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1
Tawfīq Rabb al-Barīyah fī ḥall al-masāʼil al-qadarīyah. al-Riyāḍ: Dār Aṭlas al-Khaḍrāʼ lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 2010.
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From Sovereign to Symbol: An Age of Ritual Determinism in Fourteenth Century Japan. Oxford: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2011.
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Poledna, Stefan. Fault-tolerant Real-time Systems: The Problem of Replica Determinism {Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science ; Real-time Systems SECS 345}. Dordrecht: Springer, 1995.
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Andronnikova, Ol'ga. Special problems of psychological counseling. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1084976.
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The textbook provides information and the necessary methodological assistance for the formation of professional competencies in the field of consulting practice. It includes a set of information on various special issues of psychological counseling, sections of the course "Counseling Psychology", "Training of counseling skills", "Special problems of psychological counseling". The guidelines, the main theoretical ideas of the lecture course, tasks for performing independent work by students and self-control, exercises for developing skills are given. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for students studying in the psychological specialties of the master's degree, and beginning practical work of psychological consultants who experience methodological difficulties in determining the specifics and structure of counseling for various psychological problems.
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Theology and the Cartesian doctrine of freedom. South Bend, Indiana: St. Augustine's Press, 2015.
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Hatten, Timothy S. Small business: Entrepreneurship and beyond. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1997.
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Hatten, Timothy S. Small business: Entrepreneurship and beyond. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1997.
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Bárány, András. Alignment in transitive clauses: case determining agreement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804185.003.0005.
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After having discussed how agreement can determine Case in Chapter 4, this chapter moves on to discuss how Case can determine (and restrict) agreement. In many languages, the verb can only agree with arguments without overt case-marking. In others, accusative or dative arguments can agree as well. The distribution of agreement and case-marking is highly systematic, which has led researchers to propose that if a language allows agreement with any argument, this must include arguments without case-marking. It is shown that this analysis can capture such generalizations and extend them to the domain of ditransitive clauses, as well. This provides further evidence for analyses of Case as hierarchically organized sets of features, and shows that the framework argued for can make testable predictions.
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Danae, Azaria. 1 Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198717423.003.0001.
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Chapter 1 illustrates the importance of means of transportation in the development of international law, and the modern relevance of transit of energy via pipelines in this respect. The chapter sets the framework and method used in the study. Key concepts (transit, energy, and pipelines) and the scope of application of the treaties (ratione loci and ratione materiae) examined in the study are explained. It explains the rules of treaty interpretation that are used in the study for determining the scope and content of obligations regarding transit of energy, for identifying the nature of these obligations with a view to establishing standing to invoke international responsibility in case of their breach, and for determining the relationship between treaty rules and customary international law. It focuses on the role of subsequent agreements and practice, which is extensively used in this study as a means of treaty interpretation. The elements of an internationally wrongful act are then discussed. Emphasis is placed on attribution of conduct of private entities, and on the dual function of countermeasures under the law of international responsibility.
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Campbell, John, Joey Huston, and Frank Krauss. Parton Distribution Functions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199652747.003.0006.
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Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs) are a necessary ingredient in the calculation of cross sections at collider experiments with hadron beams. This chapter explores the techniques of determining the PDFs and their uncertainties, based on global analyses of data sets arising from a variety of hard-scattering processes. PDFs are determined at leading order, next-to-leading order, and next-to-next-to-leading order, with the corresponding orders of hard coefficients and evolution. Differences in the PDFs of different orders, and in their uncertainties, are described. Combinations of PDFs from different global fitting groups are discussed, and several useful tools for comparisons of PDFs are described.
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Franklin, Christopher Evan. Minimal Event-Causal Libertarianism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682781.003.0002.
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This chapter explains the differences between agency reductionism and nonreductionism, explains the varieties of libertarianism, and sets out the main contours of minimal event-causal libertarianism, highlighting just how minimal this theory is. Crucial to understanding how minimal event-causal libertarianism differs from other event-causal libertarian theories is understanding the location and role of indeterminism in human action, the kinds of mental states essential to causing free action, the nature of nondeterministic causation, and how the theory is constructed from compatibilist accounts. The chapter argues that libertarians must face up to both the problem of luck and the problem of enhanced control when determining the best theoretical location of indeterminism.
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William A, Schabas. Part 5 Investigation and Prosecution: Enquête Et Poursuites, Art.58 Issuance by the Pre-Trial Chamber of a warrant of arrest or a summons to appear/Délivrance par la chambre préliminaire d’un mandat d’arrêt ou d’une citation à comparaître. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0063.
