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1
Nasrulloh, Amar Vijai, Tati L. R. Mengko, and Tommy Apriantono. "Development of Dual Video Acquisition and Parallel AVI Player with Camera Calibration System for Supporting Dual View Motion Detection." International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications 1, no. 3 (July 2010): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jehmc.2010070104.
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Human motion capture consists of the recording of human body movements for immediate or delayed analysis and playback. Development of the dual video acquisition methods and continued with dual and parallel AVI player display can visually display dual view motion detection and successfully identify the depth of the motion detection. Times and frames are played together in dual AVI player display. The mouse cursor tags, using markers, every motion manually and records the two view graphics movement of the joints represented by the markers. The software module to find Ln of two camera calibration that connects a 2 dimensional image plane and 3 dimensional world coordinates has been built using Direct Linear Transformation equation with distance error ±0,44 pixels for video camera 1 and ±1,03 pixels for video camera 2.
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Jurányi, Z., H. Burtscher, M. Loepfe, M. Nenkov, and E. Weingartner. "Dual-wavelength light scattering for selective detection of volcanic ash particles." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, no. 8 (August 13, 2015): 8701–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-8701-2015.
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Abstract. A new method is presented in this paper which analyses the scattered light of individual aerosol particles simultaneously at two different wavelengths in order to retrieve information on the particle type. We show that dust-like particles, such as volcanic ash, can be unambiguously discriminated from water droplets on a single particle level. As a future application of this method, the detection of volcanic ash particles should be possible in a humid atmosphere in the presence of cloud droplets. We show an example, how the characteristic behaviour of pure water's refractive index can be used to separate water droplets and dust-like particles which are commonly found in the micrometer size-range in the ambient air. The low real part of the water's refractive index around 2700–2800 nm results in low scattered light intensities compared to e.g. the visible wavelength range and this feature can be used for the particle identification. The two-wavelength measurement setup was theoretically and experimentally tested and studied. Theoretical calculations were done using Mie theory. Comparing the ratio of the scattered light at the two wavelengths (R value) for water droplets and different dust types (basalt, andesite, African mineral dust, sand, volcanic ash, pumice) showed at least 9 times higher values (on average 70 times) for water droplets than for the dust types at any diameter within the particle size range of 2–20 μm. The envisaged measurement setup was built up into a laboratory prototype and was tested with different types of aerosols. We generated aerosols from the following powders simulating dust-like particles: cement dust, ISO 12103-1 A1 Ultrafine Test Dust and Ash from the 2012 eruption of the Etna volcano. Our measurements verified the theoretical considerations, the median experimental R value is 8–21 times higher for water than for the "dust" particles.
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Lowe, Deborah A., Rebecca K. MacAulay, Dana M. Szeles, Nicholas J. Milano, and Mark T. Wagner. "Dual-Task Gait Assessment in a Clinical Sample: Implications for Improved Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 7 (September 24, 2019): 1372–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz119.
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Abstract Objectives Research has longitudinally linked dual-task gait dysfunction to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia risk. Our group previously demonstrated that dual-task gait speed assessment distinguished between subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) and MCI in a memory clinic setting, and also found that differences in dual-task gait speed were largely attributable to executive attention processes. This study aimed to reproduce these findings in a larger diverse sample and to extend them by examining whether there were group differences in single- versus dual-task cognitive performance (number of letters correctly sequenced backward). Method Two-hundred fifty-two patients (M age = 66.01 years, SD = 10.46; 119 MCI, 133 SCC) presenting with cognitive complaints in an academic medical setting underwent comprehensive neuropsychological and gait assessment (single- and dual-task conditions). Results Patients with MCI walked slower and showed greater decrement in cognitive performance than those with SCC during dual-task conditions. Neuropsychological measures of executive attention accounted for significant variance in dual-task gait performance across diagnostic groups beyond demographic and health risk factors. Discussion Reproduction of our results within a sample over four times the previous size provides support for the use of dual-task gait assessment as a marker of MCI risk in clinical settings.
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Wiratama, Wahyu, Jongseok Lee, Sang-Eun Park, and Donggyu Sim. "Dual-Dense Convolution Network for Change Detection of High-Resolution Panchromatic Imagery." Applied Sciences 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 1785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8101785.
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This paper presents a robust change detection algorithm for high-resolution panchromatic imagery using a proposed dual-dense convolutional network (DCN). In this work, a joint structure of two deep convolutional networks with dense connectivity in convolution layers is designed in order to accomplish change detection for satellite images acquired at different times. The proposed network model detects pixel-wise temporal change based on local characteristics by incorporating information from neighboring pixels. Dense connection in convolution layers is designed to reuse preceding feature maps by connecting them to all subsequent layers. Dual networks are incorporated by measuring the dissimilarity of two temporal images. In the proposed algorithm for change detection, a contrastive loss function is used in a learning stage by running over multiple pairs of samples. According to our evaluation, we found that the proposed framework achieves better detection performance than conventional algorithms, in area under the curve (AUC) of 0.97, percentage correct classification (PCC) of 99%, and Kappa of 69, on average.
