Journal articles on the topic 'Determinders'
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Gu, Zhi Xu, Jian Zheng, Wei Peng, Xi Nan Tang, and Jun Hui Yin. "A Nonlinear Viscoelastic and Micromechanical Damage Constitutive Model for Solid Propellant." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 2196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.2196.
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This paper studies the damage process induced by dewetting microcracks in composite solid propellant. A nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model for composite soild propellant is presented. The damage variable D is derived from the microcrack system and is function of microcrack size density. The damage evolution equation is determinded by the extending of microcrack. Form the proposed model of microrack evolution process, an explicit form of damage evolution equation which is a function of stress field is given. The cracking event N and the new crack surface area damage ΔA formed by microcrack extension are defined. Material constants are determinded by acoustic emission tests. The rationality of our model has been confirmed by tension tests.
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Brown, S. E., L. Ghataore, P. A. Kane, N. Heaton, M. A. Heneghan, R. Vincent, and W. Bernal. "Relation of CT Determinded Sarcopenia to Steroid Hormone Levels in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease." Journal of Hepatology 64, no. 2 (2016): S285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(16)00348-2.
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Krivosheina, E. L., and T. S. Mikhailova. "Clinical case of hemolytic disease of the newborn with incompatibility of the blood of the mother and fetus in the “minor” erythrocyte antigen." Russian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology 6, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21682/2311-1267-2019-6-3-77-82.
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Presented a clinical observation of hemolytic disease of the newborn as a result of fetus immunization with low-frequency erythrocyte antigen (Lutheran). The special aspect of the case is the presence of hyperleukocytosis with evident regenerative shift of neutrophils to the left to singular blastic variants, thrombocytopenia, high reticulocytosis (more than 1000 ‰) and a great number of nucleated red blood cells (normoblasts) in the newborn’s hemogram. In myelogram a sharp expansion of erythroid sprout (90 %) and signs of dizerythropoiesis were determinded. Typical clinical signs and isoserological incompatibility of mother and fetus in erythrocyte antigen provided basis for early diagnostics and adequate treatment of hemolytic disease of the newborn.
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Arianti, Ririn. "PENGARUH KOMPETENSI DAN INDEPENDENSI AUDITOR TERHADAP KUALITAS AUDIT." Media Riset Akuntansi, Auditing dan Informasi 10, no. 2 (August 14, 2010): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/mraai.v10i2.1020.
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<p class="Style1">The purpose of this study to determinde the effect of competence and independence on audit quality. The variables which used in this research are competence and independence as a independent variable, and audit quality as a dependent variable. Competence is measured by knowledge, experience, and formal education, while independence is measured by auditor tenure, pressure from clients, peer review and nonaudit services. The results show that competence significantly influence on audit quality but independence has not significant influence on audit quality.</p><p class="Style2">Key words: Competence, Independence and Audit Quality</p>
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Aminzadeh, A., M. Petruzalek, V. Vavrycuk, and T. Lokajicek. "The pressure dependent elastic anisotropy of Grimsel granite and Bukov paragneiss." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1124, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1124/1/012049.
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Abstract A methodology for obtaining the stiffness tensor of an elastic material in its most general form (with 21 independent parameters) using ultrasonic measurements is presented. The methodology is used to define the anisotropic properties of two spherical rock samples: a migmatized gneiss from Bukov (Czech Republic) and a granite from Grimsel (Switzerland) underground research laboratories. The general stiffness matrix for both rocks is determinded for different confining pressures suggesting that the Bukov sample is orthotropic at atmospheric pressure while the Grimsel sample is transversely isotropic. However, the Bukov sample remains orthotropic even at a high pressure of 100 MPa but the Grimsel sample becomes almost isotropic. Both rocks are anisotropic under the overburden pressure acting at the in-situ URL conditions. A significant amount of cracks remains open at these pressures and contribute to the overall anisotropy of rocks.
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Riaux-Gobin, C., CA Llewellyn, and B. Klein. "Microphytobenthos from two subtidal sediments from North Brittany. II. Variations of pigment compositions and concentrations determinded by HPLC and conventional techniques." Marine Ecology Progress Series 40 (1987): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps040275.
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Widoretno, Astrini Aning. "Factors That Influence The Acceptance of Going Concern Audit Opinion on Manufacture Companies." Journal of Economics, Business, and Government Challenges 2, no. 1 (June 19, 2019): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/ebgc.v2i1.64.
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Audit opinion on a financial report is needed by users of financial statements, both external and internal parties. Users of these financial statements need opinions from independent auditors as collateral for the reliability of the information presented in the financial statements. The auditor is also obligated to evaluate wether there are doubts about the going concern of the company. The opinion about the going concern auditor’s dounts is called the going concern audit opinion. This study aims to determinde the effect of bankruptcy probability, audit lag, and company size on the acceptance of going concern audit opinion. It tested the hypotheses using the logistic regression method. The results of this study indicate that the probability of banckruptcy has a negative effect while audit lag and company size do not addect the issuance of going concern audit opinion.
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Tekle, Amare. "The Determinants of the Foreign Policy of Revolutionary Ethiopia." Journal of Modern African Studies 27, no. 3 (September 1989): 479–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00020395.
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The Foreign policy of Ethiopia, like that of other countries, is based on certain goals and values, and determinded by the dynamic interplay of domestic and external factors. Although its formulation has been clearly influenced by Marxist concepts about the nature of society and the alignment of forces in the world, there are elements of continuity as well as change, not least because Ethiopia has maintained its core values while playing an important rôle from time to time in the international arena long before the 1974 revolution. In other words, despite a shift in orientation, the central purpose of Ethiopia's foreign policy has remained the same, and a change in style has not brought forth a change in essence. Indeed, in some respects, the exigencies of a fast-changing international environment have been more significant than the replacement of the Emperor by the Dergue. It must be stressed that Ethiopian policy has been largely rigid, with adjustments being made only in response to certain fait accomplis that were outside the control of the decision-makers.
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Yamada, Keiko, Michiko Shimodaira, Seiko Chida, Noriko Yamada, Norio Matsushima, Morimichi Fukuda, and Shoji Yamada. "Degradation of Vitamin B12 in Dietary Supplements." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 78, no. 45 (May 1, 2008): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.78.45.195.
