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Journal articles on the topic 'Development aid in Zimbabwe'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Rakhman, Reza Aulia. "Di Balik Ketergantungan Zimbabwe terhadap Investasi Tiongkok Pasca Nasionalisasi Yuan sebagai Mata Uang Zimbabwe." Jurnal Sentris 1, no. 1 (August 24, 2020): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/sentris.v1i1.4191.30-39.

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On December 22nd 2015, President Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe officially declared that Zimbabwe will nationalize Yuan as official national currency. This policy is being done in order to solve default against Zimbabwe's debt to China. In return, China will pay off Zimbabwe's debt. By having this policy, foreign direct investment (FDI) as a foreign aid given by China will impact the economy development of Zimbabwe. This paper will examine Zimbabwe’s interdependence to China’s investment after nationalize Yuan as Zimbabwe’s currency with Theory of Foreign Capital Dependence and Development: A New Direction by Jeffrey Kentor and Terry Boswell

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2

Nhapi, Tatenda Goodman. "Socioeconomic Barriers to Universal Health Coverage in Zimbabwe: Present Issues and Pathways Toward Progress." Journal of Developing Societies 35, no. 1 (March 2019): 153–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x19826762.

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This article assesses Zimbabwean health services, using a social workers’ social development paradigm to analyze the dynamics of Zimbabwe’s Social Security program, focusing on universal health access for older persons, orphans, and vulnerable children. This article identifies the key factors that have done the most to shape health policy administration in the broader context of social policies and social security in Zimbabwe. The discussion is framed around the need for pro-poor social policies, social inclusivity, and the efforts to ensure universal health access. Despite numerous reports, newspaper op-eds and consultancy documents offering opinions on the state of social service delivery in the country, most critics lack empirical data and end up being very anecdotal as they critique the present system. The socioeconomic context of Zimbabwe is therefore analyzed here, with the best available statistical evidence provided, followed by assessment of social policy interventions. Current challenges to access health services are evaluated using a human rights-based social policy approach. The recent Zimbabwe Ministry of Finance-led consultative process crafted a 2016 document, the Poverty Reduction Strategies Papers (PRSPs), as an overall strategy for transforming the Zimbabwean health sector. The article concludes by recommending community-based health insurance approach as most appropriate intervention for ensuring health inclusivity and enhancing health for all in Zimbabwe.

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3

Mpofu, Raphael Tabani. "Dollarization and economic development in Zimbabwe: An interrupted time-series analysis." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 5, no. 4 (2015): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv5i4art4.

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This paper examines the impact of dollarization on the performance of the Zimbabwean economy from 2003 to 2014 using an interrupted time-series analysis. In Zimbabwe’s case, dollarization was the official replacement of the Zimbabwean dollar with the U.S. dollar. Rapid dollarization in the economy was accelerated by the exogenous shock caused by the injection of cash dollars into the Zimbabwean economy, mostly from international transfers. Since the official adoption of dollarization, Zimbabwe is largely a cash-based economy, with a huge amount of U.S. dollars that are in circulation outside the banking system. A hands-off approach to currency management has served Zimbabwe well since 2009, but a number of risks are beginning to emerge as the economy has slowly regenerated itself and the need for large capital injections has increased. Macroeconomic data obtained from the World Bank and from the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe’s Monthly Economic Review is analysed. According to the tests conducted, it was found that dollarization did introduce some macroeconomic stability in Zimbabwe although a few key macroeconomic variables showed a sustained improvement. Statistical analysis shows that increased dollarization had positively affected reversed the spiralling effects of hyperinflation that were prevalent prior to 2009, although inflationary pressures still continued, albeit at a slower pace. This research has implications not just for Zimbabwean policy makers as they grapple with decisions pertaining to re-adoption of a local currency and/or the continuation of the use of the US dollar and/or the adoption of a regional currency, for example, the South African rand. The African Union and specifically, the Southern Africa Development Community should look at these policy issues very closely in order to provide policy direction to its member states.

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4

Chipaike, Ronald, and Paul Henri Bischoff. "Chinese Engagement of Zimbabwe and the Limits of Elite Agency." Journal of Asian and African Studies 54, no. 7 (May 16, 2019): 947–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909619848783.

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This article contends that Zimbabwe’s agency in its engagement with China has been limited and at best circumscribed. This owes to factors such as indifference by state authorities to cooperation with civil society actors in negotiating with Chinese actors, the desperation of the The Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front regime in the face of isolation by erstwhile partners as well as the opacity and secrecy that characterizes significant areas of the Zimbabwe–China relationship. The pressing need for critical institutions such as parliament to play independent oversight roles as well as the creation of space for civil society watchdog functions are highlighted as key enablers if Zimbabwean agency is to generate positive gains from the country’s engagement with China.

