Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Déterminismes'
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Vautrin, Jean. "Déterminismes de la transmission synaptique à la jonction neuromusculaire de vertébré." Paris 12, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA120027.
Full textSégura, Vincent. "Etude des déterminismes génétiques de caractères morphologiques et architecturaux chez le pommier." École nationale supérieure agronomique (Montpellier), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENSA0037.
Full textControlling plant architecture is often a desirable goal for perennial crop species. In fruit trees, this goal is generally reached by using size-controlling rootstock, pruning and training. However, the introduction of architectural traits in selection schemes constitutes a promising way to reduce the pruning and training costs. Within this context, the present study aimed at analysing the genetic determinism of architectural traits in apple tree through a quantitative genetics approach. An architectural analysis including main architectural processes and both perennial development and within-tree variability was performed thorough the 4 first years of growth of a F1 progeny. High heritability values and a large number of QTL were found for the architectural traits studied. However, because of ontogenetic and climatic effects, a variation in the genetic parameters was observed. To characterise these effects, the data were gathered in sequences of temporal and spatial repeated measurements and analysed through mixed linear models of repeated data that allowed a dissection of phenotypic plasticity into genetic, ontogenetic and environmental effects. QTLs were also mapped for each of these effects. In addition, in order to define architectural traits for breeding schemes, clustering methods were carried out both on the basis of relevant descriptors and from advanced tree graph comparison methods. At the end of this work, a phenotyping and analysing method has been proposed and opens up perspectives both toward the identification of molecular determinisms underlying the QTLs found and for breeding purpose
Musseau, Camille. "Variabilité trophique chez la truite marbrée (Salmo marmoratus) : déterminismes ontogénétiques et environnementaux." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30370/document.
Full textVariability within natural populations plays a major role in maintaining functional diversity in communities and ecosystems. The marble trout (Salmo marmoratus) is a species of great conservation concern given its restricted geographical area. Few populations persist in the Adriatic basin, threatened by the impacts of global change (increase of the frequency and intensity of flood events) and by biological invasions. In this thesis, we aimed to quantify trophic variability of this species both at the population and individual levels and to understand the underlying mechanisms. The diet of 1523 marble trout from the seven remnant populations persisting in the Soca River basin (Slovenia) were sampled between 2011 and 2013 and were analyzed with stable isotopes (d15N and d13C). Our results show strong variability through ontogeny within as well as between individuals. This intraspecific variation was observed at the population level and was determined by both environmental variables and size-structured demography effects on fish physiology and ecological opportunities. Results indicate a high rate of opportunistic cannibalism (from 6 to 32 % in populations) promoted by prey densities. This permanent behavior may lead to modification of the populations' size structures and dynamics. Studying trophic interactions between the marble trout and an invasive salmonid species (rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss), we showed that trophic niches of the native trout shifted because of interspecific competition. However, our results suggest that the piscivorous behavior of the marble trout, rare for stream-dwelling salmonids, would be a strong advantage for biotic resistance against biological invaders. This thesis demonstrates the high trophic plasticity, both at the individual and population levels, in this freshwater predator that could be an adaptative advantage in a global change context
Bresson, Caroline. "Variations altitudinales de traits fonctionnels foliaires chez les arbres : déterminismes environnemental et génétique." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14220/document.
Full textThe rapid climate change, which we are currently witnessing, is already modifying the physiology and distribution of species. Predictions of changes in species distributions do not take evolutionary mechanisms and biotic interactions into account. Our main objective was to assess the inherent adaptive capacities of tree populations by i) quantifying the phenotypic variations of functional traits with altitude and ii) studying the extent to which these variations are environmentally driven (phenotypic plasticity) and/or genetically fixed (adaptation). The study took place in the French Pyrenees along an altitudinal gradient range of 1500 m corresponding on average to 8°C of thermal amplitude. We focused on two broadleaved species with a wide European distribution (sessile oak and common beech). This gradient was repeated in two parallel valleys, distant from 30 km. Altitudinal trends were investigated for several morphological, physiological and phenological traits in natural conditions (in situ), in a common garden experiment and in reciprocal transplant experiments (RTEs). The phenotypic variability observed in situ showed significant altitudinal trends for all the studied traits and followed similar patterns for both species. We established that together with temperature, it was also necessary to integrate the variations of atmospheric gas partial pressure along the altitudinal gradient. In the common garden experiment, our results showed that the altitudinal gradient induced genetic differentiations for growth, leaf phenology and several morphological and physiological traits. This experiment made it possible to demonstrate, for both species, a weaker effect of genetic variations than in situ observed variations, suggesting a strong effect of the environment on leaf functional traits. A higher intrapopulation than interpopulation genetic variability was also observed for all traits. Finally, the reciprocal transplant experiments highlighted a high magnitude of phenotypic plasticity whatever the trait and the species
Pantin, Florent. "Ontogenèse des déterminismes hydrauliques et métaboliques de la croissance foliaire chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20145.
Full textIn plants, leaf growth is the central process allowing energy capture and space colonization. The literature suggests that leaf growth is predominantly determined by metabolic and hydraulic limitations. Here, we test the original hypothesis that the relative importance of metabolics and hydraulics on the control of leaf growth is organized according to leaf ontogeny in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that leaf carbon balance limits growth of the young leaves which therefore grow at a slower rate in the nighttime, while a hydraulic limitation gradually establishes in the daytime, when growth and transpiration competes for water. This gradual hydraulic limitation is underlain by a deterioration of leaf venation and probably aquaporins capacity to supply water to the leaf, despite an ontogenetic decrease in transpiration. This decline in transpiration occurs because stomata acquire throughout leaf ontogeny their sensitivity to the major closure signals, including darkness and abscisic acid (ABA), a hormone induced by drought. Finally, we discover a novel component of stomatal sensitivity to ABA, conserved in mutants described as insensitive to ABA in isolated epidermis: ABA induces a decrease in leaf hydraulic conductance which lowers leaf water potential and stomatal conductance according to a hydraulic cascade. Decreasing leaf hydraulic conductance through ABA action in fully expanded leaves would contribute to redirect water flow to the young leaves under water stress. More generally, controlling stomata by ABA-induced hydraulic mechanisms could be a crucial component of the coordination between water supply and water demand in plants under water challenging conditions
Garant, Dany. "Déterminismes de la structure populationnnelle intra-rivière chez le saumon de l'Atlantique, Salmo salar." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ38090.pdf.
