Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Detention'

This research utilised a range of deterministic and stochastic analyses to establish whether Queensland's juvenile justice system processes Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young male offenders differently. The impetus for this research stemmed from the continued high rates of Aboriginal over-representation within Australia's criminal justice system, despite diversionary measures to reduce such over-representation, and a commitment by the Queensland Government to reduce by 50% the number of Aboriginal peoples in custody by the year 2011. There are two competing hypotheses concerning the cause of this over-representation, (i) external factors such as socioeconomic disadvantage, unemployment or substance abuse, or (ii) systemic disparity within the criminal justice system. For this research, disparity is defined as the unacceptable use of discrimination; discrimination can be appropriate if it is used to define or enhance a situation, such as discriminating between offenders who are recidivists and those who are first time offenders. The inappropriate use of discrimination occurs for example, when harsher sentences are issued to offenders based on non-legal factors such as race or gender. Systemic disparity is therefore used here to represent the inappropriate use of discrimination against an offender by the criminal justice system. The second hypothesis, one of systemic disparity, provided the framework for this research, which posed the following primary question: Is there quantifiable evidence to support the existence of disparity acting against young male Aboriginal offenders within Queensland's juvenile justice system? Two separate but complementary studies were designed to address this issue: the pathways study and the trajectory study. The pathways study utilised 20,648 finalised appearances for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young male offenders in Queensland's juvenile courts, during 1999 to 2003. Three custodial decision-making stages (police custody, remand, and sentencing) were examined and two questions initially posed: Does the custodial decision made at one stage of the juvenile justice system impact on a subsequent custodial decision-making stage? Does criminal history, Aboriginal status, offence type or an interaction of these factors significantly influence the probability of (i) detention in police custody (ii) court remand (iii) a custodial order at sentencing? It was recognised that other legally relevant factors such as family structure and stability, school attendance and community ties might also influence these custodial decisions; however, for the purposes of this research it was not possible to include these variables in the analyses. Controlling for criminal history, findings from logistic regression analyses indicated that being detained in police custody increased the odds of being remanded into custody, and being remanded into custody increased the odds of a custodial order. Whilst Aboriginal status was not a consistent factor at any of these three custodial stages, there was clear evidence of disparity acting against the young male Aboriginal offender, particularly early in their criminal career. To examine these disparities further, these three custodial stages were modeled as eight processing pathways: four of which resulted in a custodial order and four in a noncustodial order. Using this processing model, a third question was posed: Do young Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal male offenders have different custodial pathways? Findings indicated that Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young male offenders were in general, processed along similar custodial pathways that did not include police custody, remand or a custodial order. However, young male Aboriginal offenders were less likely than equivalent non-Aboriginal offenders to have been processed along this pathway and more likely to be processed along the pathways that included remand. It was found that young offenders with a chronic criminal history were more likely to be processed along these remand pathways, and Aboriginal offenders were more likely to have a chronic criminal history than non-Aboriginal offenders; there was clear evidence of disparity at specific custodial stages of the system. In addition, as young male Aboriginal offenders progressed deeper into the system there was evidence of cumulative disparity, particularly along the remand pathways, meaning that the probability of being in custody increases as the offender progresses from one custodial stage to the next custodial stage. Given the existence of disparity, acting within the juvenile justice system and against the young male Aboriginal offender, it was important to formulate viable solutions to such disparity, particularly in light of the Queensland government's commitment to reduce Aboriginal offenders in custody by 50%. Deterministic analyses and computer simulations were used to test the viability of various reduction scenarios suggested by the data. Despite in some instances, different results from the deterministic analyses and the computer simulations, overall findings indicated that to reduce custodial disparity whether at the remand stage, the custodial order stage, or in custody overall (the summation of police custody, remand and custodial orders) that reducing remand, regardless of whether the young offender had been in police custody or not, was the best overall solution. The trajectory study built on the findings of the pathways study, which had identified criminal history as an important factor in the processing pathways of young male Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal offenders. Using the semi-parametric group based method, the criminal trajectories of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young male offenders in Queensland were modeled. These trajectories were based on the finalised appearances of two cohorts of young offenders aged 10 to 17 years of age: those born in 1983 and 1984 and who had turned 18 years of age in 2001 and 2002 respectively. All of these young male offenders had entered the adult system when they turned 17 years of age, and this data provided their complete juvenile history in Queensland. Prior analyses using this method had not considered Aboriginal status or race as a determining factor in these trajectory models, nor had these models been validated either internally or externally in published works. For this research, internal validity was considered as the correct classification of offenders into trajectory groups, and external validity as the ability to reproduce these results in a second or subsequent sample of juvenile offenders. Two questions were therefore posed in the trajectory study: Do young Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal male offenders have different criminal trajectories? Can the predicted model(s) be validated, both internally and externally? Initial findings indicated that the optimal trajectory models selected on prior knowledge and the Bayesian Information Criterion did not validate internally. This finding brought into question the trajectory results of other published works that had not internally validated their models. The models finally selected as optimal indicated that Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young male offenders did not have a common criminal trajectory and could not be modeled as one population. Both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young offenders were modeled by a low-frequency group, a late-onset group, and a chronic trajectory group. However, the young male Aboriginal offender was more likely than the non-Aboriginal to have been in the chronic or the late onset group and less likely to have been in the lowfrequency group. External validation utilised an innovative but simple method that utilised all of the data in the modeling process along with a sample of this same data for validation purposes: 10% of the criminal profiles, which were characteristic of the trajectory groups, and a further 5% of randomly selected profiles were chosen for validation. All of the characteristic profiles, but only 50% of the randomly selected profiles were validated, and of the latter, the majority not validated was in the late-onset group. In total, 79.2% of the Aboriginal trajectories and 85.6% of the non-Aboriginal criminal trajectories were correctly externally validated. Overall, there are two important implications from this research for government. First, even though young male Aboriginal offenders are more likely to have a chronic criminal history than non-Aboriginal offenders, this factor does not account for all of the observed disparity acting against the young Aboriginal offender within Queensland's juvenile justice system: there is evidence of disparity within the system that is unaccounted for by either offence type or criminal history. Second, given this chronic criminal history, systemic solutions to systemic disparity whilst viable, will not ultimately resolve this problem: they are only short-term measures at the end of a very long justice system. Longer-term solutions are needed to address external factors such as socio-economic disadvantage, unemployment and substance abuse in Aboriginal communities, before these young people are exposed to the system. Continuing to concentrate on systemic solutions, to such an entrenched problem as Aboriginal overrepresentation and disparity, is a misdirection of system resources and is inconsistent with social justice.

