Academic literature on the topic 'Development charges'

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Journal articles on the topic "Development charges"

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Laakso, L., S. Gagné, T. Petäjä, A. Hirsikko, P. P. Aalto, M. Kulmala, and V. M. Kerminen. "Detecting charging state of ultra-fine particles: instrumental development and ambient measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 5 (February 27, 2007): 1333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1333-2007.

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Abstract. The importance of ion-induced nucleation in the lower atmosphere has been discussed for a long time. In this article we describe a new instrumental setup – Ion-DMPS – which can be used to detect contribution of ion-induced nucleation on atmospheric new particle formation events. The device measures positively and negatively charged particles with and without a bipolar charger. The ratio between "charger off" to "charger on" describes the charging state of aerosol particle population with respect to equilibrium. Values above one represent more charges than in an equilibrium (overcharged state), and values below unity stand for undercharged situation, when there is less charges in the particles than in the equilibrium. We performed several laboratory experiments to test the operation of the instrument. After the laboratory tests, we used the device to observe particle size distributions during atmospheric new particle formation in a boreal forest. We found that some of the events were clearly dominated by neutral nucleation but in some cases also ion-induced nucleation contributed to the new particle formation. We also found that negative and positive ions (charged particles) behaved in a different manner, days with negative overcharging were more frequent than days with positive overcharging.
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Hrokholskyi, J. M., and B. A. Sus. "Development of ideas about "bias current"." Electrical Engineering and Power Engineering, no. 3 (May 17, 2021): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-6761-2020-3-1.

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Purpose. In electrical engineering, radio engineering, such concepts as charge, electric field, magnetic field, electromagnetic field, direct electric current, alternating current are used. These abstract concepts reflect certain real physical phenomena. For example, current is understood as the directed movement of electric charges. However, there is also a conditionally abstract concept of "bias current", which was introduced by Maxwell to explain the passage of current through a section of capacitor where there are no charges. The purpose of the article is to reveal the substantive meaning of this term and to explain the real mechanism of current flow in an electric circuit. Methodology. Analysis of the phenomenon is performed on the basis of such traditional concepts as charge, electric field, magnetic field, electromagnetic field, direct electric current, alternating current. Analysis of the contradiction between the concept of current as a directed movement of charges and the concept of "bias current" as a current without charges is presented. Theoretical coordination of the "bias current "concepts and current as a directed motion of charges is done. Findings. It is shown that for all sections of a closed electric circuit, the definition of current as a directed movement of charges is valid only for direct current, when the charges are actually moving in all sections of the circuit. In the circuit with the capacitor, direct current does not flow, because there are no charges in the gap between the plates of the capacitor. However, alternating current occurs, at the moment when the circuit is closed. In the area of the conductor there is a directed movement of charges and the cause of the movement is an electric field, which is variable and occurs together with the alternating magnetic field in all parts of the circuit, including the part of the capacitor where there are no charges. It is shown that in general the concept of current as a directed motion of charges is correct, but conditionally abstract, because in fact the root cause is what is called an electromagnetic field. The concept of bias current is a conditionally abstract expression of the electromagnetic field. Originality. The novelty is that it is possible to understand adequately and non-abstractly the processes that occur in an electric circuit during the passage of current, that no current creates an electric field around the conductor on which charges move, and vice versa, alternating electric field leads to charges ,which are in the conductor areas. Practical value. Understanding the real essence of the term makes it possible to assess correctly the processes occurring in the electrical circuit; gives the answer whether the movement of charges occurs gradually or immediately around the circle when connecting an e.r.s. and closing the circuit. This understanding gives you an idea of what happens when the capacitor electrodes are connected to an e.r.s. and why do the electrons in a conductor come in a directed motion, what is the nature of the force acting on the electrons.
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Malesa, Piotr, Grzegorz Sławiński, and Karolina Pęcherzewska. "Numerical Analysis and Experimental Test for the Development of a Small Shaped Charge." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 13, 2021): 2578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062578.

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Currently, shaped charges are widely used in many fields of science and industry. Due to the high efficiency of piercing materials with high strength and hardness, shaped charges are commonly used in mining, military and for structural damage. The main application area of shaped charges is the military industry, where they are used in missiles with warheads (torpedoes, rocket launchers) and for piercing vehicle armor or bunker walls. When analyzing the existing solutions of shaped charges, one can find many typical solutions designed for specific applications. However, there are no universal constructions which, after appropriate regulation, will fulfil their role in a wide range of applications. The subject of this article is a new solution for a shaped charge that is characterized by compact dimensions and a short preparation time. This article presents the results of experimental research and the numerical analyses of such a charge.
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Ryazapov, G. M., Y. V. Zhukova, and V. I. Domanov. "Development prospects and overview of portable chargers for electric vehicles." ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ 84, no. 6 (2022): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/trnio-04-2022-272.

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The given article deals with mobile chargers for electric vehicles that are divided into slow and fast chargers. Besides, some market models of mobile chargers are presented in the article. The main advantages and disadvantages of the most common types of charges are considered.
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Abdul Rahman, Nor Azalina Yusnita, Mudirah Shaharudin, Nurulhuda Ali, and Siti Fairuz Che Pin. "Implementation of Development Charge by Local Government of Malaysia: Implementation and challenges." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 2, no. 5 (March 20, 2017): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v2i5.709.