Full textDillinger, Jean-Guillaume. "Mécanismes et déterminismes de la résistance biologique aux antiagrégants plaquettaires dans la pathologie cardiovasculaire." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC117.
Full textThe occurrence of cardiovascular events under antiplatelet treatment, showing a persistence of atherothrombotic phenomena is behind the concept of "resistance" to antiplatelet agents. The aim of this work was to characterize and understand some basic mechanisms of "resistance" to aspirin but also to ADP inhibitors. The biological resistance of antiplatelet drugs is often the result of either a pharmacokinetic disruption of the antiplatelet drug (absorption, distribution, and metabolism) with insufficient blood level of the active metabolite, or a modified pharmacodynamics of the drug. Concerning high platelet reactivity under aspirin, it seems clearly linked to platelet turnover. A depletion of platelet inhibition during the day was clearly identified in some patients (essential thrombocythemia, diabetes) but also in some circumstances (acute coronary syndrome, inflammation. . . ). The measurement of surrogate markers of accelerated platelet turnover, thrombopoietin for example, confirms this mechanism. The distribution of aspirin doses during the day improved platelet inhibition and thus could be an interesting alternative for better protection. Concerning clopidogrel, the importance of hepatic cytochrome polymorphism has helped explain much of high platelet reactivity under this treatment. The drug interactions and gastrointestinal absorption are important mechanisms of high platelet reactivity under new inhibitors of ADP
Blanchet, Mathieu. "Etude des déterminismes de maturation et d’infectiosité des virus des hépatites B et Delta." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077031.
Full textThe HBV envelope proteins bud spontaneously at the ER membrane, mainly as subviral empty particles. In rare cases, the HBV nucleocapsid is recruited, leading to the formation of virions. This peculiar budding process is to the benefit of HDV, a defective virus that needs the HBV envelope proteins to complete its life cycle. Three envelope proteins are encoded by the HBV genome. They differ from each other by the size of their N-terminal extension. The S-HBsAg protein is made of the S domain only, M-HBsAg is made of the S and pre-S2 domains, and L-HBsAg is made of the pre-S1, pre-S2, and S domains. S- and L-HBsAg are required for HBV maturation. S-HBsAg is sufficient for HDV maturation. The S domain contains four transmembrane domains, two cytosolic loops (CYL-I and -II), and a loop located in the ER lumen. The first part of our work consisted in the identification of HBV and HDV infectivity and maturation determinants in CYL-I and -II. Our results show the absence of maturation and infectivity determinants for HBV and HDV in CYL-I. CYL-II does not contain any amino-acid indispensable for viral entry. The second part of our work consisted in a study of the L-HBsAg pre-S domain, which harbours the main HBV infectivity determinant. The pre-S domain also contains the matrix domain for HBV maturation, whose role at viral entry could not be tested in the HBV model. We used the HDV model to study this region. Our results show that HDV infectivity determinants are confined to the first 75 N-terminal amino-acids of pre-S1, excluding any role of the matrix domain in the infection process. These results are in favour of common infectivity determinants for HBV and HDV
Normand, Julien. "Déterminismes génétiques de l'allocation à la reproduction chez les huîtres creuses (Crassostrea gigas) triploïdes." La Rochelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LAROS274.
Full textIn diploid Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, gonadic development can be important in terms of energetic investment. Phenotypic and genetic negative correlations have also been observed between gonadic occupation and traits related to survival and growth, and this fact suggests that this trait could be deleterious for its aquaculture production. Triploidy can be been artificially induced to improve the production of Pacific oysters as it results in a general diminution of mean gonadic development. This trait is however highly variable. In this context, this study aimed to quantify and qualify the allocation to reproduction in triploid oysters and to study its genetic bases. Variability for allocation to reproduction and growth was first studied in 3 sets of 96 families produced following a factorial crossing design and reared together under common condition, including diploids, triploids obtained by 4n x 2n crosses or chemical induction. Gonadic development in triploid oysters was divided by two compared with diploids. The maturation of gonadic tissues showed perturbations characterized with high occurrence of hermaphroditism, and high inter-individual variation in maturation stage. A moderate genetic determinism has been found for the allocation to reproduction in the three groups, probably influenced by environmental heterogeneity due to competition between individuals. Significant interactions have been detected between triploidy and genetic familial value for soft-tissue weight and allocation to reproduction. The genetic basis for the variation of the allocation to reproduction in diploid and triploid oysters was then studied with the analysis of the response to a divergent selection experiment. Diploid breeders showing contrasted gonadic development were chosen to induce a directional selective pressure. Allocation to reproduction measured in diploid and triploid offspring showed a clear response to selection in these two groups. The possible causes of the observed variation of allocation to reproduction in diploid and triploid oysters, and its consequences on correlated phenotypic traits, as well as the sensibility of phenotypic traits and related genetic parameters estimates to environmental heterogeneity are discussed in the light of our results
Pérez-Martin, Antonia. "Évaluation et déterminismes de l'insulinosensibilité : conséquences pour l'individualisation du réentraînement à l'effort des sujets insulinorésistants." Montpellier 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON1T018.
Full textPoudevigne, Isabelle. "Dynamique des paysages ruraux de la Haute-Normandie (France) : Analyse comparée, déterminismes et conséquences environnementales." Rouen, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ROUES036.