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5

Tsaurai, Kunofiwa, and Nicholas M. Odhiambo. "The dynamics of capital market development in Zimbabwe." Corporate Ownership and Control 9, no. 2 (2012): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv9i2c3art5.

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This paper takes stock of the achievements, the trends, as well as the challenges facing the stock market development in Zimbabwe. The study has been motivated by the recent debate on the role of stock market development in economic growth in developing countries. Apart from highlighting the role of stock market development, as well as the efficacy of the stock market in bolstering economic growth in Zimbabwe, the study also pinpoints some of the factors that limit the stock market development in Zimbabwe. The findings of this study show that the experience of Zimbabwe with stock market development, just as in many other developing countries, is mixed. In particular, the positive influence of stock market development on savings and investment remains low in Zimbabwe. While stock market development has been increasing, the country’s gross domestic savings and investment have been low and subsiding. This suggests that Zimbabwe’s gross national savings could be stock market development inelastic.

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6

Woyo, Erisher, and Edith Woyo. "Towards the development of cultural tourism as an alternative for tourism growth in Northern Zimbabwe." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 9, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 74–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-08-2016-0048.

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Purpose Zimbabwean tourism, whose draw-card is wildlife, has been on the decline since land invasions that occurred in 2000. Due to the farm invasions, wildlife-based tourism is no longer a viable option. In cases where traditional industries are declining, cultural tourism has been found to be an effective alternative source of revenue. Cultural and heritage tourism represents a growing special interest market whose demand is very high; however, this sector is yet to be sufficiently explored in the empirical context of Northern Zimbabwe. The purpose of this paper is to explore the development potential of the sector. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative methodology was applied in this study. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire that was distributed to 500 international tourists who visited Northern Zimbabwe’s cultural and heritage attractions between October 2013 and February 2014. Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 19.0 was employed in data coding and analysis. Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests and one way analysis of variance were used in this study. Findings On the whole, the study found that there is potential to develop cultural tourism as an alternative for tourism growth in Northern Zimbabwe. Results showed that there exists a certain demand for cultural and heritage tourism in Northern Zimbabwe and should be developed. Cultural and heritage tourists’ spending is high per visit, despite the fact that Zimbabwe is an expensive destination. The intention to repeat visitation was found to be significant with the age, level of qualification and nationality of respondents. Originality/value The findings provides insights for cultural and heritage tourism managers in Northern Zimbabwe and similar places around the country to invest in this special interest tourism. The development of cultural and heritage tourism will contribute towards the diversification of the seasonal and threatened nature-based tourism in Zimbabwe. With a better understanding of the motivations, trip behaviour characteristics and perceptions of Northern region, this paper presents insights that are important in developing the cultural and heritage tourism sector. Research on tourism growth in Zimbabwe has predominantly focused on nature-based tourism, suggesting a clear relegation of the contribution that cultural and heritage resources can make towards tourism growth; thus, this study provides a significant contribution in the Zimbabwean context with regards to literature.

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7

Helliker, Kirk, and Gerald Chikozho Mazarire. "Mnangagwa’s Zimbabwe: Crisis? What Crisis?" Journal of Asian and African Studies 56, no. 2 (March 2021): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909620986583.

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Three years after the November 2017 coup in Zimbabwe and the installation of Emmerson Mnangagwa as ruling party and state president, there is growing scholarly interest in identifying the character of the post-coup regime, particularly in comparison to the 37-year reign of Robert Mugabe’s ZANU-PF. So far, there are continuities and changes, with increasing concerns about a qualitative shift in the militarization of Zimbabwean state and society under Mnangagwa and the further closing down of civil society space. Perhaps more so than during the first two years of post-coup Zimbabwe, this has become abundantly clear during the Covid-19 pandemic lockdown.

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8

Hodzi, Obert, Leon Hartwell, and Nicola de Jager. "‘Unconditional aid’: Assessing the impact of China's development assistance to Zimbabwe." South African Journal of International Affairs 19, no. 1 (April 2012): 79–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2012.670435.

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9

Bhatasara, Sandra, and Manase Kudzai Chiweshe. "Women in Zimbabwean Politics Post-November 2017." Journal of Asian and African Studies 56, no. 2 (March 2021): 218–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909620986576.