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Tosi, Sébastien, Lídia Bardia, Maria Jose Barallobre, Arrate Muñoz-Barrutia, María Luisa Soto-Montenegro, and Julien Colombelli. "MosaicExplorerJ: Interactive stitching of terabyte-size tiled datasets from lightsheet microscopy." F1000Research 9 (November 10, 2020): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.27112.1.
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We introduce MosaicExplorerJ, an ImageJ macro to stitch 3D tiles from terabyte-size microscopy datasets. As opposed to existing software, stitching does not require any prior information on the actual positions of the tiles, sample fiducials, or conversion of raw TIFF images, and the stitched images can be explored instantly. MosaicExplorerJ was specifically designed to process lightsheet microscopy datasets from optically cleared samples. It can handle multiple fluorescence channels, dual-side lightsheet illumination and dual-side camera detection.
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Gao, Fang, Zhangqin Huang, Shulong Wang, and Xinrong Ji. "Optimized Parallel Implementation of Face Detection Based on Embedded Heterogeneous Many-Core Architecture." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 31, no. 07 (April 10, 2017): 1756011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001417560110.
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Computing performance is one of the key problems in embedded systems for high-resolution face detection applications. To improve the computing performance of embedded high-resolution face detection systems, a novel parallel implementation of embedded face detection system was established based on a low power CPU-Accelerator heterogeneous many-core architecture. First, a basic CPU version of face detection prototype was implemented based on the cascade classifier and Local Binary Patterns operator. Second, the prototype was extended to a specified embedded parallel computing platform that is called Parallella and consists of Xilinx Zynq and Adapteva Epiphany. Third, the face detection algorithm was optimized to adapt to the Parallella architecture to improve the detection speed and the utilization of computing resources. Finally, a face detection experiment was conducted to evaluate the computing performance of the proposal in this paper. The experimental results show that the proposed implementation obtained a very consistent accuracy as that of the dual-core ARM, and achieved 7.8 times speedup than that of the dual-core ARM. Experiment results prove that the proposed implementation has significant advantages on computing performance.
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Guo, Jiaqing, Aikun Liu, Yutian Zeng, Haojie Cai, Shuai Ye, Hao Li, Wei Yan, Feifan Zhou, Jun Song, and Junle Qu. "Noval Dual-Emission Fluorescence Carbon Dots as a Ratiometric Probe for Cu2+ and ClO− Detection." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (May 7, 2021): 1232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051232.
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The use of carbon dots (CDs) with dual emission based on ratiometric fluorescence has been attracting attention in recent times for more accurate ion detection since they help avoid interference from background noise, probe concentration, and complexity. Herein, novel dual-emission nitrogen-doped CDs (NCDs) were prepared by a simple method for Cu2+ and ClO- detection. The NCDs showed excellent anti-interference ability and selectivity for different emissions. In addition, a good linear relationship was observed between the fluorescence intensity (FI) of the NCD solutions in different emissions with Cu2+ (0–90 μM) and ClO− (0–75 μM). The limits of both Cu2+ detection and ClO− were very low, at 17.7 and 11.6 nM, respectively. The NCDs developed herein also showed a good recovery rate in water for Cu2+ and ClO− detection. Hence, they are expected to have a more extensive application prospect in real samples.
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Čeponis, Dainius, and Nikolaj Goranin. "Investigation of Dual-Flow Deep Learning Models LSTM-FCN and GRU-FCN Efficiency against Single-Flow CNN Models for the Host-Based Intrusion and Malware Detection Task on Univariate Times Series Data." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (March 30, 2020): 2373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072373.
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Intrusion and malware detection tasks on a host level are a critical part of the overall information security infrastructure of a modern enterprise. While classical host-based intrusion detection systems (HIDS) and antivirus (AV) approaches are based on change monitoring of critical files and malware signatures, respectively, some recent research, utilizing relatively vanilla deep learning (DL) methods, has demonstrated promising anomaly-based detection results that already have practical applicability due low false positive rate (FPR). More complex DL methods typically provide better results in natural language processing and image recognition tasks. In this paper, we analyze applicability of more complex dual-flow DL methods, such as long short-term memory fully convolutional network (LSTM-FCN), gated recurrent unit (GRU)-FCN, and several others, for the task specified on the attack-caused Windows OS system calls traces dataset (AWSCTD) and compare it with vanilla single-flow convolutional neural network (CNN) models. The results obtained do not demonstrate any advantages of dual-flow models while processing univariate times series data and introducing unnecessary level of complexity, increasing training, and anomaly detection time, which is crucial in the intrusion containment process. On the other hand, the newly tested AWSCTD-CNN-static (S) single-flow model demonstrated three times better training and testing times, preserving the high detection accuracy.
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Tosi, Sébastien, Lídia Bardia, Maria Jose Barallobre, Arrate Muñoz-Barrutia, María Luisa Soto-Montenegro, and Julien Colombelli. "MosaicExplorerJ: Interactive stitching of terabyte-size tiled datasets from lightsheet microscopy." F1000Research 9 (February 4, 2021): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.27112.2.
