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1
CIFERRI, DAVIDE. "Real exchange rate dynamics in developing countries: three empirical essays." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/1404.
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L’attività di ricerca presentata in questa tesi si basa principalmente sullo studio della dinamica dei tassi di cambio reali nei paesi in via di sviluppo. Sebbene esistano diversi studi nella letteratura empirica, focalizzati sulle principali determinanti delle fluttuazioni del tasso di cambio reale nei paesi industrializzati, solamente pochi lavori sono stati condotti al fine di studiare le stesse dinamiche per i paesi in via di sviluppo. In questa ricercasi cerca di analizzare, quindi, le principali determinanti delle fluttuazioni del tasso di cambio reale per due gruppi di paesi; le economie in transizione dell’Europa Centrale e Orientale, e i paesi dell’America Latina.
La tesi è divisa in tre capitoli. Nel primo capitolo, vengono studiate le fluttuazioni del tasso di cambio di un campione di economie in transizione utilizzando una metodologia econometrica che permette di identificare gli effetti di shock reali e nominali sulla dinamica dei tassi di cambio reali. Inoltre, attraverso l’utilizzo del filtro di Kalman vengono calcolate le correlazioni delle misure della sincronizzazione degli shock tra ciascuna economia in transizione e l’Euro Area al fine di valutare l’impatto dell’integrazione economica sulla dimensione simmetrica di tali shock.
Il secondo capitolo è focalizzato sullo studio delle interdipendenze economiche delle tre economie baltiche (Estonia, Lituania e Lettonia), attraverso un modello VAR nel quale sono inclusi i tassi di cambio reale dei tre paesi e quello relativo all’Euro Area. Viene sviluppata una versione modificata della Generalized Purchasing Power Parity theory, al fine di misurare il grado di convergenza reale tra i sistemi economici e proporre una verifica indiretta della potenziale attitudine di questi sistemi ad entrare nell’Unione Monetaria Europea. La specificazione empirica del modello permette, inoltre, lo studio degli effetti di shock globali e regionali sulle condizioni di equilibrio dei tassi di cambio reale, contribuendo in tal modo a determinare gli eventuali impatti simmetrici e asimmetrici di tali disturbi.
Nel terzo e conclusivo capitolo, vengono studiati gli effetti di shock di natura fiscale sulla dinamica dei tassi di cambio reale per un set di paesi dell’America Latina (Argentina, Bolivia, Brasile, Cile, Messico and Perù). Utilizzando un modello VAR-strutturale, vengono prese in considerazione una serie di relazioni economiche (produzione, lavoro, spesa pubblica e tasso di cambio reale) in uno schema generale di economia aperta. Il modello permette l’identificazione di shock macroeconomici di varia natura ed in particolare: shock di produttività, shock sul fattore lavoro, shock fiscali e infine shock di preferenze dei consumatori.The research activities carried out to prepare this thesis are mainly based on the study of the real exchange rate dynamics in developing countries. Although several studies in this empirical literature focus on the developed countries, only few studies investigate the sources of real exchange rate movements in developing countries. Thus, in this research I analyze the main sources of disturbances in two groups of countries: transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe and Latin America countries. The thesis consists of three articles. In the first Chapter, I study the sources of real exchange rate fluctuations for a sample of transition countries and, in particular, I use permanent-transitory decomposition with the aim to measure the influence real and nominal disturbances to real exchange rates and to compute the shock synchronization between each transition country and the Euro Area. The second Chapter focuses on macroeconomic interdependencies between the Euro area and three selected transition economies (the Baltic countries). I develop a modified version of Generalized Purchasing Power Parity theory to study the degree of real exchange rate convergence in these countries and then to establish whether they are ready to adopt the Euro. Finally, in the third Chapter, I propose an theoretical and empirical framework in order to analyze whether fiscal disturbances have a role in explaining real exchange rate fluctuations in Latin American countries.
2
Bua, G. "THE EFFECT OF INTERNATIONAL POLICIES ON BORROWING AND DEBT OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/259794.
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The first paper introduces a new dataset on the stock and structure of domestic debt in 36 Low-Income Countries over the period 1971-2011. We characterize the recent trends regarding LICs domestic public debt and explore the relevance of different arguments put forward on the benefits and costs of government borrowing in local public debt markets. The main stylized fact emerging from the data is the increase in domestic government debt since 1996. We also observe that poor countries have been able to increase the share of long-term instruments over time and that the maturity lengthening went together with a decrease in borrowing costs. However, the concentration of the investor base, mainly dominated by commercial banks and the Central Bank, may crowd out lending to the private sector.
3
Almamari, Awadh. "On the competition between multinational enterprises within developing countries : developing country MNEs versus developed country MNEs." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2014. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/49757/.
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Over the last two decades, developing countries have experienced a high volume of foreign direct investment (FDI). It is commonly accepted that many multinational enterprises (MNEs) are entering into multiple markets, in order to increase their profitability and to reduce the risk of relying upon one market. This study aims to provide insight into the internationalisation of MNEs from both developed and developing countries into developing markets. It seeks to test what, if anything, MNEs from developing countries do more effectively than MNEs from developed countries within these emerging markets. The central thesis of the study is that MNEs from developing countries will have certain advantages over MNEs from developed countries, and will therefore be more prevalent amongst the largest foreign firms within emerging markets. This thesis is based on the assumption that MNEs from developing countries have prior experience of operating within similar emerging markets, and so are better qualified to compete within these types of markets. MNEs from developing countries obtain certain capabilities from operations within their home countries, such as the ability to function in the context of authoritarian regimes, ineffective governments, poorly developed infrastructures, and poorly protected property rights, as well as the ability to provide services within markets which include consumers living in poverty. All of these may allow them more easily to overcome difficulties and setbacks within developing country markets. The theoretical foundation for this study has been constructed by reviewing the existing business literature. A particular aim of the literature review was to understand and explore the development of knowledge about the investment habits of multinational enterprises. In particular, their behaviour when operating within developing country markets was explored, along with the question of how they may be able to use their resources or capabilities to gain competitive advantage. This produced a set of hypotheses, which were then investigated using two types of data (both quantitative and qualitative). The results of the analysis show that developing-country MNEs outperform developed-country MNEs when investing in developing countries with poorly protected property rights and pervasive corruption. This is also the case when investing in countries with poorly developed infrastructure. In addition, partial support was found for the hypothesis that developing-country MNEs are likely to have an advantage over developed-country MNEs when investing in developing countries with authoritarian regimes. The study hopes to assist policy makers in recognising that an MNE’s previous experience impacts on its ability to succeed in developing countries. It also hopes to provide useful guidance for those MNE managers who are seeking to improve their effectiveness when investing in developing countries.
4
FERRARO, VALENTINA. "Cultural heritage management: from aesthetic to ethic: abandoning the contemplative function of cultural heritage towards audience engagement and community-based development." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/207760.