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This article analyses the dynamics underpinning formal political institutions in relation to women’s participation in Zimbabwe, with a focus on the post November 2017 context. Patriarchal continuities and not changes characterize the post-November period. Under the “new dispensation”, patriarchy, intertwined with the increase in militarized masculinities, is producing exclusion with limited spaces for women’s participation. Simultaneously, Zimbabwean women at times have been destabilizing political spaces, while also being complicit in reproducing patriarchal practices and violence. The military-assisted transition is significant because of the fall of Grace Mugabe and the broader implications of this for women and politics in Zimbabwe.

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10

Brocklehurst, Clarissa, Murtaza Malik, Kiwe Sebunya, and Peter Salama. "Engineering in the time of cholera: overcoming institutional and political challenges to rebuild Zimbabwe's water and sanitation infrastructure in the aftermath of the 2008 cholera epidemic." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.143.

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A devastating cholera epidemic swept Zimbabwe in 2008, causing over 90,000 cases, and leaving more than 4,000 dead. The epidemic raged predominantly in urban areas, and the cause could be traced to the slow deterioration of Zimbabwe's water and sewerage utilities during the economic and political crisis that had gripped the country since the late 1990s. Rapid improvement was needed if the country was to avoid another cholera outbreak. In this context, donors, development agencies and government departments joined forces to work in a unique partnership, and to implement a programme of swift improvements that went beyond emergency humanitarian aid but did not require the time or massive investment associated with full-scale urban rehabilitation. The interventions ranged from supply of water treatment chemicals and sewer rods to advocacy and policy advice. The authors analyse the factors that made the programme effective and the challenges that partners faced. The case of Zimbabwe offers valuable lessons for other countries transitioning from emergency to development, and particularly those that need to take rapid action to upgrade failing urban systems. It illustrates that there is a ‘middle path’ between short-term humanitarian aid delivered in urban areas and large-scale urban rehabilitation, which can provide timely and highly effective results.

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11

Chimombe, C. E. "Biogas development in Zimbabwe." Mircen Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 4, no. 1 (1988): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00936819.

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12

Moyo, Inocent. "Zimbabwean Dispensation, Special and Exemption Permits in South Africa: On Humanitarian Logic, Depoliticisation and Invisibilisation of Migrants." Journal of Asian and African Studies 53, no. 8 (May 22, 2018): 1141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909618776413.

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Cross-border migration from Zimbabwe to South Africa has existed for a long time. Given this context, the governance of migrants, especially the undocumented Zimbabweans by South Africa, has come to the fore. Starting in 2009, South Africa granted undocumented Zimbabwean migrants Zimbabwean Dispensation Permits, which were replaced by Zimbabwean Special Dispensation Permits in 2014. In turn, the Zimbabwean Special Dispensation Permits were replaced by Zimbabwean Exemption Permits in September 2017. Although these are steps in the right direction, the changes in the conditions of these permits demonstrates humanitarian logic, which depoliticises and excludes the affected migrants.

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13

McAllister, Ian. "Canadian aid for the training of public servants in Ghana and Zimbabwe." Public Administration and Development 7, no. 3 (July 1987): 289–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230070305.

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14

Chitimira, Howard, and Elfas Torerai. "The Nexus between Mobile Money Regulation, Innovative Technology and the Promotion of Financial Inclusion in Zimbabwe." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 24 (June 29, 2021): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2021/v24i0a10739.

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The advent of mobile money innovations has given people in rural areas, informal settlements and other poor communities an opportunity to participate in Zimbabwe's mainstream financial economy. However, the technology-driven money services have presented some challenges to the traditional banking sector in general and the regulation of financial services in particular. Firstly, most mobile money services are products of telecommunication corporations, which are not banks. Telecommunication companies use their network reach to provide mobile money services via mobile devices at a cheaper cost than banks across the country in Zimbabwe. As such, banks face unprecedented competition from telecommunications companies that are venturing into financial services. It also appears that prudential regulation of banks cannot keep up with the fast pace at which technological innovations are developing and this has created a disjuncture between the regulation and the use of technological innovations to promote financial inclusion in Zimbabwe. The Banking Act [Chapter 24:20] 9 of 1999, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe Act [Chapter 22:15] 5 of 1999 and the National Payment Systems Act [Chapter 24:23] 21 of 2001 have a limited scope in terms of the regulation of mobile money services in Zimbabwe. The Ministry of Finance and Economic Development launched the National Financial Inclusion Strategy (NFIS) 2016-2020 to provide impetus to the financial inclusion of the poor, unbanked and low-income earners in Zimbabwe. However, the NFIS appears to push more for bank-led financial inclusion than it does for innovation-driven initiatives such as mobile money services. This article highlights the positive influence of mobile money services in improving financial inclusion for the poor, unbanked and low-income earners in Zimbabwe. The article also seeks to point out gaps and flaws in the financial services regulatory framework that may limit the potential of mobile money services to reach more people so that they actively participate in the Zimbabwean economy. It is submitted that the Zimbabwean mobile money services regulations and the financial regulatory framework should be carefully amended in line with the recent innovations in mobile money to adequately regulate the use of mobile money services and innovative technology to address the financial exclusion of the poor, unbanked and low-income earners in Zimbabwe.

