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Academic literature on the topic 'Determinant of exposures'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Determinant of exposures"

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Choi, Jeong Mi, Min Su Kim, Won Ho Shin, and Chan-Seok Moon. "Determinant Factors for Blood VOCs Exposures in College Students." Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences 41, no. 1 (February 28, 2015): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5668/jehs.2015.41.1.24.

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2

Dimakakou, Eirini, Helinor J. Johnston, George Streftaris, and John W. Cherrie. "Evaluation of the Suitability of an Existing Job–Exposure Matrix for the Assessment of Exposure of UK Biobank Participants to Dust, Fumes, and Diesel Exhaust Particulates." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 8, 2020): 4919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144919.

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Many epidemiological studies have shown an association between outdoor particulate air pollutants and increased morbidity and mortality. Inhalation of ambient aerosols can exacerbate or promote the development of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases as well as other diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and neurodegenerative diseases. Occupational exposure to dust, fumes and diesel exhaust particulates can also cause adverse health outcomes and there are numerous occupations where workers are exposed to airborne particles that are similar to ambient air pollution. An individual’s job title has normally been identified as a major determinant of workplace exposure in epidemiological studies. This has led to the development of Job–Exposure Matrices (JEMs) as a way of characterising specific workplace exposures. One JEM for airborne chemical exposures is the Airborne Chemical Exposure Job–Exposure Matrix (ACE JEM), developed specifically for the UK Biobank cohort. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the suitability of the ACE JEM in assessing occupational aerosol exposure of participants in the UK Biobank. We searched the scientific literature to identify exposure data linked to selected jobs in the ACE JEM and compared these data with the JEM assessments. Additionally, we carried out an independent expert-based assessment of exposure to compare with the JEM estimates. There is good published evidence to substantiate the high dust and biological dust assignments in the JEM and more limited evidence for diesel exhaust particulates. There is limited evidence in the published literature to substantiate moderate or low exposure assignments in the JEM. The independent expert-based assessment found good agreement at the two extremes of exposure in the JEM (high and no exposure), with uncertainty in all other classifications. The ACE JEM assignments are probably reliable for highly exposed jobs and for jobs assigned as unexposed. However, the assignments for medium and low exposures are less reliable. The ACE JEM is likely to be a good tool to examine associations between occupational exposures to particulates and chronic disease, although it should be used with caution. Further efforts should be made to improve the reliability of the ACE JEM.
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Chen, Xueer, and Chao Wang. "Information Disclosure in China’s Rising Securitization Market." International Journal of Financial Studies 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs9040066.

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E-commerce and FinTech are currently booming in China. The growing consumer market is accompanied by internet finance, by which consumers can easily borrow money from financial institutions online. As a result, the growing risks of financial institutions are of concern to the government and regulatory bodies. Consequently, the securitization market in China is seeing rapid growth that could affect financial stability. Applying FinTech and emerging technologies in securitization might be an effective way to protect against these risks. This paper studies the question of whether China needs a higher standard of information transparency in order to protect against its risks against the background of digital transformation. We analyzed the determinants of securitization in the Chinese banking sector, relying on data on banks for two periods: pre-2017Q4 and post-2017Q4. The main findings of the paper demonstrate that the application of FinTech in China’s banking industry resulted in less information asymmetry. The risk exposure was the most significant determinant in general. Higher risk exposures increased securitization transaction volumes, which reflects securitization with adverse selection problems between the originator and investors. Liquidity and profitability, as important determinants indicating the moral hazard problem, also affected securitization pre-2017Q4, but liquidity and profitability were found to be unimportant determinants after the application of FinTech (the post-2017Q4 period). Moreover, this study finds that the effects of the adverse selection and moral hazard problems varied in different types of banks. Overall, our findings suggest that the Chinese securitization market needs a higher standard of information transparency.
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Dunn, James R. "Housing and Healthy Child Development: Known and Potential Impacts of Interventions." Annual Review of Public Health 41, no. 1 (April 2, 2020): 381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094050.

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Housing is often described as an important determinant of health, but less commonly of child health. Despite acknowledgment of the importance of housing to health, however, there are relatively few studies of the effects of housing interventions on health, and again even fewer on child health. This article argues that a broad focus on healthy child development—as opposed to just physical health—coupled with a conceptual framework outlining specific attributes of housing with the potential to influence child health, should be adopted to guide a comprehensive approach to public health policy for healthy child development. Most housing interventions address direct pathways linking in-home hazard exposures to child health outcomes, with promising but mixed results. But few housing interventions address the broader aspects of healthy child development. This review addresses potential housing interventions that could impact the broader determinants of healthy child development and accompanying methodological challenges.
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De Vincentiis, Paola, Eleonora Isaia, and Paola Zocchi. "Italian Pension Funds Struggling with Domestic Sovereign Risk." International Journal of Business and Management 13, no. 2 (January 14, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v13n2p1.

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The paper investigates the determinants of Italian pension funds’ exposure to the domestic sovereign bonds through a panel analysis, over the time-period 2008-2014, on a sample of 70 funds and 230 investment lines. We investigate the drivers on sovereign home bias along two main explicative arrows: the familiarity theory, and the opportunity set theory. Results indicate that both factors are significant. However, from a quantitative point of view, the main determinant is the presence of restrictions in the investment mandate. The existence of a minimum guaranteed return increases on average by 11 per cent the weight of the Italian sovereign bonds on the European sovereign portfolio, while extending the investment spectrum outside Europe determines a decrease of 4.5 per cent on average. This finding suggests that exposures to the domestic-sovereign risk of Italian pension funds would probably reduce after specific mandate restrictions have loosened. Since sovereign home bias translates into concentration risk, it may weaken the soundness of the private pension pillar in case the Italian T-bonds suffer from a significant price reduction. Regulators should pay close attention to this issue to enhance the stability of the Italian pension fund industry, considering that such a large sovereign home bias could simultaneously undermine the private and public pension payments.
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Valiente Bermejo, M. A., L. Magniez, A. Jonasson, S. Selin, M. Frodigh, K. Hurtig, L.-E. Stridh, and L. Karlsson. "Exposure of FeCrAl Overlay Welds on Superheater Tubes: Influence of Local Environment on Degradation." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 22, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 400–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11668-022-01337-5.

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AbstractTwo experimental FeCrAl alloy overlay welds on tube shields were exposed in the superheater of a full-size waste fired boiler for 6 months. The tube shields were in different tube lines and positions within the superheater chamber to investigate possible heterogeneities in the exposure environment. The visual inspection of the exposed tube shields and the corrosion-erosion rates calculated from the analysis of cross-sections showed that the mid-length roof location experienced the most aggressive environment. The compositional differences between the two experimental alloys were not found to be determinant in their performance under these specific exposure conditions. It was concluded that erosion had a decisive influence on the results. The identification of local differences within the superheater chamber is important when deciding on the material selection for the different areas and locations to be protected. The output of this study is therefore interesting for further design consideration of superheaters as well as for future planning of exposures.
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Straumfors, Anne, Marine Corbin, Dave McLean, Andrea ‘t Mannetje, Raymond Olsen, Anani Afanou, Hanne-Line Daae, et al. "Exposure Determinants of Wood Dust, Microbial Components, Resin Acids and Terpenes in the Saw- and Planer Mill Industry." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 64, no. 3 (January 15, 2020): 282–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxz096.