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We introduce MosaicExplorerJ, an ImageJ macro to stitch 3D tiles from terabyte-size microscopy datasets organized on a regular 2D grid. As opposed to existing software, stitching does not require any prior information on the actual positions of the tiles, or conversion of raw TIFF images to a multi-resolution format for interactive exploration and fast processing. MosaicExplorerJ was specifically designed to process lightsheet microscopy datasets from optically cleared samples. It can handle multiple fluorescence channels, dual-sided lightsheet illumination and dual-sided camera detection.
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Hambly, A. C., R. K. Henderson, A. Baker, R. M. Stuetz, and S. J. Khan. "Fluorescence monitoring for cross-connection detection in water reuse systems: Australian case studies." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.795.
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A rapid, highly sensitive method for detection of cross-connections between recycled and potable water in dual reticulation systems is required. The aim of this research was to determine the potential of fluorescence spectroscopy as a monitoring tool at three Australian dual distribution (drinking and recycled water) systems. Weekly grab samples of recycled and potable water were obtained over 12 weeks at each site and analysed for fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy, UV254, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), electrical conductivity and pH. Fluorescence EEM spectroscopy was able to differentiate between recycled and potable water at each site by monitoring the protein-like fluorescence at peak T—an excitation-emission wavelength pair of λex/em = 300/350 nm. While electrical conductivity was also able to distinguish between recycled and potable water, the differentiation was greatest when using fluorescence. For example, the peak T fluorescence in recycled water was up to 10 times that of potable water in comparison with electrical conductivity that had a maximum 5 times differentiation. Furthermore, by comparing the protein-like fluorescence at peak T and humic-like fluorescence at peak A (λex/em = 235/426 nm), the three different recycled water systems were able to be differentiated. Overall, fluorescence shows promise as a monitoring tool for detecting cross-connections.
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Zhou, Shu-Fang, Biao-Biao Hao, Tian Lin, Chen-Xi Zhang, and Qing-Lun Wang. "A dual-functional MOF for high proton conduction and sensitive detection of ascorbic acid." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 41 (2020): 14490–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt02834g.
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Kim, Bum Joon, and Jung Sik Kim. "Dual MOSFET Hydrogen Sensors with Thermal Island Structure." Key Engineering Materials 543 (March 2013): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.543.93.
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A low powered hydrogen gas sensor of the FET (field-effect transistor) structure was designed, fabricated and characterized for self-compensation to outer environments. The dual-gate FET hydrogen sensor was integrated with a micro-heater and two Pt-gate FETs; a sensing device for hydrogen detection, and a reference device as an electrical compensator. The identical output between the sensitive-FET and reference-FET was stable at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 250°C due to the same temperature dependence of the currentvoltage (IV) characteristics. The Pt-FET sensor showed stable responses to hydrogen at a range of operation temperatures. The optimal point in the micro-heater operation for 5,000 ppm H2 gas injection was approximately 150°C. The highest sensitivity was 0.112 mA, and the response and recovery times were 18 sec and 19 sec, respectively. The low-power MOSFET gas sensor was found to be suitable for applications in portable gas monitoring units and automobiles.
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Zhang, Qinduan, Jun Chang, Zhenhua Cong, Zongliang Wang, and Fupeng Wang. "Dual Path Lock-In System for Elimination of Residual Amplitude Modulation and SNR Enhancement in Photoacoustic Spectroscopy." Sensors 18, no. 12 (December 4, 2018): 4255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124255.
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A technique for elimination of residual amplitude modulation (ERAM) in photoacoustic spectroscopy based on dual path lock-in was proposed and experimentally demonstrated. There are two lock-in amplifiers, one is for gas concentration demodulation and another for residual amplitude modulation (RAM) measurement by tuning the reference signal in different phases, and then a dual path lock-in technique based on subtraction is applied to RAM removal, improving the second harmonic profile significantly. In this system, the signal to noise ratio (SNR) increases about two times based on our dual path lock-in technique compared to one distributed feedback laser diode (DFB-LD). The system achieved a good linear response (R-square = 0.99887) in a concentration range from 100 ppmv to 2400 ppmv and a minimum detection limit (MDL) of 1.47 ppmv.
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Ren, Sun, Zhang, and Zhao. "The Effect of Light Source Line Width on the Spectrum Resolution of Dual-Frequency Coherent Detection Signals." Sensors 19, no. 23 (November 29, 2019): 5264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235264.
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In this paper, the power spectrum resolution problem of dual-frequency coherent mixing signals is analyzed when the Doppler frequency difference is small. The power spectrum function formula of the four optical coherent mixing signals is obtained using statistical theory and the Wiener–Khinchin theorem. The influence of delay time and light source line width on the power spectrum of dual-frequency coherent signals is analyzed using this formula. The results show that delay time only affects the peak of the power spectrum of the coherent signal. An increase in the line width of the light source broadens the signal power spectrum and reduces the peak value. The necessary condition for distinguishing the Doppler frequency difference is that the theoretical Doppler frequency difference is greater than 1/5 times the line width of the light source.
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Huo, Wenjun, Peng Chu, Kai Wang, Liangting Fu, Zhigang Niu, and Jianhua Zhao. "Weak Transient Electromagnetic Radiation Signal Detection Method Considering the New Watershed Image Segmentation Algorithm." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 03 (July 25, 2019): 2054009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001420540099.