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15

Bacon, Ian. "Photovoltaics in Africa and the gef: The Right Path to Sustainable Development?" Energy & Environment 9, no. 3 (June 1998): 257–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9800900303.

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This paper explores the relevance of promoting photovoltaic (PV) projects within Africa by focusing on the issues arising from the GEF/Zimbabwe PV project 1992-1997. It questions the utility of such projects and the reasons for the continued promotion of this technology within Africa. It concludes that financial aid for PV technology needs to be thoroughly reviewed and redirected.

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16

Muzondidya, James. "The Zimbabwean Crisis and the Unresolved Conundrum of Race in the Post-colonial Period." Journal of Developing Societies 26, no. 1 (March 2010): 5–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x1002600102.

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This article seeks to show that although economic and political factors were all important in the Zimbabwean crisis, the unresolved legacies of racial polarization and inequalities in this former white settler colony played a pivotal role in shaping the nature and form of the crisis. The emphasis is on the unresolved racial inequalities in the economy, especially in land ownership and land utilization, which contributed to the country’s economic crisis. Further, the article shows how the Zimbabwe crisis became protracted mainly because the ruling ZANU-PF successfully utilized the emotive issue of race to mobilize support internally, regionally and internationally, while both the opposition and external critics of ZANU-PF underestimated the power of race in mobilizing support for ZANU-PF, and in polarizing political opinion in Zimbabwe.

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17

Sylvester, Christine. "Unities and Disunities in Zimbabwe's 1990 Election." Journal of Modern African Studies 28, no. 3 (September 1990): 375–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00054616.

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In 1985 the Zimbabwean national election presented voters with a drama of pretence. The Zimbabwe African National Union (Patriotic Front), known as Z.A.N.U. (P.F.), the party in power, issued a manifesto for ‘unity of the working people in the advance of a just Socialist Society’; meanwhile its candidates routinely cast aspersions on (working) people who supported the major rival party, the Patriotic Front–Zimbabwe African People's Union (P.F.-Z.A.P.U.). The latter defensively called for a unified effort to ensure that multi-party liberalism would prevail in Zimbabwe; it then implicitly endorsed most of the principles of social balance through growth with equity which its alleged ‘Marxist–Leninist’ opponents had instituted.

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18

MacLean, Sandra J. "The Effects of Structural Adjustment on Civil Society in Zimbabwe: Implications for Canadian Aid Policy." Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d'études du développement 18, no. 3 (January 1997): 463–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02255189.1997.10721206.

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19

Bamhare, M. "The Zimbabwe Book Development Council." Information Development 10, no. 1 (March 1994): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026666699401000106.

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20

Chipaike, Ronald, and Eugenia Marufu. "Chinese Construction Companies and the Question of Labour Rights in Zimbabwe." Journal of Asian and African Studies 55, no. 8 (April 17, 2020): 1163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909620912777.

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This paper focuses on the question of labour rights in Chinese construction companies in Zimbabwe. Utilizing data collected from two companies through interviews with mainly artisans, the study established general discontentment with conditions of work in these companies by local workers. Concerns were raised over lack of adequate protective equipment/clothing, low salaries and poor communication systems among others. The government of Zimbabwe was urged (by respondents) to monitor the operations of Chinese companies in the sector and ensure that they follow the law in letter and spirit. The study established that Chinese business people exploit opportunities presented by high rates of unemployment in the country as well as Zimbabwe’s desperation as an internationally isolated state to their advantage. In such a situation, trade unions become the gap filler to improve the workers’ plight although the absence of total state support for them leaves workers exposed.

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21

Hodder, B. W., and Deborah Potts. "Zimbabwe." Geographical Journal 161, no. 2 (July 1995): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3059978.

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22

Bourne, Richard. "Understanding Zimbabwe." Round Table 106, no. 2 (March 4, 2017): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2017.1299487.

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23

Karanda, Crispen, and Nuria Toledano. "Foreign aid versus support to social entrepreneurs: Reviewing the way of fighting poverty in Zimbabwe." Development Southern Africa 35, no. 4 (June 11, 2018): 480–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2018.1482198.