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Local government plays a major role in property development in Malaysia. Local government in Malaysia is enacted under the Local Government Act 1976 to provide public facilities and amenities to local people as well as to control property development at the state level. At the current practice, development charges have been imposed on property project carried out in accordance with the provisions of Section 32 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172). The main purpose of the development charges is to provide and improve infrastructures, public facilities, and amenities as well as the wellbeing of the development areas. The charges would be levied to developers once the project approved specifically for the conversion of land use, the increment of plot ratios and density, which would increase the land value. The purpose of this research is to identify the issues and challenges in the imposition of development charges to improvise the current methods practiced. This exploratory research aims to come out with the best practices on development charge. A qualitative semi-structured technique will be used that focus on six (6) states in Malaysia which consists of 26 local governments that are currently implementing the development charges. All the primary data were gathered from respondents will be analyzed by using content analysis through interview session. There were four (4) main issues reveals from this research whereby lack of awareness among developers top the chart. Meanwhile, amongst the challenges faced by the local government pertaining to the development charges implementation are to strengthen the implementation procedures of development charges as well as and to increase the understanding of the importance of development charges. The findings, therefore, will come out with full understanding towards the practice of development charges in Malaysia among government sector, developers and other relevant parties.Keywords:development charge;local government; market value; developerISSN: 2398-4287© 2017. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
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Watkins, Andrew R. "Impacts of Land Development Charges." Land Economics 75, no. 3 (August 1999): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3147187.

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Sher, Evgeny. "MODELLING THE DEVELOPMENT OF AXIALLY SYMMETRIC CRACKS IN THE EXPLOSION OF A BLAST-HOLE CHARGE." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 2, no. 5 (2019): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2019-2-5-112-119.

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During explosion of buried blast-hole charges at brittle rock solid, main destruction of rock occurs by means of development of radial cracks specified by significant tensile tangential stresses near charge and along its surface. While explosion happens, near end faces of buried charges along its axis significant tensile stresses occur. Presence of such stresses can cause occurring and development of axially symmetric cracks. In the work calculating scheme of axially symmetric cracks development near end face of charge near free surface is developed. Examples of calculations of the shape and size of such cracksare carried out.
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Abd Rahman, Nor Azalina Yusnita, Mohamad Haizam Mohamed Saraf, Siti Fairuz Che Pin, and Muhamad Aiman Maaruf. "The Procedural Issues after the Implementation of Development Charge in Malaysia." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 4, no. 11 (July 14, 2019): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v4i11.1668.

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The development charge is levied to developers if the project is approved for either the conversion of land use, the increment of plot ratios or density, which increases the land value. To date, seven (7) states have implemented the development charges at their local authorities. Each state has a different interpretation of the policy, framework and development charges practices. An interview using a focus group was conducted to identify issues after the implementation of the development charges. Eight (8) local authorities were selected as research samples. Findings from the focus group have discovered five (5) main issues; namely duration, the collection of data, individual application, payment method, and unstandardized rate. Keywords: work procedure, development charge, local governments, issues and challenges.Keywords: Procedural Issues; Development ChargeeISSN: 2398-4287 © 2019. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v4i11.1668
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Wenander, F. "CERN hadron sources: status and innovation overview." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2244, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2244/1/012010.

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Abstract The CERN accelerator complex is served by several different types of hadron sources, producing both high- and low-intensity negative H- beams, highly charged positive stable ions, but also transforming low-charge radioactive ions to higher charges before post-acceleration. Apart from the operational sources, research and development is carried out at dedicated test stands for H- production and pre-acceleration, ECRIS oven experiments and general EBIS development. In this paper, we will report on the performance and the latest development related to the sources. Efforts to enhance the theoretical understanding of the source physics will be briefly reviewed.
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Worthington, Andrew C., Helen Higgs, and Mark Hoffmann. "Residential water demand modeling in Queensland, Australia: a comparative panel data approach." Water Policy 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2009): 427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.063.

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This paper uses monthly data from eleven local governments to model residential water demand in Queensland, Australia from 1994 to 2004. In the sample, residential consumption is charged using a variety of structures including fixed charges without allowance, fixed charges with allowance and excess rates, two-part tariffs comprising an access charge and a flat consumption rate, and multi-part tariffs with an access charge and two or more limits with increasing consumption rates. Water demand is specified as average monthly household water consumption and the demand characteristics include the marginal and average price of water and daily average maximum temperatures and rainfall. The findings confirm residential water as price inelastic, more responsive to average than marginal prices, and more responsive to changes in temperature than rainfall. The results also suggest that cross-sectional variation in demand is related to local government-specific factors.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Development charges"

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Kaplinsky, Eran S. "An evaluation of development charges and their alternatives in Israel and in Ontario." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0002/MQ46030.pdf.

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Taylor, Amy. "Ecological tax reform : estimated environmental and employment effects in British Columbia /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0022/MQ51485.pdf.

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Ghaemi, Arman. "Development of empirical approaches to estimate the seismic settlement of embankment dams under earthquake loading." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69816.