This research utilised a range of deterministic and stochastic analyses to establish whether Queensland's juvenile justice system processes Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young male offenders differently. The impetus for this research stemmed from the continued high rates of Aboriginal over-representation within Australia's criminal justice system, despite diversionary measures to reduce such over-representation, and a commitment by the Queensland Government to reduce by 50% the number of Aboriginal peoples in custody by the year 2011. There are two competing hypotheses concerning the cause of this over-representation, (i) external factors such as socioeconomic disadvantage, unemployment or substance abuse, or (ii) systemic disparity within the criminal justice system. For this research, disparity is defined as the unacceptable use of discrimination; discrimination can be appropriate if it is used to define or enhance a situation, such as discriminating between offenders who are recidivists and those who are first time offenders. The inappropriate use of discrimination occurs for example, when harsher sentences are issued to offenders based on non-legal factors such as race or gender. Systemic disparity is therefore used here to represent the inappropriate use of discrimination against an offender by the criminal justice system. The second hypothesis, one of systemic disparity, provided the framework for this research, which posed the following primary question: Is there quantifiable evidence to support the existence of disparity acting against young male Aboriginal offenders within Queensland's juvenile justice system? Two separate but complementary studies were designed to address this issue: the pathways study and the trajectory study. The pathways study utilised 20,648 finalised appearances for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young male offenders in Queensland's juvenile courts, during 1999 to 2003. Three custodial decision-making stages (police custody, remand, and sentencing) were examined and two questions initially posed: Does the custodial decision made at one stage of the juvenile justice system impact on a subsequent custodial decision-making stage? Does criminal history, Aboriginal status, offence type or an interaction of these factors significantly influence the probability of (i) detention in police custody (ii) court remand (iii) a custodial order at sentencing? It was recognised that other legally relevant factors such as family structure and stability, school attendance and community ties might also influence these custodial decisions; however, for the purposes of this research it was not possible to include these variables in the analyses. Controlling for criminal history, findings from logistic regression analyses indicated that being detained in police custody increased the odds of being remanded into custody, and being remanded into custody increased the odds of a custodial order. Whilst Aboriginal status was not a consistent factor at any of these three custodial stages, there was clear evidence of disparity acting against the young male Aboriginal offender, particularly early in their criminal career. To examine these disparities further, these three custodial stages were modeled as eight processing pathways: four of which resulted in a custodial order and four in a noncustodial order. Using this processing model, a third question was posed: Do young Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal male offenders have different custodial pathways? Findings indicated that Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young male offenders were in general, processed along similar custodial pathways that did not include police custody, remand or a custodial order. However, young male Aboriginal offenders were less likely than equivalent non-Aboriginal offenders to have been processed along this pathway and more likely to be processed along the pathways that included remand. It was found that young offenders with a chronic criminal history were more likely to be processed along these remand pathways, and Aboriginal offenders were more likely to have a chronic criminal history than non-Aboriginal offenders; there was clear evidence of disparity at specific custodial stages of the system. In addition, as young male Aboriginal offenders progressed deeper into the system there was evidence of cumulative disparity, particularly along the remand pathways, meaning that the probability of being in custody increases as the offender progresses from one custodial stage to the next custodial stage. Given the existence of disparity, acting within the juvenile justice system and against the young male Aboriginal offender, it was important to formulate viable solutions to such disparity, particularly in light of the Queensland government's commitment to reduce Aboriginal offenders in custody by 50%. Deterministic analyses and computer simulations were used to test the viability of various reduction scenarios suggested by the data. Despite in some instances, different results from the deterministic analyses and the computer simulations, overall findings indicated that to reduce custodial disparity whether at the remand stage, the custodial order stage, or in custody overall (the summation of police custody, remand and custodial orders) that reducing remand, regardless of whether the young offender had been in police custody or not, was the best overall solution. The trajectory study built on the findings of the pathways study, which had identified criminal history as an important factor in the processing pathways of young male Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal offenders. Using the semi-parametric group based method, the criminal trajectories of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young male offenders in Queensland were modeled. These trajectories were based on the finalised appearances of two cohorts of young offenders aged 10 to 17 years of age: those born in 1983 and 1984 and who had turned 18 years of age in 2001 and 2002 respectively. All of these young male offenders had entered the adult system when they turned 17 years of age, and this data provided their complete juvenile history in Queensland. Prior analyses using this method had not considered Aboriginal status or race as a determining factor in these trajectory models, nor had these models been validated either internally or externally in published works. For this research, internal validity was considered as the correct classification of offenders into trajectory groups, and external validity as the ability to reproduce these results in a second or subsequent sample of juvenile offenders. Two questions were therefore posed in the trajectory study: Do young Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal male offenders have different criminal trajectories? Can the predicted model(s) be validated, both internally and externally? Initial findings indicated that the optimal trajectory models selected on prior knowledge and the Bayesian Information Criterion did not validate internally. This finding brought into question the trajectory results of other published works that had not internally validated their models. The models finally selected as optimal indicated that Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young male offenders did not have a common criminal trajectory and could not be modeled as one population. Both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young offenders were modeled by a low-frequency group, a late-onset group, and a chronic trajectory group. However, the young male Aboriginal offender was more likely than the non-Aboriginal to have been in the chronic or the late onset group and less likely to have been in the lowfrequency group. External validation utilised an innovative but simple method that utilised all of the data in the modeling process along with a sample of this same data for validation purposes: 10% of the criminal profiles, which were characteristic of the trajectory groups, and a further 5% of randomly selected profiles were chosen for validation. All of the characteristic profiles, but only 50% of the randomly selected profiles were validated, and of the latter, the majority not validated was in the late-onset group. In total, 79.2% of the Aboriginal trajectories and 85.6% of the non-Aboriginal criminal trajectories were correctly externally validated. Overall, there are two important implications from this research for government. First, even though young male Aboriginal offenders are more likely to have a chronic criminal history than non-Aboriginal offenders, this factor does not account for all of the observed disparity acting against the young Aboriginal offender within Queensland's juvenile justice system: there is evidence of disparity within the system that is unaccounted for by either offence type or criminal history. Second, given this chronic criminal history, systemic solutions to systemic disparity whilst viable, will not ultimately resolve this problem: they are only short-term measures at the end of a very long justice system. Longer-term solutions are needed to address external factors such as socio-economic disadvantage, unemployment and substance abuse in Aboriginal communities, before these young people are exposed to the system. Continuing to concentrate on systemic solutions, to such an entrenched problem as Aboriginal overrepresentation and disparity, is a misdirection of system resources and is inconsistent with social justice.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Criminology and Criminal Justice
Full Text