Full textThe recent dynamics of rural landscapes in Upper Normandy (France) is analysed through two study cases located in the Seine Valley (St Martin de Boscherville) and in the Lieuvin (Brionne). After a methodological reflection on data types and their statistical treatments, the first part describes the structural changes observed these last thirty years : changes in land use, increase of the “landscapes grain”. The analysis of driving factors of landscape dynamics leads us to consider the farming structures which manage rural areas and the efficiency of classical tools used for land management. These trends are replaced in a national and international context, notably through a study case in Eastern Europe (Ukraine). In the third part, the environmental consequences of these rural landscape dynamics are stressed for water resources in the case study of Brionne and for biodiversity in the Seine Valley case study. Conclusions of this thesis outline the necessity for interdisciplinary studies for the best analysis of these “global changes”
Goepp, Stéphanie. "Origine, histoire et dynamique des Hautes-Chaumes du massif vosgien : Déterminismes environnementaux et actions de l'Homme." Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00553049.
Full textNjiengwé, François. "Drépanocytose et dépression au Cameroun : déterminismes biopsychosociaux et ressorts pour une réponse pragmatique à la souffrance." Toulouse 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU20052.
Full textOur work looked for a possible explanatory link between sickle cell anaemia and depression in Cameroonian patients. This link is postulated as proceeding from three interdependent dimensions: biologic, environmental and psychological or personal. This work is rather an observational and qualitative clinical perspective in psychopathology. In 40 patients, two profiles of the “threat of a psychic decay” were built. In every indicator declined in our operational hypotheses is compared each of both anxio-depressive profiles. This comparison shows no link between the biologic parameters, the environmental incidences and the anxiety-depressive profiles. In the contrary, the psychological incidences turn out to be in narrow relation with the “threat of a psychic decay”. The decision-maker is called to offer increasing care, management and prevention. Medical staff and whole community are invited to more empathy to neutralize the spiral of the decay. Pragmatic perspectives are proposed
Loubry, Denis. "Déterminismes du comportement phénologique des arbres en forêt tropicale humide de Guyane française(5 LAT. N)." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066636.
Full textLi-Marchetti, Camille. "Déterminismes génétiques et environnementaux des composantes architecturales à l'origine de l'élaboration de la forme du rosier buisson." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSARB275/document.
Full textThe shape and therefore the architecture of a potted ornamentalplant such as bush rose determines its visual quality. It can becontrolled by plant breeding and/or cultivation techniques suchas the environmental factor application. However, these methodsare used empirically and rarely take into account the Genotypex Environment interaction (GxE). Firstly, among three cultivationtechniques evaluated on fi ve to eight rose bush cultivars withcontrasted shapes, water restriction highly modifi ed the architectureleading to more compact plants. A high GxE interaction was revealedwith three architectural responses ranging from low to high. Theywere partly explained by different cytokinins and salicylic acidconcentrations between genotypes.Secondly, the genetic analysisby mapping of the bush rose architecture based on two connectedrepeat-blooming populations in segregation showed that most ofthe architectural traits were controlled by one or several QTLs withlow effects. Some of them were infl uenced by the environmentand/or by the genetic background. The introgression of such traitsin different genetic backgrounds for example will likely be diffi cult.This study underlined the importance of taking into considerationthe GxE and QTLxE interactions to better orientate breedingprograms but also to better use cultivation techniques in order to control plant architecture
Cransac, Nathalie. "Déterminismes de la ségrégation entre les sexes chez le Mouflon (Ovis gmelini) : rôle des caractéristiques de l'habitat." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30051.
Full textCollin, Pascal. "Croissance et développement du frêne commun (Fraxinus excelsior L. ) cultivé en conditions contrôlées : recherche de leurs déterminismes." Besançon, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BESA2025.
Full textDelvigne, Vincent. "Géoressources et expressions technoculturelles dans le sud du Massif central au Paléolithique supérieur : des déterminismes et des choix." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0005/document.
Full textThe petroarchaeology of flint tries to define the origin of flints found in archaeological sites. In view of the recentmethodological advances (definition of the facies always more precise, dynamic vision of the route of the flint inher environment - “evolutionary chain” concept -, precise mapping of the siliceous mineral domains) it isnowadays possible to distinguish not only the formation place of the flint (primary outcrop) but also its retrievalplace (primary or secondary outrcrop).The exhaustive study of archaeological flint collections from the South of the Massif Central of France at varioustimes of the Upper Palaeolithic (recent and final Gravettian: Le Blot and Le Rond-de-Saint-Arcons; Badegoulian:Le Rond-du-Barry and La Roche-à-Tavernat; and Upper Magdalenian: Sainte-Anne II) have permitted thehighlighting of an unexpected diversity of material representative of a huge litho-espace (geographical spaceincluding all the regarded materials). In this respect, we developed a new figuration model of the origin of the rawmaterial discovered in the archaeological site, either in a sito-centred form (like a star), but like a network ofplaces, more in agreement with the ethnographic and geographic data. The presence of different types of flint inthe lithic industries correlated to their introducing pattern on site, allow to distinguish the choices made by theancient men versus the natural constraints they undergone, authorizing consequently the semantic inscription ofthe litho-espace in an attempt of reconstruction of the palaeo-social-space
Nakhla, Mohamed. "Déterminismes cachés et mécanismes de choix dans le système politico-administratif local : cas de la programmation des routes départementales." Paris, ENMP, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ENMP0170.
Full textCaubet, Yves. "L' éthogenèse chez Dinarmus basalis Rondani (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae), ectoparasitoïde larvaire de Bruchidae (Coleoptera) : Déterminismes et influences de l'expérience précose." Paris 13, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA131001.
Full textCôté, Caroline. "Panmixie et variabilité phénotypique : étude des déterminismes moléculaires impliqués dans la variation phénotypique chez l'anguille d'Amérique ( Anguilla rostrata, Lesueur 1817)." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25270.
Full textChambon, Christophe. "Mutants de saccharomyces cerevisiae bloqués dans l'activité farnesyl diphosphate synthetase : isolement, déterminismes génétique et physiologique de la production de terpènes aromatiques." Poitiers, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990POIT2326.