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24

Madimu, Tapiwa. "Food Imports, Hunger and State Making in Zimbabwe, 2000–2009." Journal of Asian and African Studies 55, no. 1 (August 15, 2019): 128–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909619868735.

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This article uses hunger as a lens to explore how the process of state making in Zimbabwe between 2000 and 2009 negatively affected the country’s food security. Using Eriksen’s concept of state making, the study demonstrates how the Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (ZANU PF) ruling regime concentrated more on accumulation and power retention at a time when government was expected to address the serious food shortages that the country was facing. The development of a different kind of state that had repressive and accumulation tendencies was signified in 2000 by the Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) which was intended to appease the regime’s various constituencies. Taken together with other populist measures, particularly price freezes, the policies destroyed the country’s capacity to produce and manufacture food and pushed citizens to rely almost entirely on food imports (mainly from South Africa). The paper thus contributes to the literature on the Zimbabwean crisis by offering a different dimension, not only on the process of state making and how it caused hunger, but also on the specifics of how ordinary citizens were literally starving except those who could afford to buy imported food (particularly maize meal) from South Africa.

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25

Maune, Alexander. "Human capital intelligence and economic development." Problems and Perspectives in Management 14, no. 3 (September 27, 2016): 564–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.14(3-2).2016.13.

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This article explored human capital intelligence and economic development in Zimbabwe with some examples adopted from Israel and many other countries. A qualitative-exploratory literature review methodology was used for the purpose of this study because of its suitability. The primary concern of the author was to have and provide an in-depth analysis and understanding of the multiple realities and truths pertaining to human capital intelligence and economic development in Zimbabwe. An inductive approach was adopted for the purpose of this study. The findings of this article will make it possible to generalise the role of human capital intelligence towards economic development of a country and to develop some valuable propositions for future studies. The findings showed that human capital intelligence plays a critical role in economic development, through laying a foundation for economic development, attracting foreign direct investment, personal remittances, as well as attracting venture capitalists. Empirical evidence from countries such as Israel shows the criticality of human capital intelligence development to economic development of a nation. This article will assist business managers, societal leaders, policymakers, as well as governments to understand the criticality of human capital intelligence towards the development of a company, society and nation at large. This article has, therefore, academic, societal and business value. Keywords: Zimbabwe, economic development, human capital, intelligence, intellectual capital. JEL Classification: O1, J41, O34

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26

Nzima, Divane, and Philani Moyo. "The new ‘diaspora trap’ framework: Explaining return migration from South Africa to Zimbabwe beyond the ‘failure-success’ framework." Migration Letters 14, no. 3 (September 6, 2017): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v14i3.349.

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This article explores how South Africa-based Zimbabwean skilled migrants are dissuaded from returning home permanently. The study was conceptualised against the background that return migration has often been explained based on migrant failure or success in the host country. This failure-success dichotomy stems from the neo-classical economics theory of migration, the new economics of labour migration and the structuralist approach to return migration. Using a qualitative methodological approach, this article challenges the failure-success theoretical position through an exploration of socio-economic factors in Zimbabwe and South Africa that deter permanent return migration. The article contributes to return migration theorising by introducing a new ‘diaspora trap’ framework which argues that permanent settlement is not always voluntary. Central to this involuntary permanent settlement is the social construction of migrants as successful in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwean skilled migrants are thus entrapped in South Africa because of failure to live up to the ‘success social construct,’ and their inability to mitigate adversities in the host country.

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27

Duri, Fidelis Peter Thomas. "Informal Negotiation of the Zimbabwe–Mozambique Border for Survival by Mutare’s Marginalized People." Journal of Developing Societies 26, no. 2 (June 2010): 125–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x1002600201.

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This study investigates, through electronic and print media sources, published books and articles, reports from international organizations, and oral interviews, the irregular ways through which many vulnerable people in Zimbabwe’s eastern border city of Mutare exploited opportunities in neighbouring Mozambique for survival. Most people had to resort to clandestine cross-border activities largely because they could not afford the financial obligations for travel documents, visa fees, border taxes, work permits, as well as import and trade licences. In addition, several of the commodities they imported or exported were either subject to duty, or altogether illegal either in Mozambique or Zimbabwe.

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Shepherd, Andrew, and Christine Sylvester. "Zimbabwe: The Terrain of Contradictory Development." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 28, no. 2 (1994): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/485770.

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29

Makoni, Tendai, and Delson Chikobvu. "Modelling International Tourist Arrivals Volatility in Zimbabwe Using a GARCH Process." April 2021, Volume 10(2) (April 30, 2021): 639–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-123.