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Abstract Objectives Sawmill workers have an increased risk of adverse respiratory outcomes, but knowledge about exposure–response relationships is incomplete. The objective of this study was to assess exposure determinants of dust, microbial components, resin acids, and terpenes in sawmills processing pine and spruce, to guide the development of department and task-based exposure prediction models. Methods 2474 full-shift repeated personal airborne measurements of dust, resin acids, fungal spores and fragments, endotoxins, mono-, and sesquiterpenes were conducted in 10 departments of 11 saw- and planer mills in Norway in 2013–2016. Department and task-based exposure determinants were identified and geometric mean ratios (GMRs) estimated using mixed model regression. The effects of season and wood type were also studied. Results The exposure ratio of individual components was similar in many of the departments. Nonetheless, the highest microbial and monoterpene exposure (expressed per hour) were estimated in the green part of the sawmills: endotoxins [GMR (95% confidence interval) 1.2 (1.0–1.3)], fungal spores [1.1 (1.0–1.2)], and monoterpenes [1.3 (1.1–1.4)]. The highest resin acid GMR was estimated in the dry part of the sawmills [1.4 (1.2–1.5)]. Season and wood type had a large effect on the estimated exposure. In particular, summer and spruce were strong determinants of increased exposure to endotoxin (GMRs [4.6 (3.5–6.2)] and [2.0 (1.4–3.0)], respectively) and fungal spores (GMRs [2.2 (1.7–2.8)] and [1.5 (1.0–2.1)], respectively). Pine was a strong determinant for increased exposure to both resin acid and monoterpenes. Work as a boilerman was associated with moderate to relatively high exposure to all components [1.0–1.4 (0.8–2.0)], although the estimates were based on 13–15 samples only. Cleaning in the saw, planer, and sorting of dry timber departments was associated with high exposure estimates for several components, whereas work with transportation and stock/finished goods were associated with low exposure estimates for all components. The department-based models explained 21–61% of the total exposure variances, 0–90% of the between worker (BW) variance, and 1–36% of the within worker (WW) variances. The task-based models explained 22–62% of the total variance, 0–91% of the BW variance, and 0–33% of the WW variance. Conclusions Exposure determinants in sawmills including department, task, season, and wood type differed for individual components, and explained a relatively large proportion of the total variances. Application of department/task-based exposure prediction models for specific exposures will therefore likely improve the assessment of exposure–response associations.
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Munch, Pernille Kold, Laura Espenhain, Christian Holm Hansen, Tyra Grove Krause, and Steen Ethelberg. "Case-control study of activities associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in an adult unvaccinated population and overview of societal COVID-19 epidemic counter measures in Denmark." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 16, 2022): e0268849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268849.

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Measures to restrict physical inter-personal contact in the community have been widely implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic. We studied determinants for infection with SARS-CoV-2 with the aim of informing future public health measures. We conducted a national matched case-control study among unvaccinated not previously infected adults aged 18–49 years. Cases were selected among those testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR over a five-day period in June 2021. Controls were selected from the national population register and were individually matched on age, sex and municipality of residence. Cases and controls were interviewed via telephone about contact with other persons and exposures in the community. We determined matched odds ratios (mORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) by conditional logistical regression with adjustment for household size and immigration status. For reference, we provide a timeline of non-pharmaceutical interventions in place in Denmark from February 2020 to March 2022. We included 500 cases and 529 controls. We found that having had contact with another individual with a known infection was the main determinant for SARS-CoV-2 infection: reporting close contact with an infected person who either had or did not have symptoms resulted in mORs of 20 (95%CI:9.8–39) and 8.5 (95%CI 4.5–16) respectively. Community exposures were generally not associated with disease; several exposures were negatively associated. Consumption of alcohol in restaurants or cafés, aOR = 2.3 (95%CI:1.3–4.2) and possibly attending fitness centers, mOR = 1.4 (95%CI:1.0–2.0) were weakly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Apart from these two factors, no community activities were more common amongst cases under the community restrictions in place during the study. The strongest risk factor for transmission was contact to an infected person. Results were in agreement with findings of our similar study conducted six month earlier.
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Price, Paul. "Interindividual Variation in Source‐Specific Doses is a Determinant of Health Impacts of Combined Chemical Exposures." Risk Analysis 40, no. 12 (July 15, 2020): 2572–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.13550.

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Goede, Henk A., Kevin McNally, Jean-Philippe Gorce, Hans Marquart, Nick D. Warren, Wouter Fransman, Martin Tischer, and Jody Schinkel. "Dermal Advanced REACH Tool (dART)—Development of a Dermal Exposure Model for Low-Volatile Liquids." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 63, no. 6 (March 9, 2019): 624–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxy106.

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Abstract This article describes the development of a mechanistic model for underpinning the dermal Advanced REACH Tool (dART), an extension of the existing ART model and its software platform. It was developed for hand exposure to low volatile liquids (vapour pressure ≤ 10 Pa at 20°C) including solids-in-liquid products. The model is based on an existing conceptual dermal source-receptor model that has been integrated into the ART framework. A structured taxonomy of workplace activities referred to as activity classes are adopted from ART. Three key processes involved in mass transport associated with dermal exposure are applied, i.e. deposition, direct emission and contact, and transfer. For deposition, the model adopts all the relevant modifying factors (MFs) applied in ART. In terms of direct emission and contact (e.g. splashes) and transfer (e.g. hand-surface contacts), the model defines independent principal MFs, i.e. substance-related factors, activity-related factors, localized- and dispersion control and exposed surface area of the hands. To address event-based exposures as much as possible, the model includes crucial events during an activity (e.g. hand immersions) and translates objective information on tools and equipment (manual or automated) to probable events (e.g. splashes) and worker behaviours (e.g. surface contacts). Based on an extensive review of peer-reviewed literature and unpublished field studies, multipliers were assigned to each determinant and provide an approximated (dimensionless) numerical value. In the absence of (sufficient) evidence, multipliers were assigned to determinants based on assumptions made during discussions by experts in the consortium. A worked example is presented to illustrate the calculation of hand exposure for a specific scenario. The dART model is not yet implemented in the ART software platform, and a robust validation of the model is necessary to determine its predictive ability. With advancing knowledge on dermal exposure and its determinants, this model will require periodic updates and refinements, in addition to further expansion of the applicability domain of the model.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Determinant of exposures"

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Alwis, Kuruppuge Udeni. "Occupational Exposure to Wood Dust." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/392.