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This chapter comments on Article 58 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 58 sets out the accusatory instrument by which an individual ‘suspect’ is put in jeopardy by formal prosecution proceedings. It is subject to the judicial control of the Pre-Trial Chamber. Article 58 has both a substantive and a procedural dimension. The former involves determination by the Pre-Trial Chamber that there are ‘reasonable grounds’ to believe that a suspect has committed a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court. The latter involves determining whether arrest of the suspect is necessary in order actually to exercise jurisdiction, or whether the person concerned will appear voluntarily before the Court.
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Marcus, Smith, and Leslie Nico. Part IV Intangible Property that is Incapable of Transfer, 24 Personal Obligations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198748434.003.0024.
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This chapter focuses on personal obligations. As has been described, one of the reasons contractual burdens are generally unassignable is because the beneficiary of the promise cannot, without his consent, be deprived of his rights as against his contractual counterparty. Here the concern is with the converse situation, where the beneficiary of a right wishes to transfer that right to someone else. The chapter then considers the reasons for the rule that a personal contractual obligation should not be assignable to a third party, analyses the test established by the relevant case law for determining whether a particular obligation is indeed a personal obligation, and sets out a number of the ways in which this test has been applied to specific factual scenarios.
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Roberts, Mike, and Tim Bishop. Baserunning. Human Kinetics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781718218727.
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Smart, aggressive baserunning will change a game, a series, and even a season. It sets the philosophy and mind-set of the coaches, trainers, and players. It becomes instinctual and contagious. It translates to pressure and, most important, wins. Baserunning is the most complete and authoritative guide on this critical yet often-overlooked offensive skill. You’ll go inside today’s game to learn the techniques and strategies for ruling the basepaths. Discover the secrets to leading off, detecting pick-off attempts, improving first-step speed, avoiding tags, and determining the best counts and situations for success in stealing bases. But the art of baserunning is more than just speed and swiping bags—it is effortlessly and efficiently rounding the bases, taking the extra base, tagging up, reading defensive positioning, scouting strengths and weakness, forcing errors, and ultimately scoring runs. Only Baserunning covers it all. With major league advice, skill assessment, the best player and team drills, expert instruction, detailed photo sequences, and proven exercises and routines for speed, agility, and quickness, Baserunning is a must-have for every coach, player, and student of the game.
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Homburg, Stefan. Framework. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807537.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 sets out the basic framework. It considers an economy evolving indefinitely in discrete time, with producers, consumers, and a central bank as principal actors. Individuals plan over finite horizons and form expectations according to what they see. Money is conceived of as a commodity that is produced through credit creation rather than distributed by a fancy helicopter. This natural way to represent money is rarely followed in the literature and differs sharply from the usual helicopter drops because it ties money creation to credit creation. The chapter’s upshot is a system of simultaneous equations determining prices, wages, and the nominal interest rate. Using this solution, individuals revise their expectations, and the economy proceeds to the next period. The chapter concludes with functional and numerical specifications for later simulations, the purpose of which is to analyze key economic processes and to derive meaningful results.
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Jensen, Steven L. B., and Charles Walton, eds. Social Rights and the Politics of Obligation in History. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781009008686.
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This pioneering volume explores the long-neglected history of social rights, from the Middle Ages to the present. It debunks the myth that social rights are 'second-generation rights' – rights that appeared after World War II as additions to a rights corpus stretching back to the Enlightenment. Not only do social rights stretch back that far; they arguably pre-date the Enlightenment. In tracing their long history across various global contexts, this volume reveals how debates over social rights have often turned on deeper struggles over social obligation – over determining who owes what to whom, morally and legally. In the modern period, these struggles have been intertwined with questions of freedom, democracy, equality and dignity. Many factors have shaped the history of social rights, from class, gender and race to religion, empire and capitalism. With incomparable chronological depth, geographical breadth and conceptual nuance, Social Rights and the Politics of Obligation in History sets an agenda for future histories of human rights.
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Pettitt, Clare. Serial Forms. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830429.001.0001.