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In order to study the detection methods of weak transient electromagnetic radiation signals, a detection algorithm integrating generalized cross-correlation and chaotic sequence prediction is proposed in this paper. Based on the dual-antenna test and cross-correlation information estimation method, the detection of aperiodic weak discharge signals under low signal-to-noise ratio is transformed into the estimation of periodic delay parameters, and the noise is reduced at the same time. The feasibility of this method is verified by simulation and experimental analysis. The results show that under the condition of low signal-to-noise ratio, the integrated method can effectively suppress the influence of 10 noise disturbances. It has a high detection probability for weak transient electromagnetic radiation signals, and needs fewer pulse accumulation times, which improves the detection efficiency and is more suitable for long-distance detection of weak electromagnetic radiation sources.
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Fei-Peng, Zhu, Chen Guo-Tao, Wang Shou-Ju, Liu Ying, Tang Yu-Xia, Tian Ying, Wang Jian-Dong, et al. "Dual-Modality Imaging Probes with High Magnetic Relaxivity and Near-Infrared Fluorescence Based Highly Aminated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6502127.
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Dual-modal imaging by combining magnetic resonance (MR) and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence can integrate the advantages of high-resolution anatomical imaging with high sensitivity in vivo fluorescent imaging, which is expected to play a significant role in biomedical researches. Here we report a dual-modality imaging probe (NIR/MR-MSNs) fabricated by conjugating NIR fluorescent heptamethine dyes (IR-808) and MR contrast agents (Gd-DTPA) within highly aminated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs-NH2). The dual-modality imaging probes NIR/MR-MSNs possess a size of ca. 120 nm. The NIR/MR-MSNs show not only near-infrared fluorescence imaging property with an emission peak at 794 nm, but also highly MRT1relaxivity of 14.54 mM−1 s−1, which is three times more than Gd-DTPA. In vitro experiment reveals high uptake and retention abilities of the nanoprobes, while cell viability assay demonstrates excellent cytocompatibility of the dual-modality imaging probe. After intratumor injection with the NIR/MR-MSNs, MR imaging shows clear anatomical border of the enhanced tumor region while NIR fluorescence exhibits high sensitive tumor detection ability. These intriguing features suggest that this newly developed dual-modality imaging probes have great potential in biomedical imaging.
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Lee, Angela I., Asunción Delgado, and Robert P. Gunsalus. "Signal-Dependent Phosphorylation of the Membrane-Bound NarX Two-Component Sensor-Transmitter Protein ofEscherichia coli: Nitrate Elicits a Superior Anion Ligand Response Compared to Nitrite." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 17 (September 1, 1999): 5309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.17.5309-5316.1999.
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ABSTRACT The Nar two-component regulatory system, consisting of the dual sensor-transmitters NarX and NarQ and the dual response regulators NarL and NarP, controls the expression of various anaerobic respiratory pathway genes and fermentation pathway genes. Although both NarX and NarQ are known to detect the two environmental signals nitrate and nitrite, little is known regarding the sensitivity and selectivity of ligand for detection or activation of the sensor-transmitters. In this study, we have developed a sensitive anion-specific in vitro assay for NarX autophosphorylation by using Escherichia colimembranes highly enriched in the full-length NarX protein. In this ATP- and magnesium-dependent reaction, nitrate elicited a greater signal output (i.e., NarX autophosphorylation) than did nitrite. Nitrate stimulation occurred at concentrations as low as 5 μM, and the half-maximal level of NarX autophosphorylation occurred at approximately 35 μM nitrate. In contrast, nitrite-dependent stimulation was detected only at 500 μM, while 3.5 mM nitrite was needed to achieve half-maximal NarX autophosphorylation. Maximal nitrate- and nitrite-stimulated levels of NarX phosphorylation were five and two times, respectively, over the basal level of NarX autophosphorylation. The presence of Triton X-100 eliminated the nitrate-stimulated kinase activity and lowered the basal level of activity, suggesting that the membrane environment plays a crucial role in nitrate detection and/or regulation of kinase activity. These results provide in vitro evidence for the differential detection of dual signaling ligands by the NarX sensor-transmitter protein, which modulates the cytoplasmic NarX autokinase activity and phosphotransfer to NarL, the cognate response regulator.
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Han, Deok, Haibo Yao, Zuzana Hruska, Russell Kincaid, Kanniah Rajasekaran, and Deepak Bhatnagar. "Development of High-Speed Dual-Camera System for Batch Screening of Aflatoxin Contamination of Corn Using Multispectral Fluorescence Imaging." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 2 (2019): 381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13125.