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ABSTRACT Occupational exposure to wood dust and biohazards associated with wood dust (endotoxins, (1->3)-b-D-glucans, Gram (-)ve bacteria and fungi), their correlation to respiratory function, and symptoms among woodworkers have been investigated in the present study. Wood dust, endotoxins, and allergenic fungi are the main hazards found in woodworking environments. Relatively very few studies have been done on wood dust exposure. The present study was designed to comprehensively investigate the health effects of wood dust exposure, and in particular provide new information regarding: Exposure to (1->3)-b-D-glucans in an occupational environment; Levels of exposure to wood dust and biohazards associated with wood dust in different woodworking environments; Correlations among personal exposures, especially correlations between (1->3)-b-D-glucans and fungi exposures, and endotoxins and Gram (-)ve bacteria exposures; Effects of personal exposure to biohazards on lung function; Effects of personal exposure to biohazards on work-related symptoms; and Determinants of inhalable exposures (provide which factors in the environment influence the personal inhalable exposures). Workers at four different woodworking processes; two logging sites, four sawmills, one major woodchipping operation and five joineries situated in the state of New South Wales in Australia were studied for personal exposure to inhalable dust (n=182) and respirable dust (n=81), fungi (n=120), Gram (-)ve bacteria (n=120), inhalable endotoxin (n=160), respirable endotoxin (n=79), inhalable (1->3)-b-D-glucan (n=105), and respirable (1->3)-b-D-glucan (n=62). The workers (n=168) were also tested for lung function. A questionnaire study (n=195) was carried out to determine the prevalence of work-related symptoms. The geometric mean inhalable exposure at logging sites was 0.56 mg/m3 (n=7), sawmills 1.59 mg/m3 (n=93), the woodchipping mill 1.86 mg/m3 (n=9) and joineries 3.68 mg/m3 (n=66). Overall, sixty two percent of the exposures exceeded the current standards. Among joineries, 95% of the hardwood exposures and 35% of the softwood exposures were above the relevant standards. Compared with green mills, the percentage of samples, which exceeded the hardwood standard was high for dry mills (70% in dry mills, 50% in green mills). The respirable dust exposures were high at the joineries compared with the other worksites. Exposure levels to fungi at logging sites and sawmills were in the range 103-104 cfu/m3, woodchipping 103-105 cfu/m3 and joineries 102-104 cfu/m3. The predominant fungi found at sawmills were Penicillium spp. High exposure levels of Aureobasidium pullulans were also found at two sawmills. At the woodchipping mill the predominant species were Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium spp., and Paecilomyces spp. The sawmills, which employed kiln drying processes, had lower exposure levels of fungi compared with the green mills. Those workplaces which had efficient dust control systems showed less exposure to fungi and bacteria. Although mean endotoxin levels were lower than the suggested threshold value of 20 ng/m3, some personal exposures at sawmills and joineries exceeded the threshold limit value. The mean inhalable (1->3)-b-D-glucan level at the woodchipping mill was 2.32 ng/m3, at sawmills 1.37 ng/m3, at logging sites 2.02 ng/m3, and at joineries 0.43 ng/m3. For the respirable size fraction, mean endotoxin and mean (1->3)-b-D-glucan concentrations were much lower, being similar to observed dust concentrations. Significant correlations were found between mean inhalable endotoxin and Gram (-)ve bacteria levels (p<0.0001), and mean airborne inhalable (1->3)-b-D-glucan and fungi levels (p=0.0003). The correlations between mean respirable endotoxin levels vs Gram (-)ve bacteria exposure levels (p=0.005), and respirable (1->3)-b-D-glucan exposure levels vs total fungi levels (p=0.005) were also significant. Significant correlations were found between lung function and personal exposures. Multivariate analyses showed that the effect of all the personal exposures on cross-shift decrements in lung function was more prominent among sawmill and chip mill workers compared with joinery workers. Woodworkers had markedly high prevalence of cough, phlegm, chronic bronchitis, frequent headaches, throat and eye irritations, and nasal symptoms compared with controls. Among the woodworkers, smokers had a high prevalence of chronic bronchitis (20%) compared with non-smokers (10%). Some workers also reported a variety of allergy problems due to exposure to various types of wood dust. Both joinery workers and sawmill and chip mill workers revealed significant correlations between work-related symptoms and personal exposures. Chronic bronchitis was significantly correlated with personal exposure to wood dust, endotoxin, (1->3)-b-D-glucan, fungi, and Gram (-)ve bacteria among joinery workers. Whereas among sawmill workers chronic bronchitis was significantly correlated with personal exposure to endotoxin, (1->3)-b-D-glucan, and fungi. Woodworkers showed significant positive correlations between percentage cross-shift change (decrease) in lung function and respiratory symptoms. Significant inverse correlations were also found among percentage predicted lung function and respiratory symptoms. The elevated inhalable dust exposures observed in this study can be explained by a combination of factors, including: lack of awareness of potential health effects of wood dust exposure among both management and workers, aging equipment, inadequate and ineffective dust extraction systems or usually none especially for hand held tools, poor maintenance of the ventilation system in some, non-segregation of dusty processes, dry sweeping, and the use of compressed air jets. The determinant-of-exposure analysis confirmed the field observations. The significant determinants of personal inhalable dust exposures (n=163) were found to be: local exhaust ventilation, job title, use of hand-held tools, cleaning method used, use of compressed air, and green or dry wood processed. Type of wood processed was not found to be statistically significant. A majority of workers (~90%) did not wear appropriate respirators approved for wood dust, while the workers who did wear them, used them on average less than 50% of the time. Workers should be protected by controlling dust at its source. When exposure to wood dust cannot be avoided, engineering controls should be supplemented with the use of appropriate personal protective equipment.
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2

Alwis, Kuruppuge Udeni. "Occupational Exposure to Wood Dust." University of Sydney, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/392.

