Journal articles on the topic 'Determinant of exposures'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Determinant of exposures.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Determinant of exposures.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Choi, Jeong Mi, Min Su Kim, Won Ho Shin, and Chan-Seok Moon. "Determinant Factors for Blood VOCs Exposures in College Students." Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences 41, no. 1 (February 28, 2015): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5668/jehs.2015.41.1.24.
Full text
2
Dimakakou, Eirini, Helinor J. Johnston, George Streftaris, and John W. Cherrie. "Evaluation of the Suitability of an Existing Job–Exposure Matrix for the Assessment of Exposure of UK Biobank Participants to Dust, Fumes, and Diesel Exhaust Particulates." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 8, 2020): 4919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144919.
Full textAbstract:
Many epidemiological studies have shown an association between outdoor particulate air pollutants and increased morbidity and mortality. Inhalation of ambient aerosols can exacerbate or promote the development of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases as well as other diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and neurodegenerative diseases. Occupational exposure to dust, fumes and diesel exhaust particulates can also cause adverse health outcomes and there are numerous occupations where workers are exposed to airborne particles that are similar to ambient air pollution. An individual’s job title has normally been identified as a major determinant of workplace exposure in epidemiological studies. This has led to the development of Job–Exposure Matrices (JEMs) as a way of characterising specific workplace exposures. One JEM for airborne chemical exposures is the Airborne Chemical Exposure Job–Exposure Matrix (ACE JEM), developed specifically for the UK Biobank cohort. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the suitability of the ACE JEM in assessing occupational aerosol exposure of participants in the UK Biobank. We searched the scientific literature to identify exposure data linked to selected jobs in the ACE JEM and compared these data with the JEM assessments. Additionally, we carried out an independent expert-based assessment of exposure to compare with the JEM estimates. There is good published evidence to substantiate the high dust and biological dust assignments in the JEM and more limited evidence for diesel exhaust particulates. There is limited evidence in the published literature to substantiate moderate or low exposure assignments in the JEM. The independent expert-based assessment found good agreement at the two extremes of exposure in the JEM (high and no exposure), with uncertainty in all other classifications. The ACE JEM assignments are probably reliable for highly exposed jobs and for jobs assigned as unexposed. However, the assignments for medium and low exposures are less reliable. The ACE JEM is likely to be a good tool to examine associations between occupational exposures to particulates and chronic disease, although it should be used with caution. Further efforts should be made to improve the reliability of the ACE JEM.
3
Chen, Xueer, and Chao Wang. "Information Disclosure in China’s Rising Securitization Market." International Journal of Financial Studies 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs9040066.
Full textAbstract:
E-commerce and FinTech are currently booming in China. The growing consumer market is accompanied by internet finance, by which consumers can easily borrow money from financial institutions online. As a result, the growing risks of financial institutions are of concern to the government and regulatory bodies. Consequently, the securitization market in China is seeing rapid growth that could affect financial stability. Applying FinTech and emerging technologies in securitization might be an effective way to protect against these risks. This paper studies the question of whether China needs a higher standard of information transparency in order to protect against its risks against the background of digital transformation. We analyzed the determinants of securitization in the Chinese banking sector, relying on data on banks for two periods: pre-2017Q4 and post-2017Q4. The main findings of the paper demonstrate that the application of FinTech in China’s banking industry resulted in less information asymmetry. The risk exposure was the most significant determinant in general. Higher risk exposures increased securitization transaction volumes, which reflects securitization with adverse selection problems between the originator and investors. Liquidity and profitability, as important determinants indicating the moral hazard problem, also affected securitization pre-2017Q4, but liquidity and profitability were found to be unimportant determinants after the application of FinTech (the post-2017Q4 period). Moreover, this study finds that the effects of the adverse selection and moral hazard problems varied in different types of banks. Overall, our findings suggest that the Chinese securitization market needs a higher standard of information transparency.
4
Dunn, James R. "Housing and Healthy Child Development: Known and Potential Impacts of Interventions." Annual Review of Public Health 41, no. 1 (April 2, 2020): 381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094050.
Full textAbstract:
Housing is often described as an important determinant of health, but less commonly of child health. Despite acknowledgment of the importance of housing to health, however, there are relatively few studies of the effects of housing interventions on health, and again even fewer on child health. This article argues that a broad focus on healthy child development—as opposed to just physical health—coupled with a conceptual framework outlining specific attributes of housing with the potential to influence child health, should be adopted to guide a comprehensive approach to public health policy for healthy child development. Most housing interventions address direct pathways linking in-home hazard exposures to child health outcomes, with promising but mixed results. But few housing interventions address the broader aspects of healthy child development. This review addresses potential housing interventions that could impact the broader determinants of healthy child development and accompanying methodological challenges.
5
De Vincentiis, Paola, Eleonora Isaia, and Paola Zocchi. "Italian Pension Funds Struggling with Domestic Sovereign Risk." International Journal of Business and Management 13, no. 2 (January 14, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v13n2p1.
Full textAbstract:
The paper investigates the determinants of Italian pension funds’ exposure to the domestic sovereign bonds through a panel analysis, over the time-period 2008-2014, on a sample of 70 funds and 230 investment lines. We investigate the drivers on sovereign home bias along two main explicative arrows: the familiarity theory, and the opportunity set theory. Results indicate that both factors are significant. However, from a quantitative point of view, the main determinant is the presence of restrictions in the investment mandate. The existence of a minimum guaranteed return increases on average by 11 per cent the weight of the Italian sovereign bonds on the European sovereign portfolio, while extending the investment spectrum outside Europe determines a decrease of 4.5 per cent on average. This finding suggests that exposures to the domestic-sovereign risk of Italian pension funds would probably reduce after specific mandate restrictions have loosened. Since sovereign home bias translates into concentration risk, it may weaken the soundness of the private pension pillar in case the Italian T-bonds suffer from a significant price reduction. Regulators should pay close attention to this issue to enhance the stability of the Italian pension fund industry, considering that such a large sovereign home bias could simultaneously undermine the private and public pension payments.
6
Valiente Bermejo, M. A., L. Magniez, A. Jonasson, S. Selin, M. Frodigh, K. Hurtig, L.-E. Stridh, and L. Karlsson. "Exposure of FeCrAl Overlay Welds on Superheater Tubes: Influence of Local Environment on Degradation." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 22, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 400–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11668-022-01337-5.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractTwo experimental FeCrAl alloy overlay welds on tube shields were exposed in the superheater of a full-size waste fired boiler for 6 months. The tube shields were in different tube lines and positions within the superheater chamber to investigate possible heterogeneities in the exposure environment. The visual inspection of the exposed tube shields and the corrosion-erosion rates calculated from the analysis of cross-sections showed that the mid-length roof location experienced the most aggressive environment. The compositional differences between the two experimental alloys were not found to be determinant in their performance under these specific exposure conditions. It was concluded that erosion had a decisive influence on the results. The identification of local differences within the superheater chamber is important when deciding on the material selection for the different areas and locations to be protected. The output of this study is therefore interesting for further design consideration of superheaters as well as for future planning of exposures.
7
Straumfors, Anne, Marine Corbin, Dave McLean, Andrea ‘t Mannetje, Raymond Olsen, Anani Afanou, Hanne-Line Daae, et al. "Exposure Determinants of Wood Dust, Microbial Components, Resin Acids and Terpenes in the Saw- and Planer Mill Industry." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 64, no. 3 (January 15, 2020): 282–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxz096.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Objectives Sawmill workers have an increased risk of adverse respiratory outcomes, but knowledge about exposure–response relationships is incomplete. The objective of this study was to assess exposure determinants of dust, microbial components, resin acids, and terpenes in sawmills processing pine and spruce, to guide the development of department and task-based exposure prediction models. Methods 2474 full-shift repeated personal airborne measurements of dust, resin acids, fungal spores and fragments, endotoxins, mono-, and sesquiterpenes were conducted in 10 departments of 11 saw- and planer mills in Norway in 2013–2016. Department and task-based exposure determinants were identified and geometric mean ratios (GMRs) estimated using mixed model regression. The effects of season and wood type were also studied. Results The exposure ratio of individual components was similar in many of the departments. Nonetheless, the highest microbial and monoterpene exposure (expressed per hour) were estimated in the green part of the sawmills: endotoxins [GMR (95% confidence interval) 1.2 (1.0–1.3)], fungal spores [1.1 (1.0–1.2)], and monoterpenes [1.3 (1.1–1.4)]. The highest resin acid GMR was estimated in the dry part of the sawmills [1.4 (1.2–1.5)]. Season and wood type had a large effect on the estimated exposure. In particular, summer and spruce were strong determinants of increased exposure to endotoxin (GMRs [4.6 (3.5–6.2)] and [2.0 (1.4–3.0)], respectively) and fungal spores (GMRs [2.2 (1.7–2.8)] and [1.5 (1.0–2.1)], respectively). Pine was a strong determinant for increased exposure to both resin acid and monoterpenes. Work as a boilerman was associated with moderate to relatively high exposure to all components [1.0–1.4 (0.8–2.0)], although the estimates were based on 13–15 samples only. Cleaning in the saw, planer, and sorting of dry timber departments was associated with high exposure estimates for several components, whereas work with transportation and stock/finished goods were associated with low exposure estimates for all components. The department-based models explained 21–61% of the total exposure variances, 0–90% of the between worker (BW) variance, and 1–36% of the within worker (WW) variances. The task-based models explained 22–62% of the total variance, 0–91% of the BW variance, and 0–33% of the WW variance. Conclusions Exposure determinants in sawmills including department, task, season, and wood type differed for individual components, and explained a relatively large proportion of the total variances. Application of department/task-based exposure prediction models for specific exposures will therefore likely improve the assessment of exposure–response associations.