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Abstract. Aflatoxins are fungal toxins produced by . Food and feed crops contaminated with carcinogenic aflatoxins result in economic losses as well as potentially serious health issues. Grain elevators need to unload, on average, one 2.27 metric ton (MT) truckload every 2 min. Current sampling-based analytical chemistry methods for aflatoxin detection cannot meet these large throughput screening requirements. Therefore, a high-speed, batch screening system with reliable accuracy is needed. To develop a high-speed multispectral screening system, two high-performance cameras in conjunction with dual UV excitation sources and novel image processing software were used to collect fluorescence images of corn samples. Each camera simultaneously captures a single-band fluorescence image (436 nm or 532 nm) from corn kernel samples, and the detection software processes the images to automatically detect contaminated kernels using a normalized difference fluorescence index (NDFI). The system was tested with various commercial samples collected from different locations in the U.S. and baseline samples that were prepared by artificial field inoculation. Each sample was imaged and screened four times, and the screened samples were chemically analyzed for aflatoxin content. All samples were shuffled between imaging repetitions to increase the likelihood of screening both the germ and endosperm sides of every kernel. Processing time for each screening was less than 1 s. Sensitivity and specificity were measured over given thresholds for NDFI, and the results were promising. High sensitivity (0.987) and specificity (0.96) were achieved for the baseline samples, and high sensitivity (0.75 to 1) and somewhat lower specificity were obtained for the commercial samples. Keywords: Aflatoxin, Corn, Dual cameras, Fluorescence image, Multispectral image, Rapid and non-destructive detection, detection.
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Carlson, Alicia L., Ann M. Gillenwater, Michelle D. Williams, Adel K. El-Naggar, and R. R. Richards-Kortum. "Confocal Microscopy and Molecular-Specific Optical Contrast Agents for the Detection of Oral Neoplasia." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 6, no. 5 (October 2007): 361–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153303460700600501.
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Using current clinical diagnostic techniques, it is difficult to visualize tumor morphology and architecture at the cellular level, which is necessary for diagnostic localization of pathologic lesions. Optical imaging techniques have the potential to address this clinical need by providing real-time, sub-cellular resolution images. This paper describes the use of dual mode confocal microscopy and optical molecular-specific contrast agents to image tissue architecture, cellular morphology, and sub-cellular molecular features of normal and neoplastic oral tissues. Fresh tissue slices were prepared from 33 biopsies of clinically normal and abnormal oral mucosa obtained from 14 patients. Reflectance confocal images were acquired after the application of 6% acetic acid, and fluorescence confocal images were acquired after the application of a fluorescence contrast agent targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The dual imaging modes provided images similar to light microscopy of hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry staining, but from thick fresh tissue slices. Reflectance images provided information on the architecture of the tissue and the cellular morphology. The nuclear-to-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio from the reflectance images was at least 7.5 times greater for the carcinoma than the corresponding normal samples, except for one case of highly keratinized carcinoma. Separation of carcinoma from normal and mild dysplasia was achieved using this ratio (p<0.01). Fluorescence images of EGFR expression yielded a mean fluorescence labeling intensity (FLI) that was at least 2.7 times higher for severe dysplasia and carcinoma samples than for the corresponding normal sample, and could be used to distinguish carcinoma from normal and mild dysplasia (p<0.01). Analyzed together, the N/C ratio and the mean FLI may improve the ability to distinguish carcinoma from normal squamous epithelium.
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Flykt, Anders, Elise S. Dan, and Klaus R. Scherer. "Using a Probe Detection Task to Assess the Timing of Intrinsic Pleasantness Appraisals." Swiss Journal of Psychology 68, no. 3 (January 2009): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.68.3.161.
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The occurrence and timing of emotion-antecedent appraisal checks are difficult to assess. We report an attempt to estimate the time window of the intrinsic pleasantness check using a dual-task probe paradigm. In three experiments, participants viewed negative and positive pictures. Their other task was speeded response on a probe superimposed on the pictures with different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). Longer probe-reaction times were observed for negative than for positive pictures. This effect appeared at SOA 300 ms or 350 ms, suggesting that the intrinsic pleasantness appraisal check yields a differential behavioral outcome around 300 ms after stimulus onset, and seems to continue unless attention to picture content is inhibited. This paradigm might be successfully used for the mental chronography of appraisal processes.
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Jurányi, Z., H. Burtscher, M. Loepfe, M. Nenkov, and E. Weingartner. "Dual-wavelength light-scattering technique for selective detection of volcanic ash particles in the presence of water droplets." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 12 (December 10, 2015): 5213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-5213-2015.
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Abstract. A new method is presented in this paper which analyses the scattered light of individual aerosol particles simultaneously at two different wavelengths in order to retrieve information on the particle type. We show that dust-like particles, such as volcanic ash, can be unambiguously discriminated from water droplets on a single-particle level. As a future application of this method, the detection of volcanic ash particles should be possible in a humid atmosphere in the presence of cloud droplets. The characteristic behaviour of pure water's refractive index can be used to separate water droplets and dust-like particles which are commonly found in the micrometre size range in the ambient air. The low real part of the water's refractive index around 2700–2800 nm results in low scattered light intensities compared to e.g. the visible wavelength range, and this feature can be used for the desired particle identification. The two-wavelength measurement set-up was theoretically and experimentally tested and studied. Theoretical calculations were done using Mie theory. Comparing the ratio of the scattered light at the two wavelengths (visible-to-IR (infrared), R value) for water droplets and different dust types (basalt, andesite, African mineral dust, sand, volcanic ash, pumice) showed at least 9-times-higher values (on average 70 times) for water droplets than for the dust types at any diameter within the particle size range of 2–20 μm. The envisaged measurement set-up was built up into a laboratory prototype and was tested with different types of aerosols. We generated aerosols from the following powders, simulating dust-like particles: cement dust, ISO 12103-1 A1 Ultrafine Test Dust and ash from the 2012 eruption of the Etna volcano. Our measurements verified the theoretical considerations; the median experimental R value is 8–21 times higher for water than for the "dust" particles.