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ABSTRACT Occupational exposure to wood dust and biohazards associated with wood dust (endotoxins, (1->3)-b-D-glucans, Gram (-)ve bacteria and fungi), their correlation to respiratory function, and symptoms among woodworkers have been investigated in the present study. Wood dust, endotoxins, and allergenic fungi are the main hazards found in woodworking environments. Relatively very few studies have been done on wood dust exposure. The present study was designed to comprehensively investigate the health effects of wood dust exposure, and in particular provide new information regarding: Exposure to (1->3)-b-D-glucans in an occupational environment; Levels of exposure to wood dust and biohazards associated with wood dust in different woodworking environments; Correlations among personal exposures, especially correlations between (1->3)-b-D-glucans and fungi exposures, and endotoxins and Gram (-)ve bacteria exposures; Effects of personal exposure to biohazards on lung function; Effects of personal exposure to biohazards on work-related symptoms; and Determinants of inhalable exposures (provide which factors in the environment influence the personal inhalable exposures). Workers at four different woodworking processes; two logging sites, four sawmills, one major woodchipping operation and five joineries situated in the state of New South Wales in Australia were studied for personal exposure to inhalable dust (n=182) and respirable dust (n=81), fungi (n=120), Gram (-)ve bacteria (n=120), inhalable endotoxin (n=160), respirable endotoxin (n=79), inhalable (1->3)-b-D-glucan (n=105), and respirable (1->3)-b-D-glucan (n=62). The workers (n=168) were also tested for lung function. A questionnaire study (n=195) was carried out to determine the prevalence of work-related symptoms. The geometric mean inhalable exposure at logging sites was 0.56 mg/m3 (n=7), sawmills 1.59 mg/m3 (n=93), the woodchipping mill 1.86 mg/m3 (n=9) and joineries 3.68 mg/m3 (n=66). Overall, sixty two percent of the exposures exceeded the current standards. Among joineries, 95% of the hardwood exposures and 35% of the softwood exposures were above the relevant standards. Compared with green mills, the percentage of samples, which exceeded the hardwood standard was high for dry mills (70% in dry mills, 50% in green mills). The respirable dust exposures were high at the joineries compared with the other worksites. Exposure levels to fungi at logging sites and sawmills were in the range 103-104 cfu/m3, woodchipping 103-105 cfu/m3 and joineries 102-104 cfu/m3. The predominant fungi found at sawmills were Penicillium spp. High exposure levels of Aureobasidium pullulans were also found at two sawmills. At the woodchipping mill the predominant species were Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium spp., and Paecilomyces spp. The sawmills, which employed kiln drying processes, had lower exposure levels of fungi compared with the green mills. Those workplaces which had efficient dust control systems showed less exposure to fungi and bacteria. Although mean endotoxin levels were lower than the suggested threshold value of 20 ng/m3, some personal exposures at sawmills and joineries exceeded the threshold limit value. The mean inhalable (1->3)-b-D-glucan level at the woodchipping mill was 2.32 ng/m3, at sawmills 1.37 ng/m3, at logging sites 2.02 ng/m3, and at joineries 0.43 ng/m3. For the respirable size fraction, mean endotoxin and mean (1->3)-b-D-glucan concentrations were much lower, being similar to observed dust concentrations. Significant correlations were found between mean inhalable endotoxin and Gram (-)ve bacteria levels (p<0.0001), and mean airborne inhalable (1->3)-b-D-glucan and fungi levels (p=0.0003). The correlations between mean respirable endotoxin levels vs Gram (-)ve bacteria exposure levels (p=0.005), and respirable (1->3)-b-D-glucan exposure levels vs total fungi levels (p=0.005) were also significant. Significant correlations were found between lung function and personal exposures. Multivariate analyses showed that the effect of all the personal exposures on cross-shift decrements in lung function was more prominent among sawmill and chip mill workers compared with joinery workers. Woodworkers had markedly high prevalence of cough, phlegm, chronic bronchitis, frequent headaches, throat and eye irritations, and nasal symptoms compared with controls. Among the woodworkers, smokers had a high prevalence of chronic bronchitis (20%) compared with non-smokers (10%). Some workers also reported a variety of allergy problems due to exposure to various types of wood dust. Both joinery workers and sawmill and chip mill workers revealed significant correlations between work-related symptoms and personal exposures. Chronic bronchitis was significantly correlated with personal exposure to wood dust, endotoxin, (1->3)-b-D-glucan, fungi, and Gram (-)ve bacteria among joinery workers. Whereas among sawmill workers chronic bronchitis was significantly correlated with personal exposure to endotoxin, (1->3)-b-D-glucan, and fungi. Woodworkers showed significant positive correlations between percentage cross-shift change (decrease) in lung function and respiratory symptoms. Significant inverse correlations were also found among percentage predicted lung function and respiratory symptoms. The elevated inhalable dust exposures observed in this study can be explained by a combination of factors, including: lack of awareness of potential health effects of wood dust exposure among both management and workers, aging equipment, inadequate and ineffective dust extraction systems or usually none especially for hand held tools, poor maintenance of the ventilation system in some, non-segregation of dusty processes, dry sweeping, and the use of compressed air jets. The determinant-of-exposure analysis confirmed the field observations. The significant determinants of personal inhalable dust exposures (n=163) were found to be: local exhaust ventilation, job title, use of hand-held tools, cleaning method used, use of compressed air, and green or dry wood processed. Type of wood processed was not found to be statistically significant. A majority of workers (~90%) did not wear appropriate respirators approved for wood dust, while the workers who did wear them, used them on average less than 50% of the time. Workers should be protected by controlling dust at its source. When exposure to wood dust cannot be avoided, engineering controls should be supplemented with the use of appropriate personal protective equipment.
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3

Moss, Darren. "Cellular determinants of raltegravir exposure." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.632138.

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HIV infection remains a worldwide concern and new drug treatments are required to tackle drug resistance and to reduce drug-associated host toxicity. Raltegravir, a new anti-HIV drug which targets the HIV integrase enzyme, is now being used in anti-HIV treatment and has shown impressive efficacy and low toxicity. However, the drug shows high pharmacokinetic (PK) variability between subjects and it has been difficult to associate PK parameters with treatment outcome. The aim of this thesis was to improve the current understanding of the factors influencing raltegravir PK and cellular exposure using in vitro and in silico techniques.
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Sabbath, Erika. "Occupational Exposures as Social Determinants of Aging." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA11T018.

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Cette thèse s’intéresse à la contribution des expositions professionnelles —chimiques, biomécaniques, et psychosociaux—tout au long de la vie dans les inégalités sociales de santé liés au vieillissement. Les trois papiers de la thèse essaient de combler les lacunes dans les connaissances sur les effets à long terme des expositions professionnelles et la contribution des expositions individuelles et conjointes dans ces inégalités. Le premier papier cherche à savoir si le niveau d’éducation atteint dans l’enfance modifie l’effet de l’exposition professionnelle aux solvants au cours de la carrière sur la fonction cognitive après 55 ans.. Nous avons trouvé que l’effet de l’exposition aux solvants sur la fonction cognitive était différent selon le niveau d’éducation.. Le deuxième papier discute les effets combinés des expositions biomécaniques et psychosociaux au cours de la vie professionnelle sur la santé physique et fonctionnelle après la retraite. Nous avons trouvé qu’une forte exposition à la fois aux risques physiques et psychosociaux au cours de la vie active est associée à une capacité fonctionnelle bien plus faible après la retraite que l’exposition à un seul type de risques. Aussi, l’effet était différent chez les hommes et chez les femmes. Le troisième papier est un papier méthodologique qui discute des alternatives aux formes longues des échelles généralement utilisées pour évaluer les expositions biomécaniques au travail. Nous avons cherché à vérifier si la question « Trouvez-vous votre travail fatiguant physiquement?» pourrait être une mesure de substitution acceptable pour évaluer des expositions détaillées.. Nous avons comparé la mesure à un item à une mesure plus complète de 38 expositions spécifiques dans huit domaines. Nous avons trouvé que la mesure à un item était plus valide chez les participants fortement exposés à des contraintes biomécaniques de travail. En somme, cette thèse a montré que les expositions professionnelles peuvent à la fois exacerber les disparités existantes en matière de santé et les perpétuer au delà de la retraite
This dissertation focuses on how occupational exposures throughout the lifecourse—chemical, physical, and psychosocial—contribute to social patterns in aging outcomes, addressing the gap in knowledge about lasting effects of occupational exposures and the contribution of individual and combined exposures to social patterns in aging. The first paper explores whether childhood educational attainment modifies effects of occupational solvent exposure during the career on cognitive function after age 55. We found differential effects of solvent exposure on cognition by educational attainment. The second paper looks at combined physical and psychosocial exposures during working life and effects on physical health and functioning after retirement. This paper finds that high exposure to both physical and psychosocial hazards at work is associated with worse functional capacity in retirement than exposure to either one separately; the pattern of this relationship differs for men and women. The third paper is a methodology paper exploring alternatives to extensive testing batteries often used to evaluate physical workplace exposures. We tested whether the question “Do you find your work physically strenuous?” was an acceptable proxy measure for more detailed exposure assessments by comparing the measure to a comprehensive self-report measure of 38 specific biomechanical strains across eight domains. We found that the measure was most valid in the populations that were most highly exposed to physical strains at work. In general, this dissertation found that occupational exposures can exacerbate existing disparities in health and perpetuate disparities into and beyond retirement
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Agena, Mahmoud B. "Neonatal exposure to pathogens : determining key virulence factors." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2017. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/32859/.