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La contribution significative de cette thèse se situe dans le domaine de la déformation sismique de différents types de barrages en enrochement. La déformation excessive permanente à la crête d’un barrage causée par les secousses du sol menacera la sécurité du barrage. Les caractéristiques de ces barrages et la gravité des tremblements de terre (quantifiée par des mesures d’intensité, c’est-à-dire des IM) sont identifiées comme les composants les plus critiques impliquées dans la performance sismique du barrage. Dans la première partie, une étude est réalisée sur la déformation sismique (tassement de la crête) des barrages en enrochement avec masque en béton (CFRD) et sa corrélation avec les IM de mouvements de sol. De cette manière, l’importance des principales caractéristiques des charges cycliques dans une étude de cas CFRD typique modélisée numériquement est soulignée. On en conclut qu’en plus de l’amplitude et de la durée du mouvement de sol, la réponse du barrage est fortement affectée par les caractéristiques de fréquence du séisme. En rassemblant les histoires de cas de CFRD disponibles et en analysant leur tassement sismique, un nouveau IM est proposé pour décrire efficacement le potentiel d’un séisme à induire un règlement dans les CFRD. Une nouvelle relation prédictive est alors établie qui relie la IM suggérée et l‘amplitude du tremblement de terre avec le tassement de crête étudié des cas CFRDs. Dans la deuxième partie, les données disponibles pour les barrages en enrochement à noyau de terre (ECRD) comprenant les valeurs de tassement rapportées et les mouvements de sol enregistrés lors des tremblements de terre sont analysées. Deux nouvelles approches sont développées en introduisant deux nouveaux IM et en les corrélant au règlement observé des cas ECRD. Les IM proposés pour les ECRD prennent en compte l’influence des aspects essentiels concernant le comportement non linéaire des barrages lors de séismes violents: dégradation de la rigidité des matériaux, augmentation de l’énergie dissipée et augmentation des périodes de vibration des barrages. Ces problèmes sont affectés par la déformation induite par le tremblement de terre, à travers laquelle la corrélation avec la déformation d'un barrage est découverte. Les analyses ont montré que l'occurrence du tassement est directement affectée par les amplitudes de déformation de cisaillement. Compte tenu de l'importance de la déformation de cisaillement, la dernière partie de cette thèse est consacrée aux caractéristiques dépendantes de la déformation des ECRD. À cette fin, des études empiriques ont été menées sur plusieurs séries chronologiques d'accélération pour les ECRD qui avaient été frappés par des tremblements de terre au Japon. Une série de graphiques et de relations a été établie pour estimer: (i) l'amplitude de la déformation de cisaillement induite; (ii) la diminution du module de cisaillement des noyaux des barrages; et (iii) augmentation des périodes fondamentales des barrages. Cette thèse fournit un assemblage approprié d'outils qui peuvent être utilisés dans la pratique de l'ingénierie, que ce soit à des fins d'analyse dynamique ou de conception. Les graphiques et les relations présentés ici sont basés sur l'examen et l'analyse de la performance réelle de nombreux barrages sous les tremblements de terre. Ils répondent non seulement aux lacunes des méthodes empiriques précédentes, mais sont également précis et efficaces.
The significant contribution of this thesis is in the area of earthquake-induced deformation of different types of rockfill dams. The permanent excess deformation at a dam’s crest caused by ground-shaking will threaten the dam’s safety. The characteristics of these dams and the severity of the earthquakes (quantified by intensity measures, i.e., IMs) are identified as the most critical components involved in the dam’s seismic performance. In the first part, a study is performed on the seismic deformation (crest settlement) of concrete-face rockfill dams (CFRDs) and its correlation with ground motion IMs. In this way, the importance of cyclic loads’ main characteristics on a numerically modelled typical CFRD case study is underlined. It is concluded that in addition to the amplitude and duration of ground motion, the dam’s response is strongly affected by the frequency characteristics of the earthquake. By gathering available CFRD case histories and analyzing their seismic settlement, a new IM is proposed to efficiently describe an earthquake’s potential to induce settlement in CFRDs. A new predictive relationship is then established which relates the suggested IM and earthquake magnitude with the surveyed crest settlement of the CFRD cases. In the second part, the data available for earth-core rockfill dams (ECRDs) comprising the reported settlement values and the ground motions recorded during the earthquakes are analyzed. Two novel approaches are developed by introducing two new IMs and correlating them to the observed settlement of the ECRD cases. The IMs proposed for ECRDs take into account the influence of the essential aspects regarding the nonlinear behaviour of the dams during severe earthquakes: stiffness degradation of the materials, increase in dissipated energy, and increase in the dams’ periods of vibration. These issues are affected by the earthquake-induced strain, through which the correlation with a dam’s deformation is discovered. The analyses showed that the occurrence of settlement is directly affected by the shear strain amplitudes. Given the importance of the shear strain, the last part of this thesis is devoted to the strain-dependent characteristics of ECRDs. To this end, empirical studies were performed on several acceleration time series for ECRDs that had been struck by earthquakes in Japan. A series of graphs and relationships were established to estimate: (i) the amplitude of the induced shear strain; (ii) the decreased shear modulus of the dams’ cores; and (iii) increased fundamental periods of the dams. This thesis provides an appropriate assembly of tools that can be utilized in engineering practice, either for dynamic analysis or design purposes. The graphs and relationships presented herein are based on reviewing and analyzing the actual performance of numerous dams under earthquakes. They not only address the shortcomings of previous empirical methods, but are also accurate and efficient.
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Bryant, Lyndall Elaine. "Who really pays for urban infrastructure? : the impact of developer infrastructure charges on housing affordability in Brisbane, Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/81348/1/Lyndall_Bryant_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis advances the understanding of the impact of developer infrastructure charges on housing affordability in Brisbane, Australia through the development of an econometric model and empirical analysis. The results indicate substantial on-passing of these government charges to purchasers of both new and existing homes, thus negatively impacting housing affordability across the whole community. The results of this thesis will inform policy makers and assist in the development of evidence based policy related to housing affordability and funding of urban infrastructure. Being generic, the econometric model is expected to be a tool that is suitable for estimating similar house price effects in other housing markets.
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Adams, Michael Roy. "Development of a User Cost Estimation Procedure for Work Zones." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd860.pdf.