Detention centres are a rather new phenomena in the Swedish institutional setup. However, due to the migration inflow of 2015 it is now rapidly expanding all over Sweden. So far, it has been only scarcely monitored and researched and mostly with a focus on the perspective of the detainee’s health or the employee’s experiences at the detention centres. Little is known about the role of the NGOs and how they collaborate with the Migration Agency to secure the rights for those who are detained. This study is a qualitative case study on one of the five detention centres in Sweden, namely Åstorp detention centre which is located in Skåne 20km from Helsingborg. Four interviews have been made with the Migration Agency and with the NGOs that are continuously visiting the detainees in Åstorp. By using data triangulation, the validity of the study has increased and principles from the rights-based approach have been used to highlight important aspects of the collaboration. One significant finding in this research is that the Migration Agency is willingly increasing the transparency by inviting an unlimited number of NGOs to monitor and secure the rights for the detainees, which in turn has led to Sweden's detention centres being referred to as a successful model for the rest of the world. This study has also showed a successful and mutual collaboration between the Migration Agency and the NGOs and even if their roles at the detention centres are different, all participants are working towards a common goal, to improve the conditions for those who are detained. Notwithstanding the relatively limited sample by including one out of five detention centres, this study contributes also, in a small way, to new insights of the situation in Sweden's detention centres and the importance of a successful collaboration between the Migration Agency and NGOs for the detainee’s rights.

This study is an outcome evaluation of a secure unit of one juvenile detention center in the Midwest. The primary purpose of this study was to elucidate the relationship between a secure detention placement and recidivism on a sample of Midwest juvenile offenders. Besides the examination of recidivism of the total sample, this study examined differences between two subsamples of the institutionalized juveniles, those in a treatment program and those in detention only. The importance of demographics, prior admissions, length of stay, frequency of institutional misconduct, and exposure to treatment was examined. Results suggest a significant negative relationship between the age at admission and recidivism, and a positive one between prior admissions and recidivism. Length of stay, institutional misconduct, and treatment did not reach significance. This study did not find support for the effectiveness of juvenile detention in recidivism reduction. Implications of findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

The international detention regime has been placed under a considerable amount of strain in the context of the war on terror. Political elites in both the USA and UK have significantly challenged accepted standards of appropriateness regarding detention, even though these states are traditionally strongly associated with the promotion of human rights internationally. Such defections and contestations present researchers with an intriguing process to understand, as these practices, by definition, challenge our settled assumptions about the post Cold-war international order. This thesis examines one element of this puzzle, assessing how the normative constraints associated with the international detention regime were negotiated by the Blair government and Bush administration so as to allow for contestation and apparent defection in 2001-2006. Generally, the IR literature on norms has focused on their constraining power, considering simple dichotomies of compliance and defection, often drawing on pre-defined interests to explain behaviour. Whilst constructivists have recognised the constitutive nature of norms, they lack a persuasive account of the micro-foundational processes of norm influence which prevents them from engaging with the contestation of seemingly embedded international normative standards. In order to address this problem I draw from the social identity approach in social psychology, where scholars focus on the multiplicity of social identities and the interactive processes of norm influence and contestation at a micro-foundational level. I demonstrate that by firmly embedding individuals in the broader social identities context and focusing on the management strategies employed by political elites we can better understand the nature of normative constraint in these cases, and whether or not an enabling framework for such counter-normative practices was established. This thesis aims to bridge some of the gap that exists between research that focuses on international norms and that which concentrates on state leaders, demonstrating the importance of the broader interactive processes of contestation, generally missing from current constructivist accounts of international norms.

Australian immigration detention violates human rights and international law. Clinicians and professional healthcare bodies have been central to its operation, both providing healthcare within detention centres and protesting its consequences. Since its introduction over 25 years ago and despite ongoing protest the government has continued to implement increasingly opaque and punitive policy. How should clinicians respond? This thesis sets out to challenge over 20 years of thinking on this topic, calling for a shift in how clinicians and professional bodies engage with Australian immigration detention. I argue that current responses to the health and healthcare needs of those detained are inadequate. I reject a boycott but call for such action to be seen within a broader strategy aimed at bringing about social and political change. I propose a theoretical base to inform such a stance, by appealing to social movement theory and other theories of social change. I demonstrate how such theory can be applied to inform systemic, social and political change, and I argue that clinicians and professional bodies should embrace this approach which includes employing forms of political action such as protest, disruption and civil disobedience.

In the second quarter of 2013, 7,944 people were detained in the UK ‘for the purposes of immigration control’ (Home Office, 2013). While 1,138 of those detained were women, major shortcomings are identified in their treatment and calls made for a more gender sensitive asylum system. Although 35% of these women went on to be released there is a lack of research that investigates the on-going legacy of detention and the consequences for the sense of belonging, social integration and wellbeing of ex-detainees. This thesis draws on in-depth narrative interviews with 16 migrant women in the UK who were detained and then released from UK Immigration Removal Centres and five charity workers. Within migration scholarship the paradigm of exclusion has been traditionally adopted to understand how states seek to protect borders, keeping unwanted individuals out or contained. A spatial examination of respondents’ critical geographies of home reveals however that despite their release from detention these women continued to negotiate multiple and fluctuating boundaries. It is argued therefore that this paradigm obscures a nuanced perspective and proposes instead a discourse of precarity. Not only can the ‘state of precarity’ implicit within narratives of detention seep into and define the everyday geographies of home beyond release, respondents’ everyday negotiations with home remained central to the construction and proliferation of everyday precarity. This is achieved through a home-infused geopolitical rhetoric and interventions in the name of immigration enforcement which were revealed through (in)secure spaces of home. An exploration of emotional and embodied geographies also exposes erosive implications for feelings of belonging and health and wellbeing. A discourse of precarity therefore allows for a differentiation and critical inquiry of subjective gendered positions, citizenship and importantly, emergent accounts of resilience, reworking and resistance on predominantly social trajectories.