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Beverages and solid dietary supplements rich in various added vitamins and minerals have recently become available. It seems reasonable to consider that the intake of these foods is convenient for easy ingestion of nutrients, but problems caused by blending different nutrients in high concentrations have arisen. We focused on vitamin B12 (B12) among vitamins and determinded the B12 contents of beverages and solid dietary supplements purchased from a retail shop. The B12 contents of three of five beverges were less than stated on the labels. On the other hand, certain beverages unexpectedly contained much more B12 than stated on the labels. In these beverages the amount of B12 decreased rapidly with time, whereas B12 content was lower than stated on the label in only one of four solid dietary supplements. The content of B12 was affected by storage time, light exposure, temperature and vitamin C. From experimental analysis with a competitive binding assay method employing a ACS Chemiluminescent B12 kit, examining differential binding by intrinsic factors and spectral analysis of B12, it was determined that some of the B12 might have been converted into B12 analogues or small degradation products by multinutrient interaction during storage.
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Supriyadi, Supriyadi. "Perilaku Perusahaan Multinasional Dan Aggressive Transfer Pricing Practices Terhadap Kepatuhan Pembebanan Biaya Promosi (Studi Kasus Kasus PT MSM)." Majalah Ilmiah Bijak 16, no. 2 (September 25, 2019): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31334/bijak.v16i2.509.
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This research aimed to analyze Multinational Enterprises behavior and aggressive transfer pricing practices that compliance of promotion expenses (Case Study PT MSM). First, to analyze formal compliance of promotion expenses on MNEs. Second, to analyze material compliance of promotion expense on MNEs. Third, to analyze economic benefits for PT MSM and MNEs.The research approach used is descriptive qualitative with data collection through in-depth interviews with informations determinded by Account Representative of the Tax Sercive Office B that handles PT MSM. The research instrument is the data and information collection through interview dan documentation. This reseach is used MNEs theory and compliance theory.The research results show that: first, promotion expenses on MNEs that Case Study PT MSM reach about Rp 3,2triliun from fiscal year about 2003 until 2016 average 20% form sales. For formal compliance analysis for promotion expenses for PT MSM is comply with Ministry of Finance Regulation number 02/PMK.03/2010 about promotion expenses with attaching nominative list of promotion expenses. Second, for material compliance analysis of promotion expenses is not directly related for PT MSM, to promote MNEs. Third, promotion expenses that paying PT MSM gives economic benefit for promotion of MNEs. Therefore PT MSM should get renumeration because of its function, assets and risks.
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SURYAWAN, AHMAD, Hapsari Widya Ningtiar, IRWANTO IRWANTO, and I. Dewa Gede UGRASENA. "Determinant factors of depression in beta major thalassemia children." Folia Medica Indonesiana 57, no. 1 (April 14, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v57i1.13664.
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Thalassemia is a chronic disease with long-term treatment that increases the potential for impact on physical, cognitive, and psychological conditions. About 80% of patients with major thalassemia have at least one psychiatric disorder, depression is one of the most frequently reported, especially in prepubertal and puberty periods. The aim of this study is to evaluate determinant factors of depression in beta mayor thalassemia children. This was a cross-sectional study on patients aged 9 to 17 years at hematology outpatient clinic in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital from September to Desember 2018. Level of depression determinded by Children Depression Inventory (CDI) questionnaire. The data were collected and analyzed using using the IBM SPSS Statistics version 21. It is statistically significant with p<0.05. Forty-five participants were included in this study, 15 participants with mild depression and 30 participants without depression. Gender (p=0.462), age of diagnosis (p=0.385), frequency of tranfussion (p=0.065), family history of depression (p=0,350), physical change (p=0.711), duration of illness (p=0.674) have no significant value as a determinant factor while complication (p=0.049) and serum cortisol level (p=0.037) had significant value as determinant factors of depression in Beta Major Thalassemia children. Mild depression is more common in thalassemia patients who experience complications and had high serum cortisol levels
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Yi, Fu Jing, Jono M. Munandar, and Abdul Kohar Irwanto. "Analisis Daya Saing dan Strategi Ekspor Singkong Olahan Indonesia ke China." Jurnal Manajemen dan Organisasi 9, no. 2 (May 16, 2019): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jmo.v9i2.26093.
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Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the export commodities from food crops sector and has many potencies to be developed. Indonesia is one of the top-10 biggest countries that can produced cassava for the world. This research aimed to 1) identify the competitiveness rate of Indonesian processed cassava export to China as the destination country, 2) identify the internal and external factors of export of Indonesian processed cassava to China, and 3) identify the strategies that can be used to improve the export competitiveness of processed cassava to China. Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), was implemented to determinded the competitiveness rate of Indonesian processed cassava. Indonesian processed cassava in China’s export market for 5 years period from 2012 to 2016 has an average RCA index less than 1. This shows that during the whole year period, Indonesian processed cassava has weak comparative advantage, and also has a fairly low competitiveness in the China market. From that result, strategies to improve the competitiveness of cassava sales both from export and import can be done by using SWOT analysis. The results of the SWOT analysis can generate the alternative strategies through AHP analysis. The integration of internal and external factors needs to be done as a strategy of market penetration of processed cassava of Indonesia. Strategic alternatives that become the main priority in the effort to increase the export competitiveness of Indonesian processed cassava are farmers with starch products and technology adoption to increase the fulfillment of export quantity of processed cassava.
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Vesthi, Nifarea Anlila, Grahita Aditya, and Rizki Amalina. "HUBUNGAN KADAR UREA SALIVA TERHADAP DERAJAT KEASAMAN (pH) SALIVA PADA ANAK USIA 12-15 TAHUN." ODONTO : Dental Journal 2, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/odj.2.2.57-61.
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Introduction: One of the dental disease in the oral cavity that often experience by society are caries. Caries is one of the hard tooth tissue disease that can touch enamel, dentin, and sementum. One of the factor that affect caries process is saliva. Urea is one of the organic composition that compose saliva. Urea in salive plays as buffer capacity and the pH saliva adjustment.Methods: This study is an analytic observational with cross sectional approach, this study are conducted in Daarul 'Ilmi Islamic boarding school with 19 subject of 12-15 years old child. The data are obtained from the examination of urea saliva level and pH saliva in child. The level of urea saliva are measured using spectrophotometer tools and the pH saliva are measured using pH meter. The Shapiro-wilkare used to deterime the data normality, continue with Leuvenetest to determinde the data homogeneity data. Data are analyzed using Pearson test to determine the relation of urea level in saliva against the pH saliva.Results: According the data analysis, the data are in normal distribution and homogeneous. The research result are obtain average of urea level in urea sample is 13,45 mg/dl, and the average of pH saliva sampelis 7,15. The result of Pearsonstatistic testare obtain p value of = 0,000, with the positive correlation level of 0,902.Conclusion: The conclusion of this study are note that there are relation between the urea level in saliva against pH salive. This are proven from the Pearson test result with significance value of 0.000 (p< 0.05).