8
Munch, Pernille Kold, Laura Espenhain, Christian Holm Hansen, Tyra Grove Krause, and Steen Ethelberg. "Case-control study of activities associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in an adult unvaccinated population and overview of societal COVID-19 epidemic counter measures in Denmark." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 16, 2022): e0268849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268849.
Full textAbstract:
Measures to restrict physical inter-personal contact in the community have been widely implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic. We studied determinants for infection with SARS-CoV-2 with the aim of informing future public health measures. We conducted a national matched case-control study among unvaccinated not previously infected adults aged 18–49 years. Cases were selected among those testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR over a five-day period in June 2021. Controls were selected from the national population register and were individually matched on age, sex and municipality of residence. Cases and controls were interviewed via telephone about contact with other persons and exposures in the community. We determined matched odds ratios (mORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) by conditional logistical regression with adjustment for household size and immigration status. For reference, we provide a timeline of non-pharmaceutical interventions in place in Denmark from February 2020 to March 2022. We included 500 cases and 529 controls. We found that having had contact with another individual with a known infection was the main determinant for SARS-CoV-2 infection: reporting close contact with an infected person who either had or did not have symptoms resulted in mORs of 20 (95%CI:9.8–39) and 8.5 (95%CI 4.5–16) respectively. Community exposures were generally not associated with disease; several exposures were negatively associated. Consumption of alcohol in restaurants or cafés, aOR = 2.3 (95%CI:1.3–4.2) and possibly attending fitness centers, mOR = 1.4 (95%CI:1.0–2.0) were weakly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Apart from these two factors, no community activities were more common amongst cases under the community restrictions in place during the study. The strongest risk factor for transmission was contact to an infected person. Results were in agreement with findings of our similar study conducted six month earlier.
9
Price, Paul. "Interindividual Variation in Source‐Specific Doses is a Determinant of Health Impacts of Combined Chemical Exposures." Risk Analysis 40, no. 12 (July 15, 2020): 2572–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.13550.
Full text
10
Goede, Henk A., Kevin McNally, Jean-Philippe Gorce, Hans Marquart, Nick D. Warren, Wouter Fransman, Martin Tischer, and Jody Schinkel. "Dermal Advanced REACH Tool (dART)—Development of a Dermal Exposure Model for Low-Volatile Liquids." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 63, no. 6 (March 9, 2019): 624–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxy106.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This article describes the development of a mechanistic model for underpinning the dermal Advanced REACH Tool (dART), an extension of the existing ART model and its software platform. It was developed for hand exposure to low volatile liquids (vapour pressure ≤ 10 Pa at 20°C) including solids-in-liquid products. The model is based on an existing conceptual dermal source-receptor model that has been integrated into the ART framework. A structured taxonomy of workplace activities referred to as activity classes are adopted from ART. Three key processes involved in mass transport associated with dermal exposure are applied, i.e. deposition, direct emission and contact, and transfer. For deposition, the model adopts all the relevant modifying factors (MFs) applied in ART. In terms of direct emission and contact (e.g. splashes) and transfer (e.g. hand-surface contacts), the model defines independent principal MFs, i.e. substance-related factors, activity-related factors, localized- and dispersion control and exposed surface area of the hands. To address event-based exposures as much as possible, the model includes crucial events during an activity (e.g. hand immersions) and translates objective information on tools and equipment (manual or automated) to probable events (e.g. splashes) and worker behaviours (e.g. surface contacts). Based on an extensive review of peer-reviewed literature and unpublished field studies, multipliers were assigned to each determinant and provide an approximated (dimensionless) numerical value. In the absence of (sufficient) evidence, multipliers were assigned to determinants based on assumptions made during discussions by experts in the consortium. A worked example is presented to illustrate the calculation of hand exposure for a specific scenario. The dART model is not yet implemented in the ART software platform, and a robust validation of the model is necessary to determine its predictive ability. With advancing knowledge on dermal exposure and its determinants, this model will require periodic updates and refinements, in addition to further expansion of the applicability domain of the model.
11
Milner, Allison, Anna Scovelle, Tania King, Claudia Marck, Ashley McAllister, Anne Kavanagh, Marissa Shields, Eszter Török, and Adrienne O’Neil. "Gendered Working Environments as a Determinant of Mental Health Inequalities: A Protocol for a Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071169.
Full textAbstract:
Both gender and employment are critical and intersecting social determinants of mental and physical health. This paper describes the protocol used to conduct a systematic literature review of the relationship between “gendered working environments” and mental health. Gendered working environments (GWE) are conceptualised as involving: (1) differences in selection into work, and more specifically, occupations; (2) variation in employment arrangements and working hours; (3) disparities in psychosocial exposures at work, and; (4) differences in selection out of work. Methods/design: The review will adhere to a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) search procedure. Key words will be identified that are specific to each of the four domains of GWE. The databases used for the search will be Scopus, Pubmed, Proquest, and Web of Science. Keywords will be adapted for the specific requirements of each electronic database. Inclusion criteria are: Using a validated scale to measure mental health (outcome); including exposures related to the four domains of GWE; reporting estimates for both men and women; and use of a cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional design. Studies will be excluded if they were published more than 10 years ago, are not in English or do not present extractable data on the relationship between GWE and mental health. Discussion: The proposed review will provide evidence about the numerous and complex ways in which employment and gender intersect (and are reinforced) to influence mental health over the life course.
12
Bruce, Eugene N., Margaret C. Bruce, and Kinnera Erupaka-Chada. "A mathematical modeling approach to risk assessment for normal and anemic women chronically exposed to carbon monoxide from biomass-fueled cookstoves." Journal of Applied Physiology 111, no. 2 (August 2011): 473–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00040.2011.
Full textAbstract:
In developing countries, the chronic exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) from biomass-fueled cookstoves may pose a significant health risk for women who use these stoves, especially for those with underlying clinical conditions that impair tissue oxygenation, e.g., anemia and coronary artery disease. CO concentrations measured in the vicinity of these cookstoves often exceed World Health Organization (WHO) indoor air guidelines for an 8-h average (9 ppm) and a 1-h maximum (26 ppm). Carboxyhemoglobin levels, reported infrequently because they are difficult to obtain, often exceed the WHO threshold of 2.5%. Despite this evidence, specific adverse effects have not yet been linked with chronic CO exposures in these women. Furthermore, anemia, which is prevalent in populations that use biomass fuels, could exacerbate the adverse effects of chronic CO exposure. Because of the difficulties inherent in conducting prospective studies to address this issue, we used a mathematical model to calculate the effects of reported CO levels and exercise on carboxyhemoglobin for women living in 1) Guatemalan villages at altitudes of 4,429–4,593 ft, and 2) coastal villages in Pakistan. In addition, we used the model to calculate the effects of CO exposures in women with moderate to severe anemia on specific physiological parameters (carboxyhemoglobin, carboxymyoglobin, cardiac output, and tissue Po2) at exercise levels representing the activities in which these women would be engaged. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of using a mathematical model to predict the physiologic responses to CO and also demonstrate that chronic anemia is a critically important determinant of CO toxicity in these women.
13
Mello, Susan, and Shelly R. Hovick. "Predicting Behaviors to Reduce Toxic Chemical Exposures Among New and Expectant Mothers." Health Education & Behavior 43, no. 6 (July 9, 2016): 705–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198116637600.
Full textAbstract:
There is a growing body of evidence linking childhood exposure to environmental toxins and a range of adverse health outcomes, including preterm birth, cognitive deficits, and cancer. Little is known, however, about what drives mothers to engage in health behaviors to reduce such risks. Guided by the integrative model of behavioral prediction, this study surveyed women who were pregnant and/or had children younger than 7 years ( N = 819) to identify the factors that determine engagement in behaviors to reduce childhood exposure to toxic chemicals in the environment. Structural equation modeling pertaining to three different environmental toxins—bisphenol A, arsenic, and pesticides—demonstrated that perceived normative pressure was the primary determinant of behavior across all three models. Additionally, we identified two key distal variables—perceived risk and information seeking—that not only increased the model’s predictive power but also consistently and positively predicted perceived social norms regarding exposure reduction behaviors. Findings also suggest important differences across these behaviors. Implications for health communication researchers and practitioners developing interventions, communication campaigns, and persuasive messages to promote prenatal and pediatric environmental health are discussed.
14
E.T., Soriwei, Umeokeke H.C., Amaeze H.N., Ogunfeitimi O.O., and Labinjo A.S. "Dichlorvos and Paraquat induced spatial avoidance response: A more realistic determinant of population decline of Oreochromis niloticus." ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION 16, no. 1 (October 7, 2021): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5132/eec.2021.01.04.