Full textAbou, Tayeh Paula. "La biologie entre opinions et connaissances : conceptions d'enseignants et d'étudiants libanais sur le cerveau et son épigenèse, et sur d'autres déterminismes génétiques /épigénétiques." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10030.
Full textKochkar, Mohamed. "Les déterminismes biologiques. Analyse des conceptions et des changements conceptuels consécutifs à un enseignement sur l'épigenèse cérébrale chez des enseignants et des apprenants tunisiens." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00495610.
Full textDébibakas, Sarah. "Impact de la diversité génétique du Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV) sur les déterminismes de résistance de la canne à sucre à la feuille jaune." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0554.
Full textModern varieties of sugarcane have a bispecific origin and a complex genetic structure, aneuploid and highly polyploid, maklng genetic resistance study uneasy to perform. Yellow leaf of sugarcane is a viral disease whose causal agent is the sugarcane yellow leaf virus (scylv). This virus has a wide range of diversity. Only three viral genotypes, distinguishable by rt-pcr, were found in guadeloupe. The objectives of this srudy are to assess: l/the possibility to find markers associated with plant resistance to scylv through a genome wide association study 2 1 the impact of the pathogen diversity on the resistance of sugarcane to scylv. Association studies have been conducted with more than 4000 aflp and dart markers on four types of phenotypic data (virus intensity and density in leaves and canes). Phenotypes were measured on 189 varieties of sugarcane in two successive trials in a three randomized complete block design. From these varieties, 40 were selected and allowed to obtain 10 biparental crosses. The offspring were followed during two trials. The incidence and the diversity of scylv were evaluated in the 40 varieties and the offspring. The narrow sense heritability of the resistance to the scylvs was determined. Six markers of the resistance to the scylv and two genes, with potential contribution in virus resistance, have been identified. The study also shows that the resistance of the plant is variable depending on the scylv genotype and that this resistance is partly transmitted to the offspring. Breeding for scylv resistance is practicable
Le, Pendu Yvonnick. "Déterminismes proximaux des émergences sociales chez le Mouflon méditerranéen (Ovis gmelini). Concepts théoriques et analyse comparée : [thèse en partie soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30052.
Full textMoeys, Julien. "Variabilité spatiale et déterminismes agro-pédologiques du devenir d'un herbicide dans l'horizon de surface - Application au cas de l'isoproturon dans un secteur agricole de Beauce chartraine." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004448.
Full textMoeys, Julien. "Variabilité spatiale et déterminismes agro-pédologiques du devenir d’un herbicide dans l’horizon de surface : application au cas de l'isoproturon dans un secteur agricole de Beauce chartraine." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AGPT0063.
Full textOuellet-Cauchon, Geneviève. "Caractérisation de la structure génétique de populations et évaluation de ses déterminismes environnementaux chez le grand brochet (Esox lucius) dans le système lac Ontario - fleuve Saint-Laurent." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25408.
Full textIn this study, we documented the landscape genetics of northern pike (Esox lucius) based on the analysis of 22 microsatellites, comprising 10 markers developed for the purpose of this study, in the Lake Ontario – St. Lawrence River system. Population genetic structure over the whole study area was globally very weak but spatially variable with mean level of differentiation in the upstream (Ontario) section of the studied area being three-fold higher than observed in the downstream (Québec) sector. Twenty environmental variables were considered and different water masses, dams’ presence and inter-annual water level stability were positively associated to the extent of genetic differentiation. Since high water level variation impacts on yearly quality and localization of northern pike spawning habitats, local habitat instability which is under the form of inter-annual water level variation seems to locally impede population genetic structure, perhaps by inhibiting philopatry behavior. Keywords: Esox lucius, northern pike, landscape genetics, population genetic structure, environmental variation, habitat stability, microsatellite markers, management, conservation.
Fauchille, Anne-Laure. "Déterminismes microstructuraux et minéralogiques de la fissuration induite par dessiccation dans les argilites de Tournemire : apports couplés de la pétrographie quantitative et de la corrélation d'images numériques." Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT2252/document.
Full textThis study is included in the issues of a nuclear waste storage in deep geological clay formations. It concerns the cracking phenomenon due to desaturation and saturation processes of the argillaceous medium on gallery walls of the Underground Laboratory of Tournemire (Aveyron, France). The work presented here aims to identify in laboratory the different mineralogical factors which control the cracking generated by humidity variations, coupling two methods: the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).Two clay rock samples were submitted to swelling/shrinkage processes by fast bumps or gradual humidity variations. The DIC method enabled to reveal the influence of humidity and water content on crack widths and deformations intensity to different scales. This study highlighted the part of humidity variations on evolution and width of crack networks while comparing the results obtained by different conditions of humidity variations.A mineralogical map was investigated on a millimeter field with high resolution on two clay rock samples. It allowed to: quantify the microstructural anisotropy of the rock, and estimate the size of a representative elementary surface of a microstructural system composed of coarse grains and clay matrix, for argillaceous areas.The DIC-SEM approach has shown the closed relation between the location of microstructural heterogeneities such as local proportion of coarse grains and clay matrix, medium size, length ratio and orientation of coarse grains, with the position of the hydric cracks
Durand, Maxime. "Déterminismes physiologiques, morphologiques et moléculaires de l’efficience d’utilisation de l’eau en lien avec la réponse à la sécheresse chez les peupliers : de la feuille à la plante entière." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0082.