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Xu, Kaibin, Jing Qian, Zengyun Hu, Zheng Duan, Chaoliang Chen, Jun Liu, Jiayu Sun, Shujie Wei, and Xiuwei Xing. "A New Machine Learning Approach in Detecting the Oil Palm Plantations Using Remote Sensing Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13020236.
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The rapid expansion of oil palm is a major driver of deforestation and other associated damage to the climate and ecosystem in tropical regions, especially Southeast Asia. It is therefore necessary to precisely detect and monitor oil palm plantations to safeguard the ecosystem services and biodiversity of tropical forests. Compared with optical data, which are vulnerable to cloud cover, the Sentinel-1 dual-polarization C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) acquires global observations under all weather conditions and times of day and shows good performance for oil palm detection in the humid tropics. However, because accurately distinguishing mature and young oil palm trees by using optical and SAR data is difficult and considering the strong dependence on the input parameter values when detecting oil palm plantations by employing existing classification algorithms, we propose an innovative method to improve the accuracy of classifying the oil palm type (mature or young) and detecting the oil palm planting area in Sumatra by fusing Landsat-8 and Sentinel-1 images. We extract multitemporal spectral characteristics, SAR backscattering values, vegetation indices, and texture features to establish different feature combinations. Then, we use the random forest algorithm based on improved grid search optimization (IGSO-RF) and select optimal feature subsets to establish a classification model and detect oil palm plantations. Based on the IGSO-RF classifier and optimal features, our method improved the oil palm detection accuracy and obtained the best model performance (OA = 96.08% and kappa = 0.9462). Moreover, the contributions of different features to oil palm detection are different; nevertheless, the optimal feature subset performed the best and demonstrated good potential for the detection of oil palm plantations.
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Zhou, Luming, Robert A. Palais, G. Denice Smith, Daniel Anderson, Leslie R. Rowe, and Carl T. Wittwer. "Enrichment and Detection of Rare Alleles by Means of Snapback Primers and Rapid-Cycle PCR." Clinical Chemistry 56, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 814–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2009.142034.
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Abstract Background: Selective amplification of minority alleles is often necessary to detect cancer mutations in clinical samples. Methods: Minor-allele enrichment and detection were performed with snapback primers in the presence of a saturating DNA dye within a closed tube. A 5′ tail of nucleotides on 1 PCR primer hybridizes to the variable locus of its extension product to produce a hairpin that selectively enriches mismatched alleles. Genotyping performed after rapid-cycle PCR by melting of the secondary structure identifies different variants by the hairpin melting temperature (Tm). Needle aspirates of thyroid tissue (n = 47) and paraffin-embedded biopsy samples (n = 44) were analyzed for BRAF (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1) variant p.V600E, and the results were compared with those for dual hybridization probe analysis. Needle aspirates of lung tumors (n = 8) were analyzed for EGFR [epidermal growth factor receptor (erythroblastic leukemia viral (v-erb-b) oncogene homolog, avian)] exon 19 in-frame deletions. Results: Use of 18-s cycles and momentary extension times of “0 s” with rapid-cycle PCR increased the selective amplification of mismatched alleles. A low Mg2+ concentration and a higher hairpin Tm relative to the extension temperature also improved the detection limit of mismatched alleles. The detection limit was 0.1% for BRAF p.V600E and 0.02% for EGFR exon 19 in-frame deletions. Snapback and dual hybridization probe methods for allele quantification of the thyroid samples correlated well (R2 = 0.93) with 2 more BRAF mutations (45 and 43, respectively, of 91 samples) detected after snapback enrichment. Different EGFR in-frame deletions in the lung samples produced different hairpin Tms. Conclusions: Use of snapback primers for enrichment and detection of minority alleles is simple, is inexpensive to perform, and can be completed in a closed tube in <25 min.
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Ihara, Reiji, Yukihiro Esaka, Akio Hirose, and Hiroki Haraguchi. "Dual-times Detection System for On-line Assay of Enzymatic Activity Based on Valve-switching Technique Using Size Exclusion Chromatography." Chemistry Letters 22, no. 6 (June 1993): 1013–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.1993.1013.
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Baek, Won-Kyung, and Hyung-Sup Jung. "Performance Comparison of Oil Spill and Ship Classification from X-Band Dual- and Single-Polarized SAR Image Using Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, and Deep Neural Network." Remote Sensing 13, no. 16 (August 12, 2021): 3203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163203.