Full textAbstract:
The present study evaluated the ability of Dichlorvos and Paraquat to provoke avoidance response in fingerlings of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and estimate the population immediate decline (PID). The non-forced multi-compartmented system used for non-forced assays, were constructed to allow free movement of fishes along six compartments. Fishes (n=3 per compartment/treatment, totaling 18 per system) were exposed to a gradient of Dichlorvos (1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 mg L-1) and Paraquat (10.0, 30.0, 50.0, 70.0, 100.0 mg L-1) and their distribution were recorded at 20 min interval for a 3-h period. Mortalities recorded in forced exposures were 17% and 0% at lowest concentrations and, 67% and 83% at highest concentrations for Dichlorvos and Paraquat correspondingly. For non-forced exposure, fishes presented a significant (p < 0.005) gradient-dependent spatial avoidance for both pesticides after 3-h. They avoided the lowest concentrations of Dichlorvos and Paraquat (1.0 and 10.0 mg L-1) by 40% and 90% respectively and 100% at the highest concentrations for both pesticides. The PID was driven by avoidance behavior rather than mortality. This result indicates that the dangers of pesticide contamination is not only in their toxicity to organisms, but also, in habitat selection processes by organism resulting in serious environmental turbulence.
15
Brodin, Petter. "Immune-microbe interactions early in life: A determinant of health and disease long term." Science 376, no. 6596 (May 27, 2022): 945–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abk2189.
Full textAbstract:
Research on newborn immunity has revealed the importance of cell ontogeny, feto-maternal tolerance, and the transfer of maternal antibodies. Less is known about postnatal adaptation to environmental exposures. The microbiome and its importance for health have been extensively studied, but it remains unclear how mutually beneficial relationships between commensal microbes and human cells first arise and are maintained throughout life. Such immune-microbe mutualism, and perturbations thereof, is most likely a root cause of increasing incidences of immune-mediated disorders such as allergies and autoimmunity across many industrialized nations during the past century. In this Review, I discuss our current understanding of immune development and propose that mismatches among ancestral, early-life, and adult environments can explain perturbations to immune-microbe interactions, immune dysregulation, and increased risks of immune-mediated diseases.
16
Ganti, Ketaki, Lucas M. Ferreri, Chung-Young Lee, Camden R. Bair, Gabrielle K. Delima, Kate E. Holmes, Mehul S. Suthar, and Anice C. Lowen. "Timing of exposure is critical in a highly sensitive model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission." PLOS Pathogens 18, no. 3 (March 25, 2022): e1010181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010181.
Full textAbstract:
Transmission efficiency is a critical factor determining the size of an outbreak of infectious disease. Indeed, the propensity of SARS-CoV-2 to transmit among humans precipitated and continues to sustain the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, the number of new cases among contacts is highly variable and underlying reasons for wide-ranging transmission outcomes remain unclear. Here, we evaluated viral spread in golden Syrian hamsters to define the impact of temporal and environmental conditions on the efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through the air. Our data show that exposure periods as brief as one hour are sufficient to support robust transmission. However, the timing after infection is critical for transmission success, with the highest frequency of transmission to contacts occurring at times of peak viral load in the donor animals. Relative humidity and temperature had no detectable impact on transmission when exposures were carried out with optimal timing and high inoculation dose. However, contrary to expectation, trends observed with sub-optimal exposure timing and lower inoculation dose suggest improved transmission at high relative humidity or high temperature. In sum, among the conditions tested, our data reveal the timing of exposure to be the strongest determinant of SARS-CoV-2 transmission success and implicate viral load as an important driver of transmission.
17
Makhoul, Paul J., Kathryn E. Sinden, Renée S. MacPhee, and Steven L. Fischer. "Relative Contribution of Lower Body Work as a Biomechanical Determinant of Spine Sparing Technique During Common Paramedic Lifting Tasks." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 33, no. 2 (April 2017): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2016-0178.
Full textAbstract:
Paramedics represent a unique occupational group where the nature of their work, providing prehospital emergency care, makes workplace modifications to manage and control injury risks difficult. Therefore, the provision of workplace education and training to support safe lifting remains a viable and important approach. There is, however, a lack of evidence describing movement strategies that may be optimal for paramedic work. The purpose of this study was to determine if a strategy leveraging a greater contribution of work from the lower body relative to the torso was associated with lower biomechanical exposures on the spine. Twenty-five active duty paramedics performed 3 simulated lifting activities common to paramedic work. Ground reaction forces and whole body kinematics were recorded to calculate: peak spine moment and angle about the L4/L5 flexion-extension axis as indicators of biomechanical exposure; and, joint work, integrated from net joint power as a measure of technique inclusive of movement dynamics. Paramedics generating more work from the lower body, relative to the trunk, were more likely to experience lower peak L4/L5 spine moments and angles. These data can inform the development of workplace training and education on safe lifting that focuses on paramedics generating more work from the lower body.
18
Collatuzzo, Giulia, Federica Teglia, and Paolo Boffetta. "Role of Occupation in Shaping Cancer Disparities." Cancers 14, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 4259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14174259.
Full textAbstract:
Cancer occurrence is characterized globally by profound socioeconomic differences. Occupation is a fundamental component of socioeconomic status. In this review, we discuss the role of occupation as a determinant of cancer disparities. First, we address the issue of participation in cancer screening programs based on income, health insurance, occupational status and job title. Second, we review the role of occupation in contributing to disparities by acting as a mediator between cancer and (i) education and (ii) race/ethnicity. Lastly, we analyze data from a multicenter case−control study of lung cancer to calculate the mediating role of occupational exposure to diesel exhaust, silica and welding fumes in the association between education and lung cancer. By addressing the complex paths from occupation to cancer inequalities from multiple points of view, we provide evidence that occupational-related characteristics, such as income, health insurance, unemployment and hazardous exposures impinge on cancer control and outcomes. The increasing awareness of these aspects is fundamental and should lead to public health interventions to avoid inequalities rising from occupational factors.
19
Rogers, R. A., J. M. Antonini, J. Lai, B. A. Ekstein, E. H. Oldmixon, B. S. Ducatman, and J. D. Brain. "3-D imaging of respirable size asbestos fibers in rat and human lung tissue." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 1018–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100141469.
Full textAbstract:
Pulmonary exposure to natural and artificial fibers can result in serious health impacts to many segments of the occupational work force in the U.S. and worldwide. The toxicological response of a fiber on the respiratory tract depends upon the site at which the fiber makes initial contact, through which it migrates, where it deposits, and the route through which it is cleared. Persistence of fibers in lung tissue influences the severity of lung disease. The pulmonary deposition and clearance of inhaled fibers is a major determinant in understanding the health outcome of environmental and occupational exposures to these materials. Current microscopic methods of fiber analysis result in disruption of fiber orientation relative to lung structures and may influence our understanding of fiber toxicity within lungs.The purpose of this study was to examine the in situ pulmonary fate of respirable fibers in lungs using simultaneous nonspecific fluorescent tissue staining and reflected light confocal microscopy. Serial optical sections were recorded using a Sarastro 2000 confocal laser scanning microscope (Molecular Dynamics, Inc.) optimized for reflected light imaging.
20
Rojas-Rueda, David, Emily Morales-Zamora, Wael Abdullah Alsufyani, Christopher H. Herbst, Salem M. AlBalawi, Reem Alsukait, and Mashael Alomran. "Environmental Risk Factors and Health: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020704.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Environmental health is a growing area of knowledge, continually increasing and updating the body of evidence linking the environment to human health. Aim: This study summarizes the epidemiological evidence on environmental risk factors from meta-analyses through an umbrella review. Methods: An umbrella review was conducted on meta-analyses of cohort, case-control, case-crossover, and time-series studies that evaluated the associations between environmental risk factors and health outcomes defined as incidence, prevalence, and mortality. The specific search strategy was designed in PubMed using free text and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms related to risk factors, environment, health outcomes, observational studies, and meta-analysis. The search was limited to English, Spanish, and French published articles and studies on humans. The search was conducted on September 20, 2020. Risk factors were defined as any attribute, characteristic, or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or death. The environment was defined as the external elements and conditions that surround, influence, and affect a human organism or population’s life and development. The environment definition included the physical environment such as nature, built environment, or pollution, but not the social environment. We excluded occupational exposures, microorganisms, water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), behavioral risk factors, and no-natural disasters. Results: This umbrella review found 197 associations among 69 environmental exposures and 83 diseases and death causes reported in 103 publications. The environmental factors found in this review were air pollution, environmental tobacco smoke, heavy metals, chemicals, ambient temperature, noise, radiation, and urban residential surroundings. Among these, we identified 65 environmental exposures defined as risk factors and 4 environmental protective factors. In terms of study design, 57 included cohort and/or case-control studies, and 46 included time-series and/or case-crossover studies. In terms of the study population, 21 included children, and the rest included adult population and both sexes. In this review, the largest body of evidence was found in air pollution (91 associations among 14 air pollution definitions and 34 diseases and mortality diagnoses), followed by environmental tobacco smoke with 24 associations. Chemicals (including pesticides) were the third larger group of environmental exposures found among the meta-analyses included, with 19 associations. Conclusion: Environmental exposures are an important health determinant. This review provides an overview of an evolving research area and should be used as a complementary tool to understand the connections between the environment and human health. The evidence presented by this review should help to design public health interventions and the implementation of health in all policies approach aiming to improve populational health.
21
Oosterwijk, Milou M., Stephan J. L. Bakker, Tom Nilsen, Gerjan Navis, and Gozewijn D. Laverman. "Determinants of Increased Serum Calprotectin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21 (October 29, 2020): 8075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218075.