This thesis compares four individual projects involving innovative approaches to the problems facing stormwater management in urban areas. The first study ‘The Glasgow Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS) Management Project’ satisfies the first phase of the Glasgow Surface Water Management Project. The project showed also how SUDS can contribute to the overall catchment dynamics of cities. Detailed design and management guidelines were then drafted for selected representative demonstration areas. A combination of infiltration trenches or swales with ponds or underground storage were the most likely SUDS options for the majority of the demonstration areas. Soil contamination issues were considered when selecting SUDS because heavy metals such as lead and zinc can cause environmental health problems. During the second study, 103 sites within Edinburgh were identified to assess the applicability of sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) being integrated into future development, regeneration and retrofitting plans. A practical SUDS Decision Support Model based on a matrix and weighting system, incorporating the Prevalence Rating Approach for SUDS Techniques (PRABT) has been developed. The aim of the third study was to assess constraints associated with the planning, design and operation of stormwater infiltration systems, the influence of aquatic plants on water quality and the overall water treatment potential. Runoff from a lightly trafficked road within The King’s Buildings campus, mixed with dog faeces was used to simulate the real life conditions. The experimental site comprising a silt trap, a below-ground detection tank and two infiltration ponds (one planted and one unplanted) was fed by road runoff. The last study examined whether multiple regression analysis and neural network models could be applied successfully for the indirect prediction of the runoff treatment performance with water quality indicator variables in an experimental storm water detention system rig. Five mature experimental storm water detention systems with different designs treating concentrated gully pot liquor were assessed in this study.

A statistical model has been developed to study the long-term behaviour of a stormwater detention unit. This unit stores a portion of the incoming runoff, corresponding to the empty space available in the unit, from which runoff is pumped to a treatment plant. The objective is to avoid, as much as possible, the discharge of untreated runoff to receiving bodies of water. The model was developed by considering the arrival of independent runoff events at the urban catchment. The process variables of event depth, duration, and interevent time were treated as independent, identically distributed random variables. A storage equation was formulated from which the probability of detention unit overflow was obtained. With this distribution it was possible to define the trap efficiency of the unit in terms of the long-term fraction of the runoff volume trapped by the storage unit. The trap efficiency expressions define storage/ treatment isoquants, which represent the combinations of storage capacity, treatment rate, and the sewer system runoff trapping capacity, which provide a fixed level of runoff control. A pollutant load model was also formulated, based on a first-order washoff model. This model was used to define pollutant control isoquants. Optimal values of the required storage capacity and treatment rate were obtained by treating the isoquants as production functions. Applying the results of production function theory, a cost minimization problem was solved for the value of the storage capacity and treatment rate, for prescribed runoff and pollutant trap efficiency levels. The results obtained with the statistical model compared well with results obtained from major simulation models. The statistical approach offers an advantage in that no simulation is required to obtain the isoquants, as the expressions are analytical, thus greatly simplifying the optimization process. Also, the evaluation of the storage unit pollutant trap efficiency can be easily evaluated for any type of pollutant whose washoff rate is known.
Ph. D.

Thesis (M.S.)--Central Connecticut State University, 2001.
Thesis advisor: Stephen M. Cox. " ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Criminal Justice." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-54). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Using the theory on Representative Bureaucracy, this study considers the minority representative role, which suggests that administrators who are minorities are more inclined to represent minority interests. This study examined whether officers perceive themselves as advocates based on shared demographics and whether they develop attitudes toward reducing youth violence. Considerably more researchers conduct studies in adult prisons than juvenile correctional facilities, which focus on rehabilitation for youth. Therefore, this study further examines youth correctional staff attitudes toward inmates. The way correctional officers' treat minors may impact the amount of violence in juvenile detention facilities. The purposes of the study are to determine whether bureaucratic representation can have an impact on preventing violence, and to understand what factors lead officers in perceiving they have different roles. The two types of bureaucratic representation are passive and active. Passive representation, such as race, ethnicity, and gender, may shape role perceptions because attitudes are constructed by demographic characteristics. Active representation consists of decision-making behavior reflected in measurable policy outputs that are responsive to minority interests. This dissertation seeks to determine whether minority officers perceive themselves in passive or active terms, and how that representation relates to their particular strategies for dealing with youth violence. To determine how officers perceive themselves, this study incorporated mixed methods of both qualitative and quantitative research to examine how officers implement decisions in their positions. This study uses survey research from the Performance Based Standards from the U.S. Department of Justice and interviews with individuals who worked with inmates in California juvenile detention facilities to determine the relationship between minority officers and attitudes toward youth violence. Regression models, including year, were conducted for each hypothesis as a predictor in the model. Multiple regression analysis was used to demonstrate the relationship between independent variables and a single dependent variable. The data have information on facilities as well as staff and inmates within those facilities. Due to the nested nature of the data, multilevel regression models were also conducted when examining outcomes measured at the staff and inmate level.

University of Central Florida College of Engineering Thesis
Laboratory and field studies were conducted to characterize phosphorus in bottom sediments for retention/detention ponds. The laboratory studies, including batch and column experiments, were conducted to assess possible removal processes. Sediment core samples were collected from detention ponds receiving urban runoff. These cores were analyzed for phosphorus at different layers including accumulated top sediments and the lower parent soil beneath it at a depth of 1, 3, 5, 10 and greater than 10 cm. The phosphorus accumulation rate was found to decline with calculated overflow rates from an average storm. Also attenuation of phosphorus with sediment depth followed an exponential decline. Batch experiments showed a higher adsorption capacity to remove phosphorus for top accumulated sediments than the lower parent soil, which is consistent with data from field studies showing greater phosphorus in the sediments. Phosphorus adsorptioncan be described by the Freundlich and Linear isotherms. Mass transfer rates varied with phosphorus concentration and contact time. A generalized model was developed to predict phosphorus removal in column studies.
M.S.
Masters
Civil and Environmental Engineering
Engineering
Environmental Engineering
136 p.
x, 136 leaves, bound : ill. ; 28 cm.