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It is well known that the polarization characteristics in X-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image analysis can provide us with additional information for marine target classification and detection. Normally, dual-and single-polarized SAR images are acquired by SAR satellites, and then we must determine how accurate the marine mapping performance from dual-polarized (pol) images is versus the marine mapping performance from the single-pol images in a given machine learning model. The purpose of this study is to compare the performance of single- and dual-pol SAR image classification achieved by the support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and deep neural network (DNN) models. The test image is a TerraSAR-X dual-pol image acquired from the 2007 Kerch Strait oil spill event. For this, 824,026 pixels and 1,648,051 pixels were extracted from the image for the training and test, respectively, and sea, ship, oil, and land objects were classified from the image by using the three machine learning methods. The mean f1-scores of the SVM, RF, and DNN models resulting from the single-pol image were approximately 0.822, 0.882, and 0.889, respectively, and those from the dual-pol image were about 0.852, 0.908, and 0.898, respectively. The performance improvement achieved by dual-pol was about 3.6%, 2.9%, and 1% in SVM, RF, and DNN, respectively. The DNN model had the best performance (0.889) in the single-pol test while the RF model was best (0.908) in the dual-pol test. The performance improvement was approximately 2.1% and not noticeable. If the condition that dual-pol images have two-times lower spatial resolution versus single-pol images in the azimuth direction is considered, a small improvement may not be valuable. Therefore, the results show that the performance improvement by X-band dual-pol image may be not remarkable when classifying the sea, ships, oil spills, and sea and land surfaces.
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Bright, Frank V., Curtis A. Monnig, and Gary M. Hieftje. "A New Dual-Channel Frequency-Domain Fluorometer for the Determination of Picosecond Rotational Correlation Times." Applied Spectroscopy 42, no. 2 (February 1988): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702884428329.
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A new dual-channel multifrequency fluorometer is described which employs a mode-locked argon-ion laser as a polarized excitation source. The laser produces high-frequency sinusoidal intensity modulations in the MHz to GHz regime which are used to simultaneously probe the fluorescent molecules. The resulting orthogonally polarized components of the emission are collected by two opposite matched detection channels. Because both the parallel [ I∥(ω)] and perpendicular [ I⊥(ω)] components of the emission are collected simultaneously and at all modulation frequencies, information about the molecules' rotational rate can be rapidly deduced. With the new instrument, rotational correlation times as short as 15 ps can be routinely determined with data-acquisition times as short as 10 ms. Commonly, however, we employ collection times of several seconds to permit the averaging of between 100 and 500 scans. Examples which demonstrate the utility of the new instrument include the determination of the rotational correlation times for rhodamine 6G, fluorescein, and rubrene as a function of solvent viscosity. In addition, results are presented for the resolution of rhodamine 6G associated with beta-cyclodextrin. In the beta-cyclodextrin studies, little spectral (excitation/emission) or temporal (fluorescence lifetime) change was noted upon association. However, a significant difference exists between rotational correlation times of the free fluorophore and the fluorophore included by beta-cyclodextrin. This difference enables the formation constant for the association to be determined, a measurement which would be impossible with conventional techniques.
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Visser, Bradley, Jannis Röhrbein, Peter Steigmeier, Luka Drinovec, Griša Močnik, and Ernest Weingartner. "A single-beam photothermal interferometer for in situ measurements of aerosol light absorption." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 12 (December 23, 2020): 7097–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-7097-2020.
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Abstract. We have developed a novel single-beam photothermal interferometer and present here its application for the measurement of aerosol light absorption. The use of only a single laser beam allows for a compact optical set-up and significantly easier alignment compared to standard dual-beam photothermal interferometers, making it ideal for field measurements. Due to a unique configuration of the reference interferometer arm, light absorption by aerosols can be determined directly – even in the presence of light-absorbing gases. The instrument can be calibrated directly with light-absorbing gases, such as NO2, and can be used to calibrate other light absorption instruments. The detection limits (1σ) for absorption for 10 and 60 s averaging times were determined to be 14.6 and 7.4 Mm−1, respectively, which for a mass absorption cross section of 10 m2 g−1 leads to equivalent black carbon concentration detection limits of 1460 and 740 ng m−3, respectively. The detection limit could be reduced further by improvements to the isolation of the instrument and the signal detection and processing schemes employed.
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Guo, Yawen, Zhaoyuan He, Jinyuan Chen, Lan Chen, Kaizhou Xie, Tao Zhang, Genxi Zhang, and Guojun Dai. "Simultaneous Determination of Tetracyclines and Fluoroquinolones in Poultry Eggs by UPLC Integrated with Dual-Channel-Fluorescence Detection Method." Molecules 26, no. 18 (September 19, 2021): 5684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185684.