Full textAbstract:
Circulating calprotectin is a potential biomarker for endovascular inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We investigated the determinants of calprotectin and its relationship with the presence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in 362 T2DM patients included in the Diabetes and Lifestyle Cohort Twente-1 (DIALECT-1) study. Lifestyle exposures, including nutrition, were determined by validated questionnaires. CVD was defined as coronary artery diseases, strokes, and peripheral artery diseases. Median serum calprotectin levels were 1.04 mg/L [IQR: 0.73–1.46 mg/L] and were higher in women (1.11 mg/L) than men (0.96 mg/L, p = 0.007). Current smoking was a major independent determinant of circulating calprotectin, with a 51% higher calprotectin compared to never smoking (p < 0.001). Albuminuria (p = 0.011), former smoking (p = 0.023), and intake of mono- and disaccharides (p = 0.005) also contributed independently to circulating calprotectin. Each incremental increase in calprotectin level was associated with 1.36-times higher odds for CVD (95% CI 1.04–1.77, p = 0.026). In the current study, calprotectin was the only inflammatory parameter significantly associated with CVD. The strong association of circulating calprotectin with smoking, a well-known direct cause of vascular inflammation, and also with CVD, stresses the urge for further research to define its role as a biomarker in T2DM.
22
Neumann, Aaron Kurt, Jia Lin, Matthew Graus, Michael J. Wester, and Keith Lidke. "Nanoscopic characterization of immunogenic b-glucan exposure on Candida species pathogens." Journal of Immunology 196, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2016): 205.9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.205.9.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The cell walls of Candida spp. are composed largely of polysaccharides. Here we focus on β-glucan, an immunogenic cell wall polysaccharide whose surface exposure is masked from the innate immunoreceptor Dectin-1 to evade immunity. Previous research suggested that the physical presentation geometry of β-glucan may determine whether or not it can be recognized by Dectin-1. We used super resolution imaging to measure the fine structure of glucan exposure on C. albicans cell walls before and after glucan unmasking with the antimycotic drug caspofungin. Most exposed glucan on C. albicans yeast and hyphae exists as single Dectin-1 binding sites. Caspofungin-mediated glucan unmasking results in nanoscale remodeling of glucan exposures, resulting in increased density and size of glucan exposure sites. The less studied pathogen C. glabrata exhibits significantly greater glucan exposure than C. albicans in type strains, but recent clinical isolates of C. glabrata have lower exposure, suggesting that C. glabrata also masks its glucan. We used C. glabrata cell wall mutants to define the role of N-mannan structure in maintaining glucan masking. The less complex N-mannan structures of mutant strains provided poorer glucan masking, increasing the density of nanoscale glucan exposure sites. a-(1,6)-mannan backbone length was a major structural determinant of glucan masking, while a-(1,2;1,3)-mannan side chain density was less critical to masking function. This work provides the first characterization of changing glucan exposure nanostructure at the pathogenic cell wall surface that participates in host-Candida interaction. Further studies will examine the functional impact of glucan nanostructure on Dectin-1 activation.
23
de Jager, Pieter, David Rees, Sophia Kisting, Spo Kgalamono, Mpume Ndaba, Nicolas Stacey, Aviva Tugendhaft, and Karen Hofman. "Nudging for Prevention in Occupational Health and Safety in South Africa Using Fiscal Policies." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 27, no. 2 (May 17, 2017): 176–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1048291117710782.
Full textAbstract:
Currently, in some countries occupational health and safety policy and practice have a bias toward secondary prevention and workers’ compensation rather than primary prevention. Particularly, in emerging economies, research has not adequately contributed to effective interventions and improvements in workers’ health. This article, using South Africa as a case study, describes a methodology for identifying candidate fiscal policy interventions and describes the policy interventions selected for occupational health and safety. It is argued that fiscal policies are well placed to deal with complex intersectoral health problems and to focus efforts on primary prevention. A major challenge is the lack of empirical evidence to support the effectiveness of fiscal policies in improving workers’ health. A second challenge is the underprioritization of occupational health and safety partly due to the relatively small burden of disease attributed to occupational exposures. Both challenges can and should be overcome by (i) conducting policy-relevant research to fill the empirical gaps and (ii) reconceptualizing, both for policy and research purposes, the role of work as a determinant of population health. Fiscal policies to prevent exposure to hazards at work have face validity and are thus appealing, not as a replacement for other efforts to improve health, but as part of a comprehensive effort toward prevention.
24
Zhang, Guopeng, Ying Cai, and Lei Li. "The difference in quasi-induced exposure to crashes involving various hazardous driving actions." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (February 2, 2023): e0279387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279387.
Full textAbstract:
In quasi-induced exposure (QIE) theory, the presence of hazardous driving action is the typical determinant of the driver’s responsibility for a crash. However, there is a lack of effort available to analyze the impacts of hazardous actions on the QIE estimate, which may result in estimation bias. Thus, the study aims to explore the difference in QIE to crashes involving various hazardous driving actions. Chi-square test is conducted to examine the consistency of non-responsible party distributions among the crashes involving various hazardous actions. Multinomial logit model and nested logit model are employed to identify the disparities of contributing factors to the actions. Results indicate that: 1) the estimated exposures appear to be inconsistent among the crashes with different hazardous actions, 2) driving cohorts have differential propensities of performing various hazardous actions, and 3) factors such as driver-vehicle characteristics, time, area, and environmental condition significantly affect the occurrence of hazardous actions while the directions and magnitude of the effects show great disparities for various actions. It can be concluded that the QIE estimates are significantly different for crashes involving various hazardous actions, which serves to highlight the importance of clarifying the specific hazardous actions for responsibility assignment in QIE theory.
25
Topping, Michael, Jinho Kim, and Jason Fletcher. "Geographic variation in Alzheimer’s disease mortality." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): e0254174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254174.
Full textAbstract:
Objective Accumulating evidence suggests the possibility that early life exposures may contribute to risk of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). This paper explores geographic disparities in AD mortality based on both state of residence in older age as well as state of birth measures in order to assess the relative importance of these factors. Methods We use a subset of a large survey, the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, of over 150,000 individuals aged 65–70 with 15 years of mortality follow-up, allowing us to study over 1050 cases of AD mortality. We use multi-level logistic regression, where individuals are nested within states of residence and/or states of birth, to assess the contributions of place to AD mortality variation. Results We show that state of birth explains a modest amount of variation in AD mortality, approximately 4%, which is consistent with life course theories that suggest that early life conditions can produce old age health disparities. However, we also show that nearly all of the variation from state of birth is explained by state of residence in old age. Conclusions These results suggest that later life factors are potentially more consequential targets for intervention in reducing AD mortality and provide some evidence against the importance of macro-level environmental exposures at birth as a core determinant of later AD.
26
Ilgren, Edward B., and John A. Hoskins. "Anthophyllite Asbestos: The Role of Fiber Width in Mesothelioma Induction Part 1: Epidemiological Studies of Finnish Anthophyllite Asbestos." Environment and Pollution 7, no. 1 (November 15, 2017): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ep.v7n1p9.
Full textAbstract:
Anthophyllite asbestos only occurs in a few parts of the world in sufficient quantities to be mined. The largest deposits of anthophyllite asbestos occur in Finland where it was mined for more than 75 years and very extensively used and distributed, anciently, for more than six millennia. Anthophyllite is one of the five minerals known collectively as amphibole asbestos. Studies of the effect of these five mineral fibre types when inhaled have shown that fibre width is an important determinant of mesothelioma induction. Only the “thinner” fibres or those with fiber diameter dimensional profiles predominantly less than 0.25 – 0.30 µm, are clearly mesotheliogenic. The “thicker” ones or those whose predominant widths are greater than these diameters do not appear to show an observable attendant risk of mesothelioma. Observations based on studies of at least, two “thick” forms of amphibole asbestos support these hypotheses. The one is Bolivian crocidolite; the other Finnish anthophyllite. The Finnish anthophyllite industry presents an important opportunity to study the robustness of the theory that fibre width is key to mesothelioma genesis as vast numbers of people in all sectors of the Finnish industry and their families have historically incurred massive fiber exposures sufficient to cause a gross excess of asbestosis. Nonetheless, in spite of these long term, high dose exposures clear evidence for a mesothelioma risk due to anthophyllite asbestos is still lacking.
27
Eisen, Ellen A., Holly Elser, and Sally Picciotto. "Working: The Role of Occupational Epidemiology." American Journal of Epidemiology 191, no. 2 (October 6, 2021): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwab243.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has redemonstrated the importance of work as a determinant of health. During the pandemic, extant disparities were accentuated as the workforce was divided into the roughly 50% who could safely work from home and those who could not. With the spotlight on work, one might wonder where all the occupational epidemiologists have gone. To answer, we point to diminished research support and more limited workplace access that have led many epidemiologists to shift away from a focus on workers toward other vulnerable populations. Here we build on the renewed interest in work as a driver of health and inequality during the pandemic to highlight contributions of occupational epidemiology to public health. We consider: 1) etiological studies of chronic disease based on employment records to define cohorts and reconstruct long-term exposure; 2) studies of hypothetical interventions that are particularly appropriate for evaluating potential regulations to reduce workplace exposures; and 3) studies of disparities that take advantage of work as a potential source of social stratification and economic opportunity. As we have learned during the COVID-19 pandemic, workplaces can become venues for public health messaging and delivering interventions to enumerated populations of adults. By starting with COVID-19 prevention policies for the workplace, we have a chance to better protect public health.