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Responding to the demand of innovative solutions in a field which is experiencing
hectic changes in management structures, funding constraints and the lack of a
systematic approach toward site maintenance, this paper explores the current gap
between theory and practice in the conservation of WCHSs. We adopt a soft system
approach (Checkland, 2004) and a multidisciplinary perspective to conservation
management, encompassing heritage preservation, tourism studies, conservation
planning and environmental studies.
The paper is meant to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of public private
partnership (Pessoa, A., 2010; Bovaird, 2004) in cultural heritage conservation and
assess if this model is the only solution to overcome challenges faced by the
philanthropic approach and the emergency intervention model based on sporadic
allocations of public funds (Rojas, E. 2007). Otherwise we try to find out if a new
model for conservation management (Hutchings J. and Cassar, M. 2006) is rather
emerging at the theory level from crossing fields and at the empirical level from the
experience of well-established organizations operating internationally on the protection
and promotion of heritage sites. The case study of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture and
the upcoming paradigm of co-management and co-production (Pestoff, 2009) are
expected to point out new routes for a sustainable management of cultural heritage
preservation by suggesting a hybrid model of community involvement.
5
Elbeshlawy, Ahmed Farouk. "That dangerous carnival : the Third World and its relation to the west /." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25943327.
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Chattopadhyay, Pradip. "Three essays on development economics /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7465.
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McDermot, Eamon Henry. "Improving performance of infrastructure projects in developing countries: An Ecuadorian case study." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/208433/1/Eamon%20Henry_McDermot_Thesis.pdf.
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This project investigates the key factors influencing the successful delivery of infrastructure projects around the globe through an extensive literature review and a case study of an important Ecuadorian flood control and irrigation infrastructure project. The key learnings from the study are important steps towards improving infrastructure delivery in developing countries, which is crucial for their sustainable development. Many of the failure factors from the literature were evident in the case study, validating the literature findings and suggesting the learnings may be relevant to developing countries more widely.
8
Lehmann, Alexander. "Investment liberalization, country risks and US multinational companies in developing countries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324305.
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Mainali, Brijesh. "Renewable Energy Market for Rural Electrification in Developing Countries: Country Case Nepal." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33201.
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The availability of abundant renewable resources, lack of fossil fuels and difficult geographical terrain for grid line extensions contribute to the advantages of renewable based decentralized rural electrification in Ne-pal. Solar home system (SHS) and micro-hydro are the most commonly adopted off-grid renewable energy technologies in the country. This dis-sertation examines the market of renewable energy based rural electrifi-cation within prevailing policy and programmes framework. The study verifies whether the market has been able to serve the poor in Nepal. It also captures the perception of various stakeholders (e.g. private sup-ply/installation companies, NGOs, financial institutions and the donor‘s programme) regarding the business, financing issues and the role of gov-ernment policy on the market development. In addition, the study dis-cusses and analyses renewable based rural electrification supply models, the economics behind rural electrification, market drivers and market distribution in the rural areas of Nepal. The financial mix in the off-grid rural electrification is generally charac-terized by subsidy, equity and credit. The study shows that awareness about renewable energy technologies and willingness to pay for electricity access has increased considerably. However, there is a huge financial gap between the cost of electrification and affordability among the poor. The distribution analysis shows there is significant increment in the extensive growth but decrease in the intensive growth rate of rural electrification thus indicating market expansion with uneven penetration among the ru-ral people. Solar PV technology is still not in the reach of the economic poor. Access to credit and cumbersome subsidy delivery mechanisms have been perceived as the major factors affecting the expansion of rural electrification by the stakeholders, requiring innovation in the credit and subsidy delivery system so that a larger rural population can be given ac-cess to electrification.QC 20110502
10
Gadzikwa, Francis. "Remittances as an external source of finance for investments in developing countries." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/7664.
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A number of studies by academics, scholars and researchers have been conducted on the subject of remittances. The focus of these studies has been on developing countries where remittance corridors have long been established. These studies have focused more on the effects of remittances at micro level, in other words poverty alleviation as result of the decline of FDI; PI and ODA. Established remittance corridors are found in Asia, the Pacific Rim, the Middle East, South America, the Caribbean, West Africa as well as North Africa. Few studies have been conducted into new emerging corridors that are still being established, such as the South Africa-Zimbabwe, Botswana-Zimbabwe and the Namibian-Zimbabwe corridors where a large number of Zimbabweans have migrated to. Economic growth and development are major challenges facing developing countries due to lack of finance. With the decline of FDI, PI, ODA as well as credit since the global financial crisis in 2008, there is a need for research to determine other alternative sustainable sources of finance to enable economic growth and development. Available literature and empirical evidence on the subject matter suggest remittances as a complementary source not a substitute of FDI, PI, ODA and credit. This means that governments in developing countries should not neglect their duty to collect revenue, should promote FDI and PI and not be dependant solely on remittances. Like FDI, PI and ODA, the flow of remittances is also determined by the socio-economic and political factors. Any negative effect on the socio-economic and political factors may also lead to the decline of remittance flows. Whilst other developing countries in established remittance corridors have put policies and systems in place to harness and ensure maximum benefits of remittances, countries such as Zimbabwe have not done much to realise potential and the impact that remittances can make. This is evidenced from the lack of reliable data which according to Chami et al. (2008:21) places severe constraints on the types of questions that can be asked and conclusions that can be drawn from statistical analyses. Secondly, emigration from Zimbabwe can be regarded to be in its infancy stage compared countries like Nigeria and Egypt where migration to developed countries has reached maturity stage. The evidence of this is seen on the volume of remittances currently being received by these two countries. Therefore, this study will complement existing data and literature available particularly on this corridor. Remittances are channelled either through formal or informal channels. The literature available and empirical evidence suggests that the bulk of remittances are channelled through informal channels as opposed to formal channels (Crush et al.,2012:20). Within the South Africa-Zimbabwe corridor, 85 percent of remittances to Zimbabwe are channelled informally (von Burgsdorff, 2012: 17) and are not captured in the official statistics such as the Balance of Payments. The drawback of this is lack of accurate data which precludes more rigorous statistical analysis in this field (von Burgsdorff, 2010:12). This study will endeavour to capture valuable statistics with regards to remittances. Most developing countries that have relied on aid are also burdened with huge unsustainable external debts (Obasanjo, 2000). The external debts continue to have an adverse effect of slowing down economic growth and development as these countries have an obligation to pay back the debts. Settling of external debts has been one of the biggest challenges facing developing countries. With the rise of remittances, Olubiyi (2013:1) sees them as a replacement to credit to a country that is constrained. Instead of borrowing finance for growth and development, remittances can be used instead. Apart from substituting credit with remittances, countries which are not burdened with external debts are able to use remittances as a leverage to obtain foreign loans (Taylor, 1999:69). The loans acquired can used for supplementing revenue derived from the fiscus and other sources of external finance such as FDI, PI and ODA.
11
Loubier, Christine. "Les technologies de l'information dans les pays en voie de développement : regard particulier sur l'électronique et le commerce." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33362.