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The neonatal stage is the most critical period for infections, with mortality rate of up to 45% amongst children under five years. The genus Cronobacter has been involved in many outbreaks in neonatal intensive care units, with recorded meningitis, bacteraemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Although this genus was deeply investigated in vitro with different cell lines, until now, few researches have been focused on the use of H4 cell line, which is supposed to be more representative of neonatal response. Therefore, the present PhD study aimed to investigate the interaction of selected clinical isolates and the seven-type species of the genus Cronobacter, as well as one E. coli K1 isolate with H4 cells compared with Caco-2 cell line. Physiological analyses revealed most of the strains to be motile, and capsule and biofilm producers. A link between capsule production and serum resistance was shown by some strains. Strains were examined regarding their attachment, invasion, translocation and cytotoxicity as well as for the role of host cytoskeleton in the invasion process to both cell lines. All strains, especially C. sakazakii ST12 (696 and 703) were significantly more adhesive to the H4 than Caco-2 cells; this sequence type has previously been associated with neonatal NEC. Importantly, this study indicated that some clinical strains were more invasive to H4 than Caco-2 cells such as C. sakazakii 767 (meningitis) and 701 (NECIII). Moreover, attachment and invasion of E.coli were higher in H4 than Caco-2 cells. High attachment and invasion is potentially linked with excessive inflammatory response and NEC development in neonates. Most studied strains were able to translocate human cell lines, causing necrotic damage in the polarized monolayer. More importantly, translocation of blood or meningitic isolates such as C. sakazakii 709, C. malonaticus 1569, C.turicensis 564 was higher via H4 compared with Caco-2 cells. However, translocation of E. coli K1 strain 939 was similar in both cell lines. Most of the bacterial strains were cytotoxic to both cell lines and C. sakazakii ST3 strain 798 showed an ability to kill H4 cells up to 90-fold of blank, and about 70-fold when co-cultured with Caco-2 cells. Results suggests that intact bacterial cells that able to produce new proteins while in direct contact with the host cells is essential for the cytotoxicity, indicating the potential involvement of an active secretion system in cytotoxicity. Cytochalasin D and Colchicine mostly inhibited invasion to the H4 cells and enhanced the invasion of some strains to Caco-2 up to five-fold. Only Nocodazole significantly enhanced the invasion of some strains to H4 cell, and variably effected strains’ invasion to Caco-2. Data obtained from human cytoskeleton inhibitors experiments suggested the possible strain specific role of inhibitors on both cell lines, and strains may encode different pathways for uptake, with the possible involvement of eukaryotic receptors that recognize the invading bacteria. This study indicated that the response of the H4 cells to bacterial challenge and production of inflammatory cytokines was higher than Caco-2 cells. The H4 cells produced more IL-1-β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, and EGF-α. Furthermore, tested strains (n=12) variably affected the expression of human Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NF-kB subunits 1 and 2 in both cell lines, only C. sakazakii strain 709 upregulated expression of TLR1-4 in H4 cells and was the strongest inducer of receptor gene expression in both cell lines. More importantly, the upregulation of NF-kB subunits 1 is more likely related to the increased inflammatory cytokine production, while no link with subunit 2. However, TLR-1 was not expressed in Caco-2 in response to these strains, which needs further investigation. The effect of the E. coli K1 strain 939 on the TLRs expression was varied and no specific pattern was detected, but in some cases it showed similarity to the effect of C. sakazakii 767 which is also linked with neonatal meningitis. As most of the investigated bacterial strains displayed virulence factors with H4 cells closely related to their clinical pathology, the present study provides an important initial work to introduce H4 cells as a new modle for neonatal cell lines to analyse neonatal infections.
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Zafar, Janjua Naveed. "Prenatal lead exposure in Karachi magnitude, determinants and effect on birth weight /." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009r/zafar.pdf.

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Bostwick, Stephanie L. "Determining hydrogen peroxide exposure of employees at Company XYZ." Online version, 2002. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2002/2002bostwicks.pdf.

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Lozier, Matthew Joiner. "Determinants of Atrazine contamination in Iowa homes and occupational exposure in Central America." Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/848.

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Background : Atrazine is an agricultural herbicide used extensively in corn production worldwide. Atrazine is an endocrine disruptor and has been linked to many other deleterious health outcomes. Exposure assessment studies have been carried out in Iowa among farm and non-farm populations. However, commercial pesticide applicators have been left out of those studies. Atrazine is also used in developing countries in grain production. In developing countries there is great concern about acute pesticide poisonings, but chronic exposure to less acutely toxic pesticides has not been studied extensively. This study assessed the in-home contamination of atrazine among commercial pesticide applicators in Iowa and then quantitatively analyzed these results with results from similar studies. Occupational inhalation exposure to atrazine was also assessed in Honduras. Methods : Dust samples were taken from 29 commercial pesticide applicator households in four different locations. This sampling was done once during the atrazine application season and again six months later during winter months to assess atrazine persistence. Occupational and household characteristics were analyzed for associations with atrazine dust levels. Data from two previous studies that analyzed farm and non-farm household dust samples for atrazine were combined with data from the commercial applicator's homes. This new and larger dataset was analyzed to identify which population has the greatest risk for take-home atrazine exposure and what determinants were associated with in-home atrazine dust levels. Lastly, corn production practices in Honduras were evaluated and personal air samples were taken from pesticide applicators during atrazine application to assess inhalation exposure. Results : The first study found that atrazine levels persist into the winter months in the homes of commercial applicators. Atrazine handling (days, pounds, and acres sprayed) were all positively associated with in-home atrazine levels. Commercial applicators that change their shoes inside had higher atrazine levels. More frequent floor cleaning was associated with lower atrazine levels. The second study identified commercial applicators' homes as the most contaminated compared with farmers who apply atrazine to their own land, farmers who hire out atrazine application, and non-farm homes. Farmers that apply their own atrazine also had significantly higher atrazine levels in their homes. The association between atrazine handling and household atrazine levels was highly significant in this study (p < 0.001). In Honduras, atrazine is applied to corn fields with tractor/boom equipment and manual backpack sprayers. Despite applying about one-fifteenth the amount of atrazine, backpack sprayers are exposed to nearly equal amounts of atrazine via inhalation exposure and likely have greater exposure via the dermal route. Among backpack sprayers, which type of spray nozzle used is associated with inhalation exposure. Among tractor/boom applicators, tractor drivers have much lower inhalation exposure than workers who operate and observe the boom. Conclusions : The amount of atrazine handled is the most important determinant for predicting in-home atrazine levels in Iowa. Ubiquitous atrazine contamination and its distribution within homes and among household type provide strong evidence for the take-home pathway. While some improvements have been made in Honduras regarding pesticide application, poor farm workers and small farmers still use antiquated pesticide application techniques which leads to a higher risk of inhalation and dermal exposure.
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Lakshminarayan, Sooraj T. K. "Distribution and determinants of Atrazine exposure among Central Ohio farm families." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1407234952.

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Nieuwenhuijsen, Marius Joannes. "Exposure to aeroallergens : determinants, exposure levels, and skin prick test reactions in bakeries, flour mills and research institutes." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241827.