28
Messineo, T. D., and W. C. Adams. "Ozone inhalation effects in females varying widely in lung size: comparison with males." Journal of Applied Physiology 69, no. 1 (July 1, 1990): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.1.96.
Full textAbstract:
It has been suggested that lung size accounts for observed gender differences in responsiveness to the same total inhaled dose of O3. To test the hypothesis that lung size is a determinant of magnitude of response within a gender, two groups of 14 healthy young adult females differing significantly in forced vital capacity [FVC; i.e., small-lung group mean = 3.74 liters (range 3.2-4.0) and large-lung group mean = 5.11 liters (range 4.5-6.2] were exposed for 1 h to filtered air (FA) and to 0.18 and 0.30 ppm O3. On each occasion, subjects exercised continuously on a cycle ergometer at a work rate that elicited a mean minute ventilation of approximately 47 l/min. For the small-lung group [mean total lung capacity (TLC) = 4.52 liters] exercise O2 uptake was 67% of maximal O2 uptake (VO2max), and that for the large-lung group (TLC 6.37 liters) was 61% of VO2max. Statistical analysis revealed significant decrements for both groups in FVC, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0), and forced expiratory flow rate in the middle half of FVC on exposure to 0.18 and 0.30 ppm O3. Exercise respiratory frequency increased, and tidal volume decreased significantly in both groups in response to 0.18 and 0.30 ppm O3 exposure. On exposure to 0.30 ppm O3, the number of individual subjective symptoms reported and their severity were significantly greater for both groups than those reported for the FA and 0.18 ppm O3 exposures. Both groups evidenced similar percent changes in pulmonary function and exercise ventilation response, and in subjective symptom response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
29
Bates, François A., Elizabeth H. Duncan, Monika Simmons, Tanisha Robinson, Sridhar Samineni, Natasa Strbo, Eileen Villasante, Elke Bergmann-Leitner, and Wathsala Wijayalath. "Exposure-related, global alterations in innate and adaptive immunity; a consideration for re-use of non-human primates in research." PeerJ 9 (March 8, 2021): e10955. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10955.
Full textAbstract:
Background Non-human primates (NHPs) play an important role in biomedical research, where they are often being re-used in multiple research studies over the course of their life-time. Researchers employ various study-specific screening criteria to reduce potential variables associated with subsequent re-use of NHPs. However, criteria set for NHP re-assignments largely neglect the impact of previous exposures on overall biology. Since the immune system is a key determinant of overall biological outcome, an altered biological state could be predicted by monitoring global changes in the immune profile. We postulate that every different exposure or a condition can generate a unique global immune profile in NHPs. Methods Changes in the global immune profile were evaluated in three different groups of rhesus macaques previously enrolled in dengue or malaria vaccine studies over six months after their last exposure. Naïve animals served as the baseline. Fresh blood samples were stained with various immune cell surface markers and analyzed by multi-color flow-cytometry to study immune cell dynamics in the peripheral blood. Serum cytokine profile in the pre-exposed animals were analyzed by mesoscale assay using a customized U-PLEX NHP biomarker panel of 12 cytokines/chemokines. Results Pre-exposed macaques showed altered dynamics in circulating cytokines and certain innate and adaptive immune cell subsets such as monocytes, HLA-DR+NKT cells, B cells and T cells. Some of these changes were transient, while some lasted for more than six months. Each group seemed to develop a global immune profile unique to their particular exposure. Conclusion Our data strongly suggest that re-used NHPs should be evaluated for long-term, overall immunological changes and randomly assigned to new studies to avoid study bias.
30
Masselot, Pierre, Fateh Chebana, Éric Lavigne, Céline Campagna, Pierre Gosselin, and Taha B. M. J. Ouarda. "Toward an Improved Air Pollution Warning System in Quebec." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12 (June 13, 2019): 2095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122095.
Full textAbstract:
The nature of pollutants involved in smog episodes can vary significantly in various cities and contexts and will impact local populations differently due to actual exposure and pre-existing sensitivities for cardiovascular or respiratory diseases. While regulated standards and guidance remain important, it is relevant for cities to have local warning systems related to air pollution. The present paper proposes indicators and thresholds for an air pollution warning system in the metropolitan areas of Montreal and Quebec City (Canada). It takes into account past and current local health impacts to launch its public health warnings for short-term episodes. This warning system considers fine particulate matter (PM2.5) as well as the combined oxidant capacity of ozone and nitrogen dioxide (Ox) as environmental exposures. The methodology used to determine indicators and thresholds consists in identifying extreme excess mortality episodes in the data and then choosing the indicators and thresholds to optimize the detection of these episodes. The thresholds found for the summer were 31 μg/m3 for PM2.5 and 43 ppb for Ox in Montreal, and 32 μg/m3 and 23 ppb in Quebec City. In winter, thresholds found were 25 μg/m3 and 26 ppb in Montreal, and 33 μg/m3 and 21 ppb in Quebec City. These results are in line with different guidelines existing concerning air quality, but more adapted to the cities examined. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is conducted which suggests that Ox is more determinant than PM2.5 in detecting excess mortality episodes.
31
Vermeulen, Roel. "O3D.4 Innovative approaches to data acquisition, standardization, pooling and analyses of occupational health information." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A28.2—A28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.75.
Full textAbstract:
Occupation and employment is a major determinant of health and healthy aging. Despite the temporal increase in time spent in employment and profound changes in working life, there is limited coordinated research on occupation and health.We recently estimated that in Europe alone there is information available on more than 30 million individuals that could be used to study the association between working life and health. However, lack of standardization, inability to code large numbers of job-entries and inabilities to share data have hindered progress. In order to unlock the vault of occupational-health information novel ways of data acquisition, standardization, pooling and analyses have to be developed and implemented. The ability of pooling studies would greatly improve occupational health studies by increasing sample size for robust inference, and would allow risk stratification, identification of new risks, exploration of interactions with work and non-work-related factors and detailed analyses on the shapes of the exposure-response curves.In recent years we have seen progress in several different methodological aspects. Currently, new tools are available to collect information on work and work exposures. These include amongst others the use of sensors and mobile phone applications. Standardization of occupational information is essential for comparison of results between studies and for pooling of studies. This could be achieved by using common occupational coding schemes, use of automatic coding instruments and common exposure assessment tools. Virtual pooling of data has become possible by using data-shields which instead of bringing the data to the analyses bring the analyses to the data allowing federated analyses.As part of the OMEGA-NET symposium we will discuss the need for new tools and avenues of how to bring occupational health information together. We will present our inventory of novel tools to aid this process, and will discuss future needs.
32
Hayakawa, Kayoko, Dror Marchaim, Mohan Palla, Uma Mahesh Gudur, Harish Pulluru, Pradeep Bathina, Khaled Alshabani, et al. "Epidemiology of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis: a Case-Case-Control Study." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57, no. 1 (October 15, 2012): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01271-12.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTAlthough much is known about vancomycin-resistant (VR)Enterococcus faecium, little is known about the epidemiology of VREnterococcus faecalis. The predilection of VRE. faecalisto transfer the vancomycin resistance determinant toStaphylococcus aureusis much greater than that of VRE. faecium. The epidemiology of VRE. faecalishas important implications regarding the emergence of vancomycin-resistantS. aureus(VRSA); 8 of 13 reported VRSA cases have been from Michigan. A retrospective case-case-control study was conducted at the Detroit Medical Center, located in southeastern Michigan. Unique patients with VRE. faecalisinfection were matched to patients with strains of vancomycin-susceptible (VS)E. faecalisand to uninfected controls at a 1:1:1 ratio. Five hundred thirty-two VRE. faecaliscases were identified and were matched to 532 VSE. faecaliscases and 532 uninfected controls. The overall mean age of the study cohort (n= 1,596) was 63.0 ± 17.4 years, and 747 (46.8%) individuals were male. Independent predictors for the isolation of VRE. faecalis(but not VSE. faecalis) compared to uninfected controls were an age of ≥65 years, nonhome residence, diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, exposure to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones in the prior 3 months, and immunosuppressive status. Invasive procedures and/or surgery, chronic skin ulcers, and indwelling devices were risk factors for both VRE. faecalisand VSE. faecalisisolation. Cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone exposures were unique, independent predictors for isolation of VRE. faecalis. A majority of case patients had VRE. faecalispresent at the time of admission. Control of VRE. faecalis, and ultimately VRSA, will likely require regional efforts focusing on infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship.