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Knowledge is the key to growth and development. Unfortunately, the knowledge gap which exists between industrialized countries and developing ones is large. As information technologies play an essential role in the movement of knowledge and information, they hold promise for the reduction of this gap. Information technologies are being introduced progressively in all activities of both the public and private sectors. Business organizations and commercial activities are thus being profoundly transformed, at varying levels and by different instruments. Developing countries cannot afford to be left behind in this information revolution. The international community recognizes this, and has instituted a range of programmes promoting electronic commerce in developing countries. However, to maximize the benefits, developing countries must put in place an environment that favours and promotes the acquisition, absorption and communication of knowledge by their citizens and business enterprises.
12
Sirirangsi, Rangsima. "Population Policy Implementation and Evaluation in Less Industrialized Countries." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279258/.
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This study emphasizes the impact of family planning program components on contraceptive prevalence in less industrialized countries. Building on Lapham and Mauldin's "Program Effort and Fertility Decline" framework and policy evaluation's theory, the author developed two models to examine the impact of family planning programs on contraceptive prevalence and fertility under the constraints of socioeconomic development and demand for family planning. The study employed path analysis and multiple regression on data from the 1982 program effort study in 94 less developed countries (LDCs) by Lapham and Mauldin and 98 LDCs of the 1989 program effort study by Mauldin and Ross. The results of data analyses for all data sets are consistent for the most part. Major findings are as follows: (1) A combination of program effort and socioeconomic development best explains the variation of contraceptive prevalence. (2) Among socioeconomic variables, female literacy exerts the strongest direct and indirect influences to increase contraceptive prevalence and indirect influence to decrease total fertility rate. (3) Christianity performs a significant role in reducing contraceptive prevalence. (4) Among program effort components, availability and accessibility for fertility-control supplies and services have the most influence on contraceptive prevalence. (5) When controlling for demand for family planning, female literacy and Christianity have expected and significant relationships with contraceptive prevalence. Availability and accessibility to fertility-control supplies and services exerts a positive and statistically significant impact on contraceptive prevalence. Demand for family planning has a positive and statistically significant effect on program variables, availability, and contraceptive prevalence. (6) There is a strong inverse relationship between contraceptive use and fertility. Demand for family planning, program effort, and socioeconomic development influence fertility through contraceptive prevalence. The findings of this study suggest that governments in LDCs should give priorities to increasing female education and availability of contraception to effectively reduce fertility.
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Bruce, Colin (Colin Ashley). "Contractual unenforceability, external debt renegociation and the effective incidence of the burden of debt service." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=72816.
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Nasa, Baseerit. "Investigating the debt-growth relationship for developing countries : a multi-country econometric analysis." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/4811.
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Debt which emerged as a result of excessive lending by the advanced nations to disorganised and badly managed economies is oppressing the world’s poorest and most vulnerable whilst enriching wealthy creditors. This study investigates the relationship between debt and the economic growth of 56 heavily indebted poor countries from 1969 to 2000 in three empirical chapters. The first empirical chapter examines the non-linearity of the debt-growth relationship, i.e. it estimates the threshold below which debt enhances growth whilst above which debt prevents growth. The preferred endogenous threshold model of Hansen (1996, 2000) suggests that debt becomes detrimental to growth when debt-to- GDP ratio approaches 45%. Hence a country’s debt is considered sustainable, in the sense that it affects growth positively and can be serviced without any difficulty, as long as its debt-to-GDP ratio is below 45% threshold. An alternative to threshold concept of debt sustainability is the concept of intertemporal sustainability, which defines debt as sustainable providing that actual debt level equals the present discounted value of future trade balance surpluses. This, in terms of the time series properties, implies that debt is sustainable if there is long-run economic relationship between debt stock and output. The second empirical chapter investigates this using numerous integration and cointegration methods. The results from the best tests suggest that debt is unsustainable. Nonetheless, these methodologies have low power and categorise countries into a simple dichotomy of sustainable vs. unsustainable, whereas in reality sustainability is a continuum measure. Thus, the final empirical chapter proposes the use of persistence techniques for assessing debt sustainability, i.e. estimating a Debt Sustainability Index (DSI). Estimates of the DSI conclude that Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries have less sustainable debt than Sub Saharan African (SSA) countries. Furthermore, the oil price, the interest rate and the commodity price shocks have played a substantial role in causing the debt crisis but the contribution of other factors unidentified is larger. The oil shocks are the most important for both groups whilst the interest rate is the least important for LAC and the commodity price for SSA.
15
Iheanacho, Vitalis Akujiobi. "Decentralization, Privatization, and Economic Development in Developing Countries : A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278068/.
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Inyang, Ambrose. "A Cross-National Study of the Effects of Direct Foreign Investment on the Developmental Process of Developing Countries." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501080/.
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Using the assumptions of various schools of thought on development as the theoretical framework, an attempt is made to examine the effects of foreign investment on the socioeconomic growth of 50 developing countries by means of multiple regression models that utilize some external and internal variables assumed to affect the growth rate of GNP. Results from these models indicate that new inflows of foreign investments and amounts of domestic investments are positively related to growth while accumulated stocks of foreign investments have no effect on growth. This suggests that development funds, designed specifically for increased domestic investments, would be the most effective way to increase GNP.
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van, Vliet Lisette. "Debt-for-Nature Swaps : transnational environmental politics in a changing global political economy or NGOs, LDCs and IOUs." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/128737.
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Debt-for-nature swaps are a new phenomenon in world politics. Initiated as a response
to third world debt problems and the urgent need for environmental protection, debt-for-nature
swaps represent a very interesting development in the areas of international finance,
international negotiation and international roles for non-state actors. To date, at least nineteen
swaps have taken place, and according to some observers, they fit a niche that will exist for
some time to come.
18
Brown, Chelsea Denise Booth John A. "The road to development is paved with good institutions the political and economic implications of financial markets /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-6131.
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Mugova, Terrence Tafadzwa. "Interdependence and business cycle transmission between South Africa and the USA, UK, Japan and Germany." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002680.
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The process of globalisation has had a large impact on the world economy over the past three decades. Economic globalisation has manifested itself in the increasing integration of goods and services through international trade and the integration of financial markets. As a consequence the existence of co-movements in economic variables of different countries has become more evident. The extent to which globalisation causes a country’s economy to move together with the rest of the world concerns policy-makers. When such co-movement is significant, the influence of policy-makers on their respective domestic economies is significantly reduced. South Africa re-entered the international economy in the early 1990s when the forces of globalisation, especially for developing countries, seemed to gain momentum. Empirical research such as Kabundi and Loots (2005) found strong evidence of international co-movement between the world business cycle and the South African business cycle, particularly following South Africa’s integration into the global economy. This study examines the relationship and interdependence between South Africa and four of its major developed trading partners. More particularly, the study examines the question of whether business cycles are transmitted from Germany, Japan, US and UK to South Africa, and/or from South Africa to Germany, Japan, the US and UK. The study employs structural vector autoregressive (SVARs) models to analyse monthly data from 1980:01–2008:04 on industrial production, producer prices, short-term interest rates and real effective exchange rates. The results show that South Africa benefits from economic growth in both the UK and US. They also indicate significant price transmission from Germany and Japan to South Africa, with transmission in the opposite direction being statistically insignificant. The impulse response graphs show that a positive one standard deviation shock to both German and Japanese producer prices has a negative impact on South African output (industrial production) growth. Furthermore, South African monetary policy is relatively unresponsive to international monetary policy stances. The findings of this study indicate that South African policymakers need to take into consideration economic performance of the country’s major trading partners, with particular emphasis on the UK and US economies.