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Serial Forms: The Unfinished Project of Modernity, 1815–1848 proposes an entirely new way of reading the transition into the modern. The first book in a three-part series which will take the reader up to the end of the First World War, Serial Forms looks at the rapid expansion of print in London after the Napoleonic Wars. It shows how the historical past and the contemporary moment are emerging into public visibility through serial newsprint, illustrations, performances, shows, and new forms of mediation and it suggests that the growing importance and determining power of the form of seriality is a result of the parallel and connected development of a news culture alongside an emergent popular culture of historicism. Pettitt’s attention to the increasingly powerful cultural work of seriality in this period offers a fresh new way of thinking about print, media, literary and art history, as well as political, historical and social categories. The argument of Serial Forms rests on historical and archival material but the book also offers a philosophical and theoretical account of the impact of seriality. This first volume sets out the theoretical and historical basis for the subsequent two volumes in the series, which move out of London to encompass continental Europe and the imagination of the global. Serial Forms proposes fresh and frame-shifting analyses of familiar texts and authors, such as Scott, Byron and Gaskell, and sets out to change our thinking about new experiences of time and place in the first half of the nineteenth century.
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Moreno-Lax, Violeta. The EU Right to Asylum: An Individual Entitlement to (Access) International Protection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701002.003.0009.
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This chapter analyses the right to asylum enshrined in Article 18 CFR and its relevance in relation to access to international protection in the EU. It sets out the origins and evolution of the notion. The chapter shows the impact of the CSR51 and the ECHR on the classic understanding that the right of asylum is a matter exclusively belonging to the sovereign. The rights to leave any country and to seek asylum implicit in those instruments are assessed, together with the principle of proportionality and the limits it imposes on State discretion, and the intersection with the absolute prohibition of refoulement. The ‘right to gain effective access to the procedure for determining refugee status’ established by the Strasbourg Court as well as developments within the Common European Asylum System are also given attention. Comparisons are made with the approach adopted by the CJEU in the areas of free movement, legal/illegal migration, and EU citizenship. This serves as a basis for the clarification of the meaning of the right to (leave to seek) asylum inscribed in the Charter that Member States must ‘guarantee’ and its implications for mechanisms of ‘integrated border management’.
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Russell, Paul. Sorabji and the Dilemma of Determinism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627607.003.0001.
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In Necessity, Cause and Blame (London, 1980) Richard Sorabji argues that what is caused need not be necessitated. On this basis he argues that human actions may be caused but not necessitated and that in this way we can escape the usual difficulties associated with the dilemma of determinism. This chapter argues that this strategy runs into serious difficulties and that in important respects it gets impaled on both horns of the dilemma at once. The main thrust of the criticism advanced is that on Sorabji’s account, while an agent may have more than one available set of reasons to act on, she still lacks effective control over which of these reasons becomes her will—leaving the agent vulnerable, in significant respects, to the play of chance and luck. The relevance of these issues to the contemporary debate is explained in an addendum from 2016.
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Sorrentino, Alfonso. Action-minimizing Methods in Hamiltonian Dynamics (MN-50). Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164502.001.0001.
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John Mather's seminal works in Hamiltonian dynamics represent some of the most important contributions to our understanding of the complex balance between stable and unstable motions in classical mechanics. His novel approach—known as Aubry–Mather theory—singles out the existence of special orbits and invariant measures of the system, which possess a very rich dynamical and geometric structure. In particular, the associated invariant sets play a leading role in determining the global dynamics of the system. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to Mather's theory, and can serve as an interdisciplinary bridge for researchers and students from different fields seeking to acquaint themselves with the topic. Starting with the mathematical background from which Mather's theory was born, the book first focuses on the core questions the theory aims to answer—notably the destiny of broken invariant KAM tori and the onset of chaos—and describes how it can be viewed as a natural counterpart of KAM theory. The book achieves this by guiding readers through a detailed illustrative example, which also provides the basis for introducing the main ideas and concepts of the general theory. It then describes the whole theory and its subsequent developments and applications in their full generality.
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Lutsenko, V. I., I. V. Lutsenko, D. O. Popov, and I. V. Popov. Remote sensing of the environment using the radiation of existing ground and space radio systems. PH “Akademperiodyka”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/akademperiodyka.429.345.