33
Gil, Joseph A., Alan H. Daniels, and Edward Akelman. "Resident Exposure to Peripheral Nerve Surgical Procedures During Residency Training." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 8, no. 2 (May 1, 2016): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-15-00318.1.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Variability in case exposures has been identified for orthopaedic surgery residents. It is not known if this variability exists for peripheral nerve procedures.Background The objective of this study was to assess ACGME case log data for graduating orthopaedic surgery, plastic surgery, general surgery, and neurological surgery residents for peripheral nerve surgical procedures and to evaluate intraspecialty and interspecialty variability in case volume.Objective Surgical case logs from 2009 to 2014 for the 4 specialties were compared for peripheral nerve surgery experience. Peripheral nerve case volume between specialties was performed utilizing a paired t test, 95% confidence intervals were calculated, and linear regression was calculated to assess the trends.Methods The average number of peripheral nerve procedures performed per graduating resident was 54.2 for orthopaedic surgery residents, 62.8 for independent plastic surgery residents, 84.6 for integrated plastic surgery residents, 22.4 for neurological surgery residents, and 0.4 for surgery residents. Intraspecialty comparison of the 10th and 90th percentile peripheral nerve case volume in 2012 revealed remarkable variability in training. There was a 3.9-fold difference within orthopaedic surgery, a 5.0-fold difference within independent plastic surgery residents, an 8.8-fold difference for residents from integrated plastic surgery programs, and a 7.0-fold difference within the neurological surgery group.Results There is interspecialty and intraspecialty variability in peripheral nerve surgery volume for orthopaedic, plastic, neurological, and general surgery residents. Caseload is not the sole determinant of training quality as mentorship, didactics, case breadth, and complexity play an important role in training.Conclusions
34
Hammoudeh, Weeam, Suzan Mitwalli, Rawan Kafri, Tracy Kuo Lin, Rita Giacaman, and Tiziana Leone. "The mental health impact of multiple deprivations under protracted conflict: A multi-level study in the occupied Palestinian territory." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 12 (December 7, 2022): e0001239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001239.
Full textAbstract:
Building on the literatures examining the impacts of deprivation and war and conflict on mental health, in this study, we investigate the impact of different forms of deprivation on mental health within a context of prolonged conflict in the occupied Palestinian territory(oPt). We expand the operationalization go deprivation while accounting for more acute exposures to conflict and political violence and spatial variations. We use multilevel modelling of data from the Socio-Economic & Food Security Survey 2014 conducted by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, which included a sample size of 7827 households in the West Bank(WB) and Gaza Strip(GS). We conduct the analysis for the combined sample, as for the WB and GS separately. We use a General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ12) score as our main outcome measure of poor health. We used various measures of deprivation including subjective deprivation, material deprivation, food deprivation, and political deprivation. In addition to the different measures of deprivation, we included acute political, health, and economic shocks in our analysis along with background socio-demographic characteristics. The results indicate significant variance at the locality level. We find a significant association between poor mental health and subjective, economic, political, and food deprivation; health, economic, and political stressors; age, and being a woman. Post-secondary education and wealth have a significant inverse association with poor mental health. Subjective deprivation is the strongest predictor of GHQ12 score in the models whereby people who feel very deprived have GHQ12 scores that are almost 4-points higher than people who do not feel deprived. Economic conditions, particularly subjective measures, are significant predictors of mental health status. Our findings confirm that political and social factors are determinants of health. Feeling deprived is an important determinant of mental health. The community effect suggests that spatial characteristics are influencing mental health, and warrant further investigation.
35
Alwreikat, Ahmad A. M., and Husam Rjoub. "Impact of Mobile Ad Wearout on Consumer Irritation, Perceived Intrusiveness, Engagement, and Loyalty." Journal of Organizational and End User Computing 33, no. 3 (May 2021): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/joeuc.20210501.oa5.
Full textAbstract:
Mobile and smart devices provide a platform for firms/brands to communicate directly with past, present, or potential consumers (via online pop-ups, sponsored ads, ads on social media messengers, timelines, walls, etc.). Existing research on human-mobile interaction and end-user mobile management only highlights the positive fronts of repetitive exposures to mobile ads, ignoring the negative. The present study examines the effects of mobile ad wearout on irritation, intrusiveness, engagement, and loyalty via social media outlets. Survey data were solicited from consumers in Jordan, and the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique was applied. Results show that mobile ad wearout is a strong determinant for increased consumer irritation and perceived intrusiveness. Intrusiveness resulted in lower levels of consumer engagement and higher levels of consumer loyalty. Irritation resulted in lower levels of consumer engagement; no changes were observed in consumer loyalty. This study shows managers how mobile ad wearout causes irritation and intrusiveness, which diminishes consumer engagement and loyalty. In essence, managers can gain insights on the positive and negative outcomes of mobile ad wearout. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
36
Marchan, Jose. "Possible Mechanisms Explaining the Association between Zika Virus and Guillain-barre Syndrome: An Immunological Approach." Current Immunology Reviews 15, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573395515666190424150040.
Full textAbstract:
After the outbreak in French Polynesia, Zika virus (ZIKV) explosive pandemic occurred in 2015, reports that ZIKV was linked to other diseases, especially neurological complications such as Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), also burst in almost every continent, thereby turning into an international concern. In South America, the highest incidence occurred in Venezuela with approximately 680 cases of GBS after ZIKV infection. Currently, the main roots of this association remain unknown. In this regard, it is thought that the immune system plays a central role in such association through the host protection or even improving ZIKV establishment and progression. Nonneutralizing auto-antibodies, the complement system, self-reactive T cells, inflammation, the “cytokine storm”, prior exposures to other arboviruses such as dengue virus and chikungunya virus, the age and genetic susceptibility of the patient, and the biology of the vector are the main determinant factors, which perhaps, are involved in the pathological relationship: ZIKV and GBS. On the other hand, more multidisciplinary studies are required to provide means to develop effective therapeutics against this new global health threat that represents an emerging danger that can increase again and trigger other neurological disorders.
37
SABARWAL, SHAGUN, MARIE C. McCORMICK, S. V. SUBRAMANIAN, and JAY G. SILVERMAN. "SON PREFERENCE AND INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE VICTIMIZATION IN INDIA: EXAMINING THE ROLE OF ACTUAL AND DESIRED FAMILY COMPOSITION." Journal of Biosocial Science 44, no. 1 (July 15, 2011): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193201100037x.
Full textAbstract:
SummarySon preference has been considered as a determinant of women's risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) experience in India, although quantitative evidence from large nationally representative studies testing this relationship is limited. This study examines the association between husband's son preference, sex composition of children and risk of physical and sexual IPV victimization among wives. Information was collected for 26,284 couples in the nationally representative 2005–2006 National Family Health Survey of India. The exposures were husband's son preference measured as husband's desire for one or more sons greater than the number of daughters and sex composition of the household: only sons, only daughters and mixed. Outcome included past year physical and/or sexual IPV. The results showed that husband's reported son preference (RR: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.98–1.13) and sex composition of children were not associated with risk for IPV victimization in the models adjusted for socio-demographic factors. The findings from this first population-based study of socio-cultural norms around son preference and married Indian women's risk for IPV victimization indicate that cultural preference for sons does not influence women's risk for IPV victimization.
38
Choi, Jiahn, Xusheng Zhang, Wenge Li, Michele Houston, Karina Peregrina, Robert Dubin, Kenny Ye, and Leonard H. Augenlicht. "Abstract B024: Deconvolution by scRNAseq, scATACseq and functional genomics of impact of a relevant high risk diet on stem cells and homeostasis." Cancer Research 82, no. 23_Supplement_1 (December 1, 2022): B024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.crc22-b024.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Dietary patterns are major determinants of sporadic colon cancer incidence, the vast majority of the disease. NWD1 is a unique purified rodent diet that establishes mouse exposure to key nutrients recapitulating levels linked to higher risk in human, and is the only mouse model that develops sporadic intestinal and colon tumors, reflecting the etiology, incidence, frequency and lag with developmental age of the human disease. NWD1 fed mice reflect human metabolic syndrome with chronic inflammation, exhibit elevated Wnt signaling throughout the small and large intestinal mucosa and altered lineage marker expression, but Lgr5hi cells are suppressed in their lineage tracing, accumulation of mutations, and efficiency in tumor initiation. Alternate cells are mobilized to maintain the mucosa with increased efficiency to cause tumors. Deconvolving impact of NWD1 using scRNAseq, scATACseq and functional genomics provided novel insight into mechanisms elevating risk for sporadic tumors. NWD1 extensively, rapidly, and reversibly reprogrammed Lgr5hi stem cells, down-regulating Ppargc1a expression that altered mitochondrial structure and function and suppressed Oxphos and the TCA cycle. Ppargc1a genetic knockout in Lgr5hi cells recapitulated the dietary effects, and NWD1 or Ppargc1a inactivation repressed developmental maturation of Lgr5hi cell progeny as cells progressed through progenitor cell compartments. In compensation, mobilized Bmi1+, Ascl2hi cells maintained and adapted the mucosa. In parallel, NWD1 altered Ppargc1a chromatin structure in stem cells, and also for genes adapting enterocytes to the diet, independently confirming NWD1 epigenetic reprogramming of stem and differentiated cells. Importantly, pathways of antigen processing and presentation were elevated, especially in mature enterocytes, a pathogenic mechanism causing human chronic low-level pro-tumorigenic inflammation in IBD, also present in NWD1 fed mice. Fundamental conclusions: 1) plasticity of cells to function as stem cells mediates physiological adaptation of the mucosa. Thus, the human mucosa is in constant flux in response to its environment, supporting historic concepts of homeostasis by Claude Bernard and Walter Cannon as a continual process of tissue adaptation to its environment, not a single optimized state. 2) our data and the literature suggest that failure to recapitulate key human nutritional exposures contributes to why human stem cells reach crypt clonality in 6 years, 50-fold longer than the 6 weeks in the mouse. Thus, better modeling of human nutritional exposures in the mouse more accurately reflects human mechanisms of homeostasis and pathogenesis. 3) Complexity of cell reprogramming reported for the earliest premalignant human colon tumors is already present in the mucosa at nutritional risk for tumor development. 4) Oncogenic mutations provide a competitive advantage to intestinal stem cells in tumorigenesis, but the competition takes place on a playing field sculpted by the nutritional environment, a major determinant of who wins. Citation Format: Jiahn Choi, Xusheng Zhang, Wenge Li, Michele Houston, Karina Peregrina, Robert Dubin, Kenny Ye, Leonard H. Augenlicht. Deconvolution by scRNAseq, scATACseq and functional genomics of impact of a relevant high risk diet on stem cells and homeostasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Colorectal Cancer; 2022 Oct 1-4; Portland, OR. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(23 Suppl_1):Abstract nr B024.
