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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Dangore-Khasbage, Suwarna. "Epidemics and Pandemics in India Since 20th Century - A Brief Review." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 33 (August 16, 2021): 2830–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/576.

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The outbreak of an infectious disease and its spread beyond geographic boundaries which leads to a high mortality is declared as pandemic. The factors responsible for pandemic are globalization and travel of people across the world for education, employment, business etc. On March 11, 2020 the corona virus outbreak was declared as pandemic by the World Health Organization. Nevertheless, India was one of the countries affected by the coronavirus outbreak. This article describes the epidemics and pandemics in India since 20th century. But, India was a sufferer of few serious pandemics even before that which are mentioned in brief in this article. Every pandemic has some similar and some dissimilar set of characteristics. All the possible precautionary measures should be taken to avoid transmission within the country and to other countries. In this article, the sincere efforts have been put into compilation of all these natural disasters to alert the dental and medical professionals about the mistakes they might have committed in dealing with an outbreak in the past or how they would overcome or face the current issues. Fortunately India has fought against all these calamites bravely and successfully. Nevertheless during COVID-19 also, India is maintaining better control over the disease spread irrespective of its limited resources and dense population. Though overall incidence of new cases is reducing day by day, COVID-19 still exists in India and all over the world. A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time is termed as “endemic’. However, if the outbreak of a disease occurs due to its high infectious potential it can lead to a high mortality rate, and so is declared as a pandemic. The globalization and travel of people across the world is usually responsible for pandemic. India has handled many epidemics and pandemics as revealed by history. The World Health Organization declared the coronavirus outbreak as pandemic on March 11, 2020. Basically the disease originated in China, as the first case of COVID-19 infection was diagnosed in Wuhan city of China. Large number of cases were detected to be suffering from the same disease in China as it was a highly contagious disease. Presently, the disease has spread all over the world like a storm, affecting most of the countries, with the highest number of infected cases in U.S., Italy and Spain. India is also one of the victim countries. Taking into account the rapid spread of disease COVID 19 is the topic of great worry in India due to its high population density. This article describes the epidemics and pandemics since 20th century. But, India was a sufferer of few serious pandemics even before that such as Cholera Pandemic in 5 phases, Bombay Plague Epidemic and VIth Cholera Pandemic in 19thcentury.
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Kerminen, Sini, Nicola Cerioli, Darius Pacauskas, Aki S. Havulinna, Markus Perola, Pekka Jousilahti, Veikko Salomaa, et al. "Changes in the fine-scale genetic structure of Finland through the 20th century." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): e1009347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009347.

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Information about individual-level genetic ancestry is central to population genetics, forensics and genomic medicine. So far, studies have typically considered genetic ancestry on a broad continental level, and there is much less understanding of how more detailed genetic ancestry profiles can be generated and how accurate and reliable they are. Here, we assess these questions by developing a framework for individual-level ancestry estimation within a single European country, Finland, and we apply the framework to track changes in the fine-scale genetic structure throughout the 20th century. We estimate the genetic ancestry for 18,463 individuals from the National FINRISK Study with respect to up to 10 genetically and geographically motivated Finnish reference groups and illustrate the annual changes in the fine-scale genetic structure over the decades from 1920s to 1980s for 12 geographic regions of Finland. We detected major changes after a sudden, internal migration related to World War II from the region of ceded Karelia to the other parts of the country as well as the effect of urbanization starting from the 1950s. We also show that while the level of genetic heterogeneity in general increases towards the present day, its rate of change has considerable differences between the regions. To our knowledge, this is the first study that estimates annual changes in the fine-scale ancestry profiles within a relatively homogeneous European country and demonstrates how such information captures a detailed spatial and temporal history of a population. We provide an interactive website for the general public to examine our results.
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3

Gréczi-Zsoldos, Enikő. "A palóc nyelvjárási beszélőközösség diftongushasználatának izoglosszája térben és időben." Acta Academiae Beregsasiensis, Philologica I, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.58423/2786-6726/2022-2-85-106.