Full textThe number of drought events is expected to increase in intensity and frequency as a result of climate change. Since poplar productivity is closely linked to water availability, there is an increasing risk of decline in wood production from poplar plantations. Optimization of the ratio of biomass production to water used (i.e. water use efficiency, WUE) appears therefore as a relevant target for poplar research. Previous studies have shown the clonal diversity of WUE in poplar is driven mainly by stomatal conductance (gs). However gs and photosynthesis are not always tightly coupled which can result in large variations of WUE at leaf level. Additionally, because transpiration efficiency (TE) is laborious to measure, experiments are often conducted in pots in glasshouses. However in controlled conditions the environment is widely different than in the field and comparisons of WUE in controlled and field conditions are scarce in the literature. We assessed the diversity of stomatal dynamics among poplar genotypes under control or drought conditions grown in a glasshouse and in the field. We investigated the link between physiological, morphological and molecular factors and stomatal dynamics, and their influence on TE. Furthermore, we examined the relation between different estimators of WUE and its components between controlled and field conditions. Element content and candidate gene expression in the guard cells were also quantified at two times during the day to analyze their link to stomatal conductance. We found among the four genotypes studied significant genotypic variability of stomatal dynamics to irradiance and VPD which was altered by drought and growing conditions. Stomatal size and density as well as water use, but not WUE, were correlated to stomatal dynamics, emphasizing the importance and complexity of such mechanisms at the whole plant scale. Good agreements between leaf-level and whole-plant WUE among genotypes and between growing conditions were also found. Finally, distinct guard cell element contents and candidate gene expression, between leaf sides and time of day, linked with stomatal conductance draw attention to the diversity of components contributing to TE. These findings provides valuable information to better understand the diverse, sometimes unsuspected, leaf-level mechanisms driving water use efficiency at the whole plant scale
Durand, Maxime. "Déterminismes physiologiques, morphologiques et moléculaires de l’efficience d’utilisation de l’eau en lien avec la réponse à la sécheresse chez les peupliers : de la feuille à la plante entière." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0082.
Full textThe number of drought events is expected to increase in intensity and frequency as a result of climate change. Since poplar productivity is closely linked to water availability, there is an increasing risk of decline in wood production from poplar plantations. Optimization of the ratio of biomass production to water used (i.e. water use efficiency, WUE) appears therefore as a relevant target for poplar research. Previous studies have shown the clonal diversity of WUE in poplar is driven mainly by stomatal conductance (gs). However gs and photosynthesis are not always tightly coupled which can result in large variations of WUE at leaf level. Additionally, because transpiration efficiency (TE) is laborious to measure, experiments are often conducted in pots in glasshouses. However in controlled conditions the environment is widely different than in the field and comparisons of WUE in controlled and field conditions are scarce in the literature. We assessed the diversity of stomatal dynamics among poplar genotypes under control or drought conditions grown in a glasshouse and in the field. We investigated the link between physiological, morphological and molecular factors and stomatal dynamics, and their influence on TE. Furthermore, we examined the relation between different estimators of WUE and its components between controlled and field conditions. Element content and candidate gene expression in the guard cells were also quantified at two times during the day to analyze their link to stomatal conductance. We found among the four genotypes studied significant genotypic variability of stomatal dynamics to irradiance and VPD which was altered by drought and growing conditions. Stomatal size and density as well as water use, but not WUE, were correlated to stomatal dynamics, emphasizing the importance and complexity of such mechanisms at the whole plant scale. Good agreements between leaf-level and whole-plant WUE among genotypes and between growing conditions were also found. Finally, distinct guard cell element contents and candidate gene expression, between leaf sides and time of day, linked with stomatal conductance draw attention to the diversity of components contributing to TE. These findings provides valuable information to better understand the diverse, sometimes unsuspected, leaf-level mechanisms driving water use efficiency at the whole plant scale
Isselin-Nondedeu, Francis. "Déterminismes géomorphologique et fonctionnels de la distribution des plantes dans les milieux d'altitude : essai d'éco-géomorphologie. Implications et applications pour la restauration de la biodiversité des pistes de ski." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE10249.
Full textRestoration of degraded high-altitude ecosystems takes place in conditions where both vegetation, soil and relief have been intensely disturbed. Consequently, restoration often fails to recreate a structure and functioning close to the original ecosystem. Even though, in mountain, it is known that vegetation is organised with relief forms, the underpinned mechanisms are misunderstood. To better manage establishment and dynamics of the vegetation, we propose a model that links constraints determined by the relief to adaptative characteristics of plant functioning. Plant functional traits identification and measurements at their different life stages help us to determine those characteristics. Elsewhere, we suppose that relief induce variations in climatic and soil factors, biotic interactions (competition, predation), as well as constraints related to geomorphological processes (erosion/sedimentation). Studies are conducted in subalpine zone (la Plagne, Northern French Alps), and mountain level (le Saignon, Southern French Alps). The first part, shows variation in biological traits involved in resource use, response to grazing and regeneration, with mesotopographical gradient. This one closely determines temperature cycles, soil resource level, grazing pressure, and snow pack duration. Studies of the second part analyse biological traits in relation with geomorphological processes. Slope determines dispersal of seeds at the soil surface. The extent of seed movements is strongly related to seed shape, and to the presence of two types of seed traps: (a) soil mounds close to the plant and generated by a barrier effect on sediment, (b) hoof prints of large herbivores. Studies in the part three, show that these traps also facilitate plant recruitment. Seed bank analysis reveals that abundance of seed in the traps is different in function of seed shape. Elsewhere, an experimentation points up that the germination and the seedling performance are affected by soil chemistry, and depend moreover of the plant functional type. In the fourth part, modelling approach and experimentation explore relationships between functional traits and competitive performance. Results show that plant distribution in the community is linked with soil resource availability and plant traits involved in resource use. To conclude, we propose the application of an eco-geomorphological model in the context of high altitude ecosystems. This model enlarges the view of traits/environment and species/habitat relationships. This provides a special way to analyse and apply restoration in high-altitude ecosystems
Vitasse, Yann. "Déterminismes environnemental et génétique de la phénologie des arbres de climat tempéré : suivi des dates de débourrement et de sénescence le long d'un gradient altitudinal et en tests de provenances." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13788/document.