This thesis investigates the work of custody visiting in police stations. Custody visitors make what are supposed to be random and unannounced visits to custody blocks in all parts of England and Wales. They check on the welfare of detainees being held in police custody, and they report their findings to the local Police and Crime Commissioner. Custody visiting is an important component of the criminal justice system, but it has been almost completely ignored by police scholars, and is largely unknown among the general public. The thesis analyses the character of official policy about custody visiting since the first “lay visiting” schemes in the early 1980s, through to the operation, from 2002, of the current statutory scheme known as “Independent Custody Visiting”. Using observation and face-to-face interviews in a local case study, along with wider desk and archival research and elite interviews, and drawing on Steven Lukes’ concept of power, this thesis is an original, in-depth investigation of this phenomenon. It is the first rigorous assessment of custody visiting, and the first thorough evaluation of its independence and of its effectiveness as a regulator of police behaviour.

This thesis explores the normative propriety of immigration detention in liberal states. In the first part of the thesis, I explore the development, current practice, and popular justifications for immigration detention in the United Kingdom. I argue that a crucial but unacknowledged role for immigration detention is to function as a political spectacle of the centralisation of power in liberal states. I find that the key motivation for detaining non-citizens is that they could abscond before their removals. I conclude that this basis for detention is normatively acceptable in only very limited cases and, even then, alternatives are often available and ethically preferable. Based on the fact that there is a normatively acceptable rationale, albeit circumscribed, for detention practices, I then propose a framework of minimum standards of treatment in detention that I advise all liberal states to follow. After outlining my proposal, I turn in the second part of the thesis to an examination of the normative theories of immigration control and how they take account of detention. Normative theorists differ in how they balance their commitments to individual and state rights, yet I find the majority concedes the need for some degree of immigration admissions control. Such theories face a moral dilemma: there can be no immigration control without detention, and so detention becomes an implicit assumption for these normative theories to be coherent. A potential solution for combating the practical problems associated with the growing, worsening detention estates as well as the moral dilemma of incarcerating a non-citizen based on fear of absconding would be to open borders and eliminate immigration control. Given the reality of the sovereign right to control immigration, however, I argue that the more feasible normative answer is lobby liberal states to adopt my framework of minimum standards of treatment while simultaneously pressing for open borders as the long-term ethical goal.

?The Fargo Project? located in Fargo, North Dakota, is an 18-acre stormwater detention basin that was retrofitted in 2015 to include an earthen-channel, sediment forebay, and various native vegetation within the floodplain and channels. Goals of this study were to assess how the post-retrofit earthen-channel performs relative to the pre-retrofit concrete-channel in terms of conveyance of small storms, and to estimate infiltration and evaporation from the post-retrofit detention basin during various storm sizes and intensities. Results showed that although channel roughness ultimately increased in the post-retrofit basin and allowed for greater instances of flooding for one channel, erosion of the main channel, with a larger urbanized contributing area, resulted in behavior similar to that of the pre-retrofit main channel for small storms. Modeled infiltration and evaporation showed total abstraction ranging between 2.9% and 11.7% of the maximum ponded volume for various storm sizes and intensities.

The main argument of this thesis is that the penitentiary crisis in Venezuela is brought about an inept criminal justice system whose functioning (or lack thereof) further exacerbates overcrowding in penitentiary facilities as well as violates the most basic human rights. More elaborately, I argue that the unintentional (mis)use of pre-trial preventive detention, one of the consequences of the inept criminal justice system, further exacerbates the overcrowding in prisons and creates serious human rights implications. The purpose of this study is to establish a connection between the penitentiary crisis in Venezuela, with a focus on pre-trial preventive detention, and the larger criminal justice system failure in the country. The data source and data gathering technique for the thesis consists of a content analysis and a secondary literature review. Since the theoretical framework of the project is international human rights, instruments from the United Nations and the Organization of American States are used. Reports from non-governmental organizations like Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and Observatorio Venezolano de Prisiones provide the data to conduct the analysis which is specific to pre-trial preventive detention in Venezuela. These reports are produced on a yearly basis and will help to compliment the data obtained from government sources, mainly the Venezuelan Ombudsman's office. The findings of the thesis support the argument that contrary to common belief, the (mis)use of pre-trial preventive detention in Venezuela is in fact mainly accidental, it is not systematic in the sense that it is not targeting a particular group of people due to their political affiliation and/or beliefs. Furthermore, I prove that Venezuelan penitentiary facilities are overcrowded due to the (mis)use of pre-trial preventive detention. Immediate recommendations for the Venezuelan state include re-categorizing the penal population in Venezuela as well as diminishing the use of deprivation of liberty, specifically pre-trial preventive detention.

碩士
國防大學
法律學系
102
In recent years, we could often find a term “preventive detention” in criminal cases. The difference of requirements, compared to general detention, for preventive detention is “there is enough facts to determine that the suspects may repeatedly commit the same crimes.” However, although the detention is the most severe violation of personal freedom, for the purposes of preservation of evidences and ensuring the enforcement of criminal procedure law, it is the most effective means. Currently many American and European legal systems still retain this practice, even European Convention on Human Rights also expressly provided it. Although academic circles argue that “preventive detention” violates the principle of resumption of innocence and question its accuracy of prediction, so it should be abolished, the practical uses of it even more frequently, especially the suspects in many major cases are bailed out in courts that have triggered public criticism, protests and discontent. Under the atmosphere that is prone to be dominated by mass sentiment, how legal system strikes a balance and gives fair trials? Based on the reasons of preventive detention legislation in our country and the operation under the current legal norms of European Convention on Human Rights and Human Rights Court, this study tries to present our recommendations. It is hoped that a balance could be stricken between safeguarding social security and protection of human rights to establish conditions and systems in line with requirements of a country of rule of law.