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The aim of the paper was to develop bootstrap prediction intervals for international tourism demand and volatility in Zimbabwe after modelling with an ARMA-GARCH process. ARMA-GARCH models have better forecasting power and are capable of capturing and quantifying volatility. Bootstrap prediction intervals can account for future uncertainty that arises through parameter estimation. The monthly international tourism data obtained from the Zimbabwe Tourism Authority (ZTA) (January 2000 to June 2017) is neither seasonal nor stationary and is made stationery by taking a logarithm transformation. An ARMA(1,1) model fits well to the data; with forecasts indicating a slow increase in international tourist arrivals (outside of the Covid-19 period). The GARCH(1,1) process indicated that unexpected tourism shocks will significantly impact the Zimbabwe international tourist arrivals for longer durations. Volatility bootstrap prediction intervals indicated minimal future uncertainty in international tourist arrivals. For the Zimbabwe tourism industry to remain relevant, new tourism products and attraction centres need to be developed, as well as embarking on effective marketing strategies to lure even more tourists from abroad. This will go a long way in increasing the much-needed foreign currency earnings needed to revive the Zimbabwean economy.

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30

Osirim, Mary Johnson. "SWS Distinguished Feminist Lecture: Feminist Politcal Economy in a Globalized World: African Women Migrants in South Africa and the United States." Gender & Society 32, no. 6 (October 31, 2018): 765–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243218804188.

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Based on research conducted over the past two decades, this lecture examines how the feminist political economy perspective can aid us in understanding the experiences of two populations of African women: Zimbabwean women cross-border traders in South Africa and African immigrant women in the northeastern United States. Feminist political economy compels us to explore the impact of the current phase of globalization as well as the roles of intersectionality and agency in the lives of African women. This research stems from fieldwork conducted in Harare and Bulawayo, Zimbabwe and Johannesburg and Cape Town, South Africa, as well as in metropolitan Boston and Philadelphia. Despite the many challenges that African migrant women face in these different venues, they continue to demonstrate much creativity and resilience and, in the process, they contribute to community development.

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Nyazema, Norman Z. "The Zimbabwe Crisis and the Provision of Social Services." Journal of Developing Societies 26, no. 2 (June 2010): 233–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x1002600204.

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Historically, health care in Zimbabwe was provided primarily to cater to colonial administrators and the expatriate, with separate care or second-provision made for Africans. There was no need for legislation to guarantee its provision to the settler community. To address the inequities in health that had existed prior to 1980, at independence, Zimbabwe adopted the concept of Equity in Health and Primary Health Care. Initially, this resulted in the narrowing of the gap between health provision in rural areas and urban areas. Over the years, however, there have been clear indications of growing inequities in health provision and health care as a result of mainly Economic Structural Adjustment Policies (ESAP), 1991–1995, and health policy changes. Infant and child mortality have been worsened by the impact of HIV/AIDS and reduced access to affordable essential health care. For example, life expectancy at birth was 56 in the 1980s, increased to 60 in 1990 and is now about 43. Morbidity (diseases) and mortality (death rates) trends in Zimbabwe show that the population is still affected by the traditional preventable diseases and conditions that include nutritional deficiencies, communicable diseases, pregnancy and childbirth conditions and the conditions of the new born. The deterioration of the Zimbabwean health services sector has also partially been due to increasing shortages of qualified personnel. The public sector has been operating with only 19 per cent staff since 2000. Many qualified and competent health workers left the country because of the unfavourable political environment. The health system in Zimbabwe has been operating under a legal and policy framework that in essence does not recognize the right to health. Neither the pre-independence constitution nor the Lancaster House constitution, which is the current Constitution of Zimbabwe, made specific provisions for the right to health. Progress made in the 1980s characterized by adequate financing of the health system and decentralized health management and equity of health services between urban and rural areas, which saw dramatic increases in child survival rates and life expectancy, was, unfortunately, not consolidated. As of 2000 per capita health financing stood at USD 8.55 as compared to USD 23.6, which had been recommended by the Commission of Review into the Health Sector in 1997. At the beginning of 2008 it had been dramatically further eroded and stood at only USD 0.19 leading to the collapse of the health system. Similarly, education in Zimbabwe, in addition to the changes it has undergone during the different periods since attainment of independence, also went through many phases during the colonial period. From 1962 up until 1980, the Rhodesia Front government catered more for the European child. Luckily, some mission schools that had been established earlier kept on expanding taking in African children who could proceed with secondary education (high school education). Inequity in education existed when the ZANU-PF government came into power in 1980. It took aggressive and positive steps to redress the inequalities that existed in the past. Unfortunately, the government did not come up with an education policy or philosophy in spite of massive expansion and investment. The government had cut its expenditure on education because of economic and political instability. This has happened particularly in rural areas, where teachers have left the teaching profession.