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Song, Yong Jia, Xi Min Gao, Guang Jie Wang, and Jie Wang. "Analysis and Research on the Evaluation of Economy Benefits of Small Watershed Warping Dams System." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 3026–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.3026.
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The evaluation of economy benefits of small watershed warping dams system program mainly includes foundation benefit, economic benefit, ecological benefit, social benefit on project construction. The thesis takes this small watershed planning scheme 30- year computation time as object of study ,on its soil conservation benefit, storage benefit, planting benefits and rationalities irrigation benefit, block mud benefit, economic indexes such as flood protection benefits were analyzed and calculated ,for dam system planning scheme of the economic rationality assessment provides evaluation basis. Using natural "catch-basin" concept, the people of loess plateau created warping dam whose role is storing muddy and releasing clearing, intercept sediment and silting farmland, which is a kind of soil and water conservation engineering measures. Since liberation, in the middle Yellow River area has built more than 110,000 warping dams, exceeding 0.3million hm2 place has been silting into dam land and accumulated retard mud 2.1 million tons. Since 1990s, in order to give full play to the operation safety and overall benefit of warping dams, which has formed the construction concept of dam is "in tributaries as skeletons, small watershed as a unit, matching key dam, small and middle warping dams to construction the dam system of gullies"[1]. Further assure the operation safety and the overall benefit of warping dams, which has been brought into full play. A watershed which is in order to limitation of control the flood and sediment to realize the long-term goals of soil and water conservation. Through the field survey and measurement, selected the dam system layout scheme , determinded the engineering construction scheme of the dam system of the river basin, dam system altogether layout 5 key dam (including 3 seats new dams , 2 seats old dam which is need reinforcement ) ,15 seats small and middle warping dams ,and the project under construction will last for 3 years. Basis to the specification requirement, we need evaluation analysis the planning scheme for engineering benefit. Dam system’s engineering benefits include foundation benefit, economic benefit, ecological benefit and social benefit. Basis to the specification requirement, engineering planning after the project implementation produced by the foundation and economic benefit emphatically analyzes, ecological and social benefits are briefly analyzed[2].
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Möstl, Markus. "Projekt Musterpolizeigesetz - eine Stellungnahme." Die Verwaltung 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/verw.53.1.21.
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In Germany, the competence to legislate on the powers of the police, as far as the prevention of threats to the public security and not the investigation and prosecution of criminal offences is concerned, lies with the Länder. A working group of representatives of the Länder and the federal state is currently drafting a new model Police Act for Germany, i. e. template legislation that will become an important point of reference for the legislative activities of the Länder. This article examines the merits of this project and comments on some decisions the working group has already taken. It argues that it cannot be the aim of the project to try to achieve full uniformity of police law in Germany. The decision of the German consitution to entrust the Länder (and not the federal state) with police powers should not be undermined. The real purpose of the project should be to reach a consensus on some basic dogmatic notions of police law. It shows that there is currently a great amount of dogmatic uncertainty which could be clarified by the project. The aim of the working group, which is to set out police powers within and at the limits of the constitution, raises the question whether the constitutional limits of police law have been drawn too tightly by the constitutional court and by academic debate. It is highly unusual that an area of the law is so heavily determinded by constitutional law as is the case with police law in Germany. A main focus of the article deals with the question of whether the new Act should embrace the notion of “drohende Gefahr” (impending danger), which was considered by the constitutional court and recently introduced by the Bavarian legislator. Normally preventive police powers are linked to the precondition that the police can demonstrate a “konkrete Gefahr” (a concrete danger, i. e. a sufficient likelihood) of a threat to public security. “Drohende Gefahr” (impending danger) means, that there is indeed a sufficient likelihood of such a threat but one cannot foresee yet when, where and how exactly the threat will materialise. The article shows that “drohende Gefahr” is nothing new in essence, but just a borderline case of “konkrete Gefahr” which is now defined in a more precise manner. Finally the suggestions for detention powers of the police are analysed.
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Triana, Tiara, and Mhd Yasin Siregar. "Pengaruh Penambahan H2O2 dan Na2S2O5 pada Proses Detoksifikasi Tailing Hasil Pelindian Emas." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 18, no. 2 (February 25, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2019.18.2.2.
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Abstrak. Proses ekstraksi emas dan perak melalui metode pelarutan selektif menggunakan reagen sianida merupakan proses pengolahan yang umum digunakan saat ini. Salah satu tantangan yang hadir dengan pemanfaatan proses pelindian adalah kontrol kandungan weak acid dissociable cyanide (WAD CN) pada tailing hasil proses pelindian guna menghindari terjadinya pencemaran lingkungan. Berdasarkan standar yang ditetapkan oleh International Cyanide Management Institute (ICMI), kandungan sianida yang diperbolehkan untuk dibuang bersama tailing ke lingkungan sebesar <50 ppm. Rangkaian proses yang harus dilakukan untuk menekan kandungan WAD CN pada tailing adalah melalui proses cyanide detoxification. Proses detoksifikasi yang dilakuan adalah dengan menambahkan oksidator berupa H2O2 dan kombinasi dengan Na2S2O5 (sodium metabisulphide/SMBS) dengan rasio H2O2:CN sebesar 2:1, 5:1, 10:1, dan 20:1, serta penambahan SMBS dengan rasio antara SO2:CN sebesar 4:1 dalam sebuah bottle roll. Penambahan SMBS bertujuan untuk menurunkan jumlah penggunaan oksidator H2O2 yang digunakan. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan diketahui bahwa semakin besar perbandingan antara H2O2:CN maka semakin rendah WAD CN yang dihasilkan, dari 84 ppm sebelum adanya penambahan oksidator menjadi 0,18 ppm pada rasio penambahan 20:1. Selain itu penambahan Na2S2O5 juga menyebabkan penurunan kandungan WAD CN yang lebih signifikan menjadi 0,31 ppm pada rasio H2O2:CN sebesar 5:1. Adapun variasi pH tidak menunjukkan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kadar WAD CN pada saat proses detoksifikasi. Kata kunci: sianidasi, detoksifikasi sianida, wastewater treatment, pelindian emas. Abstract. The Effect of H2O2 and Na2S2O5 Addition in Cyanide Detoxification from Leached-Gold Tailing. Cyanide leaching is the predominant process of gold and silver extraction in large scale mining. The most challenging part related to leaching process of cyanide is controlling the content of weak acid dissociable cyanide (WAD CN) in tailing to prevent environmental pollution. The International Cyanide Management Institute (ICMI) has determinded the cyanide content allowed to be disposed of with tailings into the environment should not more than 50 ppm. Content of WAD CN in tailing can be suppressed by cyanide detoxification process. Detoxification process was conducted by adding H2O2 as an oxidizing agent into the tailings with varying H2O2:CN ratio (2:1, 5:1, 10:1, and 20:1) and combining with the addition of Na2S2O5 (sodium metabisulphide/SMBS) with SO2:CN ratio of 4:1 in a bottle roll. The study showed that the greater the ratio of H2O2:CN, the lower the WAD CN remained in tailing, from 84 ppm before any addition of oxiding agent to 0.18 ppm at ratio of 20:1. Moreover, Na2S2O5 addition was also significantly reduced WAD CN content down to 0.31 ppm at H2O2:CN ratio of 5:1. It also has been identified that pH variation has no significant impact to WAD CN content during detoxification process. Keywords: cyanidation, cyanide detoxification, wastewater treatment, gold leaching. Graphical Abstract
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David, Ruthy Elvana, and Lina Purnama. "PENANGGULANGAN ISU WIRAUSAHA DI INDONESIA DENGAN PEMBANGUNAN KOMUNITAS KRIYA JATINEGARA." Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) 1, no. 2 (January 26, 2020): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v1i2.4426.