碩士
中央警察大學
法律學研究所
106
This paper reported recently detained related cases gradually valued, and the majority decision points out crimes involved the lightest punishment of not less than five years, citing a felony, namely using the 3 of paragraph 1 of article 101 of the criminal procedure law for a felony in custody, but only by lawmakers for years as a misdemeanor punishment degree, seems to work hard to convince standard, the author study motivation, and the ruling parties for blue, green, former President Chen custody for many years, I still remember the major news media space, is the former President Chen hands cuffed, over their heads said his discontent!The picture is still unable to erase from the mind deeply, a former head of state was taken away by law enforcement personnel in such a way that the back court here will be a felony in custody the terms play incisively and vividly, make the author began to notice the criminal action of the defendant's human rights protection problems still have many to breakthrough, then derived by justice interpretation of the word no. 665, most of them with different opinion between also at loggerheads, on behalf of the system of dispute exists!Legal basis custody, trying to find out what kind of conditions to further study in custody, alternative disposal, the situation need to be really out of last resort to custody, trying to find the plight of the practice, discusses the necessary for repairing method, and for the future custody system practices provide their ideas, the writer hopes to have the reference value. Custody system evolution, but from the judicial yuan 1995 justice interpretation of the word no. 392 is made, the prosecutor's detention decisions, replaced by the judge to writ principle to decide, and think in custody as a last resort, the launch!That is, if the alternative means of custody can be used, it should not be used.At present our country's custody, alternative d, pay the residence, limit, aiming at security criminal defendants, ensure the procedure of prosecution, trial and execution can go smoothly, but to destroy evidence or to avoid effects of collusion may still not as good as expected, although in 2000 (millennium) vary 2, article 116 of the criminal procedure legislation to court may, in accordance with the specific case to decide whether to launch banned disposition, theoretically can make up for the above   problems, a level but designing will be attached to the custody of the alternative comparison, wiped out its independence may, as necessary to review the improvement.So 2 of article 116 of the criminal procedure law amendment mentioned, then to the defendant from hire security monitoring, electronic ankle bracelet monitoring facilities, and it is prohibited to dispose large movable property, real estate, etc., and suggests that requires the defendant without the permission of the judge or prosecutor shall not be allowed to leave the house, or a certain area, it is prohibited to apply for your passport or travel documents, without the consent of the school inspection shall not dispose of specific property, and so on, has imposed a ban on disposition of such matching will be able to play to detain the effectiveness of alternative means, to not perfect.this processing of the destroyed, collusion and other issues, also can effectively prevent free.In custody system also, growing strong, gradually developed into a set of mature system, the criminal procedure law is a very important milestone, for universal rights protection and the promotion of the position of the rule of law in our country, is also a picket.Whether felony custody and preventive custody should still exist and whether they conform to the constitution's intention to protect people's rights and interests is also an important issue to be addressed in this paper. Keywords：Felony detention,Custody, Prevention detention

碩士
中興大學
水土保持學系所
95
The detention ponds, which are required in the development of the slopeland, can be divided into single flood detention pond and consecutive flood detention ponds by the reasons of cost and land use. In this study, we establish the hydrology theory for the single flood detention pond and the consecutive flood detention ponds. We also made a flume experiment. We compared detention volume with the single flood detention pond and the consecutive flood detention ponds. Also, with the same outflow and inflow, we discussed the detention effect for different flume slope and proportion of detention volume. In the result, we found out that for the same detention effect, the volume of the consecutive flood detention ponds is larger than the single flood detention pond. The excessive detention volume rate will decrease while the flume slope increases. In addition, it will be safer to construct consecutive detention ponds at steeper land than to construct single flood detention. With the ratio of volume, When a outflow of the up pond, equals to another, , the proportion of the greatest volume of the flood detention ponds is 5:5.With the same peak attenuation, consecutive flood pond is longer than the single flood in the variation of peak lags.

Menores não acompanhados requerentes de asilos que deixam o seu país de origem são confrontados com múltiplos desafios e situações de perigo quando estão a caminho do seu país de destino. No entanto, mesmo quando chegam a países tidos como sendo seguros e respeitadores de direitos humanos, estes menores sofrem ainda várias violações a este nível, perpetuadas pelos estados receptores. Esta tese tem em consideração este tópico em solo da União Europeia, focando-se no mais importante instrumento legal internacional de direitos humanos para a protecção de crianças, a Convenção sobre os Direitos da Criança, e a principal directiva para a recepção de requerentes de asilo, bem como tendo em conta outros documentos vinculativos e não vinculativos, doutrina e jurisprudência relevantes. Consagrado na Convenção está uma parte controversa e essencial desta, o princípio do melhor interesse da criança, sobre o qual esta dissertação irá reflectir ao analisar a detenção de um grupo vulnerável, os menores não acompanhados requerentes de asilo, em território pertencente à União Europeia. De forma a conseguir isto, a tese analisa as diferentes fases que levam e influenciam a detenção de menores - os processos à chegada, o procedimento de asilo e as garantias legais processuais. Por fim, elabora-se uma reflecção sobre o acto de detenção de menores não acompanhados requerentes de asilo através da analise dos princípios de “último recurso” e “pela mínima duração possível”. Assim sendo, a tese ambiciona clarificar a famosa, mas desconhecida, situação dos menores não acompanhados requerentes de asilo que chegam à Europa e as violações de direitos humanos de que são vítimas, olhando para como a ilegalidade dos actos perpetuados é provada através de documentos e princípios legais internacionais, regionais e nacionais, mesmo se estes são defendidos e perpetuados por certos Estados.
Unaccompanied asylum seeking minors leaving their countries of origins face a serious of challenges and dangerous situations on the way to their countries of destination. However, even when they arrive at safe countries they still face a number of violations of human rights, perpetuated by the receiving states. This thesis approaches this matter in the European Union, focusing on the main international human rights instrument protecting children, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the central European directive on the reception of asylum seekers, alongside other relevant binding and non-binding legal documents, doctrine and jurisprudence. Enshrined in the Convention is the best interest of the child principle, a controversial and essential part of it, which this dissertation will reflect upon through the detention of unaccompanied asylum seeking minors, a vulnerable group, in European Union territory. In order to do this, the thesis analyses the different stages that lead and affect the detention of minors - arrival procedures, asylum granting processes and judicial guarantees. Finally, it seeks to reflect on the act of the detention of unaccompanied asylum seeking minors itself by its assessing its legality concerning the principle of last resort and the principle of minimum time of detention as possible. As such, this thesis aims to shine light on the numerous violations of human rights that unaccompanied asylum seeking minors often suffer upon arrival in Europe and how their illegality is proven through a series of international, regional and national legally binding articles and principles, even if these acts are continuously perpetuated and states attempt to justify them.