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Mufuka, Ken, and Shepherd Iverson. "Overpopulation and unemployment in Zimbabwe." Development Southern Africa 13, no. 1 (February 1996): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768359608439875.

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33

Bracking, Sarah, and Lionel Cliffe. "Plans for a Zimbabwe Aid Package: Blueprint for Recovery or Shock Therapy Prescription for Liberalisation?" Review of African Political Economy 36, no. 119 (March 2009): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056240902934016.

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34

Munyoro, Isaiah, and Omwoyo B. Onyancha. "Towards a model for a parliamentary constituency information centre: a case study of the Parliament of Zimbabwe." Information Development 34, no. 3 (February 5, 2017): 280–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266666917692642.

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Theoretical models of communicating parliamentary information, as well as ensuring the smooth functioning of Parliamentary Constituents Information Centres (PCICs), have highlighted challenges affecting the delivery of information to constituents. The Parliament of Zimbabwe (PoZ) became one of the first parliaments to implement PCICs among Southern Africa Development Community countries. The intention was to improve the dissemination of information to constituents, among other functions. In a study that evaluated the performance of Zimbabwe’s PCICs and their future improvement, a number of operational challenges have surfaced, and this calls for potential solutions to address the challenges, which have in turn brought the need of a suitable model for PCICs to the fore. This article presents a proposed PCIC model for the PoZ based on the findings from a survey conducted in Zimbabwe between 2012 and 2015. The target population included the donor community, constituents, Office Assistants and Members of Parliament. Various methods and instruments were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Further, the study examined several theories and models to inform the development of a model for PCICs in Zimbabwe.

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Breslin, Edward D. "U.S. AID, The State, and Food Insecurity in Rural Zimbabwe: the Case of Gokwe." Journal of Modern African Studies 32, no. 1 (March 1994): 81–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00012556.

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The rôle of foreign assistance in the development process is not only complex, because exogenous donors infuse ideas and capital into diverse and dynamic socio-economic settings, but also contentious, because the impact can alter the development prospects of recipient states and communities. Different perceptions and ideological underpinnings shape the parameters in which programmes are finally implemented, and the views of those most directly concerned affect the outcome of the intervention, often in ways unforeseen by the donor or state. The process of accumulation can be altered, whilst some classes and institutions may be strengthened over others.

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Ndlovu, Lindani B. "Effective protection and economic efficiency in Zimbabwe manufacturing in the 1980s." Journal of International Development 8, no. 6 (November 1996): 767–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1328(199611)8:6<767::aid-jid296>3.0.co;2-v.

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37

Dendere, Chipo. "Financing political parties in Africa: the case of Zimbabwe." Journal of Modern African Studies 59, no. 3 (August 26, 2021): 295–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x21000148.

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AbstractWhat is the impact of access to political party finance – money that parties use to fund their campaign activities – on politics in Africa? While multiparty elections have become more regular in the developing world, many opposition parties are still failing to win elections. This paper argues that poor access to political finance weakens democratic consolidation and negatively impacts the participation of less-resourced candidates who are unable to self-fund. As a result, opposition parties are forced to rely on weak promises of aid from international donors and unreliable state funding. This in-depth analysis of political finance, based on extensive interviews with politicians and government officials in Zimbabwe, political documents, news reports and a review of court cases, reveals that uneven financing has weakened opposition parties and serves as an extra advantage for incumbents.

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Melber, Henning, and Roger Southall. "Zimbabwe’s Foreign Policy Under Mnangagwa." Journal of Asian and African Studies 56, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 234–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909620986579.

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Under the presidency of Mnangagwa, Zimbabwe’s foreign policy is characterized by the desire to ‘re-engage’ with the West with a view to securing the removal of sanctions and encouraging investment. In this, it has received the backing of the African Union and Southern African Development Community states. Simultaneously, the violence of the Mnangagwa regime has reinforced the reluctance of the West to remove sanctions, and Zimbabwe has even begun to test the patience of its neighbours. The government has placed renewed faith in the ‘Look East Policy’, but China is seeking to match its investments with tighter control.

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Nyamunda, Tinashe. "‘Open for Business’ but Bankrupt: Currencies, the ‘New Dispensation’ and the Zimbabwean Economy." Journal of Asian and African Studies 56, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 204–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909620986585.