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In recent years I have done researches in the Palóc dialect area. In this region the diphthongs were used by the speakers of a larger area in earlier eras of Hungarian language history. In some dialect groups and local dialects of this region even in the 19th century also reported diphthong pronunciation. At the end of the 20th century and now most of the Palóc speakers do not pronounce diphthongs, this data is demonstrated in language tests. It can be detected divergent linguistic movements. We can perceive those different phenomena on both sides of the Trianon border in the earlier Nógrád county (the borderline between Hungary and Slovakia is here at the present). The geographical boundary line marking the area in which a distinctive linguistic feature commonly occurs. The isogloss means a geographical dialect continuum. In my study, I try to draw the temporal and spatial boundaries of diphthong use and disappearance. Sometimes these differences will be larger, sometimes smaller, but they will be cumulative. My corpus shows linguistic changes from the Middle Age to the present. My analysis was done by the following written and oral data: 1. The Code of Gömöry from the 16th century – the nun who copied it (her name: soror Katherina, Legéndy Kató), comes from the Palóc dialect region from the village Legénd. My resources contain the descriptions of the speech and customs of the Palóc speakers from the 18th and the 19th century (Matthias Bel 1735, from the northern Palóc region; Fábián Szeder 1819, the first and the following researches in the area along the river Ipoly; Imre Hollók 1836, from the region of Gömör; István Szabó 1837, in the valley of Karancs; Antal Reguly 1857, notes on her trip in the land of Palóc ethnicity; Gyula Pap 1865, from the region of Salgó; Sándor Pintér 1880, her collections in the western central region of the Palóc; Gyula Istvánffy 1890–1900, her collection of the folk poetries in the area of Mátra); 3. Atlas of the Hungarian Dialects from the middle of the 20th century; 4. the data from the atlases of dialect islands from Slavonien (at the present: Croatia); 5. Dialect Atlas of Medvesalja; 6. and language databases from the 20th and 21th century, my own research from a village Karancslapujtő in the Palóc area. Based on the data, I try to present the isogloss of the spread of diphthongs in space and time in the Palóc dialect area groups.
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4

Кукіль, Л. Л. "АНТРОПОМОРФНІ ОБРАЗИ МАСКАРОНІВ У ЛЬВІВСЬКІЙ АРХІТЕКТУРНО-ДЕКОРАТИВНІЙ ПЛАСТИЦІ ХІХ – ПОЧАТКУ ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ." Art and Design, no. 3 (November 13, 2020): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/2617-0272.2020.3.6.

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The purpose of the study is to analyze the information load and plastic solutions of the anthropomorphic mascarons on the facades of Lviv buildings of the XIX – early XX centuries. Methodology. The article uses general scientific research methods: the historical and comparative method; the method of synthesis and the art history analysis. Research results. The Lviv architectural and decorative plastics of the 19th and early 20th century is characterized by a widespread typology of the mascarons on the facades of the buildings. Various types of faces of old Lviv street, paired male and female images, which represent the unity and the harmony of two beginnings (portraits of married couples), as well as the generalized artistic images, belong to the number of the anthropomorphic maskarons of Lviv of the specified period. The article analyzes the information load and the plastic-stylistic features of various anthropomorphic maskarons of the typological group under study. The authors of the various types of old Lviv street emphasized the efforts to convey the character of the depicted faces. Their artistic expression is enhanced by some personal attributes. This applies to the paired and the generic Lviv maskarons to a lesser extent. On the basis of an art historical analysis of a number of specific samples of the anthropomorphic mascarons of Lviv of the 19th and early 20th century, a species classification of the given typological group has been developed. Scientific novelty. Detected and analyzed the information load and plastic characteristics peculiarities of the mascarons in Lviv architectural and decorative sculpture of the XIX – early XX centuries. Practical ignificance. The proposed article is part of a comprehensive study of the broad typology of the Lviv maskarons of the 19th and early 20th century. The results of the work open up some opportunities for a further research of the groups and the subgroups of the Lviv mascarons and for a detailed art historical analysis of some individual original samples of relief faces of Lviv of the studied period.
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Chernov, Anatolii, Dariusz Dziubacki, Martina Cogoni, and Alexandru Bạ̌descu. "First conclusions about results of GPR investigations in the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Kłodzko, Poland." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 7, no. 1 (March 27, 2018): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-7-123-2018.

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Abstract. The article presents results of a ground penetrating radar (GPR) investigation carried out in the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Kłodzko, Poland, dating from the 14th to 16th centuries. Due to the 20th century wars, the current state of knowledge about the history of the church is still poor. Under the floor of the Catholic temple, unknown structures might exist. To verify the presence of underground structures such as crypts and tombs, a GPR survey was carried out in chapels and aisles with 500 and 800 MHz GPR shielded antennas. Numerous anomalies were detected. It was concluded that those under the chapels were caused by the presence of crypts beneath the floor.
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6

Whitlock, Cathy, Carl N. Skinner, Patrick J. Bartlein, Thomas Minckley, and Jerry A. Mohr. "Comparison of charcoal and tree-ring records of recent fires in the eastern Klamath Mountains, California, USA." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 2110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-084.