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Millennial Generation is the generation births from 1981-1994. This generation is known as a generation that is open-minded, like to challenge themselves, brave enough to take risks, determinded, and interested to try new things. There is a fact that says almost 70,9% of millennials are interested to start their own bussinesses. It is the reason of the term “millennial entrepreneur”. That means an entrepreneur that is born in millennial generation. They have the ability to create creative and innovative bussiness plan that is different from others. Altough the number of entrepreneurs in Indonesia increasing every year, this has not been recognized by the worid because the amount is only 1,65% of population compared to other countries (Singapore, Malaysia, South Korea, China, USA, Thailand). Therefore, the author aims to increase the number of entrepreneurs by providing a place that can accommodate all of their activities. Not only providing learning activities, but also their physical activities, such as: eat, take a bath, exercise, and take a rest. This project, known as Jatinegara Craft Community, is located in Jatinegara, East Jakarta. The method of this study is cross-programming method. Vision of this project is to become a mixed-use building that can fulfill the needs of millennial entrepreneurs so that they can solve the issue of entrepreneurship in Indonesia and also the issue of sustainability. Meanwhile, the mission of this project is to create a place for the current millennial generation, especially for the young entrepreneurs in their study (formal and non-formal), work, social life and rest. AbstrakGenerasi Milenial adalah generasi yang lahir pada tahun 1981-1994. Generasi ini dikenal sebagai generasi yang open-minded, menyukai tantangan, berani mengambil resiko, memiliki pendirian yang kuat, dan tertarik untuk mencoba hal-hal baru. Ada fakta yang menyatakan bahwa sekitar 70,9% Generasi Milenial tertarik untuk membuka usaha sendiri, sehingga banyak muncul istilah millennial entrepreneur, dimana mereka adalah wirausaha yang lahir di Generasi Milenial. Mereka mampu untuk menciptakan ide bisnis yang kreatif dan inovatif, yang berbeda dari yang lain. Walaupun tingkat wirausaha di Indonesia makin meningkat tiap tahunnya, tetapi sepertinya millennial entrepreneur di Indonesia belum dianggap oleh dunia karena jumlahnya hanyalah 1,65% jika dibandingkan dengan negara lain (Singapura, Malaysia, Korea Selatan, Cina, Amerika Serikat, Thailand). Oleh karena itu, penulis bertujuan untuk meningkatkan jumlah wirausaha dengan memberikan wadah yang dapat menampung segala kegiatan mereka. Bukan hanya memberikan kegiatan pembelajaran, tetapi sampai ke kegiatan pokok mereka, antara lain; makan, mandi, olahraga, dan istirahat. Proyek ini, Komunitas Kriya Jatinegara, berlokasi di Jatinegara, Jakarta Timur. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode cross-programming. Visi dari proyek ini adalah untuk menjadi bangunan multi-fungsi yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan millennial entrepreneur. Selain itu, diharapkan proyek ini juga dapat menjawab isu kurangnya wirausaha di Indonesia dan isu sustainability. Sementara itu misi dari proyek ini adalah untuk menciptakan ruang yang dibutuhkan oleh Generasi Milenial sekarang ini, khususnya untuk wirausaha muda dalam mereka belajar (formal dan non-formal), bekerja, bersosialisasi, dan beristirahat.
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Resmini, Wayan, Komang Sundara, and Ni Putu Ade Resmayani. "KEKERASAN DALAM RUMAH TANGGA DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP PSIKOLOGI ANAK." SELAPARANG Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Berkemajuan 3, no. 1 (November 19, 2019): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/jpmb.v3i1.1247.