39
Li, Ying, and Paul Héroux. "Magnetic Fields Trump Oxygen in Controlling the Death of Erythro-Leukemia Cells." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24 (December 6, 2019): 5318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9245318.
Full textAbstract:
Expansions in power and telecommunications systems have created a new electromagnetic environment. Here, we compare the death rate of human cancer cells in vitro in the pre-industrial electromagnetic environment of the past (“Zero Field”) with that of an electromagnetic environment typical of contemporary human exposures (“Incubator Field”). A cell incubator provides magnetic fields comparable to those in the current human environment. Steel shields divert those same fields away from cell preparations in the “pre-industrial” assays. Large changes in oxygen levels are provided by nitrogen or atmospheric gas over the cell cultures. Human cancer cells are then separated according to three categories: necrotic, early apoptotic, or late apoptotic. The results are compiled for two variables, magnetic field and oxygen, in 16 different situations (“Transitions”) likely to occur in the human body under present living conditions. We find that magnetic fields are a more powerful determinant of cell death than oxygen, and induce death by different mechanisms. This has important implications for the reproducibility of in vitro biological experiments focusing on cell survival or metabolism, and for public health. The rate and mechanisms of cell death are critical to many chronic human ailments such as cancer, neurological diseases, and diabetes.
40
Peterson, Rachel L., Kristen M. George, Duyen Tran, Pallavi Malladi, Paola Gilsanz, Amy J. H. Kind, Rachel A. Whitmer, Lilah M. Besser, and Oanh L. Meyer. "Operationalizing Social Environments in Cognitive Aging and Dementia Research: A Scoping Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (July 4, 2021): 7166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137166.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Social environments are a contributing determinant of health and disparities. This scoping review details how social environments have been operationalized in observational studies of cognitive aging and dementia. Methods: A systematic search in PubMed and Web of Science identified studies of social environment exposures and late-life cognition/dementia outcomes. Data were extracted on (1) study design; (2) population; (3) social environment(s); (4) cognitive outcome(s); (5) analytic approach; and (6) theorized causal pathways. Studies were organized using a 3-tiered social ecological model at interpersonal, community, or policy levels. Results: Of 7802 non-duplicated articles, 123 studies met inclusion criteria. Eighty-four studies were longitudinal (range 1–28 years) and 16 examined time-varying social environments. When sorted into social ecological levels, 91 studies examined the interpersonal level; 37 examined the community/neighborhood level; 3 examined policy level social environments; and 7 studies examined more than one level. Conclusions: Most studies of social environments and cognitive aging and dementia examined interpersonal factors measured at a single point in time. Few assessed time-varying social environmental factors or considered multiple social ecological levels. Future studies can help clarify opportunities for intervention by delineating if, when, and how social environments shape late-life cognitive aging and dementia outcomes.
41
Demchenko, Ivan T., Heath G. Gasier, Sergei Yu Zhilyaev, Alexander N. Moskvin, Alexander I. Krivchenko, Claude A. Piantadosi, and Barry W. Allen. "Baroreceptor afferents modulate brain excitation and influence susceptibility to toxic effects of hyperbaric oxygen." Journal of Applied Physiology 117, no. 5 (September 1, 2014): 525–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00435.2014.
Full textAbstract:
Unexplained adjustments in baroreflex sensitivity occur in conjunction with exposures to potentially toxic levels of hyperbaric oxygen. To investigate this, we monitored central nervous system, autonomic and cardiovascular responses in conscious and anesthetized rats exposed to hyperbaric oxygen at 5 and 6 atmospheres absolute, respectively. We observed two contrasting phases associated with time-dependent alterations in the functional state of the arterial baroreflex. The first phase, which conferred protection against potentially neurotoxic doses of oxygen, was concurrent with an increase in baroreflex sensitivity and included decreases in cerebral blood flow, heart rate, cardiac output, and sympathetic drive. The second phase was characterized by baroreflex impairment, cerebral hyperemia, spiking on the electroencephalogram, increased sympathetic drive, parasympatholysis, and pulmonary injury. Complete arterial baroreceptor deafferentation abolished the initial protective response, whereas electrical stimulation of intact arterial baroreceptor afferents prolonged it. We concluded that increased afferent traffic attributable to arterial baroreflex activation delays the development of excessive central excitation and seizures. Baroreflex inactivation or impairment removes this protection, and seizures may follow. Finally, electrical stimulation of intact baroreceptor afferents extends the normal delay in seizure development. These findings reveal that the autonomic nervous system is a powerful determinant of susceptibility to sympathetic hyperactivation and seizures in hyperbaric oxygen and the ensuing neurogenic pulmonary injury.
42
Gomes, Danica, Ana Bardossy, Andrew Gorzalski, Heather Holmstadt, Sandra Larson, Alison L. Halpin, Lei Chen, et al. "513. Transmission of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in a Community-Based, Residential Care Setting: Nevada, 2018." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.582.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing organisms (KPCOs) are often multidrug-resistant, and the KPC resistance determinant can be transmitted between bacteria. KPCOs are associated with healthcare facility exposures; identification in community-based, residential care settings is uncommon. In September 2018, the Washoe County Health District was notified of a KPC-producing Escherichia coli from a group home (GH) resident. We investigated the source of this KPCO and evaluated transmission in the GH. Methods A case was defined as detection of KPCO from a GH resident or staff from June 1 to November 30, 2018. Staff included caregivers who provided daily care (including toileting, bathing, feeding) and visiting healthcare workers. Residents and staff were offered KPCO screening to assess colonization status. Exposures were assessed by medical record review and interviews. Genetic relatedness of KPCOs was evaluated by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Infection prevention and control (IPC) practices were reviewed. Results Overall, six cases were identified, including the index, two of seven staff screened and three of six residents screened. Three residents with KPCOs had recent hospitalizations and shared a bathroom in the GH; one overlapped on the same hospital unit as a patient with KPC-producing Klebsiella oxytoca. Staff with KPCOs were caregivers who had extensive contact with residents and their environment and no IPC training. Gaps in hand hygiene and environmental cleaning were observed. Organism was recovered from 4 positive screening tests as well as from blood cultures from the index case; all were KPC-producing E. coli. WGS showed that the five E. coli isolates were closely related, consistent with transmission, and harbored the same KPC variant as the K. oxytoca. No new cases occurred after IPC was improved. Conclusion A GH resident likely acquired KPCOs during a recent hospitalization, and extensive transmission among GH residents and staff occurred. Factors contributing to transmission included resident dependence on caregivers for daily care and minimal IPC knowledge among caregivers. Facilities with similar populations should increase IPC training to prevent transmission of resistant pathogens. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
43
Martindale, Colin, Kathleen Moore, and Alan West. "Relationship of Preference Judgments to Typicality, Novelty, and Mere Exposure." Empirical Studies of the Arts 6, no. 1 (January 1988): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/mcaj-0gqt-djtl-lnqd.
Full textAbstract:
Two theories of aesthetic preference are reviewed. According to Berlyne's psychobiological theory, the main determinants of aesthetic preference are collative variables such as complexity and novelty, and preference is generally related to its determinants in an inverted-U manner. Recent findings contrary to these predictions are briefly reviewed. According to Martindale's cognitive theory, the main determinant of aesthetic preference is prototypicality or meaningfulness, and preference is usually related to its determinants in a monotonic or U-shaped fashion. Three experiments concerning preference for semantic category exemplars are reported. Typicality accounted for eight or nine times more of explained variance in preference than did long-term novelty, short-term novelty, or mere exposure. Preference was related to both typicality and collative variables by monotonic or U-shaped functions.
44
Tolkoff-Rubin, N. E., and R. H. Rubin. "Opportunistic fungal and bacterial infection in the renal transplant recipient." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2, no. 12 (June 1992): S264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v212s264.
Full textAbstract:
The risk of opportunistic infection in the renal transplant recipient is determined by the interaction between two factors: the epidemiologic exposures the individual encounters within the community and the hospital and a complex function termed the net state of immunosuppression. There are two general categories of opportunistic fungal infection in this patient population: (1) disseminated primary or reactivation infection with one of the geographically restricted systemic mycoses (histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis) and (2) opportunistic infection with fungal species that rarely cause invasive infection in the normal host (Aspergillus species, Candida species, Cryptococcus neoformans, and the Mucoraceae), with these last usually being acquired within the hospital environment. Newly available azole compounds, fluconazole and itraconazole, are exciting new alternatives to amphotericin in the treatment of at least some of these infections. The three most important forms of opportunistic bacterial infections are those due to Listeria monocytogenes, Nocardia asteroides, and a variety of mycobacterial species. Clinical diseases with these first two are effectively prevented by low-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis. There are two cardinal therapeutic rules to be followed by clinicians in dealing with these infections: prevention is better than treatment; when treatment is required, however, the major determinant of the success of therapy is the rapidity with which the diagnosis is made and effective therapy is initiated.