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Possibilities of using existing ground (TV centers, broadcasting stations) and space (global navigation satellite systems) radio systems for solving the problem of remote sensing and monitoring of the environment and objects in it are considered. The methods of diagnostics of the troposphere, description of the refractive index with the use of semi-Markov processes and atomic functions of Kravchenko-Rvacheva are proposed. The seasonal and altitudinal dependencies of radio-meteorological parameters and radio-climatic features of Ukraine were studied. Technologies for determining the effective gradient of the refractive index by damping factor of the VHF signals of television centers on the OTH routes in the zone of the near geometric shadow, on the angles of radioa "rise" and "sets" of the AES, detection of precipitation zones by the fluctuations of the pseudoranges and changes of the coordinates estimates, parameters of the surface of the earth by the fluctuations of the GNSS signals. Reviewers: Head of the Department of Radio waves propagation in the natural environments of the O. Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics NASU, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor Kivva F.V., Professor of the Department of Designing Radioelectronic Devices of Aircraft of the National Aerospace University. M.E. Zhukovsky (KhAI), Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Volosyuk V.K.
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Conlan, Thomas Donald. From Sovereign to Symbol: An Age of Ritual Determinism in Fourteenth Century Japan. Oxford University Press, 2012.
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Ridley, Aaron. Freedom. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825449.003.0004.
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This chapter is devoted to the later Nietzsche’s conception of freedom. The usual approach in the secondary literature is to attempt to interpret Nietzsche’s remarks under this head in the terms set by the standard free will/determinism debate. Construed thus, he comes out as an uneasy amalgam of hard-line determinist and soft-centred compatibilist. It is argued, however, that the later Nietzsche was not interested in the standard debate, and that the relevant remarks are much better understood as an attempt to outline a purely ethical conception of freedom. On this conception, the agents that Nietzsche takes to be exemplary are, on his construction of the term, ‘free’, where the conception of agency undergirding that construction is, it is argued, clearly and fully expressivist.
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Coope, Ursula. Freedom and Responsibility in Neoplatonist Thought. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824831.001.0001.
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The Neoplatonists have a perfectionist view of freedom: an entity is free to the extent that it succeeds in making itself good. Free entities are wholly in control of themselves: they are self-determining, self-constituting, and self-knowing. Neoplatonist philosophers argue that such freedom is only possible for nonbodily things. The human soul is free insofar as it rises above bodily things and engages in intellection, but when it turns its desires to bodily things, it is drawn under the sway of fate and becomes enslaved. This book discusses this notion of freedom, and its relation to questions about responsibility. It explains the important role of notions of self-reflexivity in Neoplatonist accounts of both freedom and responsibility. Part I sets out the puzzles Neoplatonist philosophers face about freedom and responsibility and explains how these puzzles arise from earlier discussions. Part II looks at the metaphysical underpinnings of the Neoplatonist notion of freedom (concentrating especially on the views of Plotinus and Proclus). In what sense (if any) is the ultimate first principle of everything (the One) free? If everything else is under this ultimate first principle, how can anything other than the One be free? What is the connection between freedom and nonbodiliness? Part III looks at questions about responsibility, arising from this perfectionist view of freedom. Why are human beings responsible for their behaviour, in a way that other animals are not? If we are enslaved when we act viciously, how can we be to blame for our vicious actions and choices?
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Cloud, Henry. Integridad: Valor para Hacer Frente a Las Demandas de la Realidad; Cómo Seis Cualidades Esenciales Determinan el éxito de Tu Negocio. Vida Publishers, 2009.
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Ruth I, Wahl. 7 Canada. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808589.003.0007.
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This chapter discusses the law of set-off in Canada both outside and within insolvency. The law relating to set-off is very similar throughout Canada's provinces except Quebec. Set-off is thus a matter of provincial law in general and determining whether a set-off claim is valid and enforceable will depend on the law of the province where such claim is being asserted. The chapter first provides an overview of set-off between solvent parties in Canada, focusing on legal set-off, equitable set-off, statutory set-off, contractual set-off, set-off in relation to subsidiaries, and the right of set-off with regard to security interests. It then considers set-off against insolvent parties, taking into account bankruptcy proceedings under the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, receiverships, and reorganization proceedings under the Companies Creditors' Arrangement Act. It also examines issues that arise when the law of set-off is applied in a cross-border context.
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Horing, Norman J. Morgenstern. Dirac Notation and Transformation Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791942.003.0001.
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Chapter 1 opens with a brief review of some basic features of quantum mechanics, including the Schrödinger equation, linear and angular momentum and the theory of the hydrogenic atom: It also includes complete orthonormal sets of eigenfunctions, the translation operator, current, spin, equation of continuity, gauge transformation, determinant & permanent multiparticle energy eigenfunctions for noninteracting particles and the Pauli exclusion principle. Attention is then focused on Dirac bra-ket notation and complete sets of commuting observables. In this connection, representations and transformation among representations are discussed in detail for the Schrödinger system state vector and the eigenstates, as well as bra-ket matrix elements of operators. Finally, Schwinger’s interpretation of ket-bra matrix operator structures (Schwinger “Measurement Symbols”) in terms of annihilation and creation of systems in eigenstates is introduced.