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ABSTRAKKeluarga merupakan pendidikan terpenting dalam perkembangan kehidupan manusia. Karena keluarga merupakan lingkungan hidup primer dan fundamental. Penanaman nilai-nilai moral secara praktis akan berproses dan ditentukan oleh keluarga. Dalam keluarga yang seharusnya merupakan wadah utama bagi pembentukan watak dan moral manusia sering berubah menjadi sumber malapetaka karena menurunnya tingkat pendidikan ahklak manusia, sehingga dalam bersikap dan beretika dalam kehidupan tidak obyektif. Materialisme dan individualism kian mendominasi kehidupan keluarga serta adanya pergantian arus globalisasi yang kian mendominasi kehidupan masyarakat dewasa ini, oleh karena ketidaksiapan individu menghadapi nilai-nilai baru dan lemahnya filter yang dilakukan oleh manusia dalam menyikapi globalisasi tersebut, sehingga dampak buruk dari globalisasi mulai dirasakan dalam kehidupan keluarga. Banyak keluarga yang kini cendrung mengidap karakter destruktif. Persoalan seperti ini tidak hanya berada pada fakta individual akan tetapi sudah nenjadi fakta sosial. Seperti halnya seorang perempuan menjadi pihak yang paling rentan menjadi sasaran korban tindak kekerasan. Oleh karena itu kaum wanita sudah semestinya mendapatkan perlindungan dari negara atau masyarakat agar terbebas dari ancaman kekerasan dan perlakuan yang dapat merendahkan manusia. Persoalan kekerasan dalam rumah tangga dapat terjadi kapanpun dan dimana saja. Karena persoalan kekerasan dalam rumah tangga baik korban maupun pelakunya tidak mengenal status sosial, status ekonomi maupun tingkat pendidikan. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pemahaman dan wawasan kepada masyarakat tentang kekerasan dalam rumah tangga dan implikasinya terhadap psikologi anak. Korban kekerasan dalam rumah tangga dapat terjadi pada keluarga tingkatan sosial manapun baik menengak ke bawah maupun menengah ke atas. Beberapa fakror yang menyebabkan kekerasan dalam rumah tangga antara lain : ekonomi, perselingkuhan, tekanan keluarga dan perkawinan usia dini. Kekerasan dalam rumah tangga terhadap perkembangan psikologi anak sangat berpengaruh terhadap tumbuh kembangnya anak selanjutnya terutama dalam berinteraksi dengan lingkungan Kata kunci: Kekerasan, Rumah Tangga, psikologi anak ABSTRACTFamily is the most important education in the development of human life since it is a primer and fundamental living environment. The giving of moral value practically will be proceeced and determinded by a family. A family should be a main platform to form behavior and moral of a human. But now, it is change to be a disaster because the declining level of human moral education with the result that human wills no longer act objectively. Materialism and individualism is now dominated family life compounded by the chace of globalization issues. This is happened due to the unpreparedness of individuals to face new values and the weak filter that is done by humans in responding to globalization. This makes the negative effect of globalization began to be felt in family environment. A lot of family nowdays tend to have desdructive characters. This kind of issue is not only takes place in the individual fact but also the social fact. As well as female who always be the most vulnerable party to being targeted by victims of violence. Thus, female should get protection from the goverment or society to be free from the threat of violence and treatment that can demean humans. The problem of domestic violence can occur anytime and anywhere because domestic violence both victims and perpetrators do not recognize social status, economic status or education level. This activity aims to provide understanding and insight to the community about domestic violence and its implications to children’s psychology. Victims of domestic violence can occur in families of any social level either the lower middle or upper middle. Some factors that cause domestic violence include: economy, infidelity, family pressure and early/underage marriage. Violence in the household against the psychological development of children is very influential on the growth and development of children, especially in interacting with the environment Keywords: Violence, Household, Child Psychology
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Alam, Syifa. "PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI PASIEN TERHADAP MALPRAKTEK PADA PENGOBATAN TRADISIONAL." Media Iuris 1, no. 3 (December 18, 2018): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mi.v1i3.10203.
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AbstractHealthy treatment with medical method or traditional method are a form of health services by health workers. Amid the development of health technology in the medical field, there are still many people who choose traditional treatment as a solution to healing their diseases. Based on article 11 paragraph (1) Law number 36 year 2014 concerning Health Worker stated that Traditional Healer is categorized as a Health Worker. Since there are so many people that interest with traditional treatment, the government provides regulations and provides practice health services permits related to operate traditional treatment as a form of legal protection for users of health services. In order to provide traditional treatment practice permit it is required to obtain the recommendation from association of traditional treatment. When Traditional Healer conducts health service, he needs to comply with the procedurs in professional standard, health services standard and procedurs standard that have been determinded by the association of traditional treatment. In practice of traditional treatment there is civil relation between traditional healer and patient. Traditional healers in performing health services for patients can make mistakes or defaults that cause a decreased health for the patients. This condition will harm the patients, therefore there should be a form of legal protection for patients so that patients can claim their rights in order to create a legal certainty in health services, especially traditional treatment. The regulation of legal protection in civil form is not regulated in details in Law number 36 year 2009 concerning Health, so that it is required to further study the form of legal protection for the patients refer to Burgerlijk Wetboek, Law number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection along with an analyze of a case regarding a traditional treatment patient who is harmed upon health service provided by traditional healer. Keywords: Traditional Treatment, Patients, Legal Protection AbstrakPengobatan dengan cara medis maupun dengan cara tradisional merupakan bentuk dari pelayanan kesehatan oleh tenaga kesehatan. Ditengah perkembangan teknologi kesehatan dalam bidang medis, masih banyak masyarakat yang memilih pengobatan tradisional sebagai alternatif penyembuhan penyakit. Berdasarkan Pasal 11 ayat (1) Undang-Undang 36 Tahun 2014 tentang Tenaga Kesehatan, Pengobat Tradisional dikategorikan sebagai Tenaga Kesehatan. Dikarenakan banyaknya masyarakat peminat pengobatan tradisional, pemerintah memberikan peraturan maupun izin praktik terkait pelayanan kesehatan dalam bentuk pengobatan taradisional sebagai bentuk perlindungan hukum kepada pengguna jasa pelayanan kesehatan. Dalam Pemberian izin praktik pengobatan tradisional diperlukan rekomendasi dari asosiasi pengobatan tradisional. Pengobat tradisional dalam melakukan pelayanan kesehatan harus mematuhi ketentuan-ketentuan dalam standar profesi, standar pelayanan kesehatan dan standar prosedur yang sudah ditentukan. Dalam praktik pengobatan tradisional terdapat hubungan keperdataan antara pengobat tradisional dengan Pasien. Pengobat tradisional dalam melakukan pelayanan kesehatan kepada pasien bisa saja melakukan kesalahan atau kelalaian yang menyebabkan kemunduran kesehatan pada pasien. Hal tersebut merugikan pasien, oleh sebab itu harus adanya bentuk perlindungan hukum bagi pasien sehingga pasien dapat menuntut haknya agar terciptanya kepastian hukum atas pelayanan kesehatan khususnya pengobatan tradisional. Pengaturan mengenai bentuk perlindungan hukum secara perdata tidak secara detail diatur dalam Undang-undang nomor 36 tahun 2009 tentang Kesehatan, sehingga perlu dilakukan pengkajian atas bentuk upaya hukum tersebut berdasarkan Burgerlijk Wetboek, Undang-undang nomor 8 tahun 1999 mengenai Perlindungan Konsumen beserta dengan analisis atas suatu kasus pasien pengobat tradisional yang dirugikan atas pelayanan pengobat tradisional.Kata Kunci : Pengobatan Tradisional, Pasien, Perlindungan hukum
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Windschmitt, Johannes, Björn Jacobi, Yagmur Bülbül, Lilli Sester, Janine Tappe, Christof Hiebel, Christian Behl, Matthias Theobald, and Markus Munder. "Arginine Depletion in Combination with Canavanine Supplementation Induces Massive Cell Death in Myeloma Cells By Interfering with Their Protein Metabolism and Bypassing Potential Rescue Mechanisms." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 3205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-113396.