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Fire-history reconstructions are based on tree-ring records that span the last few centuries and charcoal data from lake-sediment cores that extend back several thousand years. The two approaches have unique strengths and weaknesses in their ability to depict past fire events and fire regimes, and most comparisons of these datasets in western conifer forests have focused on sites characterized by high-severity crown fires. Tree-ring and charcoal data spanning the last 300 years in four watersheds in the montane forests of the Klamath Mountains provided an opportunity to compare the records in a fire regime of frequent low- to moderate-severity surface events. The charcoal data were obtained from small lakes, and tree-ring records were derived from fire-scar chronologies at multiple sites within each watershed. The comparison indicates that the tree-ring records detected individual fires not evident in the lake-sediment profiles, whereas the charcoal data disclosed variations in fuel loading and general levels of burning at broader spatial scales. Regional burning in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was evident in the lake-sediment records, and both datasets registered a decline in fire activity in the late 20th century. Thus, the two types of data provide complementary as well as supplementary information on past fire conditions.
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Segnana, Michela, Klaus Oeggl, Luisa Poto, Jacopo Gabrieli, Daniela Festi, Werner Kofler, Piergiorgio Cesco Frare, Claudio Zaccone, and Carlo Barbante. "Holocene vegetation history and human impact in the eastern Italian Alps: a multi-proxy study on the Coltrondo peat bog, Comelico Superiore, Italy." Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 29, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 407–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00334-019-00749-y.

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Abstract The present study aims to reconstruct vegetation development, climate changes and human impact using an ombrotrophic peat core from the Coltrondo bog in the eastern Italian Alps. Evidence from pollen, micro-charcoal, major and trace elements, and lead isotopes from this 7,900 years old peat deposit has been combined, and several climatic oscillations and phases of human impact detected. In particular, human presence was recorded in this area of the Alps from about 650 cal bc, with periods of increased activity at the end of the Middle Ages and also at the end of the 19th century, as evidenced by both human-related pollen and the increase in micro-charcoal particles. The enrichment factor of lead (EFPb) increased since the Roman period and the Middle Ages, suggesting mainly mining activities, whereas the advent of industrialization in the 20th century is marked by the highest EFPb values in the whole core. The EFPb data are strongly supported by the 206Pb/207Pb values and these are in general agreement with the historical information available. Therefore, the multi-proxy approach used here has allowed detection of climatic events and human impact patterns in the Comelico area starting from the Iron Age, giving new insights into the palaeoecology as well as the course of the interaction among humans, climate and ecosystems in this part of the eastern Italian Alps.
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8

Nichols Busch, Tracy. "The High Line." Transfers 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2011.010209.

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An abandoned freight track on Manhattan’s West Side, considered by local businesses to be nothing more than an eyesore and an impediment to development, became the cause célèbre of New Yorkers in the early twenty-first century. Efforts to “save the High Line” resulted in one of the largest creations of public space in New York history. The 8.8 metertall High Line, which stretches 12 blocks between Ganesvoort Street and 20th Street, features both permanent and temporary art installations that inform visitors of their movement through space and its implication for the natural and constructed worlds. A post-industrial yearning for a more harmonious relationship between humans and the natural world can be detected in New Yorkers’ affection for the High Line. The elevated nature of this raised railroad track creates an ethereal and otherworldly sensation. The traffic below becomes an abstraction and pedestrians, always vulnerable on the streets, are lifted above the fray.
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9

Gil Rodríguez, Francisco, and Carlos María Alcover de la Hera. "Small Group Research in Europe." European Psychologist 7, no. 4 (December 2002): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1016-9040.7.4.265.

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After a long period of scarce resources and a long delay in new scientific results suffered as a consequence of recent Spanish history, research concerning groups has experienced a rapid development over the last 15 years of the 20th century—the result of the late but then clear institutionalization of psychology into university structure. Although most research has been carried out at the very heart of social psychology and along the traditional lines of the field, a significant growth in the study of groups and work teams in organizational contexts can now be highlighted, coinciding with the tendency detected internationally during the last years. Beyond the normalization of group research in Spain, it is necessary to point out its excessive dependency in both theory and methodology on models and tools elaborated throughout North America and Europe. The present review closes with the proposal of creating a European formative curriculum for group psychologists in order to unify and promote research within this active and important field of psychology.
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10

Hysing, Shu-Chin, Torbjörn Säll, Hilde Nybom, Erland Liljeroth, Arnulf Merker, Simon Orford, and Robert M. D. Koebner. "Temporal diversity changes among 198 Nordic bread wheat landraces and cultivars detected by retrotransposon-based S-SAP analysis." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 6, no. 02 (May 9, 2008): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262108983544.