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Stefan, Vogenauer. Ch.1 General Provisions, General Provisions III: Arts 1.6–1.12—Application of the PICC, Art.1.6. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0010.
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This commentary focuses on Article 1.6, which provides a number of broad interpretative guidelines for the interpretation and the supplementation of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC). The provision does not purport to set forth a complete set of detailed rules and principles of contractual interpretation. It simply highlights some interpretative elements that are of particular importance in the context of international uniform law. The interpretation of a PICC article is concerned with determining whether a given set of facts falls within the scope of application of such article and therefore triggers the legal consequences spelt out in the provision. Art 1.6 outlines the international character and autonomous interpretation of the PICC, criteria of interpretation, weight of the interpretative criteria, issues within the scope of the PICC but not expressly settled by them, and ‘settling the issue’.
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Gerard, McMeel. Part III Particular Contractual Provisions, 23 Modification of Remedies: Express Termination, Retention of Title, and No Set-Off Clauses. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198755166.003.0023.
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This chapter considers express termination clauses in detail, and briefly considers retention of title clauses and clauses restricting set-off. As a matter of general principle, parties are free to incorporate their own express regimes for termination of the contract; such clauses are common in contracts of any significant duration. The chapter presents an overview of the process and examines the issues which might arise from express termination clauses. With the retention of title clauses (or Romalpa clauses), the chapter focuses on issues of construction and characterization to address the numerous problems of such clauses. Finally, the chapter considers the law of set-off, which provides the regime for determining whether a cross-claim may be advanced in the same proceedings to reduce, extinguish, or even exceed the claimant's prima facie claim.
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Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. The Maxwell equations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0030.
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This chapter presents Maxwell equations determining the electromagnetic field created by an ensemble of charges. It also derives these equations from the variational principle. The chapter studies the equation’s invariances: gauge invariance and invariance under Poincaré transformations. These allow us to derive the conservation laws for the total charge of the system and also for the system energy, momentum, and angular momentum. To begin, the chapter introduces the first group of Maxwell equations: Gauss’s law of magnetism, and Faraday’s law of induction. It then discusses current and charge conservation, a second set of Maxwell equations, and finally the field–energy momentum tensor.
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Emir, Astra. 14. Normal Working Hours and a Week’s Pay. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198814849.003.0014.
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In order to quantify the amount of money payable to an employee in respect of the violation of certain specific statutory rights, it is necessary to ascertain the employee’s weekly pay, which is done by reference to the employee’s ‘normal working hours’. This chapter considers provisions of the Employment Rights Act s 221-229 which set out what a week’s pay is, as well as the precise formulae for determining how a week’s pay is to be calculated and what to take into account, and, in certain specific cases lists the situations in which there is a statutory cap on that amount.
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Renato, Nazzini. Part III International Arbitration Agreements: Issues and Perspectives, 9 The Law Governing the Arbitration Agreement: A Transnational Solution? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198783206.003.0010.
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This chapter examines the law applicable to the arbitration agreement when there is no express choice of such a law. It does not aim to set out a test, or a set of tests, of universal validity or application. Rather, its objective is to review the current state of play and sketch out a framework for the development of a possible ‘transnational’ solution to the problem. The chapter first explains why a separate enquiry into the law governing the arbitration agreement is necessary and what the implications of such a separate enquiry are. Second, it reviews three possible approaches to determining the law governing the arbitration agreement: the application of the law chosen by the parties to govern their substantive rights and obligations; the application of the law of the seat of the arbitration; and the application of ‘transnational’ rules.
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Sochart, David H. Total hip replacement: implant fixation. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.007004.
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♦ Cemented fixation in total hip replacement set the standard and has stood the test of time♦ Improved generations of cementing technique have led to improved results♦ The long term results of uncemented implants have improved with better designs and materials♦ The most important determinant of the outcome and longevity of the implant is the quality and accuracy of the initial implantation
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Zehnbauer, Barbara, and W. Andrew Faucett. Regulation of Laboratory Genetic Testing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604929.003.0002.