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Mngadi, Vela. "Development of a force field with condensed phase consistent charges for N,N' - dialkylimidazolium room temperature ionic liquids." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20001.

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Most force field models for Room temperature ionic liquids cannot properly elucidate statics and dynamics. It is in this context that we set to assess the most efficient way to model RTILs while maintaining the integrity of the liquids statics and dynamics. The development approach begins with the investigation of the effects that the linear scaling of partial atomic charges on nonpolarisable force fields from a reference potential has on the structure and dynamics of the room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetraflouroborate [C4MIM][BF4] and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexaflourophosphate [C4MIM][PF6]. The results show that the three-dimensional structure of the liquid is changed ever so slighter by the linear scaling of atomic charges. While dynamic properties such as viscosity and self-diffusion coefficients were majorly affected by charge scaling. Self-diffusion coefficients that span a range of four orders of magnitude between the original model and the scaled model where the ionic charge was ±0.6 e. Viscosity estimates calculated using the Green-Kubo and the Einstein relationships revealed that the linear scaling of atomic charges results in increased mobility of the simulated liquid. Implicit inclusion of polarisation effects was investigated, Here a new charge scheme development using Quantum mechanics/Molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods in CHARMM 35 interfaced with GAMESS-UK was propose. The atomic charges were derived from liquid phase calculations using an iterative procedure. This was carried out for individual ions and cation-anion pairs, for the analysis of charge transfer, within the liquid environment. The results obtained gave predictions of density, liquid structure and self-diffusion coefficients that were in excellent agreement with experimental data available. This method is preferable over the commonly used charge scaling methodology which is deem as an unphysical approach for the simulation of [C4MIM][BF4] and [C4MIM][PF6]. A polarisable force field based on the Drude oscillator model is presented. The model proves to be most effective for the simulation of RTILs. The force field accurately reproduced experimental results for the physicochemical properties reviewed.
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Kronenberg, Tobias. "Reconciling environmental conservation with economic prosperity : the feasibility of double dividends in the short and long run /." Jülich : Forschungszentrum, Zentralbibliothek, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy1001/2008384309.html.