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The sequence-specific amplified polymorphism (S-SAP) method was used to genotype 198 Nordic bread wheat landraces and cultivars from the 19th to the 21st centuries. It was shown that theSukkula-9900-LARD retrotransposon primer was highly suitable for resolving closely related wheat materials. Cluster analysis was generally consistent with pedigree information and revealed a clear separation for growth habit but not for countries. A principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) showed a separation into different time periods (before 1910, 1910–1969 and 1970–2003). These results are consistent with the breeding history and pedigree information, indicating that little hybridization has occurred between winter and spring wheat, in contrast to frequent exchange of germplasm between the Nordic countries. Estimates of gene diversity, the PCoA results, and changes in band frequencies across time indicate that plant breeding has led to substantial genetic shifts in Nordic wheat. Diversity was reduced through selections from landraces during the early 20th century, followed by a period of relatively lower genetic diversity, and a subsequent increase and net gains in diversity from the late 1960s onwards through the use of exotic germplasm. Thus, an anticipated loss of overall genetic diversity was found to be negligible, although allele losses have occurred at specific loci.
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Hruševar, Dario, Josip Mesaroš, Dalibor Vladović, Anita Vucić, Igor Belamarić, Lidija Surać, and Božena Mitić. "Cardamine occulta Hornem. – a new concealed alien plant in the flora of Croatia." Natura Croatica 30, no. 1 (July 31, 2021): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20302/nc.2021.30.12.

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In the last decade of the 20th and in the early 21st century a new plant from East Asia, Cardamine occulta, was recorded in many European countries, and evaluated as a potential invasive species. Prior to our research, it had not been observed in Croatia or the neighbouring countries. During 2017, the first plants of C. occulta were discovered in plant nurseries in Zemunik Donji (near the city of Zadar), and in the city of Split. Since then, both sites have been monitored continuously, and the populations in both nurseries are still present and getting denser every year. In this work we aim to present a short history of the discovery, list newly-detected sites and establish some features (taxonomical peculiarities, plant description, distribution, growth and invasive preferences) of the species C. occulta to make its identification easier. Because of its invasive potential and morphological similarity with two other taxa distributed in Croatia, C. hirsuta and C. flexuosa, the determination key for all three taxa, as well as photos of C. occulta have been prepared. This will probably increase the chance of early detection of this species outside of cultivation.
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Lichtenberger, Achim, Cornelius Meyer, Torben Schreiber, and Mkrtich H. Zardaryan. "Magnetic Prospection in the Eastern Lower City of Artashat-Artaxata in the Ararat Plain of Armenia." Electrum 29 (October 21, 2022): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.22.008.15778.

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In March of 2021, the Berlin-based company cmp continued geophysical prospection works at the ancient city of Artashat-Artaxata (Ararat Province, Armenia). The city was founded by Artashes-Artaxias I in the early 2nd century BC and served as his capital. First magnetic measurements were conducted by the Eastern Atlas company in September 2018. In 2021, during the 5-day survey a total surface of approximately 19.5 ha was investigated by use of the LEA MAX magnetic gradiometer array. This system was configured with seven fluxgate gradiometer probes, similar to the system used in the first survey of 2018. The investigated areas of the Eastern Lower City of Artaxata, located to the south of the investigated field of 2018, had good surface conditions with a moderate amount of sources causing disturbance. However, the general level of the magnetic gradient values measured was significantly lower compared to the 2018 data. Despite the lower magnetic field intensity, a continuation of linear structures towards the south was observed. These lines, most likely reflecting streets and pathways, criss-cross the central part of the Eastern Lower City in a NW–SE and NE–SW direction and exhibit partly positive, partly negative magnetic anomalies. Attached to them, some isolated spots with building remains were identified. The negative linear anomalies point to remains of limestone foundations, as detected in the northern part of the Lower City. The low magnetic intensity and fragmentation of the observed structures are most likely due to severe destruction of the ancient layers by 20th-century earthworks for agricultural purposes. Moreover, the southern part of the surveyed area was affected by major changes caused by modern quarries at Hills XI and XII. In general, the results of the two magnetic prospection campaigns greatly aid our understanding of the archaeological situation in the area of the Eastern Lower City of Artaxata, justifying further investigations that will surely contribute to greater contextualization of the identified archaeological structures. The full data sets are also published in open access on Zenodo.
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Simicic, Petra, Anamarija Slovic, Leona Radmanic, Adriana Vince, and Snjezana Zidovec Lepej. "Molecular Epidemiology and Baseline Resistance of Hepatitis C Virus to Direct Acting Antivirals in Croatia." Pathogens 11, no. 7 (July 19, 2022): 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11070808.