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Phan, Thu Anh. "Do Different Political Regime Types Use Foreign Aid Differently to Improve Human Development?" Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12182/.
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Existing literature on foreign aid does not indicate what type of political regime is best to achieve human development outcomes or use aid funds more efficiently. I contend that political leaders of different regime types have personal incentives that motivate them to utilize foreign aid to reflect their interests in providing more or less basic social services for their citizens. Using a data set of 126 aid-recipient countries between the years of 1990 and 2007, I employ fixed effects estimation to test the model. The overall results of this research indicate that foreign aid and democratic institutionalization have a positive effect on total enrollment in primary education, while political regime types show little difference from one another in providing public health and education for their citizens.
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Kalarickal, Jerry. "Urbanization in developing countries." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Bowazi, Kenneth Mtunduwatha. "Maintenance of university facilities in developing countries." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1008472.
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Universities in developing countries are deteriorating physically due to lack of planned maintenance, lack of maintenance policies in the institutions, lack of up-to-date security system, and also lack of qualified personnel at decision-making level. Lack of planning leads to reactive maintenance. It also leads to unbudgeted expenditure and has an impact on the amount of money allocated to maintenance which results in unavailability of funds to carry out maintenance duties. Institutions which have no maintenance policy lack guidelines to follow when a maintenance problem arises. Most personnel in charge of maintenance are junior management or at supervisory level as a result they are not part of middle management that strategically directs the organisation. Most of the decisions made at supervisory scale are easily overruled at management level where the maintenance manager is not present during meetings to motivate maintenance cases. Lack of efficient security also allows vandalism to rise which contributes to the deterioration of facilities. Universities lack creativity and cost management skills to raise its own funds to supplement the maintenance budget, which is largely funded by the government. This study recommends employment of built environment professionals in decision-making positions. It also recommends that organizations should have a maintenance policy in place. Investment should be made in good security systems and management of the facilities should include income generating activities that could subsidise the maintenance budget.
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Bakazi, Annet Baingana. "An investigation into the impact of the privatization of public utilities on the affordability of and access to basic services to poor households in developing countries: lessons for Rwanda." University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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Three arguments are normally presented as rationale for the privatisation of state owned enterprises. The first relates to the problem of the financing of higher levels of public expenditurethe second is based on the viewpoint that private ownership is more efficient than public ownership
whilst the third claims that the losses of inefficient public enterprise are responsible for excessive budget deficits and other fiscal problems.
Although empirical evidence proves that privatisation enhances economic efficiency, it negatively affects the affordability of and access to essential services, which may have serous consequences for poorer households. This happens through increased prices of essential services, such as electricity and telecommunication, as well as through loss of employment opportunities during and after privatisation.
Many countries, also in Africa, implemented various types of privatisation programmes over the past two decades in order to decrease the relative size of governments and to improve efficient delivery of services. Towards the end the 1990&rsquo
s and after the tragic genocide, Rwanda&rsquo
s Government of National Unity also embarked on an ambitious restructuring programme of its state-owned enterprises.
The main purpose of this study was to assess the likely impact of privatisation on poor households in developing countries. The report presents a general overview of the literature, with a specific focus on Brazil, Argentina and South Africa. It investigates the experiences of these countries and derives lessons that can be learnt. Finally it assesses the possible impact of the privatisation of essential service delivery on poor households in Rwanda.
The main conclusion of the study is that governments should look beyond efficiency benefits of restructuring and focus on the overall opportunity cost of the privatisation of essential service delivery. The specific method of privatisation may determine the final social impact. The case studies also highlight the need for more research into the challenges facing the privatisation of essential service delivery. It is clear that any restructuring should be preceded by a thorough analysis of the likely impact on the poorer sections of the community.
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Chekol, Abebe Abebayehu. "Granting intellectual property rights on life forms and processes: does it ensure food security? A developing country perspective." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This study critically investigated the argument whether intellectual property rights over life forms and processes would ensure food security. It only considered the issue from the perspective of developing countries, as they are the ones who are hardest hit by recurrent drought and food insecurity. Protections within TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights) and debates underpinning it formed the essence of the research.
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Fokker, Cornelis Dirk. "Evaluating the automotive production development programme of the automotive component manufacturing industry: envisaged future interventions." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/15215.
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The automotive component manufacturer's (ACM's) operations are not sustainable due to their competitiveness, only determined by price. for ACM's to be competitive, effective government incentives in the automotive industry need to be present. The study was undertaken to provide a blueprint for change required in government incentives.
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Makitla, Mokone Ishmael. "A conceptual model of an access-technology-agnostic delivery mechanism for ICT4D services." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019756.
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Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) is an emerging research area that is concerned with the beneficial applications of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) to achieve developmental goals. ICT4D is thus concerned with designing and developing innovative technologies for resource-constrained environments for applications in key areas of social development such as health, agriculture and education. The ICT4D initiatives, therefore, are driving three main tasks, namely developing the required infrastructure (connectivity, electricity and computing devices) sustainably, building the required ICT human capacity, and providing access to digital content and services. Each of these three main thrusts necessitates innovation. This study addresses the evident lack of delivery mechanisms to facilitate access to digital content and services to end-users through the technologies that these end-users already possess. This lack of innovative delivery mechanisms is both an impediment to achieving equitable access to digital content and service and an opportunity to innovate. Therefore, drawing from the theoretical background of ICT4D, this study develops a set of technical and socio-technical requirements that the missing delivery mechanisms should satisfy. The study also explores the Service Delivery Platform (SDP) concept as a technically viable basis for the required delivery mechanisms. The study then develops a conceptual model of an Access-Technology-Agnostic Delivery Mechanism as a possible delivery mechanism that facilitates equitable access to digital content and services within an ICT4D context. The relevance of the conceptual model is established and, through a prototype implementation, the technical feasibility and utility of the conceptual model is demonstrated. The conceptual model is demonstrated through a proof of concept implementation using standards-based open source technologies. The proof of concept clearly demonstrates that the access-technology-agnostic delivery of digital content and services is achievable, thus making the same service accessible through different access technologies. In developing the Access-Technology-Agnostic Delivery Mechanism, this study contributes through innovation to providing access to digital content and services in an access-technology-agnostic manner.
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Sun, He, and 孙赫. "Differential pricing strategy in improving access to medicine in developing countries." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48425412.
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Background
Inadequate access to medicine is a key public health issue. It violates the basic human right, and impedes economics development and social progress.