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Books on the topic "Determinant of exposures"

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Bradley, Katrina. Economic currency exposure and its determinants: A survey of British companies. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, Centre for Financial Markets Research, Dept. of Business Studies, 1996.

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E, Marti Gerald, Vogt Robert F, Zenger Vincent E, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.), eds. Proceedings of the USPHS Workshop on Laboratory and Epidemiologic Approaches to Determining the Role of Environmental Exposure as Risk Factors for B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Other B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders. Atlanta, Ga: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1997.

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Viana, Mar. Indoor and Outdoor Nanoparticles: Determinants of Release and Exposure Scenarios. Springer, 2018.

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Viana, Mar. Indoor and Outdoor Nanoparticles: Determinants of Release and Exposure Scenarios. Springer, 2016.

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Viana, Mar. Indoor and Outdoor Nanoparticles: Determinants of Release and Exposure Scenarios. Springer London, Limited, 2016.

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Cerutti, Eugenio. Banks' Foreign Credit Exposures and Borrowers' Rollover Risks Measurement, Evolution and Determinants. International Monetary Fund, 2013.

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Cerutti, Eugenio. Banks' Foreign Credit Exposures and Borrowers' Rollover Risks Measurement, Evolution and Determinants. International Monetary Fund, 2013.

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Cerutti, Eugenio. Banks' Foreign Credit Exposures and Borrowers' Rollover Risks Measurement, Evolution and Determinants. International Monetary Fund, 2013.

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(Editor), Deborah Hodgson, and Christopher Coe (Editor), eds. Perinatal Programming: Early Life Determinants of Adult Health & Disease. Informa Healthcare, 2005.

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M, Hodgson Deborah, and Coe Christopher L, eds. Perinatal programming: Early life determinants of adult health & disease. London: Taylor & Francis, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Determinant of exposures"

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Lobrich, Markus, Aaron A. Goodarzi, Tom Stiff, and Penny A. Jeggo. "Checkpoint Control Following Radiation Exposure." In Molecular Determinants of Radiation Response, 53–77. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8044-1_3.

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Taing, Richard, Debra Cherry, and Peter W. Johnson. "Determining How Long Truck Driver Whole Body Vibration Exposure Data Has to Be Collected to Estimate Actual Daily Exposures." In Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2021), 841–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74608-7_103.

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Fordyce, Lauren, David Berrigan, and Shobha Srinivasan. "Social Determinants of Health and the Environmental Exposures: A Promising Partnership." In Translational Toxicology and Therapeutics: Windows of Developmental Susceptibility in Reproduction and Cancer, 395–414. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119023647.ch11.

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Yoshinaga, Jun. "Exposure to Chemical Substances as a Potential Determinant Factor of Human Fertility." In SpringerBriefs in Population Studies, 43–57. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0176-5_3.

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Odoni, Miriam, and André Ducret. "Public exposure: The international classical music competition, or the indeterminate as determinant." In Kunst und Öffentlichkeit, 329–43. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-01834-4_16.

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Lewis, T. R. "Current Approaches for Determining Workplace Exposure Limits in the USA." In Inhalation Toxicology, 297–307. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61355-5_19.

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Mathai, Arak M., Serge B. Provost, and Hans J. Haubold. "Mathematical Preliminaries." In Multivariate Statistical Analysis in the Real and Complex Domains, 1–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95864-0_1.

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AbstractIt is assumed that the reader has had adequate exposure to basic concepts in Probability, Statistics, Calculus and Linear Algebra. This chapter provides a brief review of the results that will be needed in the remainder of this book. No detailed discussion of these topics will be attempted. For essential materials in these areas, the reader is, for instance, referred to Mathai and Haubold (2017a, 2017b). Some properties of vectors, matrices, determinants, Jacobians and wedge product of differentials to be utilized later on, are included in the present chapter. For the sake of completeness, we initially provide some elementary definitions. First, the concepts of vectors, matrices and determinants are introduced.
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Cardona-Cordero, Nancy R., Carmen M. Vélez-Vega, José F. Cordero, Zaira Rosario, Colleen Murphy, Hernando Mattei, John Meeker, Akram Alshawabkeh, and Carlos Vergara. "Social Determinants of Contaminant Exposure and Pregnancy in the Northern Karst of Puerto Rico." In Karst Groundwater Contamination and Public Health, 169–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51070-5_18.

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Packer, P. J., P. R. Randell, S. N. Duncan, B. Van Acker, P. I. Reed, M. H. Thompson, M. J. Hill, and S. A. Leach. "Development of a Reliable Measure for Determining Nitrate Exposure for Use in Epidemiological Studies." In Nitrate Contamination, 289–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76040-2_21.

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Campbell, Linda M., and Paul E. Drevnick. "Use of Catalogued Long-term Biological Collections and Samples for Determining Changes in Contaminant Exposure to Organisms." In Environmental Contaminants, 431–59. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9541-8_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Determinant of exposures"

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Lotz, Jeffrey C., Elisa C. Bass, and Diane R. Wagner. "Integration of Mechanical and Biological Criteria When Defining Injury Tolerance." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1920.

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Abstract Degeneration of the intervertebral disc is an important clinical and socio-economic problem. Because of associations between injury rates and physical activity, mechanical factors are thought to play an important role in the incidence and progression of this disease. Bioengineers have historically utilized a strength-of-materials approach to develop tolerance criteria and design interventions meant to reduce injury risk. However, it has become apparent that the disc’s biologic response to loading is an important determinant of degeneration rate. In order to quantify degeneration risk, a hierarchical approach is required which links whole body mechanical exposures to tissue responses that are consistent with the clinical presentation. One challenging aspect of this approach is the definition of accurate constitutive relationships for disc tissues, which are inherently nonlinear, anisotropic and heterogeneous. A second challenge is the development and interpretation of models that allow assessment of the in vivo biologic response to loads. Recent progress in these areas indicates that mechanical and biological factors should be quantitatively linked to provide a comprehensive injury tolerance criteria.
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Cohen, M., N. Seixas, P. Moore, J. Lymp, and J. Kaufman. "219. Real-Time Particulate Matter and Sulfur Dioxide Exposures and Exposure Determinants for Primary Aluminum Production Potroom Workers." In AIHce 2001. AIHA, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2765741.

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Schüz, J. "OCCUPATIONAL CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES." In The 16th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» Russian National Congress with International Participation (OHRNC-2021). FSBSI “IRIOH”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-2-1-2021-1-621-623.

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Abstract. It is estimated that exposure to carcinogens at the workplace are responsible for around 3-5% of the total cancer burden in Europe; this figure may be even somewhat higher for the Russian Federation due to its large industrial workforce. As most occupational exposures are modifiable risk factors, occupational hygiene and safety has a major role in primary cancer prevention. While both experimental and epidemiological studies contribute to the identification of carcinogens, ultimately the epidemiology is needed for determining the risk of individuals and populations under real-life exposure conditions and co-exposures. Occupational cohort studies are a very strong methodology to obtain this scientific evidence and with the conduct of a large-scale study of chrysotile workers in Asbest, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a blueprint has been developed on how to conduct further studies of that type in other industries. This will inform the elimination strategy of occupational cancer in the Russian Federation as well as our understanding of occupational cancers on global scale.
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Syahputra, Rizki Agam, Andriansyah, Prima Denny Sentia, and Riski Arifin. "Determining Optimal New Waste Disposal Facilities Location by Using Set Covering Problem Algorithm." In Conference on Broad Exposure to Science and Technology 2021 (BEST 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aer.k.220131.045.