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Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is exceptionally complex due to the highly diverse HCV genome. Genetic diversity, transmission dynamics, and epidemic history of the most common HCV genotypes were inferred by population sequencing of the HCV NS3, NS5A, and NS5B region followed by phylogenetic and phylodynamic analysis. The results of this research suggest high overall prevalence of baseline NS3 resistance associate substitutions (RAS) (33.0%), moderate prevalence of NS5A RAS (13.7%), and low prevalence of nucleoside inhibitor NS5B RAS (8.3%). Prevalence of RAS significantly differed according to HCV genotype, with the highest prevalence of baseline resistance to NS3 inhibitors and NS5A inhibitors observed in HCV subtype 1a (68.8%) and subtype 1b (21.3%), respectively. Phylogenetic tree reconstructions showed two distinct clades within the subtype 1a, clade I (62.4%) and clade II (37.6%). NS3 RAS were preferentially associated with clade I. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that 27 (9.0%) HCV sequences had a presumed epidemiological link with another sequence and classified into 13 transmission pairs or clusters which were predominantly comprised of subtype 3a viruses and commonly detected among intravenous drug users (IDU). Phylodynamic analyses highlighted an exponential increase in subtype 1a and 3a effective population size in the late 20th century, which is a period associated with an explosive increase in the number of IDU in Croatia.
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Räsänen, Antti, and Eila Helander. "Missionaries as Communicators of Foreign Cultures." Exchange 46, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 285–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1572543x-12341448.

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Abstract This article examines the writings of Finnish missionaries: what the missionaries wrote about local people and cultures and how the content of their writings changed during the latter part of the 20th century, which was a period of major political and cultural change in the countries where the missionaries worked. The data consists of 526 writings published in the major Finnish mission journal Suomen Lähetyssanomat during the years 1946-1989. The primary methodological approach is quantitative, and the data is mainly analysed in a descriptive manner. Statistical tests are utilized to show the association between independent and dependent variables. The results are interpreted with the help of the concept of otherness. Missionaries’ writings reveal a more positive attitude towards local people than local cultures, but during the study period a change towards a more positive attitude to culture can be detected. The longer the history of Finnish missions in a particular region, the more positive the missionaries’ attitudes towards local people are. During the study period, the problem-oriented descriptions of cultures shift to solution-oriented descriptions. These changes indicate efforts towards a positive interpretation of otherness. The study reveals the possibilities that quantitative analysis may open up for mission studies.
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Wijntjes, M. W. A., A. Füzy, M. E. S. Verheij, T. Deetman, and S. C. Pont. "The Synoptic Art Experience." Art and Perception 4, no. 1-2 (December 8, 2016): 73–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134913-00002046.

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At the start of the 20th century, Moritz von Rohr invented the synopter: a device that removes 3D depth cues that arise from binocular disparities and vergence. In the absence of these visual cues, the observer is less aware of the physical flatness of the picture. This results in a surprisingly increased depth impression of pictorial space, historically known as the ‘plastic effect’. In this paper we present a practical design to produce a synopter and explore which elements of a painting influence the plastic effect. In the first experiment we showed 22 different paintings to a total of 35 observers, and found that they rate the synoptic effect rather consistent over the various paintings. Subsequent analyses indicated that at least three pictorial cues were relevant for the synoptic effect: figure–ground contrast, compositional depth and shadows. In experiment 2, we used manipulated pictures where we tried to strengthen or weaken these cues. In all three cases we found at least one effect that confirmed our hypothesis. We also found substantial individual differences: some observers experience little effect, while others are very surprised by the effect. A stereo acuity test revealed that these differences could not be attributed to how well disparities are detected. Lastly, we informally tested our newly designed synopter in museums and found similar idiosyncratic appraisal. But the device also turned out to facilitate discussions among visitors.
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Yudin, A. A., and M. G. Kozhevnikov. "Inscripts and Ownership Stamps in A. I. Klibanov’s Book Collection of SPSTL SB RAS." Bibliosphere, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/1815-3186-2022-1-29-38.

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The article investigates insufficiently researched issues related to A. I. Klibanov’s book collection. The review of the detected autographs, exlibris and ownership stamps provides an opportunity to determine custodial history of books from both state libraries and personal collections, as well as to reveal unique information about relationships and cooperation between medieval scholars in the second half of the 20th century. The dedicatory inscriptions on the books differ in their length and originality; therefore, their significance as a source is directly proportional to how close a sender and a receiver were. Identification and description of bookplates and stamps in the study of the “Klibanovskaya” collection, still unknown from available reference books, will help in the study of other memorial book collections where such provenance marks can be found. The article also details the features of the formation of the foreign part of the A. I. Klibanov’s book collection. The foreign part of the memorial book collection, which is relatively small compared with the entire collection, can be divided into several thematic blocks: books with autographs donated by researchers dealing with similar scientific problems as the owner of the collection; multi-temporal books on historical and religious subjects, acquired by the owner; instances not related to the previous two blocks. The article identifies, systematizes and describes the inscriptions and ownership marks on the books of the collection of A. I. Klibanov.
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Schulze-Marmeling, Friederike. "»20th century Aisha«?" Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 32, no. 2 (December 6, 2019): 346–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/kize.2019.32.2.346.