Full textTo assess the response of forests to climate change, the phenology of six tree species was monitored from 2005 to 2007 both along an altitudinal gradient (providing a thermal gradient of about 7 ° C), and in provenance trials at various altitudes. The aim was (i) to characterize phenological patterns of leaf unfolding and leaf senescence timings in situ, (ii) to determine climatic variables responsible for these patterns, in particular using phenological models, and (iii) to assess the genetic variability and phenotypic plasticity of these phenological events. Our results showed that spring temperature differentially affected the leaf unfolding dates of the six species, with significant disparity in responses among species (from -1.9 days / ° C to -6.5 days / ° C for beech and oak, respectively) but not between the populations of a given species. Regarding the dates of senescence, we highlighted that temperature induced a strong shift of this event for oak and beech (> 5 days / ° C), while no cline was detected for sycamore and ash. The lengthening the growing season in response to an increase in temperature is thus mainly the result of an advance in flushing dates for all species except beech, whose growing season length changes were greatly resulting from shifts in senescence. Phenological models stressed the importance of forcing temperatures (effective during bud quiescence period), while the chilling temperatures (effective during dormancy) did not appear to significantly influence the occurrence of leaf unfolding. Concerning senescence variations , the models highlighted the role of temperature for sessile oak and beech, while the photoperiod and other factors could be involved in the ash and maple. Thus, for oak, the models predicted that the length of growing season will extend faster than the one for beech in the coming decades, and that the phenological competitive balance between these two species will likely to evolve towards higher altitudes. Finally, we showed that the sampled populations showed strong adaptations in phenology and growth in spite of their geographical proximity. Moreover, the reaction norms indicated, first, the existence of a strong phenological plasticity of species, and second, that this plasticity seemed to be an intrinsic characteristic of the species. These results underline that trees have consequent inherent adaptive capacities in phenological traits which may enable them to cope with global warming. However, the differences in phenological sensitivities among species suggest that global warming will significantly affect the competitive balance of species
Hren, Jean-Francois. "Planification Optimiste pour Systèmes Déterministes." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00845898.
Full textHren, Jean-François. "Planification optimiste pour systèmes déterministes." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10188/document.
Full textIn the field of reinforcement learning, planning in the case of deterministic systems consists of doing a forward search using a generative model of the system so as to find the action to apply in its current state. In our case, the forward search leads us to build a look-ahead tree, its root being the current state of the system. If the computational resources are limited and unknown, we have to use an algorithm which tries to minimize its regret. In other words, an algorithm returning an action to apply which is as close as possible to the optimal one in term of quality and with respect to the computational resources used. We present the optimistic planing algorithm in the case of a discrete action space. We prove a lower and upper bound in the worst case and in a particular class of problems. Also we present two algorithms using the optimistic approach but in the case of a continuous action space
Miklarz, Clément. "Etude d'extensions des langages déterministes." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR059/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to study structural properties of automata extending determinism, and the languages that can be denoted by a regular expression of which the position automaton has one such property. If Book et al. showed that all regular languages can be recognized by an unambiguous position automaton, Brüggemann-Klein and Wood showed that only a proper subset of them can be recognized by a deterministic position automaton. We focus on extensions of this subfamily, by seeking to characterize their languages, and to study their internal hierarchy and how they relate to each other
Billot, Sylvie. "Analyseurs syntaxiques et non-déterminisme." Orléans, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ORLE2017.
Full textDe, Castro Yohann. "Constructions déterministes pour la régression parcimonieuse." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00656449.
Full textCastro, Yohann de. "Constructions déterministes pour la régression parcimonieuse." Toulouse 3, 2011. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00656449.
Full textIn this thesis we investigate some deterministic designs for the sparse regression. Our issue is mainly inspired by Compressed Sensing which is concerned by simultane-ously acquire and compress a signal of large size from a small number of linear measurements. More precisely, we show that there exists a link between variable selection and prediction error with standard estimators (such as the lasso, the Dantzig selector, the basis pursuit) and the distortion, which measures how "far" is the Manhattan norm from the Euclidean norm, of the null-space of the design. Hence, we show that every construction of subspaces with low-distortion (called "almost" Euclidean subspaces) gives "good" designs. In a second part, we are interested by designs constructed from un balanced expander graphs. We accurately established their performances in terms of variable selection and prediction error. Finally, we are interested in the faithful reconstruction of signed measures on the real line. We show that every generalized Vander monde system gives design such one can exactly recover all the sparse vectors from a dramatically small number of observations. In an independent part, we investigate the stability of the isoperimetric inequalities for the log-concave measures on the real line
Henrio, Ludovic. "Calcul d'objet asynchrone : confluence et déterminisme." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00505940.
Full textKow, Eric. "Réalisation de surface : ambiguïté et déterminisme." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00192773.
Full textLa première extension augmente l'efficacité du réalisateur pour le traitement de l'ambiguïté lexicale. C'est une adaptation de l'optimisation par « étiquetage électrostatique » qui existe déjà pour l'analyse.
La deuxième extension concerne le nombre de sorties retournées par le réalisateur. En temps normal, l'algorithme GenI retourne toutes les phrases associées à une même forme logique. Alors qu'on peut considérer que ces entrées ont le même sens, elles présentent souvent de subtiles nuances. Ici, nous montrons comment la spécification de l'entrée peut être augmentée d'annotations qui permettent un contrôle de ces facteurs supplémentaires. L'extension est permise par le fait que la grammaire FB-LTAG utilisée par le générateur a été construite à partir d'une « métagrammaire », mettant explicitement en oeuvre les généralisations qu'elle code.
La dernière extension donne la possibilité au réalisateur de servir d'environnement de débuggage de la métagrammaire. Les erreurs dans la métagrammaire peuvent avoir des conséquences importantes pour la grammaire. Comme le réalisateur donne en sortie toutes les chaînes associées à une sémantique d'entrée, il peut être utilisé pour trouver ces erreurs et les localiser dans la métagrammaire.
Monneron, François de. "Le déterminisme et la responsabilité morale." Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NANT3022.