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Abstract Introduction Although the therapeutic armamentarium against multiple myeloma has tremendously increased in recent years, it still remains an incurable disease. A highly promising novel anti-tumoral treatment strategy is to target specific non-redundant metabolic achilles heels of individual cancer entities. The semi-essential amino acid arginine can be synthesized from citrulline in most physiological tissues due to expression of the rate-limiting enzyme argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1). Various tumor entities do not express ASS1, therefore depend on the exogenous availability of arginine and pharmacological approaches to systemically deplete arginine are in phase I-III clinical development for such arginine-auxotrophic cancers. Cell death induction by arginine depletion can be dramatically enhanced by co-application of the arginine analogue canavanine. Canavanine can be used by the respective aminoacyl tRNA synthetase instead of arginine during protein translation and this leads to a highly toxic intracellular accumulation of misfolded proteins. In preliminary work we have seen that myeloma cells are largely arginine-auxotrophic and can be killed by arginine depletion and canavanine supplementation within hours, while ASS1 expressing cells are completely protected by their endogenous arginine rescue capability. Encouraging results of tumor control have already been seen in a murine myeloma model. Methods Human myeloma cell lines (NCI-H929_A2 and FD50, developed in our laboratory) were cultured and treated in RPMI-1640 medium with or without arginine. Protein levels were determinded by western blot analysis. Cell viability was measured by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry analysis. RNA quantification was done by qRT-PCR. For autophagosome and aggresome quantification we used immunofluorescence staining (IF) and laser scanning microscopy (LSM). Results Arginine depletion and canavanine supplementation led to misfolded protein accumulation which was followed by massive apoptotic cell death. Both processes were further enhanced by co-treatment with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, indicated by an increase in intracellular polyubiquitinated proteins as well as higher cleaved caspase 3 levels and propidium-iodide positive cells after only 8-12 h in both tested cell lines. Unexpectedly, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress response was activated only very moderately. Expression of CHOP, a pro-apoptotic transcription factor that is highly translated under toxic ER stress, was not altered compared to control conditions. Tunicamycin-mediated induction of enhanced ER stress significantly improved the viability of arginine-starved and canavanine treated cells. This suggests that protein accumulation mainly takes place in the cytoplasm rather than the ER and tunicamycin might alleviate cell death by reduction of total protein translation. Despite severe arginine deficiency and induction of misfolded protein stress, the cells were not able to respond by an adequate upregulation of macroautophagy, as determined by an altered LC3 metabolism. The autophagic flux was significantly reduced compared to control conditions after 4-8 h of treatment. There was a strong induction of BAG3 and p62 proteins, which are both associated with chaperone-assisted autophagy as well as aggresome formation and are normally cleared via macroautophagy. Cytoplasmic aggresome formation was not detectable until onset of apoptosis. Also, no relevant modulation of phosphorylation of the autophagy inducer mTORC and the downstream kinase p70S6K1 was noted upon arginine depletion and canavanine co-treatment. Finally, ER stress induction via tunicamycin did not improve autophagic protein turnover, as determined by IF staining, LSM and western blot. Conclusions Arginine starvation in combination with canavanine supplementation induces fast and highly efficient cell death in arginine-auxotrophic myeloma cells. This novel strategy interferes with myeloma cellular metabolism by induction of misfolded protein accumulation. A relevant upregulation of potentially protective cellular strategies like ER stress responses, aggresome formation and autophagy are either not detectable or they remain insufficient. We hypothesize that our novel metabolic anti-tumor strategy is either too potent or too fast for the tumor cells to cope with its consequences. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Brown, L. Neville, and Mario Bouchard. "Le contrôle judiciaire en droit britannique : justice naturelle ou “fairness” ?" Les Cahiers de droit 18, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 155–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042157ar.
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Frequently in the past, attempts have been made to systematize the notion of judicial review of administrative action. Thus, the Donoughmore Commission proposed the judicial, quasi-judicial, purely administrative model of analysis. The Commission was severely criticized, especially after the implementation of certain recommendations of the Franks Report which, in improving the quality of the control exercised on administrative tribunals, underscored the ridiculous character of that existing in other fields. The most violent criticisms came certainly from Griffith and Street, and also from Professor Wade who denounced the progressive atrophy of natural justice, the latter being the main topic of the present article. That concept, distinguished from "procedural ultra vires" in that a judge may look beyond the law for rules he himself has set establishing certain procedural guarantees, goes back a long way in time. Nevertheless, it is not a panacea. Its scope is limited to the study of the means whereby a decision is reached; it does not examine the conclusion, but rather how that conclusion is determinded. The usefulness of the notion was diminished when a condition of its application, the duty to act judicially, was added. Ridge v. Baldwin put the pieces of the puzzle back into place by discarding the decisions which gave the concept a much too restrictive interpretation. These first steps of the fairness concept were rapidly followed in matters concerning the allocation of licences. Judicial intervention here dates back to the last century. Yet, the Nakkuda Ali and Parker decisions restrained the spread of control through an erroneous interpretation of an opinion by Lord Atkin. Both decisions were overturned by the Ridge case. Later on, it seems that Lord Denning took the lead in a movement aimed at extending the scope of the duty to act fairly. That principle received its modem da consecration in the Crockford's decision and was used later in other decisions of a like nature. The late professor de Smith remarked this new tendency to go beyond the words to see, in the matter at issue, what is fair and what is not. Domestic tribunals, not in union matters alone (Breen) but also in sports problems (Machin), have also had this obligation to act fairly imposed on them, even though, strictly speaking, they do not have judicial powers. The question is rather to know whether a legitimate expectation of the person involved in the decision is brought into play, although the extend of the obligation varies depending on the circumstances of the case. It would appear that there is continued refusal to intervene in matters of labour contracts when faced with a purely master and servant relation (Sylva). But now the complete absence of statutory guarantees is required (Malloch). Procedural guarantees have continued to evolve since then. More and more, in different areas, thanks to the initiative of judges like Lord Denning, a system of English administrative law has developed. The principle of the existence of more or less defined minimal procedural guarantees has been established, no matter whether the administrative act implies the exercise of judicial power or not. Yet, British courts still refuse to intervene in legislative functions, including regulations issuing from statutory committees, even should the legislative instrument result from false representations. Control over immigration matters has become increasingly tightened, even though, at one time, there was an apparent desire to sanctify the absolute character of the discretion exercised in that field. The widening ofthat control came about as much from legislative changes as from judicial decisions. Thus it is that in the Re H.K. decision, there was established the duty to act fairly on the part of an immigration officer who might wish to turn a person back at the border whom he considers to be inadmissible. Soon (if it has not already happened) Britons will also benefit from procedural guarantees in matters of land planning. A recent decision made use of the fairness concept in that field. English courts have undertaken to sanctify fundamental procedural guarantees. The name, the scope and the extent of these rules has varied and continues to vary. It would seem, however, that there is a desire to leave the categorization of the act of administration to one side in favour of dealing with the consequences of an act for the individual. If a decision touches an interest, an vested right, or a legitimate expectation, the citizen is entitled to have certain minimal procedural guarantees respected, which may vary according to the circumstances, but which always involve the determination of what is fair in the particular instance. It is a necessary adaptation to the new reality of administration, something we hope to see come about in the very near future in Canada.