45
Clapp, Richard W., and David Ozonoff. "Environment and Health: Vital Intersection or Contested Territory?" American Journal of Law & Medicine 30, no. 2-3 (June 2004): 189–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885880403000204.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of environmental exposure, broadly defined as any exposure from outside the body, on human health are unquestionably the most important determinants of public health. While important genetic determinants of disease exert their effects irrespective of exposure from outside the body, these do not contribute as much to the overall public health burden of disease as factors such as tobacco smoke, poor quality water, inadequate or contaminated food, occupational exposures to dusts and chemicals, motor vehicle accidents, interpersonal violence, air pollution, and other factors external to the body. In many cases, genetic predisposition and environmental exposures combined cause disease in an individual, so it may be impossible to separate out individual biological contributions from various external factors. Nevertheless, it is widely understood that public health concerns populations and communities, and that environmental determinants of health have been paramount throughout human history.
46
Liesen, Andrea, Andreas G. Hoepner, Dennis M. Patten, and Frank Figge. "Does stakeholder pressure influence corporate GHG emissions reporting? Empirical evidence from Europe." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 28, no. 7 (September 21, 2015): 1047–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-12-2013-1547.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to seek to shed light on the practice of incomplete corporate disclosure of quantitative Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and investigates whether external stakeholder pressure influences the existence, and separately, the completeness of voluntary GHG emissions disclosures by 431 European companies. Design/methodology/approach – A classification of reporting completeness is developed with respect to the scope, type and reporting boundary of GHG emissions based on the guidelines of the GHG Protocol, Global Reporting Initiative and the Carbon Disclosure Project. Logistic regression analysis is applied to examine whether proxies for exposure to climate change concerns from different stakeholder groups influence the existence and/or completeness of quantitative GHG emissions disclosure. Findings – From 2005 to 2009, on average only 15 percent of companies that disclose GHG emissions report them in a manner that the authors consider complete. Results of regression analyses suggest that external stakeholder pressure is a determinant of the existence but not the completeness of emissions disclosure. Findings are consistent with stakeholder theory arguments that companies respond to external stakeholder pressure to report GHG emissions, but also with legitimacy theory claims that firms can use carbon disclosure, in this case the incomplete reporting of emissions, as a symbolic act to address legitimacy exposures. Practical implications – Bringing corporate GHG emissions disclosure in line with recommended guidelines will require either more direct stakeholder pressure or, perhaps, a mandated disclosure regime. In the meantime, users of the data will need to carefully consider the relevance of the reported data and develop the necessary competencies to detect and control for its incompleteness. A more troubling concern is that stakeholders may instead grow to accept less than complete disclosure. Originality/value – The paper represents the first large-scale empirical study into the completeness of companies’ disclosure of quantitative GHG emissions and is the first to analyze these disclosures in the context of stakeholder pressure and its relation to legitimation.
47
Volpe, Vanessa V., Lori S. Hoggard, Henry A. Willis, and Brendesha M. Tynes. "Anti-Black Structural Racism Goes Online: A Conceptual Model for Racial Health Disparities Research." Ethnicity & Disease 31, Suppl (May 20, 2021): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.31.s1.311.
Full textAbstract:
Anti-Black racism is an established social determinant of racial health disparities in the United States. Although the majority of research on racism examines in-person individual-level experiences, a majority of Americans engage online and may therefore be exposed to racism directly or indirectly in online contexts. Research suggests that the structural technological features of online contexts may be especially powerful in perpetuating and enacting racism, often in inconspicuous or automated ways. However, there is a paucity of literature that articulates how structural online racism may be an important catalyst for racial health disparities, despite emerging evidence of racism embedded in our technological infrastructures. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to articulate the basis for investigating online racism as a form of structural racism with growing implications for racial health disparities in the digital age. We first define the structural features of online settings that generate and reinforce inequities among racial groups in the United States. Next, we propose a conceptual model detailing potential mechanisms through which structural online racism may translate into racial health disparities. Finally, we discuss ways in which exposures to online racism could be measured in order to capture their structural nature. Implications and future directions for research on online racism as a form of structural racism and corresponding policy for the reduction of racial health disparities are highlighted.Ethn Dis. 2021;31(Suppl 1):311-318; doi:10.18865/ed.31.S1.311
48
Li, S. X., F. J. Liu, F. Y. Zheng, Y. G. Zuo, and X. G. Huang. "The role of iron species on the competition of two coastal diatoms, <i>Skeletonema costatum</i> and <i>Thalassosira weissflogii</i>." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 12 (December 13, 2013): 19603–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-19603-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Coastal diatoms are often exposed to macronutrient (N and P) and Fe enrichment. However, how these exposures influence on Fe biogeochemical cycle and then on diatom interspecific competition is unknown. In this study, two non-toxic coastal diatoms, Skeletonema costatum and Thalassosira weissflogii were exposed to N, P, and Fe enrichment for four-day. The growth of algae was co-controlled by macronutrient and Fe species (Fe (III)-EDTA, Fe(OH)3, dissolved, colloidal, and particulate Fe from culture medium). The influence of Fe species on algal cell density was more significant than macronutrient. When S. costatum coexisted with T. weissflogii, their cell density ratios were ranged between 5.57–7.03 times, indicating that S. costatum was more competitive than T. weissflogii. There were not significant correlation between cell density ratio and iron requirement, including iron adsorption and absorption per cell, iron adsorption and absorption by all algal cells. As Fe complexing ligands, algal exudates can promote diatom growth itself and such promotion on S. costatum was more obvious than that on T. weissflogii. Iron species was a key determinant on interspecific competition of coastal diatom, and the degree of bioavailability was described as follows: dissolved iron from own exudates > colloidal iron from own exudates > particulate iron from own exudates > particulate iron from another algal exudates > colloidal iron from another algal exudates > dissolved iron from another algal exudates > Fe (III)-EDTA> Fe (OH)3.
49
Sharma, Rohit B., Christine Darko, and Laura C. Alonso. "Intersection of the ATF6 and XBP1 ER stress pathways in mouse islet cells." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 41 (August 11, 2020): 14164–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra120.014173.
Full textAbstract:
Success or failure of pancreatic beta cell adaptation to ER stress is a determinant of diabetes susceptibility. The ATF6 and IRE1/XBP1 pathways are separate ER stress-response effectors important to beta cell health and function. ATF6α. and XBP1 direct overlapping transcriptional responses in some cell types. However, the signaling dynamics and interdependence of ATF6α and XBP1 in pancreatic beta cells have not been explored. To assess pathway-specific signal onset, we performed timed exposures of primary mouse islet cells to ER stressors and measured the early transcriptional response. Comparing the time course of induction of ATF6 and XBP1 targets suggested that the two pathways have similar response dynamics. The role of ATF6α in target induction was assessed by acute knockdown using islet cells from Atf6αflox/flox mice transduced with adenovirus expressing Cre recombinase. Surprisingly, given the mild impact of chronic deletion in mice, acute ATF6α knockdown markedly reduced ATF6-pathway target gene expression under both basal and stressed conditions. Intriguingly, although ATF6α knockdown did not alter Xbp1 splicing dynamics or intensity, it did reduce induction of XBP1 targets. Inhibition of Xbp1 splicing did not decrease induction of ATF6α targets. Taken together, these data suggest that the XBP1 and ATF6 pathways are simultaneously activated in islet cells in response to acute stress and that ATF6α is required for full activation of XBP1 targets, but XBP1 is not required for activation of ATF6α targets. These observations improve understanding of the ER stress transcriptional response in pancreatic islets.
50
Ndukwu, Chizalu Ifeyinwa, Obianuju B. Ozoh, Boni Maxime Ale, Adaeze C. Ayuk, Jacinta C. Elo-Ilo, and Babatunde I. Awokola. "Spirometry Abnormalities and Its Associated Factors Among Primary School Children in a Nigerian City." Clinical Medicine Insights: Pediatrics 15 (January 2021): 117955652110018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11795565211001897.
Full textAbstract:
Background: There is paucity of data on objectively measured lung function abnormalities in Nigerian children using diagnostic testing methods such as spirometry. Such assessments could prompt early diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. Methods: This was a cross sectional study among children aged 6 to 12 years in South-Eastern Nigeria. We selected participants from one school using a multistage stratified random sampling technique. A structured respiratory questionnaire was administered to obtain necessary data. The lung functions of the children were measured by spirometry. We used Lower Limits of Normal (LLN) based on GLI reference equations for African-American and mixed ethnicities to define abnormal spirometry. We studied the association between the exposures and lung function using logistic regression/chi-squared tests. Results: A total of 145 children performed acceptable and repeatable tests. There were 73 males (50.3%), mean age of 9.13 years (+1.5) and age range 6 to 12 years. Frequency of respiratory symptoms was cough- 64 (44.1%) and wheeze in 19 (13.1%). Using GLI for African-Americans, fifty-five (37.9%) children had abnormal spirometryobstructive pattern in 40 (27.6%) and restrictive pattern in 15 (10.3%). The two references showed significant differences in interpretation of abnormality (χ2 = 72.86; P < .001). Respiratory symptom-wheeze was an independent determinant of abnormal lung function in this population.(OR = 0.31; 95%CI: 0.10–0.94; P = .04) Conclusion: There is a high burden of respiratory symptoms and abnormal spirometry among these children. The need for objective evaluation of lung function especially for children with respiratory symptoms is evident.