Full textIs determinism compatible with moral responsibility ? Compatibilism answers “yes”. But such a thesis entails a series of problems. It requires the falsity of two very intuitive principles : the principle of alternative possibilities, i. E. The assertion that one is responsible for what they do only if they have the power not to do it ; and the principle of the transfer of non-responsibility (“if no one is responsible for X and if X causes Y deterministically, no one is responsible for Y”). Assuming that there are counterexamples to these principles, responsibility by omission is hardly understandable without the idea of a power of alternatives. Consequently, compatibilism must attach importance to the power of alternatives. In order to do it without contradiction, compatibilism must define this power either on a conditional mode (“S can do A” would mean “S does A if S want to do A”), or in terms of possible worlds. The first analysis is a particular case of the latter, since it amounts to say that S can do A if there are possible worlds where S do A voluntarily. To prevent such a criterion from being too flexible, one must specify that the possible words pertinent to moral responsibility must be sufficiently similar to the actual world. But how to define the domain of the pertinent possible worlds ? It seems impossible to solve this problem satisfactorily from a compatibilist point of view. In fact, this thesis seems plausible only if libertarianism is even less intuitive. The main question, for libertarianism, will be how physical indeterminism (inside the brain) ensures moral responsibility instead of undermining it
Taupenot, Antoine. "Implication de supergènes dans l'expression de traits complexes chez la fourmi socialement et morphologiquement polymorphe Myrmecina graminicola." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUS201.pdf.
Full textSupergenes, genetic regions where coadapted loci are inherited as a single Mendelian unit, play a crucial role in establishing complex polymorphisms. However, unraveling the complexity of their evolution and maintenance remains a significant challenge. Ants offer a unique context to identify new supergenes and study the general principles governing their establishment and evolution due to their extensive inter- and intra-species variations in all aspects of social organization. Notably, in five different lineages, a supergene related to colony social organization, specifically the number of mated queens per colony, has been identified. However, its origin and maintenance remain to be clearly elucidated, and new models are needed. The ant species Myrmecina graminicola is of particular interest for studying supergenes in social insects as it exhibits both social polymorphism (presence of monogynous and polygynous colonies) and wing polymorphism (presence of winged and apterous queens).In this thesis, we explored the presence of supergenes in M. graminicola, particularly in relation to these two polymorphisms. In the first chapter, using resequencing data, we identified a supergene associated with social polymorphism (~10 Mb) dating back to ~1 Mya, in linkage disequilibrium with a supergene linked to wing polymorphism (~110 kb) that appeared more recently (~0.4 Mya). In the second chapter, we examined the life history traits of the two main types of colonies found in this species, namely monogynous colonies with winged queens and polygynous colonies with apterous queens. We showed that these two colony types did not differ in the number of workers and larvae at the time of sampling. When reared in the laboratory, we observed that both types of colonies produced a similar number of nymphs and adults but that polygynous colonies produced more eggs and new larvae than monogynous colonies. In the third chapter, we explored the possibility of other supergenes in this species not directly linked to sociality or wing presence/absence. I identified a third supergene (~7 Mb) and demonstrated that it was not associated with colony sex ratio. Overall, this thesis reveals the presence of three supergenes in the ant M. graminicola, one linked to social polymorphism, another to wing polymorphism, and provides insights into the mechanisms contributing to the maintenance of these polymorphisms
Tahraoui, Yassine. "Problèmes paraboliques à contraintes, déterministes et stochastiques." Thesis, Pau, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03126849.
Full textIn this thesis, our aim is to study elliptic and parabolic problems with constraints in theframe of deterministic and stochastic se3ngs. More precisely, we are interested in theexistence of solutions and the associated Lewy-Stampacchia (L-S) inequalities.In the 1rst chapter, we are interested in the proof of L-S inequalities associated with abilateral elliptic problem governed by a pseudomonotone operator in the frame of Sobolevspaces with variable exponents, we prove a result of existence of solutions sa sfying L-Sinequalities by using a technique of perturbation of the operator. In the second chapter, westudy a parabolic varia onal inequality with constraint where we prove a result of existenceof a solution sa sfying L-S inequalities; by a method of penalization of the constraint and atechnique of perturbation of the operator. In the last chapter, we are interested in astochas c parabolic obstacle problem governed by a T − monotone operator in the presenceof a stochastic reaction where we prove a result of existence and uniqueness of the solutionsa sfying L-S inequalities; by using a method of penalization of the constraint andperturbation of the stochastic reaction. Finally, we present some numerical illustrations ofthe previous problems in the one- dimensional space se3ng
تعتبر المتباينات التغايرية من المواضيع المهمة في الرياضيات و لها عدة تطبيقات, في هذه ا$طروحة سنهتمبدراسة بعض المسائل الناقصية و المكافئة في ا طارين الحتمي و التصادفي. بعبارة أدف, سندرسوجود الحلول و متراجحات لوي-ستامباكيا المرفقة بهافي الفصل ا$ول نقوم بدراسة مسألة ناقصية ذات حاجزين في اطار فضاءات سوبو ف بأس متغيرحيث المؤثر الرئيسي من نوع لوراي-ليونس و يتم اثبات وجود حل يحقق متراجحة لوي-ستامباكياباستعمال تقنية ارباك المؤثر, هذه النتيجة تعمم النتائج و تقلص الفرضيات الموجودة في ا$عمال السابقة.في الفصل الثاني، ندرس مسألة مكافئة مع حاجز في اطار فضاءات سوبو ف حيث المؤثر الرئيسي مننوع لوراي -ليونس ثم نثبت وجود حل يحقق متراجحة لوي- ستامباكيا باستعمال طريقة الجزاء و طريقةارباك المؤثر المستعملة في الفصل ا$ول. في الفصل ا$خير نثبت الوجود, الوحدانية و متراجحة لوي-ستامباكيا المرفقة ببعض المسائل المكافئة التصادفية مع حاجز و مؤثرات رتيبة, للوصول الى النتيجةحق بعض النتائج u المذكورة نقوم باستعمال تقنية ارباك رد الفعل التصادفي. في ا$خير عرضنا في مب اضافة الى اثبات بعض النتائج المستعملة في دراسة المسائل محل uالدراسة.العددية باستعمال برنامج سي
Marhfour, Abdelillah. "Le contrôle des processus déterministes par morceaux." Grenoble 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE10106.
