy. Significant advancement has been taken on renewable energy worldwide including Bhutan which is cautiously investing in renewable energy sources for energy self-sufficiency and export too. One of the promising incorporations Bhutan has made is in usages of biogas fuel in small scales meeting the household demand of cooking fuel which otherwise has to be from wood-based, Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) and electricity. The study showed the trend of increasing development of biogas plants and usages of biogas in the case of Bhutan that is also being supported by the identified nodal agencies. As a result, the trends of firewood and LPG usages have been compensated to the greater extends especially in rural sectors of the country where access to other clean sources of energy is still quite expensive and challenges.

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Lawoti, Mahendra. "Nepal and Bhutan in 2009: Transition Travails?" Asian Survey 50, no. 1 (January 2010): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2010.50.1.164.

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Democratic transitions in Nepal and Bhutan ran into challenges in 2009. The integration of Maoist combatants, polarization among political parties, increasing ethnic assertion, and mushrooming armed groups have delayed constitution writing in Nepal and led to political instability. In Bhutan, societal assertion against limited rights and discrimination is increasing.

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Gupta, Kanupriya, and Rajat Agrawal. "Sustainable development and spirituality: a critical analysis of GNH index." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 12 (December 4, 2017): 1919–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-10-2015-0283.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the relationship between sustainable development (SD) and spirituality. Bhutan, a country believing deeply in Buddhist spiritual values has created a model of Gross National Happiness (GNH) where it is believed that the holistic evolution of human being can take place with a balance of material as well as non-material aspects of spiritual, cultural, societal and environmental. The paper critically analyzes GNH to establish the role of spirituality in SD. Design/methodology/approach The paper analyses the GNH concept using literature review. Further, personal meetings with authorities in Bhutan and interaction with citizens of Bhutan used to gather primary data. A critical approach has been applied to understand the practical implication of the concept. Findings Good governance, sustainable socioeconomic development, cultural preservation and environmental conservation formed the four basic pillars of the GNH index, further elaborated into 9 domains and 33 clustered indicators. The concept has been commendable in giving new direction to the understanding of SD. Nevertheless, certain discrepancies create ambiguity and limitations around the validity of adoption of the concept in other countries. Research limitations/implications A balanced and holistic, yet practical model of SD is necessitated. Bhutan has been a pioneer to suggest the different dimensions that can be acted upon to produce a more honest and sustainable path of being in concord with nature, community and other-related surroundings. Practical implications The paper provides insights to researchers and practitioners in understanding the basic essentials required for the SD agenda. The paper derives the learnings from the GNH model which can help in understanding the areas where the western three-pillar model of development needs more refinement. At the same time, the paper also helps in creating the insights for Bhutanese practitioners and policymakers about the areas where the GNH model still needs to be worked upon to improve its efficacy. Originality/value The paper proposes that SD can only be achieved through spirituality.

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Collister, Peter. "Bhutan, yesterday and today." Asian Affairs 19, no. 3 (October 1988): 298–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03068378808730318.

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Montes, Jesse. "Neoliberal environmentality in the land of Gross National Happiness." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, no. 2 (September 16, 2019): 300–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619834885.

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This paper explores how a growing trend towards neoliberalization throughout Bhutan manifests within environmental governance in particular. Bhutan’s well-known Gross National Happiness (GNH) development strategy can be seen to represent a shift towards a variegated governmentality more generally that increasingly exhibits neoliberal tendencies as the country seeks to negotiate its further integration into the global economy. Part of this integration entails efforts to promote ecotourism as a key element of the country’s future conservation strategy. Ecotourism has been described as a growing manifestation of a “neoliberal environmentality” (Fletcher, 2010) within environmental conservation policy and practice, and hence Bhutan’s promotion of ecotourism can be seen as contributing to the promotion of neoliberal conservation. Yet in practice, my analysis demonstrates that environmental governance in Bhutan is a complex of external neoliberal influences filtered through local formal and informal institutions, specifically a Buddhist worldview, a history of state paternalism and the Gross National Happiness governance model, all of which express contrasting governance rationalities. This study thus contributes to governmentality studies by promoting a variegated environmentality perspective that calls for more nuanced analyses beyond “variegated” neoliberalization. This perspective also affords a holistic understanding of discrepancies between the vision and execution of neoliberal conservation that can be attributed to the articulation of alternative rationalities in policy formulation and implementation.

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