Differential pricing means to charge according to variant ability to pay for the same products. Since differential pricing has been successfully used into many business sectors, its adoption in pharmaceutical industry seems to be necessary and feasible to help improve access to medicine for developing countries.
Objective
This project is to review the effect of “differential pricing “in pharmaceutical industry and to discuss its current situation and future development.
Methodology
A literature review was conducted on this topic. Keywords of “(Tiered OR differential OR segment*) AND (price*) AND (developing countries) AND (pharmacy OR drug OR medicine OR vaccine)” were used in databases of Pubmed, Medline and Google scholar for relevant studies and reports on differential pricing in pharmaceutical or vaccine markets.
Result
A total of 16 papers were included into this systematic review. In theory, differential pricing is a “win-win” solution with the ability to reconcile both static and dynamic costs. In practice, differential pricing works to help improve access, however, lower tiered price for patent drugs is still more expensive than generic drugs in most cases.
Conclusion
Differential pricing strategy has the potential to improve access to medicine. However it is still in an infancy stage, there are still lots of spaces for further improvement. Except for pricing policies, other mutual supportive policies also need to obtain a better access to medicine in developing countries.published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health
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Chen, Cuiwei, and 陈翠薇. "Epidemiology and control of rabies in developing countries : a systematic review." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193765.
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Objective: To provide a more innovative review of the published paper on rabies to better inform and guide developing countries in planning long-term rabies prevention campaigns.
Methods: All articles that described the rabies situation and controlling measures in developing countries and published between 01/01/2000 and 31/07/2013 in Pubmed and ISI Web of Knowledge were searched by using specific terms and setting limits, and finally included in this review after being methodological quality assessment.
Results: A total of 10 reviews out of 7383 articles were included in this systematic review. Rabies remains a serious public health problem in developing areas which substantially affects their animal welfare, economic and human health. The situation of rabies in these areas is usually characterized by a high rate of human mortalities, with an annual estimate of more than 30,000. India is affected by rabies the most, suffering from rabies with at least 20,000 rabies deaths reported every year. However, only a few developing countries showed a reduction on human rabies deaths through implementing effective programmes during the last decades. In order to successfully control and eliminate rabies deaths in developing countries, some important tasks should be taken into account, such as cost-effective vaccines, dog rabies control, sensitive surveillance system and so on.
Discussion, Conclusion: Since the rabies is prevalent in most developing countries, national rabies control and elimination calls for efforts from all sides. Nevertheless, it is believed that rabies elimination would be achievable in developing areas if vaccines can be improved, efficient control programmes can be undertaken and more inside and outside support can be received.published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health
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Berger, Guy. "Social structure and rural economic development." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007643.
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New concepts and a synthesis of existing theories may assist in studying the relationship between social structure, development and rural development. The concept of social structure encompasses the concept of economic structure which may be analysed in terms of three "Moments" of production. On this basis, one can distinguish between heterogeneous and homogeneous relations of production structures. "Homogeneous relations" together with "system dynamics" and ''reproduction", define the concept of a mode of production. "Development" refers to the expansion of total productive capacity, premissed on advanced means of production, and corresponding to the particular relations and forces of production in an economic system. The capitalist mode of production has both tendencies and countertendencies to development. The latter prevail in the Third World due to the admixture and heterogeneity of production relations there, and to their subordinate articulation within an international capitalist economic system. In this context, underdevelopment is the result of the specific factors of monopoly competition, dependence-extraversion, disarticulation-unevenness, the three-tier structure of the peripheral economy, surplus transfer, and class structures and struggles. Rural development can be understood in terms of the specific contribution of agriculture to development, theorized as the "Agrarian Question". Agrarian capitalism has been slow to develop in the Third World, and the state of agriculture remains a problem there. "Rural development" has emerged as a deliberate and interventionist state strategy designed to restructure agrarian relations for development. This has contributed to the formation of particular heterogeneous relations of production articulated to the capitalist mode. In this context, the character of the associated classes has left the Agrarian Question unresolved. "Rural development" continues because it has an important~ and even primary, political significance - although this is not without contradictions.
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Wesseling, Catharina. "Health effects from pesticide use in Costa Rica : an epidemiologic approach /." Stockholm, 1997. http://diss.kib.ki.se/1997/91-628-2697-2.
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Rahman, Fazlur. "A model for injury surveillance at the local level in Bangladesh : implications for low-income countries /." Stockholm, 2000. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2000/91-628-4457-1/.
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Reavis, Dena L. "Natural resources, investment, and growth in low income countries /." View online, 2009. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131590402.pdf.
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R, Maharajh, and Kraemer-Mbula E. "Innovation Strategies in Developing Countries." Tshwane University of Technology, 2009. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001623.
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Abstract
This paper is a contribution to the discussion on Innovation for Development. It is argued that
innovation strategies in developing countries are the result of competing policy and contextual
factors. In exploring this theme, it suggests that innovation strategies which are shaped by domestic
market and policy realities are more robust and contribute towards improving the country-level
performance of enterprises. The paper has seven sections which include a brief review of the
literature related to innovation strategies in developing countries; a small discussion of success
factors and policies of countries that offer good experiences and lessons in applying innovation
strategies; a part on what policy implications to draw from the literature and the success stories for
less developed countries; and a final section on the role of the donor countries in facilitating the
implementation of the innovation strategies. The paper puts forward some tentative conclusions that
summarise what has been learnt from the paper and affirms that the innovation-systems based
strategies are indeed internationally replicable. The resulting policy and developmental frameworks
will invariably exhibit high levels of variation. These differences emerge primarily from the systemic
approach encouraged by the use of innovation policy. Secondly, the innovation-systems approaches
ensure adaptability whilst maintaining methodological rigour. It also enables comparability and
thereby also promotes appropriate and relevant benchmarking. Finally, the innovation-systems
paradigm has a normative capacity to dynamically absorb and respond to the needs and demands of
locally-specified domestic contexts.
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Kellett, Ken. "Bilateral aid in Canada's foreign policy : the human rights rhetoric-practice gap." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Political Science, c2013, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3298.