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Dissertation--Maastricht, University, 2007.
At head of title: Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energieforschung (IEF), Systemforschung und Technologische Entwicklung (IEF-STE). Includes bibliographical references (p. 259-267).
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Olivier, Marius. "The conceptual design and development of novel low cost sensors for measuring the relative light emission in the pre-millisecond stages of detonating explosive charges." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71686.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the course of the CSIR’s research into the characterisation of explosive sources to devise methods of active intervention against threats, the need has arisen to research a particular means of early identification of the threat, which is the intense light flash during the threat detonation. For this purpose, a low cost rugged fast optical sensor was sought, since the application thereof would imply possible destruction, especially if integrated into an active intervention system later on. Given the average time of about 1ms available for intervention, it is clear that the active intervention system needs to operate within that period, hence the interest in the characteristic light emission of detonations in the pre-millisecond time frame. It was thought that by characterising this emitted light in terms of wavelength (temperature) and amplitude (and maybe other unique phenomena), the size of the threat could be determined and logic decisions derived therefrom. Needless to say, the environment in which the detonation light emission sensor is to operate, is extremely hostile in terms of shock, dust, flying debris, fast rise time of the explosive event, and Electro-magnetic Interference ( EMI) caused by the detonation itself. It must be noted that the light sensor research was driven by the outcome of research tests performed in aid of the development of an active intervention system. During this research the possibility of using commercially available low cost optical detectors at room temperature in combination with cost effective narrow band pass op- tical filters for the relative measurement of the light emission at discrete wavelengths during explosive detonation events were investigated. In 2006, not much applicable lit- erature could be found on this subject, hence the educated “shot-in-the-dark” approach then, which, by a systematic approach of explosive tests and continuous evaluation up to 2011, led to a surprisingly simple and robust low cost optical sensor. The research commenced with a range of optical detector elements selected for their responsivity and bandwidth in the optical spectrum of interest; the optical filtering by means of the recording of the emitted light signal during scaled down explosive tests at the Blast Impact Survivability Research Unit (BISRU) at the University of Cape Town. These tests were followed by full-scale tests at DBEL, and confirmed the findings at BISRU that the light emissions at the longer wavelengths (>2 m) manifest themselves too late for use within the intervention time frame. It was therefore decided to concentrate on the ultra-violet (UV) to near infra-red (NIR) spectrum of the emitted light for further full scale tests, since these discrete spectra showed the most promise for characterisa- tion of the emitted light. During this period a robust sensor housing with detector and filter mounts was designed for protection against blast shock and EMI. During the following years, certain types of optical detectors that were used during previous tests were eliminated according to results obtained, and more discrete narrow band pass filters added in the visible to NIR spectrum. A dedicated fast instrumen- tation amplifier (bandwidth > 1MHz and selectable gain up to 40dB) was developed to amplify weak signals (mainly caused by the heavy load in the detector circuit to improve rise times). However, the emission of light per wavelength in this region was measured to be relatively strong, and actually not as fast as was anticipated. This meant that the load resistor value of the detector element could be increased without affecting the signal negatively (bandwidth sufficient), thus adding to the amplitude of the signal to such a point that amplification in a 10m to 30 meter stand-off scenario was no longer needed. This culminated in an unamplified universal detector element being used with various narrow band pass filters up to 1 m, integrated as a very robust analog sensor at a discrete wavelength, and facilitating the direct comparison of light amplitude/relative intensity of the detonation at discrete spectral points. The sensor was employed in the field at various full scale explosive tests at DBEL, which led to the capture of a vast amount of light emitted data for different types of explosives, at various distances from the detonation, and of varying mass. Analysis of this data showed that the broadband light intensity of the emitted light scales to the explosive mass1/3 (as published by FJ Mostert and M Olivier in the Journal for Applied Physics, October 2011). Further analysis also confirmed the attenuation of the emitted light intensity by the square of the distance. Besides the aforesaid, various other key inputs to a possible active intervention algorithm have been identified. These findings are inputs to the determination of i.a. the detonation threat size, a vital component in the active intervention algorithm. The results of these experiments confirmed that the final low cost analog sensor can measure relative light emission at discrete wavelengths from detonation of explosives in the very early stages of development, and that the sensor has many other applications in the detonics research fields as well.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die WNNR se navorsing om detonerende bronne te karakteriseer ten einde aktiewe teenmaatreëls daar te stel, het die behoefte na vore gekom om die intense ligflits van ’n detonasie te ondersoek en te karakteriseer. Vir hierdie doel is ’n lae koste ligsensor benodig, synde die uiteindelike aanwending van hierdie ligsensor die vernietiging daarvan sou beteken, aldus die lae koste vereiste. Gegewe die kort tydsduur van die detonasie (’n paar millisekondes), is dit duidelik dat die ligflits karakerisering voor 1ms moet geskied, en daarom moet die ligsensor ook baie vinnig reageer om insette te lewer tot ’n aktiewe teenmaatreëlstelsel. Daar moet op gelet word dat die ligsensor se ontwikkeling uitkomsgedrewe was deur die navorsingstoetse om ’n aktiewe teenmaatreëlstelsel daar te stel. Een van die insette tot so ’n aktiewe teenmaatreëlstelsel is die grootte van die bedreiging: deur die ligflits te karakteriseer met die lae koste ligsensors t.o.v. golflengte, ligamplitude en moontlik ander verskynsels, kan bv. die massa inset verkry word wat nodig is vir die teenmaatreël algoritme. Die omgewing waarin die ligsensor moet funksioneer is baie onvriendelik i.t.v. skok, stof, vlieënde partikels en elektromagnetiese steurings, en sou daarteen beskerm moes word. Gedurende die navoring om so ’n ligsensor te ontwikkel (samelopend met die teen- maatreël navorsing), is kommersiële kamertemperatuur detektors oorweeg en aange- wend, in samewerking met nouband optiese filters. Die doel was om die ligopbrengs per golflengte te karakteriseer m.b.t. die plofstof massa, plofstof tipe en geometrie, en die afstand vanaf die detonasie. Bitter min literatuur oor die ligmeting van detonasies is aanvanklik gevind, aldus is ’n basislyn daargestel en deur sistematiese toetsing, ontleding en verbetering voortgegaan met die navorsing. Dit het gelei tot ’n verrassend eenvoudige en verharde lae koste ligsensor, wat deur meting sleutelinsette kon lewer tot die gesogte aktiewe teenmaatreël algoritme. Kommersiële detektors en nouband optiese filters is uitgesoek na aanleiding van hul prys en prestasie, en waar nodig, is versterking van die seine aangebring. Verskeie toetse met plofstof (op klein en groot skaal) is uitgevoer, waartydens ligmeting by spesifieke golflengtes opgeneem is. Analise van hierdie data het getoon dat die langer golflengtes (>2 m) se verskyning te laat is vir insluiting in die teenmaatreël algoritme, en is dus geleidelik (of sistematies) uitgeskakel. Die klem het geskuif na die detonasie liguitsetting in die UV tot naby infrarooi spektrum, wat nuwe detektors en filters tot gevolg gehad het (uitkoms gebasseerde navorsing). In die proses is ’n instrumentasie versterker ontwerp en gebou, vir buffering en versterking van seine hoër as 1 MHz met ’n selekteerbare aanwins van tot 40dB. Toetse met volskaalse ladings het egter getoon dat die liguitset besonder sterk is in die UV tot naby infrarooi spektrum, en ’n onversterkte ligsensor is aldus op die proef gestel. Hierdie proeflopie het getoon dat die onversterkte ligsensor besonder goed funksioneer op afstande tot en met 30m, en daar is op hierdie model voortgebou. Die verharde onversterkte ligsensor is aangewend in verskeie verdere volskaalse plofstof toetse, en het data gelewer t.o.v. detonasie liguitstraling by spesifieke golflengtes vir tipes plofstof, plofstof massas, plofstof geometrie en afstande vanaf die detonasie. Analise van hierdie data het getoon dat breëband liguitsetting se intensiteit skaal met die plofstof massa1=3 (gepubliseer as ’n artikel deur FJ Mostert en M Olivier in die Journal of Applied Physics’ - Oktober 2011). Verdere analise het verskeie sleutelinsette tot ’n aktiewe teenmaatreël algoritme geïdentifiseer. Die uitkoms van hierdie eksperimentele navorsing het getoon dat die lae koste lig- sensor relatiewe liguitsetting van ’n detonasie by gekose golflengtes vinnig kan meet in die baie vroeë stadia van die detonasie. Buiten dit, het die sensor verskeie ander nuttige aanwending in die detonasie navorsingsveld.
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Knoop, Ludvig de. "Development of quantitative in situ transmission electron microscopy for nanoindentation and cold-field emission." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3041/.