碩士
醒吾科技大學
資訊科技應用系
104
This study aims to utilize the characteristics of two innovative technologies, the smart phone Bluetooth technology and the BLE system, and apply them to the patrol system of Yilan Detention Center, National Immigration Agency (NIA), in order to improve the safety and efficiency of the patrol system. There are two major components in the patrol system structure, the “BLE Detention Center Patrol System” and the “BLE Detention Center System Server Webpage.” The analysis and design of this system is based on the Object-oriented Analysis method. The Beacon system detects the Bluetooth’s serial number through the smart phone Bluetooth signal of the patrol personnel, and enables the system to record the Beacon device position and the time of detection of that particular phone. The system is also capable of uploading real-time patrol records and patrol route to the system’s database server via Internet by using the Wi-Fi connection of the smart phone of the patrol personnel. The “BLE Detention Center Patrol System” also offers management a way to inspect and review the working status and patrol route of the patrol personnel.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
農業工程學研究所
87
To reduce the flood and sediment disaster at downstream zone, it should be setting up settle basin and detention pond at suitable sites. But the development owners put the settle basin and detention pond together. This study is using the way to simulate computation by assumed watershed and using the Puls method to analyze the effect of flood detention in different opening types, and the merit, shortcoming of combined design. Besides also using the flume experiment to study the sediment characteristic of detention and sedimentation structure. This study gets the flowing results: 1.At the same inflow hydrograph, bed slope, and the outflow peak discharge, the orifice opening type has higher efficiency than the rectangular type. 2.The combined design of settling basin and detention pond has two shortcomings. (1)At the effect of flood detention, the main different is the time-lag of outflow hydrograph. In this case the time-lag will achieve 38 minutes this will in the small discharge can''t flow out, also will cause to destroy the ecosystem of downstream. (2)At the effect of settlement, because the settlement length is reduced duce to combined design, it will cause the low settlement efficiency. In this case the trap efficiency will from 1 reduce to 0.68. By this design, the combined design can''t achieve the effect of settlement. 3.The amount of outflow sediment will concentrate at low water level, and will reduce with the increase of water level. The trap efficiency will deduce with the decrease amount of deposit in the settle zone.

碩士
國立中興大學
土木工程學系
87
In order to avoid disasters downstream, it is usual that detention dam is constructed upstream for peak runoff reduction, and control of streamline and sediment. The size of detention volume is the function of inflow hydrograph, peak inflow reduction, the form of outlet devices, discharge formula of outlets and channel bed slope. Consequently, four types of channel bed slope, five kinds of compound outlets and four characteristic parameters of inflow hydrograph are combined to simulate the variation of detention volume and to explore the effect of channel bed slope for detention efficiency by experiments. Also, discharge formulas of different compound outlets are obtained by steady flow experimental. The results of this study are outlined as follows: 1.Discharge formulas of different compound outlets are obtained through theoretical and experimental analyses. The conjectural equation in metric system is given by while h(outlet depth)≦H(biggest depth in the section of outlet), where is the discharge of outlet, g is a gravitational acceleration, b is the breadth at bottom of trapezoidal section, p is the height of trapezium, side slopes of m (horizontal)：1 (vertical) of the trapezoidal section, and it may transfer into rectangular section when m=0. Outflow hydrographs can be found by this equation and inflow hydrograph behind detention characteristics. 2.Outflow hydrograph is found to be highly related to the inflow hydrographs , forms of outlets m, channel bed slope S and discharge formula of outlets. The specific result and formula of outflow hydrograph is established by these parameters. 3.The empirical formula of minimum detention volume is given by where is the characteristic parameter of inflow hydrograph, k is the ratio of peak inflow reduction, side slopes of m (horizontal) : 1 (vertical) of the trapezoidal section, S is the channel bed slope, Qim is the peak inflow, Tip is the time peak of inflow. This formula can be used in preliminary desgins.

碩士
玄奘大學
國際企業學系碩士班
99
With the development of international business, foreign nationals entering Taiwan for various reasons caused by the crime and management issues are also increasing year by year, into the room to go abroad and Immigration Department's management has also come to accept and frequent, this study aims to investigate foreigners asylum management, NIA Nantou shelter asylum management system, and understand the asylum management system expatriates should pay attention, Nantou shelters for countries of illegal foreign nationals to work late and involved statistics, asylum, human rights issues and other issues for research, understand the level management personnel asylum management. In this study, the literature as a theoretical basis for a case in-depth interviews with managers at all levels of Nantou shelter, and finally the use of interviews to conduct an overall analysis, the study found that served as a police post office management or related more alert in Nantou internal management systems, shelters and traffic management tools are relatively human lack of final recommendations for improvement and issues

碩士
國立臺灣大學
農業工程學系
85
The object of this study was to explore the hydraulic characteristics of detention pond. The designation of detention pond may be affected by many factors, especially the relationship of the opening type of detention dam anddischarge. After reviewing the paper, this study is based on the jet flow theory of the orifice flow and find the discharge coefficient which is dimensionless parameter through the analysis of the dimension. With flume experiment under fixed slope, we could find the varies of the discharge under many conditions such as the different diameter,unequal numbers,and different arrangement types of orifice. This study used three detention dams with the circular orifice in flume experiment. The tests are classified by three types. The first type is the unique orifice with three different diameters as 2.54cm, 4.4cm, and 7.2cm. The discharge is between 0.000066~0.00588 cms. The second type is the multipleorifice with horizontal arrangement, which has 1 to 8 opened holes, and all diameters of orifice are 2.54cm. The discharge is between 0.000066~0.00483cms.The third type is the multiple orifice with the up-down crossed arrangement. It has two different diameters as 4.4cm and 7.2cm. Each of them has 1 to 5 opened holes. The discharge is between 0.00013~0.02285 cms. All tests are under the condition of the fixed slope of the based bed. After analyzing available data, the principle results were as follows: 1.The discharge coefficient is variable and will increase when discharge increases. 2.In the second type test, it would be more effectively to drain flood using the multiple small holes in replacing of one big hole, and the cost may decrease due to the smaller volume of storage needed by retention pond. 3.In the horizontal arrangement type test, we find that the total outflow is larger than the outflow of the unique hole multiplying by the hole number. For the sake of safety, we should get the modified discharge coefficient. Through the analysis of test data, the modified discharge coefficient for different hole numbers could be gotten.