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The paper examines the Mnangagwa government’s economic policies in Zimbabwe. It looks at its ‘new’ dispensation economic policies, passed off as creating a middle-income economy by 2030. The study suggests that these policies, encapsulated in the ‘open for business’ rhetoric, were designed to create an image of political and economic reform. However, efforts to mask the ZANU-PF government’s unmistakable authoritarian traits failed. It is increasingly apparent that there is no significant departure in economic policies from the previous Mugabe regime. Zimbabwe’s crisis endures as the technocrats fail to resolve the monetary crisis and the economy continues to collapse.

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Chimhowu, Admos, and Philip Woodhouse. "Forbidden But Not Suppressed: a ‘Vernacular’ Land Market in Svosve Communal Lands, Zimbabwe." Africa 80, no. 1 (February 2010): 14–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0001972009001247.

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This article examines the status of land tenure in Zimbabwe following the ‘Fast Track’ land reforms of 2000–3. It finds that post-reform land tenure remains strongly dualist, with land sales and rental prohibited on the land (about two thirds of the total) classified as ‘A1’ resettlement or ‘communal areas’, while tradeable leases apply to much of the remainder, classified as ‘commercial land’. The article draws on fieldwork in Svosve Communal Area and on previous studies on land transactions in Zimbabwe to argue that land sales and rental transactions are an enduring feature of land use in Zimbabwe's ‘communal areas’. Moreover, the article argues that, despite government prohibition, there is evidence that such transactions are being fuelled by increasing demand for land arising from the collapse in the non-farm economy in Zimbabwe. The article argues that while the logic of informal (or ‘vernacular’) land sales and rental is widely recognized by land users in communal and resettlement areas, government prohibition, in favour of asserting land allocation rights of customary authorities, is driven by considerations of political control of the rural vote.

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Mcwilliam, Michael. "Zimbabwe and the Commonwealth." Round Table 92, no. 368 (January 2003): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/750456746.

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McWILLIAM, MICHAEL. "ZIMBABWE AND THE COMMONWEALTH." Round Table 368 (January 1, 2003): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00358530309638.

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O'Keefe, Phil, and Sam Moyo. "Land Tenure in Zimbabwe." Review of African Political Economy 23, no. 70 (December 1996): 579–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056249608704232.

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Helliker, Kirk, and Tendai Murisa. "Zimbabwe: continuities and changes." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 38, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2020.1746756.

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WEINER, DANIEL, BARRY MUNSLOW, and SAM MOYO. "Energy For Sustainable Agricultural Development In Zimbabwe." Growth and Change 23, no. 3 (July 1992): 335–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1992.tb00938.x.

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Masunungure, Eldred V., and Simon Badza. "The Internationalization of the Zimbabwe Crisis." Journal of Developing Societies 26, no. 2 (June 2010): 207–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x1002600203.

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This essay argues that key to the longevity and protractedness of the Zimbabwe crisis was the internationalization of a problem characterized by multiple definitions and multiple actors with multiple interests and strategies. To this extent and from the beginning of the crisis, two schools of thought have contested each other for explanatory supremacy and each had its own disciples and adherents at local, regional and international levels. The essay pays particular attention to the pivotal actors at both the domestic and international levels before ending with a brief account and analysis of where Zimbabwe is today.

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Pilossof, Rory. "Remaining Apolitical in a Political Crisis." Journal of Developing Societies 26, no. 1 (March 2010): 71–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x1002600104.

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This article explores the fortunes of the leading farming periodical in Zimbabwe, The Farmer magazine, and how its parent body, the Commercial Farmers Union (CFU) sought to control, censor and manipulate The Farmer and the coverage it gave the deepening crises in Zimbabwe. Doing so gives voice to a part of the white experience in Zimbabwe and also shows that the farming community was far from a cohesive entity. The article also shows that there are parallels in the CFU’s attitude towards The Farmer’s post-2000, and to that it expressed in the 1980s during the years of Gukurahundi. The CFU’s policy of ‘apoliticism’ affected the freedom of The Farmer at both times and ultimately led to the magazines closure in 2002

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Matowanyika, Joseph Zano Z., and R. Hosier. "Energy Planning and National Development in Zimbabwe." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 26, no. 1 (1992): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/485407.

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Matowanyika, Joseph Zano Z. "Energy Planning and National Development in Zimbabwe." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 26, no. 1 (January 1992): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.1992.10804283.

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Zinyama, Lovemore M. "GEOGRAPHY IN ZIMBABWE." Professional Geographer 40, no. 2 (May 1988): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1988.00223.x.

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