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Burstyn, I., K. Teschke, K. Bartlett, and S. Kennedy. "270. Exposure Levels and Determinants of Flour Dust Exposure in Bakeries." In AIHce 1997 - Taking Responsibility...Building Tomorrow's Profession Papers. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2765402.

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Hines, C., and J. Deddens. "64. Biological and Air Monitoring of Chlorpyrifos Exposures Among Termiticide Applicators: Application of Mixed-Effect Models to Evaluate Exposure Determinants." In AIHce 2002. AIHA, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2766417.

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Levinson, Harry J., Yuansheng Ma, Marcel Koenig, Bruno La Fontaine, and Rolf Seltmann. "Proposal for determining exposure latitude requirements." In SPIE Advanced Lithography. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.772711.

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Sbastian, Firlan, Ari Yanuar Ridwan, and Nia Novitasari. "Feasibility Analysis of Financial Aspect in Determining Optimal Last Mile Warehouse Location Using P-Median Method." In Conference on Broad Exposure to Science and Technology 2021 (BEST 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aer.k.220131.050.

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Posey, F., and K. Taylor. "393. Diffusive Sampler for Determining Workplace Ozone Exposures." In AIHce 1999. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2763251.

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Guthier, Benjamin, Kalun Ho, Stephan Kopf, and Wolfgang Effelsberg. "Determining exposure values from HDR histograms for smartphone photography." In the 21st ACM international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2502081.2502252.

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Reports on the topic "Determinant of exposures"

1

Dillon, M. B., and R. G. Sextro. Illustration of Key Considerations Determining Hazardous Indoor Inhalation Exposures. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1569185.

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Lane, Philip, and Jay Shambaugh. The Long or Short of it: Determinants of Foreign Currency Exposure in External Balance Sheets. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14909.

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Dembele, Korami. Determining Nanoparticle Inhalation Exposure in the Prosthetics Laboratory at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1012919.

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Dontsova, Katerina, Susan Taylor, Jennifer Arthur, Julie Becher, Mark Brusseau, Edward Hunt, Noah Mark, Dave Ringelberg, Jirí Šimunek, and Marianne Walsh. Dissolution of NTO, DNAN, and insensitive munitions formulations and their fates in soils : SERDP ER-2220. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45920.

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The US military is interested in replacing TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) and RDX (1,3,5-hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) with DNAN (2,4-di-nitroanisole) and NTO (3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one), which have similar explosive characteristics but are less likely to detonate unintentionally. Although these replacements are good explosives, basic information about their fate and transport was needed to evaluate their environmental impact and life-cycle management. This project measured their dissolution, photodegradation, and how aqueous solutions interact with soils, data critical to determining exposure potential and, consequently, risk.
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Maranghides, Alexander, and William Mell. Framework for Addressing the NationalWildland Urban Interface Fire Problem – Determining Fire and Ember Exposure Zones using a WUI Hazard Scale. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1748.

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Cavallo, Eduardo A., and Eduardo Fernández-Arias. The Risk of External Financial Crisis. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004579.

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This paper explores the empirical determinants of external crises on a world panel dataset of 62 countries over the fifty-year period 1970-2019 and estimates their risk trade-offs with the aim of informing macrofinancial prudential policies. The determinants include countries external balance sheets, macroeconomic imbalances, and structural and global factors. It finds that information on the composition of gross positions in countries external financial portfolios is required to gauge the risk of external crisis: debt liabilities are the riskiest component, FDI liabilities are half as risky, and FDI assets are the most protective. Macroeconomic imbalances increase risk but are usually not the key drivers of crises. Adverse global shocks significantly leverage domestic risks. International reserves are powerful risk mitigants that provide high insurance value. The evidence shows that advanced economies are structurally more resilient to withstand exposure to weak external portfolios, macroeconomic imbalances, and global shocks. For the average country the risk of external crisis is on a declining trend mainly driven by improvements in the composition of external portfolio assets magnified by increasing financial integration as well as rising international reserves.
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Madrzykowski, Daniel. Firefighter Equipment Operational Environment: Evaluation of Thermal Conditions. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/igfm4492.

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The goal of this study was to review the available literature to develop a quantitative description of the thermal conditions firefighters and their equipment are exposed to in a structural fire environment. The thermal exposure from the modern fire environment was characterized through the review of fire research studies and fire-ground incidents that provided insight and data to develop a range of quantification. This information was compared with existing standards for firefighting protective equipment to generate a sense of the gap between known information and the need for improved understanding. The comparison of fire conditions with the thermal performance requirements of firefighter protective gear and equipment demonstrates that a fire in a compartment can generate conditions that can fail the equipment that a firefighter wears or uses. The review pointed out the following: 1. The accepted pairing of gas temperature ranges with a corresponding range of heat fluxes does not reflect all compartment fire conditions. There are cases in which the heat flux exceeds the hazard level of the surrounding gas temperature. 2. Thermal conditions can change within seconds. Experimental conditions and incidents were identified in which firefighters would be operating in thermal conditions that were safe for operation based on the temperature and heat flux, but then due to a change in the environment the firefighters would be exposed to conditions that could exceed the protective capabilities of their PPE. 3. Gas velocity is not explicitly considered within the thermal performance requirements. Clothing and equipment tested with a hot air circulating (convection) oven are exposed to gas velocities that measure approximately 1.5 m/s (3 mph). In contrast, the convected hot gas flows within a structure fire could range from 2.3 m/s (5 mph) to 7.0 m/s (15 mph). In cases where the firefighter or equipment would be located in the exhaust portion of a flow path, while operating above the level of the fire, the hot gas velocity could be even higher. This increased hot gas velocity would serve to increase the convective heat transfer rate to the equipment and the firefighter, thereby reducing the safe operating time within the structure. 4. Based on the limited data available, it appears currently available protective clothing enables firefighters to routinely operate in conditions above and beyond the "routine" conditions measured in the fire-ground exposure studies conducted during the 1970s. The fire service and fire standards communities could benefit from an improved understanding of: • real world fire-ground conditions, including temperatures, heat flux, pressure, and chemical exposures; • the impact of convection on the thermal resistance capabilities of firefighting PPE and equipment; and • the benefits of balancing the thermal exposures (thermal performance requirements) across different components of firefighter protective clothing and safety equipment. Because it is unlikely due to trade offs in weight, breathe-ability, usability, cost, etc., that fireproof PPE and equipment will ever be a reality, fire officers and fire chiefs need to consider the capabilities of the protection that their firefighters have when determining fire attack strategies and tactics to ensure that the PPE and equipment is kept within its design operating environment, and that the safety buffer it provides is maintained.
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8

Dahl, Geoffrey E., Sameer Mabjeesh, Thomas B. McFadden, and Avi Shamay. Environmental manipulation during the dry period of ruminants: strategies to enhance subsequent lactation. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7586544.bard.