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Laboratory regulations provide rules to establish consistency and to evaluate performance. They also set out the qualifications and experience needed for laboratory staff to fulfill regulatory requirements and meet professional standards. Clinical genetic counselors play a significant role in determining which tests to offer patients, which laboratories to consider for testing, and which phenotypic information to provide to the clinical laboratory to improve the interpretation of test results. This chapter discusses laboratory regulations pertinent to the type of genetic testing offered and specimens received in the laboratory. The goal is to help the laboratory genetic counselor understand the regulatory oversight of genetic testing and the quality management of clinical laboratory operations.
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Wright, A. G. Collection and counting efficiency. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0010.
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Standards laboratories can provide a photocathode calibration for quantum efficiency, as a function of wavelength, but their measurements are performed with the photomultiplier operating as a photodiode. Each photoelectron released makes a contribution to the photocathode current but, if it is lost or fails to create secondary electrons at d1, it makes no contribution to anode current. This is the basis of collection efficiency, F. The anode detection efficiency, ε, allied to F, refers to the counting efficiency of output pulses. The standard method for determining F involves photocurrent, anode current, count rate, and the use of highly attenuating filters; F may also be measured using methods based on single-electron responses (SERs), shot noise, or the SER at the first dynode.
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Kroenke, Candyce, and Ichiro Kawachi. Socioeconomic Disparities in Cancer Incidence and Mortality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0009.
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The relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and cancer is complex, dynamic, and evolving. Associations depend on SES measures, cancer type, sociodemographic factors including race/ethnicity, and historical trends. However, socioeconomic disadvantage is often associated with a higher risk of cancer, particularly cancers diagnosed at a late stage, as well as worse prognosis once diagnosed. Research on secular trends over the past 70 years has shown reversals of the socioeconomic gradient for lung and colorectal cancer consistent with differential trends by SES in patterns of smoking, diet, and obesity. Rates of these cancers are now currently higher in socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. SES is considered to be a “fundamental” determinant of health outcomes, and this appears true throughout the cancer spectrum—from cancer incidence to detection, treatment, and survival. Investigations over the past decade have increasingly considered the simultaneous impact of individual SES and area-level SES (as a contextual influence) on health outcomes.
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Stefan, Vogenauer. Ch.4 Interpretation, Introduction to Chapter 4 of the PICC. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0075.
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Chapter 4 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) deals with the interpretation of contracts, unilateral statements, and other conduct of the parties. The concept of contractual interpretation underlying the PICC is that of ‘determining the meaning to be attached to the terms of a contract’. In the context of dispute resolution, interpretation is concerned with establishing whether a given set of facts falls within the scope of application of a contractual term and therefore triggers the legal consequences spelt out in this term. The PICC seek to distinguish the process of interpretation from that of supplying omitted contractual terms and from that of implying obligations, although there is no clear line between these three mechanisms.
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Gilles, Cuniberti. Ch.3 Validity, s.3: Illegality, Art.3.3.2. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0074.
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This commentary focuses on Article 3.3.2 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the criteria for granting restitution as well as the rules governing restitution. According to Art 3.3.2, where there has been performance under a contract infringing a mandatory rule under Article 3.3.1, restitution may be granted where this would be reasonable in the circumstances. In determining what is reasonable, regard is to be had, with the appropriate adaptations, to the criteria referred to in Article 3.3.1(3). If restitution is granted, the rules set out in Article 3.2.15 apply with appropriate adaptations. The distinction introduced by Art 3.3.1 between mandatory rules that expressly prescribe their effects and those that do not is also relevant for Art 3.3.2.
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Loraine, Sievers, and Daws Sam. Ch.5 Conduct of Meetings and Participation. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199685295.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the conduct of meetings of the Council, and participation in those meetings, as governed by both written and unwritten procedures. The procedures set out in the Charter and the Provisional Rules of Procedure for the conduct of meetings are not comprehensive. Thus practice and precedent are also relevant in determining the procedure to be followed. Many of the governing practices were largely worked out in the first decades of the Council's existence, and now mainly require only slight modifications or adjustments. However, questions relating to the participation in meetings of non-Council Member States and of individuals, as well as the order in which they and the Council members speak at meetings, are still active issues for which practice continues to evolve.
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Krist, Alex H., and Vivian Jiang. Provider-Level Factors Influencing Implementation. Edited by David A. Chambers, Wynne E. Norton, and Cynthia A. Vinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190647421.003.0016.