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Cette thèse porte sur le développement d'analyse quantitative d'expérience in situ de microscopie électronique en transmission (MET). Nous avons utilisé un porte objet spécial, qui combine les fonctions de polarisation électrique locale et tests de micro-mécanique. La méthode des éléments finis (MEF) a été mise en œuvre afin de comparer les résultats issus de la modélisation avec les résultats expérimentaux. En plus des techniques d'imagerie classique, l'holographie électronique a été employée pour mesurer des champs électriques et de déformation. La première partie traite de l'émission de champ d'une nanopointe faite d'un cône de carbone (CCnT). Ce nouveau type de matériaux pourrait remplacer les pointes de tungstène qui sont utilisés dans les canons d'électrons les plus avancés. Quand un champ électrique suffisamment fort est appliqué au CCnT, les électrons peuvent passer à travers la barrière d'énergie avec le vide par effet tunnel, ce qui correspond au phénomène d'émission de champ. En combinant holographie électronique avec les simulations MEF, une valeur quantitative du champ électrique local a été obtenue pour l'émission (2,5 V/nm). En faisant appel aux équations de Fowler-Nordheim, une valeur de la fonction de travail de sortie du CCnT est déterminée (4,8±0,3 eV). Nous avons également mesuré les charges sur le CCnT, avant et après le début de l'émission de champ. La deuxième partie porte sur la déformation plastique d'un film mince d'Al pour tester les interactions des dislocation - interface. Une dislocation à proximité d'une interface avec un matériau plus rigide doit être repoussée par celle-ci. Ici, nous constatons que les dislocations qui vont vers l'interface oxydée sont absorbées par cette interface rigide, même à température ambiante. La contrainte locale est déterminée par une combinaison de mesures de forces par le capteur et de calculs MEF. Enfin, des résultats préliminaires de combiner indentation in situ et holographie électronique en champ sombre sont présentés
This thesis has focused on the development of quantitative in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. We have used a special nano-probe sample holder, which allows local electrical biasing and micro-mechanical testing. The finite element method (FEM) was used to compare models with the experimental results. In addition to conventional imaging techniques, electron holography has been used to measure electric fields and strains. The first part addresses cold-field emission from a carbon cone nanotip (CCnT). This novel type of carbon structure may present an alternative to W-based cold-field emission sources, which are used in the most advanced electron guns today. When a sufficiently strong electric field is applied to the CCnT, electrons can tunnel through the energy barrier with the vacuum, which corresponds to the phenomenon of cold-field emission. Using electron holography and FEM, a quantified value of the local electric field at the onset of field emission was found (2. 5 V/nm). Combining this with one of the Fowler-Nordheim equations, the exit work function of the CCnT was determined to be 4. 8±0. 3 eV. The number of charges on the CCnT before and after the onset of field emission was also measured. The second part focuses on the plastic deformation of Al thin films to test dislocation-interface interactions. A dislocation close to an interface with a stiffer material should be repelled by it. Here, we find to the contrary that dislocations moving towards the oxidized interface are absorbed, even at room temperature. The stress was derived from a combination of load-cell measurements and FEM calculations. Finally, preliminary experiments to combine in situ indentation and dark-field electron holography are reported
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García, Martinez Marta. "Development and validation of the Euler-Lagrange formulation on a parallel and unstructured solver for large-eddy simulation." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPT006H/document.

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De nombreuses applications industrielles mettent en jeu des écoulements gaz-particules, comme les turbines aéronautiques et les réacteurs a lit fluidisé de l'industrie chimique. La prédiction des propriétés de la phase dispersée, est essentielle à l'amélioration et la conception des dispositifs conformément aux nouvelles normes européennes des émissions polluantes. L'objectif de cette these est de développer le formalisme Euler- Lagrange dans un solveur parallèle et non-structuré pour la simulation aux grandes échelles pour ce type d'écoulements. Ce travail est motivé par l'augmentation rapide de la puissance de calcul des machines massivement parallèles qui ouvre une nouvelle voie pour des simulations qui étaient prohibitives il y a une décennie. Une attention particulière a été portée aux structures de données afin de conserver une certaine simplicité et la portabilité du code sur des differentes! architectures. Les développements sont validés pour deux configurations : un cas académique de turbulence homogène isotrope décroissante et un calcul polydisperse d'un jet turbulent recirculant chargé en particules. L'équilibrage de charges de particules est mis en évidence comme une solution prometteuse pour les simulations diphasiques Lagrangiennes afin d'améliorer les performances des calculs lorsque le déséquilibrage est trop important
Particle-laden flows occur in industrial applications ranging from droplets in gas turbines tofluidized bed in chemical industry. Prediction of the dispersed phase properties such as concentration and dynamics are crucial for the design of more efficient devices that meet the new pollutant regulations of the European community. The objective of this thesis is to develop an Euler-Lagrange formulation on a parallel and unstructured solver for large- eddy simulation. This work is motivated by the rapid increase in computing power which opens a new way for simulations that were prohibitive one decade ago. Special attention is taken to keep data structure simplicity and code portability. Developments are validated in two configurations : an academic test of a decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence and a polydisperse two-phase flow of a confined bluff body. The use of load-balancing capabilities is highlighted as a promising solut! ion in Lagrangian two-phase flow simulations to improve performance when strong imbalance of the dispersed phase is present
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Books on the topic "Development charges"

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Ontario. Ministry of Municipal Affairs. Municipal Finance Branch. A guide to the Development Charges Act, 1989. Toronto, Ont: Ministry of Municipal Affairs = Ministère des affaires municipales, 1991.

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C, Nelson Arthur, and American Planning Association, eds. Development impact fees: Policy rationale, practice, theory, and issues. Chicago, Ill: Planners Press, American Planning Association, 1988.

