Academic literature on the topic 'Development eEconomics'

Topicality. The relevance of the study is related to the growing importance of the enterprise’s economic security ensuring for the effective operation and the enterprise’s development. Given that economic security is a complex category, to ensure the economic security appropriate level is possible by providing that security issues are addressed in all components and areas of activity. Since sales activities are an indicator of the enterprise’s value, it is necessary to pay attention to aspects of sales safety.Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to consider the importance and directions of improving sales activities to ensure the enterprise’s economic security.Research results. Economic security should be considered as a basis for the enterprise’s recovery and development in an unpredictable dynamic environment. Effective enterprise’s potential realization is possible under the condition of protection against the negative impact of threats and dangers, i.e. under the condition of creating an appropriate economic security level. Sales security should be considered as one of the areas of a comprehensive economic security system. The sales activities results are the enterprise’s value indicator for specific consumers, for society as a whole and for the enterprise itself. High-level analytical activities should be carried out in order to make informed decisions. Sales activities aspects are studied by both the enterprise’s analytical structures as a whole, and the sales department’s individual employees. The expediency of using logistics outsourcing, namely the transfer of the transporting products function to a logistics company, is considered. The expediency of using the combined method, involvement in the transportation of logistics company products only for certain regions is indicated. The sales activities effectiveness, and, as a consequence, the overall enterprise’s activities depends on effective cooperation with market participants. It is proposed to assess the business partner’s reliability by the adapted graph-analytical method "Financial Reliability Square" on the open information basis, namely annual financial statements by indicators grouped into the following vectors: volume and sales, financial stability, solvency, business activity.Conclusion. Approaches to improve sales activities, namely the use of logistics outsourcing and assessing the business partner’s reliability based on the adapted graph-analytical method "Financial Reliability Square", allow increasing the enterprise’s economic security level.

The paper analyzes the causal relation between eeconomic growth, urbanization, industrialization and environmental degradation of Pakistan. The study used time series data for the sample span of 1975-2017, retrived from World Bank Development Indicators (WDI, 2017). Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) model is used for analyzing the causal link amongst the variables, namely economic growth, urbanization, industrialization and environmental degradation. The Granger causality test is used for identifying the order of the causal association. Before estimating VAR, Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) as well as Phillips Perron (PP) tests are used for confirming the stationarity characteristic of all variables, first with intercept and then, with intercept along with a linear deterministic trend. Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) is used for selection of optimum lag. The Johansen Cointegration test is adopted for identifying long run associations. The result of the VAR model reveals, If any innovation of one standard deviation from outside the model occurred, it will take about 13 years for CO2, 19 years for urbanization,16 years for industrialization and about 12 years for economic growth in adjustment. These results further indicate that most of the variation in all variables is explained in their own. The study confirmed two unilateral causalities, that is runs from CO2 to urbanization as well as economic growth. The findings of the research work propose that policy makers required to develop policy helpful to the environment which will encourage verifiable economic growth in Pakistan. The policy makers need to plan for environmental issue while making policies regarding urbanization, industrialization and economic growth.

This thesis investigates determinants of economic growth and export performance of landlocked developing countries (LLDCs). It consists of three research papers enveloped in a stage-setting introductory chapter and a concluding chapter which summarises the key findings and draws policy inferences. The three research papers are written in the form of self-contained essays, but taken together the findings indicate that even though landlockedness hampers a country's economic growth in many ways, economic policy has the potential to minimise these adverse effects: landlockedness is not destiny. The first paper examines the impact of landlockedness on economic growth using a panel dataset covering 214 countries, including 34 landlocked developing countries, over the period 1980 - 2009. The key focus of the analysis is on the role of openness to foreign trade in determining differences in growth performance between landlocked developing countries as a group and other developing countries, and among landlocked countries themselves. The results indicate that generally landlockedness hampers economic growth, but landlocked countries have the potential to grow faster through greater openness to foreign trade, and through carrying out institutional reforms to improve the quality of governance, which help reducing trade costs. The second paper examines the determinants of export performance of developing countries, with emphasis on the implications of landlockedness, using a panel dataset covering the period from 1995 to 2010. The analysis is conducted within the standard gravity modelling framework. The results indicate that although landlockedness has a significant negative impact on export performance, landlocked countries which have embarked on trade policy reforms perform significantly better than their non-reforming counterparts. There is also evidence that African LLDCs have maintained relatively higher export performance compared to other LLDCs. The third paper is a case study of export performance of a selected landlocked country, Nepal. Following an analytical narrative of export performance over the past three decades against the backdrop of policy reforms and the changing political climate, the paper examines the determinants of export performance within the gravity modelling framework using a product-level (at the three digit level of the Standard International Trade classification) panel dataset covering Nepal's export to the top 20 trading partners over the period from 1980 to 2010. The analysis distinguishes between Nepalese exports to India and to third country markets, in order to identify a possible 'big-neighbour' effect (Gulliver-effect) on export performance of a landlocked country. The results support the hypothesis that exports of high-value-to-weight products generally grow faster, because trade costs resulting from landlockedness has a fewer adverse effects on these products. Real exchange rate appreciation resulting from the fixed parity of the Nepalese rupee with the Indian rupee adversely affects Nepalese exports to third-country markets. The relatively faster growth of exports to India is partly due to the re-direction of imports by Indian companies via Nepal in order to benefit from significant tariff differences between Nepal and India relating to some products.