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Cancer treatment is increasingly complex. The tools for diagnosis, staging, and predicting prognosis are rapidly evolving, as are the therapies, treatment modalities, and treatment protocols. The complexity of care, the need for a multidisciplinary team across settings, and patient-level factors all present providers with a unique set of challenges. The three case studies presented in this chapter explore strategies that help providers by (1) ensuring low-income patients with breast cancer receive care consistent with guidelines through patient engagement and navigation, (2) promoting and incorporating the routine use of shared decision-making in determining prostate cancer treatment, and (3) supporting the adoption of concurrent palliative care for patients with advanced cancer. The specific challenges and needs for future implementation science are highlighted throughout each case.
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Campbell, McLachlan, Shore Laurence, and Weiniger Matthew. Part II Ambit of Protection, 4 Parallel Proceedings. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199676798.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 deals with a complex set of problems that have arisen in determining the relationship between parallel claims in investment arbitration and other forms of dispute resolution, including proceedings in host State courts. Five issues which arbitral tribunals have had to confront in considering the impact of other forms of dispute resolution upon their jurisdiction are explored in particular: (1) the distinction between breach of contract and breach of treaty; (2) election, waiver, and ‘fork in the road’; (3) prior resort to local remedies; (4) internationalised contract claims and ‘umbrella clauses’; and (5) parallel treaty arbitration. The chapter considers the extent to which the general doctrines of lis pendens, res judicata, election, waiver, and abuse of process are capable of application in investment treaty arbitration.
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Kiss, Katalin É. Discourse Functions. Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.24.
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The chapter first summarizes the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic properties of the topic–comment structure in the Hungarian sentence. It describes the topic as a constituent external to the extended verbal projection, binding an empty argument in the comment, derived by topic movement or base-generated in situ. The topic functions as the logical subject of predication. Then the chapter discusses the focus–background articulation of the comment. The Hungarian sentence structure contains a designated focus position at the left edge of the comment. The focus elicits verb movement. The Hungarian focus construction, expressing exhaustive identification, is analysed as a predication structure both syntactically and semantically. It is claimed to represent specificational predication, with the background determining a set, and the focus referentially identifying its members.
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Dwan, David. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738527.003.0007.
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This chapter reviews Orwell’s apparent contradictions—a disciple of brotherhood who loathed a good cross section of his brothers; a socialist egalitarian who decried ‘the personal inferiority of many individual socialists’; a revolutionary and an internationalist who also claimed that no ‘real revolutionary has ever been an internationalist’; an intellectual who despised intellectuals. Always keen to stand apart, he became a utopian when surrounded by ‘realists’ and a ‘realist’ when confronting utopians. In the face of other people’s moralism he could sound like an economic determinist, but confronted with the fatalism of others he stressed the importance of moral effort. These contradictions reveal some of Orwell’s limitations, but they raise a broader question about the role of consistency in moral life. It is this issue which the chapter sets out to address.
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Stich, Stephen. Knowledge, intuition, and culture. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789710.003.0017.
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The question that is center stage in this chapter is: Do intuitions about knowledge vary across cultures? The chapter begins by explaining what intuitions are, how they are used in philosophy, and why the presence or absence of cultural variation in philosophical intuitions is important for both philosophy and cognitive science. The remainder of the chapter recounts a line of research aimed at determining whether or not intuitions about knowledge vary across cultures. The focus is on “Gettier intuitions.” The results reported support the core folk epistemology hypothesis that maintains that people in all cultures possess epistemic concepts that require more than justification, truth, and belief. In all cultures, an additional condition or set of conditions will be required. However, the evidence suggests that the additional condition varies both within and between cultures.
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Feeny, Simon, and Mark McGillivray. Aid and Global Poverty. Edited by David Brady and Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.31.
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This article examines the relationship between foreign aid and poverty in developing countries, with the goal of determining whether donor governments are motivated and actively set out to reduce poverty in developing countries through the provision of aid but with the impact of aid on poverty reduction. It begins with an overview of the aid and poverty record based on global data from the 1980s onward, with particular emphasis on Official Development Assistance (ODA). It then considers the analytics of aid and poverty before reviewing the relevant literature, including studies that address the impact of aid on growth and growth elasticity of poverty. The article argues that aid has had a marginally positive impact on poverty reduction in developing countries, and that poverty would be slightly higher without it.
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Walker, Ralph C. S. Objective Imperatives. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192857064.001.0001.