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The project resulted from earlier observations that environmental factors, especially photoperiod and temperature, had profound effects on milk yield in dairy cattle during lactation. More recently we had determined that photoperiod manipulation during the dry period altered milk yield in the next lactation, and this was associated with shifts in circulating concentrations of prolactin; specifically exposure to short days during the dry period decreases prolactin but increases milk yield. Because prolactin is also affected by temperature, with heat stress causing an increase in prolactin similar to that of long day exposure, we focused our efforts on determining prolactin signaling provides a common pathway for generation of environmental effects on mammary growth, development and subsequent function during the dry period of dairy ruminants. Over the project period we made significant progress toward testing our hypotheses that (I): In cows, there is a discrete duration of time during the dry period in which exposure to short days will result in optimal enhancement of mammary development and milk yield in the following lactation, and that this effect is mediated through demonstrable changes in mammary gland development, prolactin signaling, and mammary gene expression; and (II): Modulation of photoperiod and temperature during the dry period will affect milk yield in goats in the subsequent lactation via shifts in nutrient and endocrine partitioning, and mammary gene expression, during the dry period and into lactation. Cows exposed to short days for only the final 21 days of the dry period did not produce more milk that those on long day or natural photoperiod when dry. However, cows on short days for the entire 60 days dry did produce more milk than the other 3 groups. This indicates that there is a duration effect of short day exposure on subsequent milk yield. Results of the second study in cows indicate that mammary growth increases differentially during the dry period under long vs. short days, and that short days drive more extensive growth which is associated with altered prolactin signaling via decreases in an suppressors of cytokine signaling that represent an inhibitory pathway to mammary growth. Evidence from the studies in Israel confirms that goats respond to short days during the dry period in a similar manner to cows. In addition, heat stress effects on during the dry period can be limited by exposure to short days. Here again, shifts in prolactin signaling, along with changes in IGF-I secretion, are associated with the observed changes in mammary function in goats. These results have a number of biological and practical implications. For dairy producers, it is clear that we can recommend that cows and goats should be on reduced light exposure during the dry period, and further, cows and goats should be cooled to avoid heat stress during that time. Environmental influences on mammary growth are apparent during the dry period, and those effects have persistent impact in the subsequent lactation. Prolactin signaling is a consistent mechanism whereby extended light exposure and heat stress may depress mammary growth and development during the dry period. Thus, the prolactin signaling system offers an opportunity for further manipulation to improve production efficiency in dairy ruminants.
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9

Duro, Miguel, Germán López-Espinosa, Sergio Mayordomo, Gaizka Ormazabal, and María Rodríguez-Moreno. Enforcing mandatory reporting on private firms: the role of banks. Madrid: Banco de España, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/23526.

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This paper studies firm-level factors shaping the enforcement of financial reporting regulation on private firms and proposes bank lending as a particularly important one. Our tests are based on a rare combination of data sets, which allows us to construct unique measures of misreporting, notably in the form of underreporting of debt. We observe that private firms with bank debt are more likely to file mandatory financial reports and less likely to file information with irregularities. While we also find evidence that the need for bank financing can induce firms to misreport, this concern is mitigated by additional findings suggesting that banks detect reporting issues within private firms’ financial statements. Critically, we observe that firms with reporting issues obtain significantly less credit, especially when the bank has had previous exposure to debt misreporting and when the bank verifies debt information using the public credit registry. In short, our paper documents important firm-level determinants of private firms’ misreporting and highlights that banks play a significant role in the enforcement of mandatory financial reporting on these firms.
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Shan, Yina, Praem Mehta, Duminda Perera, and Yurissa Yarela. Cost and Efficiency of Arsenic Removal from Groundwater: A Review. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/kmwt2129.

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Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water, leading to significant health complications, and social and economic losses. Currently, a wide range of technologies exists to remove arsenic from water. However, despite ongoing research on such technologies, their widespread application remains limited. To bridge this gap, this review aims to compare the effectiveness and costs of various arsenic remediation technologies while considering their practical applicability. A search conducted using the Medline and Embase databases yielded 31 relevant articles published from 1996 to 2018, which were categorized into laboratory and field studies. Data on the effectiveness of technologies in removing arsenic and associated costs were extracted and standardized for comparison as much as was possible, given the diversity of ways that studies report their key results. The twenty-three (23) technologies tested in laboratory settings demonstrated efficiencies ranging from 50% to ~100%, with the majority reaching relatively high removal efficiencies (>90%). Approximately half achieved the WHO standard of 10 µg/L. Laboratory studies used groundwater samples from nine (9) different countries – Argentina, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Guatemala, India, Thailand, the United States, and Vietnam. The fourteen (14) technologies tested in the field achieved removal efficiency levels ranging between 60% and ~99%, with ten (10) attaining above 90% removal efficiency. Of these, only five (5) reached established the WHO standard. Some of the technologies under-performed when their influent water contained excessive concentrations of arsenic. Only six (6) countries (Argentina, Bangladesh, Chile, China, India, and Nicaragua) were represented among the studies that implemented and tested technologies in the field, either at household or community level. For technologies tested in the laboratory, the cost of treating one cubic meter of water ranged from near-zero to ~USD 93, except for one technology which cost USD 299/m³. For studies conducted in the field, the cost of treating one cubic meter of water ranged from near-zero to ~USD 70. Key factors influencing the removal efficiencies and their costs include the arsenic concentration of the influent water, pH of the influent water, materials used, the energy required, absorption capacity, labour used, regeneration period and geographical location. Technologies that demonstrate high removal efficiencies when treating moderately arsenic-contaminated water may not be as efficient when treating highly contaminated water. Also, the lifetime of the removal agents is a significant factor in determining their efficiency. It is suggested that remediation technologies that demonstrate high arsenic removal efficiencies in a laboratory setting need to be further assessed for their suitability for larger-scale application, considering their high production and operational costs. Costs can be reduced by using locally available materials and natural adsorbents, which provide near zero-cost options and can have high arsenic removal efficiencies. A notable feature of many arsenic removal approaches is that some countries with resource constraints or certain environmental circumstances – like typically high arsenic concentrations in groundwater –aim to reach resultant arsenic concentrations that are much higher than WHO’s recommended standard of 10 µg/L. This report maintains that – while this may be a pragmatic approach that helps progressively mitigate the arsenic-related health risks – it is unfortunately not a sustainable solution. Continuing exposure to higher levels of arsenic ingestion remains harmful for humans. Hence arsenic-removal technology should only be seen efficient if it can bring the water to the WHO standard. A less radical approach effectively shifts the attention from the origin of the problem in addressing the impacts and postpones achieving the best possible outcome for populations. The quantitative summary of costs and effectiveness of arsenic remediation technologies reviewed in this report can serve as a preliminary guideline for selecting the most cost-effective option. It may also be used as an initial guideline (minimum standard) for summarising the results of future studies describing arsenic remediation approaches. Looking ahead, this study identifies four priority areas that may assist in commercializing wide-scale implementation of arsenic removal technologies. These include: i) focusing efforts on determining market viability of technologies, ii) overcoming practical limitations of technologies, iii) determining technology contextual appropriateness and iv) concerted effort to increase knowledge sharing in and across regions to accelerate the implementation of research on the ground. Overall, the current science and knowledge on arsenic remediation technologies may be mature enough already to help significantly reduce the global numbers of affected populations. The missing link for today’s arsenic removal challenge is the ability to translate research evidence and laboratory-level successes into quantifiable and sustainable impacts on the ground. Achieving this requires a concerted and sustained effort from policymakers, engineers, healthcare providers, donors, and community leaders.
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