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Successive Canadian federal governments have officially indicated their support of human rights in foreign policy, including as they relate to aid-giving. This thesis quantitatively tests this rhetoric with the actual practice of bilateral aid-giving in two time periods – 1998-2000 and 2007-2009. This, however, revealed that Canada has actually tended to give more bilateral aid to countries with poorer human rights records. A deeper quantitative analysis identifies certain multilateral memberships – notably with the Commonwealth, NATO, and OECD – and the geo-political and domestic considerations of Haiti as significant and confirms a recipient state’s human rights performance is not a consideration. These multilateral relationships reflect state self-interests, historical connections, security, and a normative commitment to poverty reduction. It is these factors that those promoting a human rights agenda need to contemplate if recipient state performance is to become relevant in bilateral aid decisions. Thus, it is necessary to turn to international relations theory, in particular liberal institutionalism, to explain Canada’s bilateral aid-giving in these periods.vi, 141 leaves ; 29 cm
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Abendanon, Lucille. "Debt relief for economics or debt relief for the people? : a critical analysis of the heavily indebted poor countries initiative." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53347.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The HIPC Initiative offers qualifying heavily indebted poor countries the opportunity to renege on their debt obligations in return for an emphatic commitment to poverty reduction and reform. This dissertation assesses the effectiveness of the HIPC Initiative in light of the fact that one third of the world's population continues to live on an average of US$1 per day. In evaluating the HIPC Initiative one simple question is posed: taking into consideration the abject poverty experienced by over a billion people in the developing world, and the urgency with which it must be addressed, is the HIPC Initiative extensive enough, deep enough or broad enough to effectively challenge worldwide poverty? Using quantitative and qualitative research methods, the dissertation investigates this question by examining the divergent points of view offered by the World Bank and IMF on the one hand, and NGOs on the other as they comment on the most hotly debated issues surrounding the effectiveness of the HIPC Initiative. The analysis leads us to an evaluation of the following issues: establishing debt sustainability to qualify for HIPC relief; the issue of conditionality and the use of poverty reduction strategy papers; funding the HIPC Initiative; the likelihood of HIPCs escaping the debt trap after HIPC relief; and finally, how the HIPC Initiative is contributing to attaining the Millennium Development Goals is evaluated. After probing the stances of the World Bank and IMF, and the contrasting views of NGOs the conclusions indicate that the HIPC Initiative is neither extensive, deep nor broad enough to effectively challenge poverty, or to provide indebted poor countries with a lasting escape from the burden of unsustainable debt.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Inisiatief bied aan arm lande met 'n groot skuldlas, wat kwalifiseer vir hulp, die geleentheid om hul skuldverpligtings af te las in ruil vir 'n definitiewe verbintenis tot armoede-vermindering en -hervorming. Hierdie verhandeling evalueer die doeltreffendheid van die HIPC Inisiatief teen die agtergrond van die feit dat een derde van die wêreld se bevolking op 'n gemiddelde van een Amerikaanse Dollar per dag oorleef. Hierdie evaluering van die HIPC Inisiatief stel 'n eenvoudige vraag: Is die HIPC Inisiatief voldoende en uitgebreid genoeg om die uitdaging van wêreldwye armoede aan te spreek indien 'n mens die uiterste armoede van meer as 'n biljoen mense in ontwikkelende gebiede in ag neem, sowel as die dringendheid waarmee dit aangespreek moet word? Deur van kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetodes gebruik te maak, ondersoek die verhandeling hierdie vraag deur uiteenlopende gesigspunte van die Wêreldbank en die Internasionale Monitêre Fonds (IMF) aan die een kant, en Nie- Regerings Orginisasies (NRO's) s'n aan die ander kant, te ondersoek aan die hand van hul kommentaar op die belangrikste kwessies oor die doeltreffendheid van die HIPC Inisiatief. Hierdie ontleding lei tot 'n evaluering van die volgende kwessies: bepaling van lande se potensiaal om met terugbetalings vol te hou ten einde vir hulp deur die HIPC te kwalifiseer; die kwessie van voorwaardelikheid en die gebruik van armoedeverligtingstrategieë; befondsing van die HIPC Inisiatief; die moontlikheid dat die HIPC's die skuldstrikke na toepassing van HIPC-bystand sal ontsnap; en laastens, hoe die HIPC Inisiatief se bydrae tot die bereiking van die Millenium Ontwikkelingsdoelwitte geëvalueer word. Die standpunte van die Wêreld Bank en die IMF sowel as die teengestelde sienings van die NRO's word ondersoek. Die gevolgtrekking toon dat dat die HIPC Insiatief nie uitgebreid, diep of breed genoeg is om armoede doeltreffend hok te slaan nie, of om skuldlastige arm lande te help om finaal van hul skuldlas te ontsnap nie.
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Ullah, Rafi <1992>. "Health capital: Cross country investigation of economic development in South Asian Countries (Study of Developing countries Bangladesh, India and Pakistan)." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/10512.
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The primary objective of this study is to investigate health capital in economic development using life expectancy as a health proxy. As we can divide role of health in economic development into two categories, one is the direct channel which defines health in the empirical terms of labor productivity regarding production output. On the other hand the indirect channel would be the health awareness that generates the incentive for longevity of the population in terms of investments on health. So, we would analyse the labor productivity in response to investments in health and also to investigate the impact of investments in the health awareness on the longevity of these nations. We are considering these countries of South Asia because of two reasons; one is there literacy rate that is very low compare to other Asian countries (Russia, Japan, and Singapore). And, other factor is the availability of cheap labor in these countries which drives the attention towards their health conditions. The analysis would be a comparative study of these countries based on a cross-sectional data taken on necessary variables. In the first chapter we would introduce the concepts of health capital, how is it important for a country to maintain a healthy society in return for better economic output. The economic welfare of a country depends on the health capital of a nation, how is it important for economic development? The second chapter would explore literature review and we will take reference of other developing countries whose health capital has been revised in the economic development aspects. We can further extend the literature to different campaigns and initiatives carried out to eliminate the loss of capital in a nation. Moreover as this is the central chapter we would take the data on the relevant variables i-e; life expectancy, literacy rate, production or output of labor for these countries. We will run regression analysis to evaluate the estimated variables. The results will be compared to the evidences of other economies and we will also do cross-country evaluation of the base economies (Pakistan, India and Bangladesh). We will follow statistical and econometrics techniques to derive our regression results.
The final chapter would be the remarks, conclusions and policy implications for any possible improvements or elimination of certain aspects that can affect the developmental strategies. However the policy implications and conclusive remarks will be according to the output of regression analysis.
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Krasnogolov, Vitaliya O. "Inter Country Analysis of the Effects of Official Development Assistance in Developing Countries on Economic Growth." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1061416160.
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Wang, Yichen, and Boxin Mu. "How technology spillovers from developed to developing countries influence labor productivity in developing countries." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-21149.
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Advanced technology plays a more and more important role in economic growth. With increasing international transactions, technology spillover between countries is becoming more important for especially developing countries. The main objective of this essay is to investigate the relationship between labor productivity and technological spillovers measured by Foreign Direct Investments (FDI), import and Research and Development expenditure (R&D). We use data covering 41 developing countries for the time period 2005 to 2008 to assess the extent to which technological spillovers from US influence labor productivity in the selected developing countries. Our results show that the relationship between technological spillovers and labor productivity in developing countries are highly sensitive to model specification and estimation techniques. Simple pooled data estimations revels a clear relation between technological spillover an labor productivity while more complex models such as dynamic panel data models fails in this task.
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Abebe, Opeyemi Temitope. "Regional trade agreements and its impact on the multilateral trading system: eroding the preferences of developing countries?" Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The purpose of this paper was to examine the impact that the proliferation of regional trade agreements have had on the Multilateral Trading System and whether by allowing regional trade agreements under the World Trade Organization rules, the members of the World Trade Organization have not unwittingly weakened the multilateral trading system. It also examined the effect the proliferation of regional trade agreements have had on the special and deferential treatment for developing countries within the system.