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Li, Hui, Ke Teng, Yuesen Yue, Wenjun Teng, Hui Zhang, Haifeng Wen, Juying Wu, and Xifeng Fan. "Seed Germination Mechanism of Carex rigescens Under Variable Temperature Determinded Using Integrated Single-Molecule Long-Read and Illumina Sequence Analysis." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (March 3, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.818458.
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The turfgrass species Carex rigescens has broad development and utilization prospects in landscaping construction. However, seed dormancy and a low germination rate have inhibited its application. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of seed germination in C. rigescens have not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, in the present study, PacBio full-length transcriptome sequencing combined with Illumina sequencing was employed to elucidate the germination mechanism of C. rigescens seeds under variable temperatures. In general, 156,750 full-length non-chimeric sequences, including those for 62,086 high-quality transcripts, were obtained using single-molecule long read sequencing. In total, 40,810 high-quality non-redundant, 1,675 alternative splicing, 28,393 putative coding sequences, and 1,052 long non-coding RNAs were generated. Based on the newly constructed full-length reference transcriptome, 23,147 differentially expressed genes were identified. We screened four hub genes participating in seed germination using weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Combining these results with the physiological observations, the important roles of sucrose and starch metabolic pathways in germination are further discussed. In conclusion, we report the first full-length transcriptome of C. rigescens, and investigated the physiological and transcriptional mechanisms of seed germination under variable temperatures. Our results provide valuable information for future transcriptional analyses and gene function studies of C. rigescens.
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"THE CORRELATION BETWEEN HS-CRP LEVEL AND NUTRITION STATUS TO THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE WHO UNDERWENT HEMODIALYSIS IN HAJI ADAM MALIK CENTRAL GENERAL HOSPITAL MEDAN." International journal of Research science and Management 7, no. 11 (2020): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijrsm.v7.i11.2020.6.
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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health problem with global prevalence ranging from 11-13%. The process of chronic inflammation and malnutrition in CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) is a medical condition that affects the quality of life. This study aims to determine the correlation of hs-CRP levels and nutritional status with quality life of CKD patients undergoing HD. This research is an analytical study, cross sectional design, conducted in December 2019 - March 2020 at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital Medan. Based on the fisher's exact test of 37 samples, a significant correlation was found between hs-CRP and physical health (p = 0. 037, PR 1.6) and with psychological well- being (p = 0.045; PR 1.78). There was no correlation found between hs-CRP with social relations (p = 0.091; PR 1.7) and the environment (p = 0.078; PR 1.54). A significant correlation was found between nutritional status and several domains including physical health (p = 0.038; PR 1.6), psychological well-being (p = 0.005; PR 2.09), social correlations (p = 0.011; PR 2.48), and the environment (p = 0.012; PR 2.02). The study determinded that there was correlation found between hs-CRP levels with physical health and psychological well-being and between nutritional status with all domains of quality of life.
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Iwahashi, N., J. K. Kirigaya, M. H. Horii, E. A. Akiyama, K. O. Okada, Y. M. Matsuzawa, M. K. Konishi, et al. "4939Clinical significance of global strain estimated by 3D speckle tracking acutely after onset of ST-elevation myocardial infarction on prediction of long term prognosis." European Heart Journal 40, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz746.0009.
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Abstract Background Three-dimensional (3D) speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is a novel method for assessing cardiac function because of free form out-of-plane motion effects. Aim To explore the role of 3D-STE for prediction of the long term prognosis in patients with a first-time ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods A total of 238 patients (mean age 64.6 years) with a first-time STEMI treated with reperfusion therapy were enrolled in our study. Twenty four hours after admission, standard 2D echocardiography and 3D full volume imaging were obtained and strain parameters (GLS: global longitudinal strain, GCS: global circumferential strain) were calculated using 4D LV analysis. Infarct size was measured with single-photon emission computed tomography imaging 7 to 14 days after onset. We followed them for median 94 months (inter quartile range: 69–109 months). The primary end point was the major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACE: cardiac death, non-fatal MI, heart failure requiring intravenous diuretics administration and stroke). The patients with persistent chronic atrial fibrillation, poor image quality, emergency bypass surgery were excluded. Results During follow up periods, 78 patients experienced MACE (26 cardiac death, 48 heart failure, 29 non-fatal MI, 5 stroke) and 48 patients died (22 non-cardiac death). In multivariate analysis, 3D-GLS was the strongest predictor for MACE. Kaplan-Meier Curve demonstrated that 3D-GLS >−11.4 was the independent predictor for MACE (Log-rank χ2=73.818, p<0.0001). When combined with 3D-GCS >−19.2, the patients with higher value both of 3D-GLS and 3D-GCS were extremely high risk. The figure shows the Kaplan-Meier curve according to the 4 groups based on the cut-off values determinded by ROC curves. Conclusions Global strain estimated by 3D-STE immediately onset of STEMI was useful tool for the prediction of long term prognosis. Acknowledgement/Funding None
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Rezania, Niloofar, Parisa Rahmati, Fatemeh Noorbakhsh, Nazanin Farhadyar, and Ensieh Lotfali. "Investigation the effects of silver nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles on expression of bap and csu genes in biofilm formation of Acinetobacter baumannii." Iranian Journal of Microbiology, August 14, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v14i4.10237.