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KAMAL, Aysel, and Sinem ATIS. "Comparative Analysis of Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar’s Travels to European Countries." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 5, no. 1 (May 19, 2017): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v5i1.p78-84.

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Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar (1901-1962) is one of the most controversial authors in the 20th century Turkish literature. Literature critics find it difficult to place him in a school of literature and thought. There are many reasons that they have caused Tanpinar to give the impression of ambiguity in his thoughts through his literary works. One of them is that he is always open to (even admires) the "other" thought to a certain age, and he considers synthesis thinking at later ages. Tanpinar states in the letter that he wrote to a young lady from Antalya that he composed the foundations of his first period aesthetics due to the contributions from western (French) writers. The influence of the western writers on him has also inspired his interest in the materialist culture of the West. In 1953 and 1959 he organized two tours to Europe in order to see places where Western thought and culture were produced. He shared his impressions that he gained in European countries in his literary works. In the literary works of Tanpinar, Europe comes out as an aesthetic object. The most dominant facts of this aesthetic are music, painting, etc. In this work, in the writings of Tanpinar about the countries that he travelled in Europe, some factors were detected like European culture, lifestyle, socio-cultural relations, art and architecture, political and social history and so on. And the effects of European countries were compared with Tanpinar’s thought and aesthetics. Keywords: Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar, Europe, poetry, music, painting, culture, life
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Wilson, Robin. "The 20th Century." Mathematical Intelligencer 42, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-019-09956-x.

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Atiyah, Michael. "Mathematics in the 20th century." NTM International Journal of History and Ethics of Natural Sciences, Technology and Medicine 10, no. 1-3 (September 2002): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03033096.

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Fogler, Karen, and Mala Hoffman. "Exploring 20th Century History through Photographs." Gifted Child Today 17, no. 3 (May 1994): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107621759401700313.

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Felgueiras, J., C. Freitas, and A. T. Carvalho. "From hypomania to mania after correcting severe hypoglicemia: A case report to recall insulin shock therapy." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S768—S769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1449.

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IntroductionIn the early 20th century, shock therapies developed worldwide as the most effective means to treat severe mental illness. In 1927, Manfred Sakel introduced the newly discovered insulin as a means to treat opioid-addicted patients, by relieving withdrawal symptoms. After noticing that some psychotic patients notably recovered from their psychotic symptoms after accidental insulin comas, he extended this technique to schizophrenic patients, arguing that up to 70% of his patients improved with this therapy. Insulin shock therapy soon spread all-over the world and became one of the most important treatments for severe mental illness. Regardless of the high-rate complications, insulin shock therapy only declined after the introduction of anti-psychotic drugs.ObjectiveDescription of a clinical case.MethodsNon-systematic review of literature and case report.ResultsA 70-year-old female with type-1 bipolar disorder and type-2 diabetes was referred to a psychiatry emergency department (ED) for 2-week behavioral disorder, featuring restlessness, agitation, insomnia, verbiage and persecutory delusions. In the ED, she presented calm, cooperating, with a subtle humor elation and slight disinhibition. The speech was somewhat confusing, but with normal debit. Delusional thought or hallucinations were not evident. Severe hypoglycemia was first detected by capillary glucose measurement and confirmed by a blood test. After the blood glucose was corrected she became gradually more restless, talkative, disinhibited, with clear humor elation, compatible with a manic state.ConclusionWe discuss if this case might be explained by the severe hypoglycemia and its correction, linking it to insulin shock therapy, reviewing this procedure's history, controversies and current developments.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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23

Westfall, Catherine. "Reimagining 20th-Century Physics." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 50, no. 1-2 (April 2020): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2020.50.1-2.209.

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24

Altschuler, Glenn C. "Urban Religion’s 20th-Century Renaissance." Reviews in American History 49, no. 1 (2021): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2021.0007.

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25

Friedel, Robert. "Engineering in the 20th Century." Technology and Culture 27, no. 4 (October 1986): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105321.

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Wilson, Robin. "The Early 20th Century." Mathematical Intelligencer 42, no. 1 (November 4, 2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-019-09942-3.

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27

O'Riordan, Timothy. "Ecology in the 20th century: a history." International Affairs 66, no. 1 (January 1990): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2622225.

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28

Mason, Herbert J., and Anna Bramwell. "Ecology in the 20th Century: A History." Taxon 40, no. 3 (August 1991): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223244.

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29

Sheail, J., and A. Bramwell. "Ecology in the 20th Century: A History." Journal of Ecology 77, no. 3 (September 1989): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261002.

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30

Probert, R. "The History of 20th-Century Family Law." Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqi009.

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31

Sterling, Christopher. "CBQ review essay:Cryptography in 20th‐century history." Communication Booknotes Quarterly 30, no. 3 (June 1999): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10948009909361621.