Full textKochkar, Mohamed. "Les déterminations biologiques : analyse des conceptions et des changements conceptuels consécutifs à un enseignement sur l'épigenèse cérébrale chez des enseignants et des apprenants tunisiens." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10018.
Full textInitially, we analyzed the conception of 275 Tunisian teachers and identified in what some of the conceptions that could be obstacles to the training process. An analysing conception of the brain could be opposed to its conception in terms of neural networks. To put the brain at the orders of all the body, with relent of the body-spirit dualism, prevents from thinking its epigenesis and its building according to its own activity; and it is the same for a conception of a purely genetic or purely environmental determinism of our behaviours. To what extent do these obstacles depend on one’s lack of knowledge, in particular the neural network and the cerebral epigenesis ? To answer this question, we analyzed the conception of pupils (1 year before the school-leaving certificate) and of teachers (registered in DEA didactic or not) before and after teaching on the epigenesis (three teaching situations, among which one in videoconference). The results of this second part of the thesis confirm strong interactions that these two dimensions of the conception can improve following a teaching process
Jimenez, Maria. "Déterminisme cellulaire de la coarctation aortique humaine." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR28689.
Full textJacquet-Delmulle, Hélène. "Etude du déterminisme génétique de la schizophrenie." Rouen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ROUES036.
Full textSchizophrenia is a psychotic disorder of the young adult, which is a major proplem for public health because of its prevalence of 1% in the general population. Because schizophrenia presents a clinical heterogeneity and a multifactorial determinism, it is difficult to identify a risk factor for this disease. The comorbidity between schizophrenia and the 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) suggested a putative rearrangement of the 22q11 region in schizophrenic patients. Screening for genomic rearrangements of 23 genes within or at the boundaries of the deletion 22q11 in 63 unrelated schizophrenic patients DSMIII and 68 controls, using QMPSF, led us to identify, in a family including two schizophrenic subjects, a selective heterozygous deletion of the entire PRODH gene. PRODH gene encodes a proline dehydrogenase enzyme, which is involved in the first step of the conversion of proline to glutamate. The measure of prolinemia in the two patients revealed a moderate elevated plasma proline level. We then detected, by sequencing, in a subset of schizophrenic patients, without rearrangements, several heterozygous PRODH missense mutations, which were also associated with increased plasma proline levels. Interestingly, we subsequently found the same PRODH deletion or missense mutations, at the homozygous state, in children suffering from a severe form of type I hyperprolinemia associated with neurological manifestations (mental retardation and seizure). To determine the involvement of hyperprolinemia disorders in psychotic disease including in the schizophrenic spectrum, we conducted a case-control study (including 320 patients with 114 controls), based on DSMIIIR criteria to distinguish schizophrenic patients, patients with a schizoaffective disorder and patients with a bipolar disorder. We found that hyperprolinemia was a risk factor for schizoaffective disorder and that five rare PRODH alterations were associated with hyperprolinemia. Altogether these results show that the severe form of type I hyperprolinemia results into mental retardation whereas the moderate form may constitute a risk factor for certain forms of psychosis
Le, Prado Cécile. "Ecriture sonore : entre déterminisme, émergence et interactivité." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CNAM0913/document.
Full textThe author of this thesis has worked as music composer on numerous sound walk art installations. During the last decade, this work has been influenced by the design methods used in video games, leading to interactive sound walk pieces. In the design process of such pieces, as compared with interactive music works, the composer must write her/his sound design in a real or a virtual space according to the listener’s promenade. A way to drive this walk is to let the listener interact with the System through Non Player Characters (NPC). Such an installation shows the evolution of the composer’s role from that of a deterministic creation to a non-deterministic one. For a given piece, the creator leaves to the interactor a certain amount of freedom and to the system, according its level of self-sufficiency, a certain amount of autonomy. According to these two parameters, each art piece can be positioned somewhere within a triangle D.I.S. which vertices are the Designer, the Interactor and the System. The main goal of this thesis is to analyze the goals and the needs of the designer of such interactive pieces, in terms of methodology and tools. We begin this work by a state of the art covering various fields, from interactive art to intelligent agents. The third chapter is devoted to the analysis of interactive pieces designed by musicians, plastic artists, game designers. From this analysis we propose a set of classification criteria and we place these art works in the DIS triangle. The fourth chapter raises the problematic of our research. We assume that the choice of a position in this triangle is directly related to a choice between two writing styles, the “scripting style” and the “emergent style”. In the scripting style, the designer takes the point of view of the interactor who becomes the narrator. In the emergent style, the designer takes the point of view of the NPC. The two styles are first compared according to the criteria presented in the previous chapter.For a deeper analysis of the two styles, we have designed, with the help of a development team, two versions of the same interactive sound installation The Listening Walker. The installation was created in Paris during the “Futur en Seine” Festival in June 2013 and shown as an art installation for ICEC 2013 in Sao paulo.The goal of this sound walk is to discover a virtual district of Paris around the Pantheon. This installation is designed as a video game with different levels of exploration. The player’s reward is the discovery of the city mainly via sound. Success depends on his listening behavior: NPC are moving around him, interpreting his moves, the direction he takes and the time spent listening particular sounds. Depending upon the listener’s attitude, each NPC has his own reaction such as running away, getting closer to the listener, ignoring him or helping him to discover secret areas. In the fifth chapter, we present the whole creation and development process of the two versions of the installation. It starts with the constraints and artistic choices. The informal specifications of the two versions are presented and the methods and programming methodologies used described. In both cases, the lack of efficient tools for non programmers is pointed out. This experiment shows also the great complexity of the emergent style compared to the scripting style: it is much more difficult to specify a world than to write a story, even an interactive one.In the conclusion, we corroborate our analysis with the point of view of creators working in different fields from interactive music to game design. Some possible extensions of this work are then presented