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System development charges for water, wastewater, and stormwater facilities. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1995.

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Sandmo, Agnar. Environmental taxation and revenue for development. Helsinki: United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research, 2003.

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Bossone, Biagio. Financial development and industrial capital accumulation. Washington, DC: World Bank, Financial Sector Practice Dept., Financial Economics Unit, 1999.

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Dole, David Donald. Setting user charges for public services: Policies and practice at the Asian Development Bank. Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2003.

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Dole, David Donald. Setting user charges for public services: Policies and practice at the Asian Development Bank. Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2003.

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Dole, David Donald. Setting user charges for public services: Policies and practice at the Asian Development Bank. Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2003.

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Umweltpolitische Entscheidungen unter Unsicherheit und bei Restriktionen in der Instrumentenwahl: Eine umweltökonomische Analyse. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 2001.

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Cu jin jing ji xun huan fa zhan de cai shui zheng ce yan jiu: Cujin jingji xunhuan fazhan de caishui zhengce yanjiu. Beijing Shi: Jing ji ke xue chu ban she, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Development charges"

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Lewis, Paul. "The Economics of Development Charges 1." In Essays on Liberalism and the Economy, 124–43. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315734927-9.

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Liu, Chao-Lin, and Ting-Ming Liao. "Classifying Criminal Charges in Chinese for Web-Based Legal Services." In Web Technologies Research and Development - APWeb 2005, 64–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-31849-1_8.

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Vácha, Robert, Frank Uhlig, and Pavel Jungwirth. "Charges at Aqueous Interfaces: Development of Computational Approaches in Direct Contact with Experiment." In Advances in Chemical Physics, 69–96. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118755815.ch02.

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Smirnov, S. P., J. S. Kulakevich, E. V. Kolganov, V. I. Abdrahmanov, A. G. Gorohovtsev, and Y. P. Jakovlev. "Development and Manufacturing of Charges, Including Charges on Base of Explosives Extracted during Unloading of Ammunition, for Crushing Mill Heavy Scrap and Overtyres." In Conversion Concepts for Commercial Applications and Disposal Technologies of Energetic Systems, 183–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1175-3_21.

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Pender, Rebekah R. "Osgood, Charles Egerton." In Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development, 1047–48. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_2049.

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Jiang, Liangjun. "Charge and E-Mail." In iOS eCommerce App Development with Parse, 143–50. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-1317-9_14.

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Goldstein, Leon J. "The Sociological Historiography of Charles Tilly." In Developments in Modern Historiography, 79–94. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22541-5_5.

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Goldstein, Leon J. "The Sociological Historiography of Charles Tilly." In Developments in Modern Historiography, 79–94. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14970-4_5.

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Jerome, Joseph W. "Development of Drift-Diffusion Models." In Analysis of Charge Transport, 9–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79987-7_2.

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Campbell, Katherine H. "Taking Charge of Your Professional Development." In Volunteer ENGAGEMENT 2.0: Ideas and insights changing the world, 334–48. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119154792.ch25.

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Conference papers on the topic "Development charges"

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Palazon, Francisco. "Flip the charges: from perovskites to antiperovskites." In Materials for Sustainable Development Conference (MAT-SUS). València: FUNDACIO DE LA COMUNITAT VALENCIANA SCITO, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.nfm.2022.122.

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Fang, Liew Hui, Rosemizi Abd Rahim, and Nur Shazwanie Abdul Shukor. "Development of high batteries charges management system." In PROCEEDINGS OF GREEN DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE 2020. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0044293.

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Gonzalez-Carrero, Soranyel, Jan Kosco, Teng Fei, Iain McCulloch, and James R. Durrant. "Tracking the photogenerated charges on organic semiconductors nanoparticles photocatalyst." In Materials for Sustainable Development Conference (MAT-SUS). València: FUNDACIO DE LA COMUNITAT VALENCIANA SCITO, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.nfm.2022.198.

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Grove, Brenden, Joseph MacGillivray, Jason Cook, and Chris Hoelscher. "Development of Perforating System for Unique HPHT Injection Application." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31167-ms.

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Abstract An operator was developing a High-Pressure High-Temperature (HPHT) field in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Completion design for the injector wells was cased-and-perforated, with no mechanical sand control. This led to the requirement for a tubing-conveyed perforating (TCP) system, featuring deep-penetrating (DP) charges which would meet specific performance requirements, in order to enable the wells to achieve injectivity targets. A perforating system was therefore developed and qualified to meet these requirements. This was an integrated system development, including both mechanical and explosive components, with simultaneous attention to performance, reliability, and quality assurance in the eventual field environment. The development program yielded a 4-3/4-inch carrier system, perforating charges, firing head, and gun hanger. All key components and systems were qualified in customer-witnessed testing, and demonstrated to meet or exceed operational function and performance requirements. The pressure and temperature rating of the newly-developed system is 30,000 psi at 425 °F. Explosive train function reliability was demonstrated at 380 °F for up to 28 days. The newly-developed perforating shaped charge was confirmed to exceed the stringent penetration depth and casing hole diameter performance requirements at downhole conditions. The firing head offers operational flexibility by being configurable for up to 15 pressure cycles prior to detonation, with an adjustable initiation threshold pressure to reduce risk to the completion string. The gun hanger was customized and demonstrated to exceed load requirements, and reliably set and release, in a test configuration featuring operator-provided field casing.
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Chang, Frank F., Oliver Han, Syed Afaq Ali, Bjorn Langseth, Andrew John Martin, and Alfredo Fayard. "New Insights in Zinc-Cased Charges Enable the Development of a True Low-Debris Shaped Charge." In SPE International Symposium and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/98344-ms.