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Background and Objectives: Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the main pathogens of the hospital and causes various in- fections. csu A/BABCDE involved in the initial surface attachment during biofilm formation and bap gene produces specific proteins at the cell surface that play a direct role in formation of biofilm and the infectivity of this bacterium. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of silver nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles on the expression of bap and csu genes in the Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation.
Materials and Methods: The susceptibility test was performed to determine the MIC of silver nanoparticles, gold nanoparti- cles and gold- vancomycin nanoparticles performed by broth dilution method on A. baumannii strains. The ability of biofilms formation in strains treated by MIC of silver nanoparticles and gold- vancomycin nanoparticles were evaluated by microtiter plate method and A. baumannii ATCC19606 used as control. Expression of the csu and bap genes were determinded by measuring the cognate mRNA level by real-time PCR.
Results: In present study, gold nanoparticles could not prevent the growth and biofilm formation of A. baumannii strains. The MIC concentration of silver nanoparticles and vancomycin- gold nanoparticles were 6.25 μg/ml and 0.625 μg/ml re- spectively and MBC concenteration of nanoparticles for 70% of strain was 12.5 μg/ml and 1.25 μg/ml respectively. Real-time PCR and data analysis, determined that the expression of bap, csuC and csuE genes in A. baumannii strains treated with MIC concentration (6.25 μg/ml) of silver nanoparticles decreased compared to control groups. Also, the expression of csuC and csuE genes in strains treated with MIC concentration (0.625 μg/ml) of vancomycin -gold nanoparticles increased, however the expression of bap was decreased compared to the control groups.
Conclusion: Due to the inhibitory effect of silver nanoparticles and gold- vancomycin nanoparticles against A. baumannii biofilm formation and genes expression, they can probably be used for prevent of biofilm formation in medical instrument or can be use for treatment of infections with or without antibiotic.
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Putri, Ayu Andrian, Roslaili Rasyid, and Rahmatini Rahmatini. "Perbedaan Sensitivitas Kuman Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Penyebab Infeksi Nosokomial Terhadap Beberapa Antibiotika Generik dan Paten." Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jka.v3i3.112.
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AbstrakInfeksi nosokomial adalah infeksi yang didapat di rumah sakit, terjadi sesudah 72 jam perawatan pada pasien rawat inap dan bisa juga pada pasien yang dirawat lebih lama dari masa inkubasi suatu penyakit. Menurut penelitian, salah satu kuman penyebab infeksi nosokomial adalah Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Tingginya biaya kesehatan yang bersumber dari obat sebenarnya bisa ditekan secara signifikan jika pasien menggunakan obat generik. Namun telah terjadi salah persepsi di kalangan masyarakat luas bahwa obat generik adalah obat kelas dua yang khasiatnya kurang dibandingkan dengan obat paten. Beberapa penelitian juga sudah membuktikan bahwa efektivitas dari obat generik dan paten adalah sama. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat dan membandingkan zona bebas kuman Pseudomonas aeruginosa penyebab infeksi nosokomial setelah pemberian antibiotika generik dan paten.Penelitian telah dilaksanakan pada bulan Juni 2013 - Desember 2013 di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Universitas Andalas. Penelitian menggunakan 24 sampel biakan kuman P. aeruginosa dari pasien infeksi nosokomial di RSUP dr. M. Djamil Padang yang ditentukan berdasarkan rumus simple random sampling menggunakan metode difusi cakram Kirby-Bauer dan dihitung zona bebas kuman terhadap 4 antibiotika generik dan paten yang diuji.Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan amoxicillin dan eritromisin generik dan paten tidak menghasilkan zona bebas kuman, zona bebas kuman dari 3 sampel yang diuji dengan kloramfenikol generik lebih besar daripada yang paten sedangkan 21 sampel sisanya sebaliknya, dan zona bebas kuman dari 8 sampel yang diuji dengan siprofloksasin generik lebih besar daripada yang paten sedangkan 16 sampel sisanya sebaliknya.Setelah dilakukan analisis statistik menggunakan SPSS dengan uji T-test independen menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara sensitivitas kuman Pseudomonas aeruginosa penyebab infeksi nosokomial terhadap kloramfenikol dan siprofloksasin generik dan paten. Sedangkan resistensi yang terjadi pada amoxicillin dan eritromisin diduga dipengaruhi oleh pemberian antibiotik.Kata kunci: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, infeksi nosokomial, sensitivitas, antibiotika generik dan patenAbstractNosocomial infections are infections acquired in hospitals, occurred after 72 hours of treatment in hospitalized patients and could also in patients treated for longer than the incubation period of a disease. According to research, one of the causative organism of nosocomial infection is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The high cost of health care is actually derived from the drug can be suppressed significantly if patients use generics. But, there has been a wrong perception among the public that generic drugs are the properties of two classes of drugs less than branded name medicine. Some of studies proved that the effectiveness of generic drugs and patent are the same. The goal was to see and compare the germ-free zone of Pseudomonas aeruginosa causing nosocomial infection after given the antibiotics generic and branded name. The experiment was conducted from June 2013 to December 2013 at the Microbiology Laboratory of the Andalas University. The experiment used 24 sample of P. aeruginosa from nosocomial infection patient in RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang that determinded by simple random sampling formula and used Kirby-Bauer diffusion method then counted the free zone germ towards 4 antibiotics generic and branded name. From the results founded that generic and branded name of amoxicillin and erythromycin did not have results of germ-free zone, the germ-free zone of 3 sample that tested with generic kloramfenikol is bigger than the branded name and the less are the other way and the germ-free zone of 8 sample that tested with generic siprofloksasin is bigger than the branded name and the less are the other way.After doing statistical analysis using SPSS through the independent T-test showed that there was no significant difference between the sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes of nosocomial infections between generic and branded name of chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. Whereas about the resistance in amoxicillin dan eritromisin assumed because the influenced by irrasional antibiotics given in hospital and the prescription from the doctor.Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, nosocomial infection, sensitivity, generic and branded name antibiotic