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Gillies, David 1952. "Between ethics and interests : human rights in the north-south relations of Canada, The Netherlands, and Norway." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41264.
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This study examines human rights in the North-South relations of three internationalist countries: Canada, the Netherlands, and Norway. It pays special attention to the integration of human rights in development aid policy, particularly the use of political conditionality. The theoretical framework examines the explanatory power of political Realism. A hypothesis linking policy assertiveness with the perceived costs to other national interests is tested by selecting Western states most likely to disprove Realist assumptions, and by choosing at least two Third World cases for each aid donor: one where economic, political and strategic interests are high, and another where the same interests are minimal or low. Three frameworks to (1) document human rights abuses; (2) evaluate national human rights performance; and (3) gauge foreign policy assertiveness serve as the methodological lenses to analyze Western statecraft and test the hypothesis.Each donor's search for moral opportunity is visible in an emerging agenda to promote human rights and democratic development. However, if the resolve to defend human rights beyond national borders is gauged by a state's willingness to incur harm to other important national interests, then Canada, the Netherlands, and Norway are seldom disposed to let human rights trump more self-serving national interests. The potential for consistent and principled human rights statecraft is frequently undermined by Realism's cost-benefit rationality.
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Pienaar, Elizabeth Dorothea. "Information needs of health researchers in developing countries : A survey of development country participants in Cochrane collaboration." University of Western Cape, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7359.
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Master of Public Health - MPHOne hundred and fifty two (152) countries in the world can be classified as developing or low-resourced countries (LR Cs) according to the World Bank. 1 In the majority of these countries the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is below $1000. Given these limited resources it stands to reason that there is less money available to spend on healthcare and health research
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Bourget, Bernard. "Country risk analysis : a survey of external debt service capacity indicators." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65534.
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Taji, Mona El. "Rural women, the environment and nonformal education in countries of the South." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26338.
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Over the ages, rural women in subsistence and near-subsistence economies have maintained a sustainable relationship with the environment. This has been manifested in their different roles as users, producers, managers, and income providers. However, the introduction of Western-style development emulating the growth patterns of the North has not only overlooked the needs of the environment but also the needs and knowledge of women. The uninhibited exploitation of nature through development has started eroding the environment. In addition, with the marginalization of women from development schemes, women's cultural, social, economic, and legal status has regressed even further than it was. With no appropriate education, these women have been left defenceless in their confrontation with a changing and frequently adverse environment.Although literature abounds with studies on women, education, and the environment, few studies attempt to link the three together within the framework of sustainable development. This information gap seems to have hindered development projects from implementing education programs targeting women and focusing on the environment.
This study seeks to fill this information gap. Based on rural women's holistic vision of development, it highlights the necessity of empowering women with a participatory, multifaceted, and integrated nonformal education, which targets gender equity as well as environmental protection and regeneration.
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Dupuis, Raymond 1957. "Economic efficiency in agriculture : an intercountry analysis for the developing countries." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65369.
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Wong, Hon-ho, and 黃漢浩. "Analytical models for the assessment of information technology on sustainable electrification." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3122362X.
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Pandit, Kavita K. "Temporal and spatial variation in sectoral labor allocation during development /." The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487332636477126.
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Khwela, Gcwelumusa Chrysostomus. "Challenges of arms transfers facing the emerging supplier states in the new international political economy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53324.
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Thesis (MMil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The fundamental motivation for emerging arms suppliers to produce arms was the desire to overcome their position of dependence in the system of arms production and transfers. However, their predicament as late entrants into the system castigated them to fail in this endeavour. This failure is based on three criteria, which also assist in the identification of emerging suppliers. Firstly, the weaponry they produce is far below the sophistication characterised by higher levels of technological advancement. Secondly, they can only produce one or two advanced weapon systems. Finally, they rely on the leading suppliers for certain sophisticated components of weapon systems which they cannot produce themselves and as a result, become so dependent that they, with an exception of a few, are unable to go beyond the simple reproduction or retrofitting of existing weapon systems. The capability to produce arms was restrictedly extended to certain states in the post-war era, and even those states that obtained such a capability were confmed to producing small arms and platforms for naval vessels. Those states that went beyond these capabilities did so with the assistance of other states or specialists, the initial intention being to meet domestic requirements, and ultimately to dispose surplus Second World War equipment in the re-transfer market. The emerging supplier states' intention to develop indigenous arms industries was driven by the political urge to reduce their reliance on the leading suppliers and to nationalise the arms production process for import substitution in order to meet domestic security needs. Since the emerging suppliers began the process of defence industrialisation from the importation of complete weapon systems to import substitution, and ultimately to the promotion of exports, they mainly relied on technology imported from the leading suppliers. On the one hand, the leading suppliers attempted to hinder the efforts of emerging suppliers to promote arms exports so as to protect their oligopolistic share of the arms market through tightening the controls and regulations on technological supplies. On the other, the emerging suppliers were impelled to promote their arms exports in order to overcome the saturation of their domestic markets, to utilise effectively their arms production capacities, and to positively affect their balance of payments through the procreation of foreign exchange returns. This study reached the following conclusions and inferences: 1. The arms trade has evolved to be characterised by the transfer of military technology, which did not feature in the arms transactions of the previous periods. 2. The gap between the leading and emerging suppliers is widening with regard to the sophistication of technological capabilities, and accordingly the stratification within the arms production and transfer system is sustainable and reinforced, thus making it hard for the lower tiers to progress beyond their current status. 3. The emerging suppliers' share of and contribution into the arms market is constricted, and as such they specialise in specific (often uncomplicated) weapon systems that constitute niches in the global market. 4. The unfolding arms production and transfer system is characterised by a fiercely competitive atmosphere, and consequently, only those states that can subsidise or integrate their efforts are enabled to sustain an advanced arms production faculty. 5. As the emerging suppliers begin to introduce more and more of their wares into the market, the costs of research and development begin to soar in the same manner as those of the leading suppliers, thus urging them to become more export-oriented. 6. Participants in the system will be compelled to relinquish their comparative technological superiority in order to survive, thus narrowing the gap between the capabilities possessed by both the leading and the emerging suppliers.