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Gao, Yaoying. "A Brief Discussion on Lawyers' Reasonable Charges for Professional Ethics-Taking Chongqing Pan Yabo's Lawsuit for Violation of Charges as an Example." In Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Contemporary Education and Society Development (ICCESD 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccesd-19.2019.12.

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Abdou, Rana, Mohamed alHor, Zubair Ahmed, and Noora Althani. "Development of organic–inorganic Halide Perovskites (OHPs) based Memristors." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0017.

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Organic – inorganic halide perovskite (OHP) has drawn researchers’ attention working in the field of optoelectronics from last ten years due to its remarkable optical properties such as adjustable band gap, ambipolar charge transport, high optical absorption coefficients, and extended carrier diffusion lengths. OHP based memristors (memory + resistors) are a newly introduced passive two-terminal, nonlinear device used for information storage. In this work we have fabricated methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) crystals-based device from MAPbI3 crystals. The crystals have been developed by simple solution process-based method. Developed crystals have shown highly porous geometry and trap charges across these pores facilitates higher conductivity. The fabricated device exhibits ~2.7 milli second response recovery time, which enabled elevated speed and showed hysteresis in the I-V characteristics thus demonstrating superior storage capacities. Hence, the developed device has been potential tool for next-generation non-volatile memories.
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Tang, Yu. "Influencing factor and cost optimization of ferrous charges consumption for converters." In 2nd Annual International Conference on Energy, Environmental & Sustainable Ecosystem Development (EESED 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/eesed-16.2017.39.

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Doi, Kentaro, and Satoyuki Kawano. "Theoretical Development of Predicted Iteration Method for Considering Electron Dynamics in Quantum Molecular Dynamics." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2011 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajk2011-36033.

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In the present study, a theoretical principle of molecular dynamics methods is developed, in which electron transfers are taken into account effectively based on quantum mechanics. In chemical reaction systems, electrodynamics should be considered in the molecular dynamics simulation because electron transfers play an important role. In this study, an effective procedure is proposed to treat time evolutions of electronic wavefunctions. In the procedure, electronic wavefunctions can be transformed to other spaces such as Mulliken atomic charges or electrostatic potentials, and then their time evolutions are coupled with the motions of ionic cores. The present method is applied to some chemical reaction systems, and charge transfer effects can be treated successfully in molecular dynamics simulations. The importance of a coupling method of molecular dynamics and electrodynamics is described.
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Ruszkowska, Marzena, Beata Wołosiuk, Piotr Zdunkiewicz, and Sebastian Sobczuk. "EDUCATIONAL CHANCES OF FOSTER CARE CHARGES ON THE EXAMPLE OF SELECTED POVIATS OF THE LUBLIN PROVINCE." In 13th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2019.0286.

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Reports on the topic "Development charges"

1

Costley, D., Luis De Jesús Díaz,, Sarah McComas, Christopher Simpson, James Johnson, and Mihan McKenna. Multi-objective source scaling experiment. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40824.

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The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) performed an experiment at a site near Vicksburg, MS, during May 2014. Explosive charges were detonated, and the shock and acoustic waves were detected with pressure and infrasound sensors stationed at various distances from the source, i.e., from 3 m to 14.5 km. One objective of the experiment was to investigate the evolution of the shock wave produced by the explosion to the acoustic wavefront detected several kilometers from the detonation site. Another objective was to compare the effectiveness of different wind filter strategies. Toward this end, several sensors were deployed near each other, approximately 8 km from the site of the explosion. These sensors used different types of wind filters, including the different lengths of porous hoses, a bag of rocks, a foam pillow, and no filter. In addition, seismic and acoustic waves produced by the explosions were recorded with seismometers located at various distances from the source. The suitability of these sensors for measuring low-frequency acoustic waves was investigated.
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Elam, Jeffrey W. Development of Charge Drain Coatings: Final CRADA Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1341008.

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Rappe, Kenneth G., Darrell R. Herling, Jonathan L. Male, Liyu Li, Yu Su, and Jamelyn D. Holladay. Low-Temperature Oxidation Catalyst Development Supporting Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Development: Final Report. Test accounts, October 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1015533.

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Hayano, Ryugo. Development of a Charged-Particle Accumulator Using an RF Confinement Method VI. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada526495.

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Palermo, Michael, Tabatha Miller, Travis Kleinschmidt, Andrew Kass, Jacob Tjaden, and Alex Rude. Charles City Strategic Plan for Sustainable Riverfront Development: Paddling Into the Future. University of Iowa, May 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/5sg5-wfjy.

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Jen, Alex K. Development of Efficient Charge-Selective Materials for Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada616502.

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Yanch, Jacquelyn C. Development of a Charged Particle Microbeam for Targeted and Single Particle Subcellular Irradiation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/822003.

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Isborn, Christine, Aurora Clark, and Thomas Markland. Development of Approaches to Model Excited State Charge and Energy Transfer in Solution. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1756053.

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McBride, Amber Alane Fisher, Theron Rodgers, Wen Dong, Pierre-Alexandre Juan, Heather Barkholtz, William Morgan Alley, Benjamin Matthew Wolk, Zachary Phillips Vane, Aashish Priye, and Cameron Scott Ball. Charter of the Sandia National Laboratories Sandia Postdoctoral Development (SPD) Association. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1347183.

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Haozheng, Jiang. Status and Development Trends in Missile Warheads (Conventional Powder Charge) (Last Part of Article). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada237196.

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