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32

Ikenberry, G. John, and Richard Bulliet. "The Columbia History of the 20th Century." Foreign Affairs 77, no. 6 (1998): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20049140.

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33

Latvala, Pauliina. "Finnish 20th Century History in Oral Narratives." Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 12 (1999): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/fejf1999.12.oralnarr.

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34

Oglezneva, Elena A., and Oleg V. Pustovalov. "The Russian language in the Chinese Three Rivers region: linguistic features." Rusin, no. 68 (2022): 299–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/68/16.

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The authors analyse the Russian speech of immigrants' descendants from Russia to the Chinese Three Rivers region in the Inner Mongolia in the 20th century. The relevance of the study is due to the need to study various forms of existence of the modern Russian national language, including those in foreign countries. The research is based on both oral and written sources collected by the authors in 2017-2018 during their expeditions to Enhe Russian Ethnic Township (China). The research has shown deviations in the speech of immigrants' descendants from the norms of the Russian literary language due to the use of Russian in its dialect form, as well as interference from Chinese. The authors have proved that the Russian dialects of the Three Rivers region are genetically related to the Russian dialects of Eastern Transbaikalia, which, in turn, are related to the North Russian dialects. The dialectal features of the Russian dialects of the Chinese Three Rivers quialify them as the translitional dialects on the North Russian basis. Since there were no external factors of influence on the dialectal Russian language from its other idioms, the stated dialectal form of the Russian language remained unchaged until the early 21st century. The article considers both the dialectal originality of Russian speech in the Three Rivers region at different language levels (phonetics, morphology, syntax, vocabulary), and the cases of interlingual interference resulting from the influence of the Chinese language on the Russian dialect system. The authors describe the following factors that determine the intensity of interference: generation, education, profession, and language environment. Having described the active zones of interaction between typoLogicaLLy different Chinese and Russian and determined the areas of interference in the Russian speech of bilinguals, the authors detected “weak points” of the Russian language system in the situation of Russian-Chinese bilingualism. Thus, the authors have studied the variant of the Russian language specific for the Chinese Three Rivers region and concluded that it preserves the Russian dialect base influenced by the interference from Chinese, which is an understudied fact of the Russian language environment in emigration.
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35

Huh, Jung Koo. "A Consideration for Standard Level of National Defence Expenditure." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 7 (December 31, 1992): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps07010.

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For the past few years, the world situation has been changing so rapidly that it could be called a "The Revolution." For example, there are the changes in Eastern Europe, the unification of Germany, and the disappearance of the Soviet Union, the leader of the Communist nations and a major participant in the Cold War during the 20th century, from the historical stage. Moreover, North-Korea which has pursued an open-door policy and armed revolutionary unification for half n century, has begun a step by step effort For the establishment of peace. It has produced an atmosphere of detente on the Korean peninsula. All these world wide changes and North-South Korea developments toward peace cause people to fantasize about the unification of Korea. With this fantasy In their mind, people demand to spend more on economic and social welfare, and cut down on NDE.
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36

Lian, Yang, and Ben Carrdus. "Leaving the 20th century." Index on Censorship 29, no. 3 (May 2000): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064220008536744.

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37

Boddy, Clive R. "Unethical 20th century business leaders." International Journal of Public Leadership 12, no. 2 (May 9, 2016): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpl-12-2015-0032.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present evidence to examine the possible psychopathy of Robert Maxwell, a notorious figure in UK business history. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents research which retrospectively applied a tool to measure whether leading figures in twentieth century business history could be classified as being corporate psychopaths. As background to this idea, psychopaths and corporate psychopaths are defined. A measure of corporate psychopathy is explored as an aid to identifying corporate psychopaths in business history. This measure is then used in relation to senior corporate executives who have been nominated as potential corporate psychopaths and to Robert Maxwell in particular. Findings The paper concludes that at least some ethical scandals and failures such as those at The Daily Mirror have been characterized by the presence of CEOs who scored highly on a measure of corporate psychopathy. Maxwell’s fraudulent raiding of corporate pension funds crossed ethical and legal borders. Furthermore, Maxwell’s fraudulent looting of those pension funds crossed generational boundaries; stealing from older people’s pension funds and thereby leaving younger people/investors with less to inherit. Maxwell also had an international business empire and so his fraud had effects which crossed geographic borders. The paper concludes that using an historical approach to the study of potential corporate psychopaths illuminates what types of organizational outcomes corporate psychopaths may eventuate. Originality/value The paper is the first to use an historical approach to the study of potential corporate psychopaths.
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Plantinga, Alvin. "Justification in the 20th Century." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 50 (1990): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2108032.

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39

Upton, A. F. "Hungary and Finland in the 20th Century." English Historical Review 119, no. 480 (February 1, 2004): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/119.480.267.