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die onderliggende motivering van opkomende wapenverskaffers om wapens te produseer word toegeskryf aan 'n behoefte om hulle relatiewe afhanklikheid in die stelsel van wapenproduksie en - handel te oorkom. Boonop het die laat toetrede tot die stelsel hierdie opkomende verskaffers se kanse tot sukses verder belemmer. Die rede vir die onsuksesvolle toetrede word gebasseer op drie kriteria (wat ook dien as identifiserende eienskappe van opkomende wapenverskaffers). Eerstens, die wapens wat opkomende verskaffers lewer skiet tekort aan die vereiste gesofistikeerde standaarde van die gevestigde wapenprodusente. Tweedens, hulle kan slegs een of twee gevorderde wapenstelsels produseer. Derdens, sekere komponente van wapenstelsels word verkry by die gevestigde verskaffers, wat lei tot afhanklikheid tot so 'n mate dat die opkomende verskaffer se vermoëns beperk word tot eenvoudige reprodusering of herinstallasies van bestaande stelsels. Trouens, in die post-oorlog tydperk is die vermoë om wapens te produseer doelbewus beperk tot sekere state wat 'n afgebakende reeks van handwapens en uitrusting vir vloot vaartuie kon vervaardig. State wat verby hierdie vermoë beweeg het, het dit gedoen met behulp van ander state of spesaliste, oorspronklik met die oog op die huishoudelike behoefte maar ook om ontslae te raak van surplusse uit die Tweede Wêreldoorlog. 'n Politieke begeerte om in hulle eie sekuriteitsbehoeftes te voorsien deur middel van invoersubstitusie, het die opkomende verskaffers genoop om ontslae te raak van die afhanklikheid op gevestigde verskaffers en om die wapenproduseringsproses te nasionaliseer. Hulle het hoofsaaklik gesteun op ingevoerde tegnologie om die verdedigingsbedryf te industrialiseer. Die proses het so verloop: volledige wapenstelsels is ingevoer, daarna het invoersubstitusie plaasgevind, en daarna 'n bevordering van uitvoere. Gevestigde verskaffers het endersyds probeer om (deur middel van strenger kontrole en regulasies of tegnologiese ware) die opkomende verskaffers te verhoed om hulle oligopolistiese houvas op die mark te belemmer en andersyds moes opkomende verskaffers noodgedwonge hulle uitvoere bevorder om te voorkom dat die plaaslike mark versadig word. Die laasgenoemde aspek het ook die betalingsbalans van opkomende verskaffers positief beinvloed as gevolg van die inkomste uit buitelandse valuta. Hierdie studie kom tot die volgende aanames en gevolgtrekkings: 1. Wapenhandel het só ontwikkel dat die oordrag van militêre tegnologie die hoofkenmerk geword het in die stelsel - 'n ongekende kenmerk tot dusver in die ontwikkelingsgang van internasionale wapenhandel. 2. Die gaping van tegnologiese vermoëns tussen opkomende en gevestigde wapenverskaffers word groter en daarmee saam word die stratifikasie in wapenproduksie en -lewering volhoubaar en versterk, wat lei tot 'n beperking op die vermoë van opkomende verskaffers om vooruitgang te maak. 3. Opkomende verskaffers se aandeel in en bydrae tot wapenmarkte bly beperk en spesialiseer daarom op spesifieke (meestalongekompliseerde) wapenstelsels wat gemik is op sekere nisse in die wêreldmark. 4. Die ontluikende wapenproduksie en -handelsisteem is uiters kompeterend, met die gevolg dat slegs state wat hulle pogings kan subsidieer of integreer in staat is om gevorderde fasiliteite te onderhou. 5. Met die toenemende aanbod vanaf opkomende verskaffers, styg die kostes van navorsing en ontwikkeling vir beide die opkomende en die gevestigde verskaffer wat weer beide dwing om hulle uitvoere te beklemtoon. 6. Deelnemers in die stelsel sal gedwing word om hulle vergelykende tegnologiese voorsprong prys te gee om te oorleef in die stelsel, waarna die gaping tussen die vermoëns van opkomende en gevestigde verskaffers verminder sal word.
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Graf, Andreas. "Agricultural Insurance for Developing Countries." St. Gallen, 2009. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/02604684002/$FILE/02604684002.pdf.
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Yavuz, Ayse Arzu. "Labour markets in developing countries." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/89593.
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This thesis basic aim is to have a better understanding of how labour markets work and to explore different transmission mechanisms that might be responsible for making these markets different from their counterparts in the developed world. I analyzed problems created by large public sector employment by using two different frameworks and I made an empirical study about the social factors related to gender issues. In the second chapter, the government's excess employment in the economy is placed under the efficiency wage framework. It is aimed to find out how the wage and effort differentials between public and private sectors actually affect the labour market or more specifically equilibrium levels of employment, wages and productivity. The chapter investigates how the total welfare responds to changes in these differentials in terms of two different models. The results show that an effort of raising employment by the government eventually leads to a reduction in the total welfare by curbing private employment. This chapter contributes to the existing literature by providing a different approach by defining an explicit outside option, namely the government sector, to the efficiency wage theory. Another aspect analyzed is the relation between public sector employment and output growth. In chapter three, I try to establish a link between the government employment and economic growth rate underlying several mechanisms; distortionary taxes, productive government expenditure and productivity link resulting from the interaction of government and private labour markets inspiring from the efficiency wage theory. I endogenize the growth rate by introducing a public sector capital term in government expenditures. The production function in the growth model is constructed such that productivity of private worker decreases when size of public employment increases. I concluded that the abundant government employment force private sector either to pay higher wages or to have lower productivity of labour as outside option for the workers are now plenty. While higher wage leads more unemployment, productivity decline causes output to reduce. Developing countries social dynamics have unforeseen consequences on the labour markets. Thus, in order to understand the social and traditional values explaining the employment decisions taken by the labour force in the developing countries, in the fourth chapter of this thesis an empirical study is carried out to investigate the existence of and the potential behavioral change in son preference in Turkey, by using different statistical techniques. The main contribution of this part is that, it provides a broad analysis of son preference behavior in Turkey by using the latest econometric techniques. In particular, it investigates whether the process of urbanization and modernization in Turkey had an effect on son preference behavior over time. The results imply that there is clear and strong son preference in Turkey and the difference between progression ratios of families with and without sons is larger in 1993 compared to 1998. It is also found that the regional effects are more dominant on childbearing decision and urbanization had a diminishing effect on son preference behavior in Turkey.
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Mastromarco, Camilla. "Measuring efficiency in developing countries." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2005. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5342/.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter one presents a critical and detailed review of the stochastic frontier methodology from a macro-data perspective. The advantages over the standard growth accounting approach are emphasised, and the main features of the translog production function, used throughout the thesis, are discussed. Chapter two uses the stochastic frontier approach to estimate different specifications of the production function, technological catch-up (efficiency improvements) and technological change (shifts in the production frontier) for 57 developing countries over the period 1960-1990. It is well known that alternative specifications of the production function lead to ambiguous empirical evidence for competing theories of economic growth (Durlauf and Quah 1999). Therefore, tests are performed to find the specification in line with the data under analysis. Then the important issue of the role of human capital in the process of economic growth is also investigated, since it is not yet unambiguously determined (Islam 1995, p.1154). Chapter three analyses the results based on Model 4* (Chapter 2) in more detail to provide a consistent decomposition of output growth. The evolution of the entire distribution of the growth and productivity sources is analysed and a formal test for assessing the importance of growth factors is performed. With respect to regression analysis, this approach is likely to be more informative (Quah, 1996a,b, 1997). The base of both the test and the visual analysis is the non-parametric kernel density estimator. The findings in the previous chapters motivate Chapter 4 of the thesis, which further explores the relative importance of FDI, imports of capital goods and human capital accumulation in the development process.