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Abstract Kant sees the moral law as an objective imperative in its own right, inherently prescriptive and not dependent on anything or anyone else. This book argues in defence of his position. That has often been misunderstood, largely because of the obscurities in his presentation. The book seeks to clarify the account of the Categorical Imperative in the light of its standing as an objective imperative, exploring the centrality of ‘autonomy’ and the several ways in which feeling is essential to morality. He commits himself to a form of determinism that apparently leaves no place for an objective imperative to motivate anyone. He never provides a clear solution of this apparently fundamental objection to his position. The simplest way would be to reject his determinism. He never explicitly does that, but it turns out that the determinism to which he commits himself is not really complete. Though he never seems fully to recognize it, the transcendental idealism of his first Critique is actually incompatible with the thesis that every event has a cause. This is because his account of the spatio-temporal world is an anti-realist one, open-ended in that it leaves no place for ‘every event’: there is no such thing as ‘every event’. In addition, Kant’s whole position could have been made clearer if he had accepted our conception of a theory. He comes closer to that, however, as time goes on, recognizing that rationality warrants belief in the continuing order of the world and of a designer.
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Pye, David. Practical Nitriding and Ferritic Nitrocarburizing. ASM International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.9781627083508.
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Practical Nitriding and Ferritic Nitrocarburizing addresses many questions that arise when using nitriding and nitrocarburizing processes to case harden engineered components. It describes the basic chemistry of each process and its effect on the metallurgy and microstructure of different grades of iron and steel. It explains how the processes and their variants are implemented and how to set up, monitor, and control process equipment to meet specific design objectives. It discusses the factors that must be considered when selecting materials and determining parameters related to surface hardness, case depth, compound zone thickness, corrosion and wear resistance, distortion, and other such variables. It also explains how materials should be prepared and handled before and after processing, how to examine and evaluate results, and how to diagnose and fix problems. For information on the print version, ISBN 978-0-87170-791-8, follow this link.
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Stojnić, Una. Discourse, Context, and Coherence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791492.003.0006.
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On the received view, the resolution of context-sensitivity is at least partly determined by non-linguistic features of utterance situation. If I say ‘He’s happy’, what ‘he’ picks out is underspecified by its linguistic meaning, and is only fixed through extra-linguistic supplementation: the speaker’s intention, and/or some objective, non-linguistic feature of the utterance situation. This underspecification is exhibited by most context-sensitive expressions, with the exception of pure indexicals, like ‘I.’ While this received view is prima facie appealing, I argue it is deeply mistaken. I defend an account according to which context-sensitivity resolution is governed by linguistic mechanisms determining prominence of candidate resolutions of context-sensitive items. Thus, on this account, the linguistic meaning of a context-sensitive expression fully specifies its resolution in a context, automatically selecting the resolution antecedently set by the prominence-governing linguistic mechanisms.
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Joseph, Powderly. Part IV The ICC and its Applicable Law, 19 The Rome Statute and the Attempted Corseting of the Interpretative Judicial Function: Reflections on Sources of Law and Interpretative Technique. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198705161.003.0019.
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At the Rome Conference, states sought to curtail judicial interpretation through the inclusion of a set of specific disciplining rules, enshrined in the provisions of Articles 21 and 22 of the Rome Statute on the applicable law and nullum crimen sine lege respectively. This chapter examines the law and practice of the ICC with respect to these two provisions, with a view to determining whether or not they are effectively corseting the interpretative freedom of the bench as intended by the drafters of the Rome Statute. It is argued that Article 21 constitutes much more than a mere provision delineating the sources of law, and should be viewed as being akin to a general interpretative provision. It is suggested that Article 22, and in particular the provision of strict construction under Article 22(2), do not necessarily prohibit progressive interpretation and judicial creativity in all circumstances.
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Hamilton, Kirk, John Hartwick, Kirk Hamilton, and John Hartwick. Wealth and Sustainability. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803720.003.0015.
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In 1974, it was a live question whether the exhaustion of natural resources, such as oil, would necessarily lead to the decline of economic activity. Solow showed that constant levels of consumption could be sustained if there is sufficient substitutability between produced and natural factors of production. Hartwick then proved that underpinning this result is a saving rule—set investment in produced capital equal to the value of resource depletion at each point in time. A large literature has shown that a comprehensive measure of the change in real wealth—net saving—plays a central role in determining whether current well-being can be sustained. The current composition of wealth serves to define the policy challenges that countries face in achieving sustainable development. If substitution possibilities are limited between natural and other factors of production, as one might expect, then technical progress is a necessary complement to policies for sustainability.