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Reville, David M. "BRIDGEPORT WORKING: VOICES FROM THE 20th CENTURY." Oral History Review 28, no. 2 (September 2001): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ohr.2001.28.2.140.

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41

Lemon, James. "Plans for Early 20th-Century Toronto." Articles 18, no. 1 (August 7, 2013): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017821ar.

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On several occasions in the early twentieth century, advocates of urban planning proposed significant measures for altering the layout of Toronto streets. Planning historians often have proposed that an interest in beautification was superseded by a focus on efficiency by the 1920s, but Toronto's plans largely were lost amidst private development processes and business cycles. Confusion over planning priorities, the short-term perspectives of politicians, and a lack of urgency also impeded city and regional planning. Toronto experienced less planning initiatives than major United-States cities.
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Kudiņš, Jānis. "FRAGMENTARY AND MODERATE MODERNISM IN LATVIAN MUSIC HISTORY ." Culture Crossroads 19 (October 11, 2022): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.55877/cc.vol19.31.

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The question of 20th century modernism in the history of Latvian academic genres music is still topical. The prevailing opinion in musicological research (literature) is that representation of modernism in the history of Latvian music has been fragmentary. In various decades of the 20th century (the first and second half of the century), Latvian composers have rarely turned to the most radical expression of modernism, the avant-garde. Much more often possible identified stylistically moderate manifestations of modernism. However, these issues have still been little researched. This article offers a focused (panoramic) characterisation, looking at local peculiarities of adaptation and representation of modernism in Latvian music history in the 20th century.
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43

Conke, Leonardo Silveira. "Strategy in the 20th Century: Explanations from History." Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 210–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/ijsm.v12i4.1951.

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In this essay, we argue that an historical perspective helps to understand some of the strategic choices made by organizations. More specifically, the purpose here is to describe the great influence of historical events (related to economy, politics, technological advancement etc.) on the creation, acceptance, spreading and / or establishment of the strategic theories and tools developed since the beginning of the 20th century. Texts that usually discuss management and history outline only the Industrial Revolution or the transition from feudalism to capitalism, underestimating other historical forces that offer additional explanations to the evolution of strategic thinking. As a result of an extensive bibliographical research, we were able to identify four periods where the strategic theories developed reveal suitable responses to the challenges created by the environment: in the first one (1900-1938), strategy is concerned with organization and control of business activities, resembling the ideas developed by Scientific Administration; in the second period (1939-1964), strategic planning is formalized and the area is broadly recognized; the next decades (1965-1989) are characterized by competition and uncertainty, making strategy focus on problems emerged from the outside; finally, on the turn of the century (1990-2010), the unlimited information availability enhances the need for strategists’ conceptual and practical knowledge. Also, as a final contribution, we suggest two possible trends to the future of strategy.
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Smith, Earl, James Upton, and Manning Marable. "A Social History of 20th Century Urban Riots." Phylon (1960-) 47, no. 1 (1986): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/274699.

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45

Corwin, Jay. "History, Mythology, and 20th Century Latin American Fiction." Theory in Action 14, no. 4 (October 31, 2021): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3798/tia.1937-0237.2126.

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The history of the Americas from the colonial period is marked by a large influx of persons from Europe and Africa. Fiction in 20th Century Latin America is marked by ties to the Chronicles and the history of human melding in the Americas, with a natural flow of social and religious syncretism that shapes the unique literary aesthetics of its literatures as may be witnessed in representative authors of genuine merit from different regions of Latin America.
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Barucci, P. "Italian Economists of the 20th Century." History of Political Economy 32, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 1033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-32-4-1033.

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47

Helle‐Valle, Jo. "Social change and sexual mores: a comparison between pre‐20th‐century Norway and 20th‐century Botswana." History and Anthropology 14, no. 4 (December 2003): 327–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0275720032000156460.

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48

Maritz, P. J. "History reconstruction: Third century parallels to 20th century South African Church 'History Origen Adamantinus." Verbum et Ecclesia 18, no. 2 (July 4, 1997): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v18i2.564.

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History reconstruction: Third century parallels to 20th century South African Church History - Origen Adamantinus. In this paper a possible third century contribution to Church History reconstruction is considered. This is employed as an example for South African church historians who are dedicated to history interpretation, whether it be from the perspective of: acceptance on face value; justification; verification; criticism or renunciation of twentieth century historical events and the WG)'S in which they have influenced the prophetic task of the church in South Africa. To this end, a parallel is drawn between third century Origen and a few South African church figures from the twentieth century, which will highlight the church's continuing prophetic ministry.
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49

KATZ, STEVEN T. "‘Genocide in the 20th Century’." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4, no. 2 (1989): 127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/4.2.127.

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50

CHALK, FRANK. "‘Genocide in the 20th Century’." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4, no. 2 (1989): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/4.2.149.

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