碩士
高苑科技大學
土木工程研究所
104
Due to the rapid development of the city, causing the surface topography changes, so that the agricultural depression of the original function of the flood has disappeared completely, and because of climate change, hydrological extreme events continue to occur, resulting in significant increase in rainfall runoff, resulting in urban areas whenever heavy rain often due to vent less rain and water. The specific district of Cheng Ching Lake and Fengshan-Chishan area in Kaohsiung City, due to the upstream Becks Lake detention function is obviously insufficient, leading to downstream fining road, rainwater culvert capacity Yihua intersection of row can not be satisfied that the upstream one hundred armor Shenzhen, Chishan first and second local area Shenzhen Fengshan area A and the area outside the main line into the water drainage, the village Baoye, Baohwa and Wenfu was often due to heavy rainfall caused water. Setting flood detention pond can be adjusted to address the flooding caused by the less urban areas drainage for urban development near the detention pool area also has a great influence. In this paper, Baoye detention pond is considered as an example to discuss the specific district of Cheng Ching Lake and Chishan-Fengshan area thus reducing the flooded area, reducing the chance of flooding flood control function, other functions livelihood benefits, including peacetime as near public recreation places, so that urban flood control flood control integrated into the city life, but also to create the urban landscape construction, promote the development of regional environmental ancillary benefits. The results show Baoye detention pond after setting the surrounding region's population growth rate close to 4.5%, the present value of the land announcement grow 385%, prompted traders proximity to land and housing it more warm, and thus attract more people to live in this, apparent setting the detention pond is not only just because of flood control is more effective to improve the living conditions of the environment and to promote regional development.

碩士
國立中興大學
土木工程學系
89
About the detention pond sizing for released farmland. This research use the Diffusive Tank Model and the parameters of paddy and dry field which was estimated to simulate the runoff difference of the released farmland. According to the runoff difference, this research use three types of detention pond to estimate the area of the detention pond. Because the current on the flat area was easily influenced by the downstream water. This research add the influence of downstream water when size the detention pond. According the result of this research, if we use a pump to assist drainage, we can decrease the area of detention pond. If we dig the bottom of the detention pond, we can decrease more area of the detention pond.

碩士
國立中興大學
法律學系碩士在職專班
105
The purpose of this article is to explore the constitutionality of preventive detention. Based on the policy goal to protect social security, in 1997 Taiwan revised and expanded legislation to create a preventive detention system—which is different from general detention—to ensure the smooth progress of criminal proceedings. Preventive detention is essentially a police security measure, which is meant to prevent the defendant from repeating implementation of the same crime before the judgment is carried out, and to deprive the personal freedom of the defendant or suspect by forcibly detaining those individuals in certain premises. First, this article analyzes the safeguarding provisions on personal liberty found in Article 8 of the Constitution of the Republic of China, and the practice of constitutional interpretation by the Judicial Yuan, exploring the meaning of constitutional protection of personal liberty. Next, it analyzes the elements of a preventive detention system and its revision history, and compares them with foreign legislation, reviewing the controversy surrounding the preventive detention system. Last, using the principle of rule of law and due process of law as examination criteria, it discusses the constitutionality of preventive detention. Although academics have frequently criticized and questioned the introduction of a preventive detention system, preventive detention is frequently used in practice. Both the competent authorities and legislators also view preventive detention as a panacea for suppressing crime. Whenever there is a high-profile crime in society, there will be legislators who call for amending the law to expand the applicable offenses or the scope of preventive detention, disregarding academia’s doubts about preventive detention’s excessive violations of personal liberty. The existence of preventive detention is controversial in nature because it impacts the principle of presumption of innocence, distorts the original purpose of detention system, and creates unfavorable conditions for the social re-integration of defendants. Scholars have criticized it as failed legislation, but according to foreign legislation in Germany and the United States, preventive detention has been interpreted as constitutional in those countries through the practice of judicial review, because the courts believed that the legislators had set a number of basic requirements: should be used only for major crimes, when there is a continuous and significant impact on law and order, when there is specific suspicion of crime, and must comply with the principle of proportionality. Compared to the defendant’s personal liberty, protecting social security is a legitimate and a more important public interest. In view of the inherent controversy over the existence of preventive detention, which is a trade-off between the objectives of “safeguarding social security” and “protecting personal liberty,” how to construct a balanced operational model of preventive detention has become an important issue. This article argues that the preventive detention system should be interpreted as a non-penalty security detention method, or characterized as an administrative measure. In terms of preventive detention’s legislation, interpretation, and application, both its legislation and application should be limited, and the types of crime and interpretation should not be expanded arbitrary, so as not to have the risk of unconstitutionality. Therefore, the implementation of preventive detention, in essence, must not only be consistent with the requirements and statutory reasons for detention, but it must also show that the detention was necessary, that crime and punishment have a clear meaning and scope, and that offences and penalties are not arbitrary conceived. Procedurally, it must also be consistent with certain procedures set by the Constitution and the law, and whether or not to detain should be decided by an objective and neutral judge.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
101
Comparing with detention, the purpose of preventive detention, however, is not for ensuring the proceeding of litigation procedure, but for a preventive measure and which is in similarity with a security measure. Thus, the conditions between preventive detention and detention are very different. Against the substance and the purpose of detention which lays in crime investigation, preventive detention violates the presumption of innocence with the basis of due process of law. Nevertheless, as the importance of precaution in any dangerous behaviors to society, preventive detention is still a mainly purpose of detention in many countries nowadays. In different aspects practically, although there are vary opinions and argues in the rationality of preventive detention, preventive detention is still recognized to society resulted from the identification of safeguard to the public. The thesis researches the reasonableness of preventive detention, the social demands of preventive detention, and the influences over criminal policy under the social demands of preventive detention. Presumption of innocence, due process of law and the human rights are the core issues about preventive detention; however, the influences of preventive detention over the criminal policy are much obvious under the studies of risk society. The thesis states the background of the legal progress in Taiwan for analyzing the system of preventive detention in Taiwan, and also researches into the risk society theory in western society for the possibility of defining the same in the system of preventive detention in Taiwan. The thesis holds a dissent opinion from the existence of preventive detention. Nevertheless, as it has difficulties to abolish the preventive detention system in whole under the practical legislation, the system of preventive detention shall be amended in the conditions of acceptance by society.