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An innovative, rapid and stable method for simultaneous determination of three tetracycline (oxytetracycline, tetracycline and doxycycline) and two fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin) residues in poultry eggs by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection (UPLC-FLD) was established and optimized. The samples were homogenized and extracted with acetonitrile/ultrapure water (90:10, v/v) and then purified by solid-phase extraction (SPE). LC separation was achieved on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (1.7 µm, 2.1 mm × 100 mm), and the mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile and a 0.1 mol/L malonic acid solution containing 50 mmol/L magnesium chloride (the pH was adjusted to 5.5 with ammonia). When the five target drugs were spiked at the limit of quantification, 0.5 times the maximum residue limit (MRL), 1.0 MRL and 2.0 MRL, the recoveries were above 83.5% and the precision ranged from 1.99% to 6.24%. These figures of merit complied with the parameter validation regulations of the EU and U.S. FDA. The limits of detection and quantifications of the targets were 0.1–13.4 µg/kg and 0.3–40.1 µg/kg, respectively. The proposed method was easily extended to quantitative analyses of target drug residues in 85 egg samples, thus demonstrating its reliability and applicability.
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Dujmović, Marin, and Pavle Valerjev. "The influence of conflict monitoring on meta-reasoning and response times in a base rate task." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 12 (January 1, 2018): 2548–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021817746924.
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We examined the role of conflict monitoring processes in forming metacognitive judgements of confidence while performing base rate tasks. Recently proposed models of dual-process reasoning, as well as research, have shown that conflict detection might represent a link between Type 1 and Type 2 processing. Conflict detection has also been shown to affect metacognitive processes in reasoning tasks. By varying base rate probability and congruence, we generated base rate tasks of four distinct levels of congruence. The results of two experiments showed that participants were slower and less confident in conflict conditions regardless of their response. However, there were two distinct subsets of participants with different levels of sensitivity to conflict which resulted in different patterns of results when using low base rate ratios. In-depth analyses showed that the impact of base rate information in the formation of metacognitive judgements depended on congruence and response type. Base rate information was a more salient cue for metacognitive processes when responding according to base rates compared with responding according to belief. There is evidence that base rate information may serve as a direct cue for metacognition, independent of fluency.
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Hainey, Mel F., Takaaki Mano, Takeshi Kasaya, Tetsuyuki Ochiai, Hirotaka Osato, Kazuhiro Watanabe, Yoshimasa Sugimoto, et al. "Near-field resonant photon sorting applied: dual-band metasurface quantum well infrared photodetectors for gas sensing." Nanophotonics 9, no. 16 (October 8, 2020): 4775–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0456.
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AbstractTwo photodetectors for measuring transmission and two bulky, separated narrowband filters for picking a target gas absorption line and a non-absorbing reference from broadband emission are typically required for dual-band non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) gas sensing. Metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) metasurface plasmon cavities, precisely controllable narrowband absorbers, suggest a next-generation, nanophotonic approach. Here, we demonstrate a dual-band MDM cavity detector that consolidates the function of two detectors and two filters into a single device by employing resonant photon sorting-a function unique to metasurfaces. Two MDM cavities sandwiching a quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) with distinct resonance wavelengths are alternately arranged in a subwavelength period. The large absorption cross section of the cavities ensures ~95% efficient lateral sorting of photons by wavelength into the corresponding detector within a near-field region. The flow of incident photons is thus converted into two independent photocurrents for dual-band detection. Our dual-band photodetectors show competitive external quantum efficiencies up to 38% (responsivity 2.1 A/W, peak wavelength 6.9 5m) at 78 K. By tailoring one resonance to an absorption peak of NO2 (6.25 5m) and the other to a non-absorbing reference wavelength (7.15 5m), NDIR NO2 gas sensing with 10 ppm accuracy and 1 ms response times is demonstrated. Through experiment and numerical simulation, we confirm near-perfect absorption at the resonant cavity and suppressed absorption at its non-resonant counterpart, characteristic of resonant photon sorting. Dual-band sensing across the mid-infrared should be possible by tailoring the cavities and quantum well to desired wavelengths.
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Morrison, Kenneth A., and Carl J. Watras. "Mercury and methyl mercury in freshwater seston: direct determination at picogram per litre levels by dual filtration." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 760–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-029.
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Here, we describe a method for directly determining sestonic mercury in lake waters at concentrations ranging down to 0.12 ng Hg/L (total Hg) and 0.01 ng MeHg/L (monomethyl mercury) in a 250-mL water sample. Detection limits for the method are 30 pg of Hg and 3.0 pg of MeHg, reported as three times the standard deviation of a procedural blank. The method involves dual filtration using ultraclean 47-mm-diameter, 0.45-µm pore size cellulose nitrate filters in an all-Teflon® filter stack. Lake water is pumped directly through a primary filter that traps suspended seston particles and then through a secondary filter that is used to estimate the integrated reagent, filter, and sorption blank. Both filters are analyzed for Hg or MeHg and the primary filter is corrected by subtracting the secondary blank. Sestonic Hg is determined after acid digestion and wet oxidation of the filters with BrCl, reduction with NH2OH-HCl followed by SnCl2, and purging via N2 onto dual gold traps for detection via cold-vapor atomic fluorescence spectroscopy. Sestonic MeHg is determined after acid distillation of the filters, aqueous-phase ethylation, purging onto Tenax®, isothermal gas chromatography separation, and detection by cold-vapor atomic fluorescence spectroscopy. The method was tested on a variety of lakes in Wisconsin, Florida, and Washington. The blank-corrected mass of sestonic mercury collected from these lakes onto primary filters ranged from 30 to 340 pg Hg and from 3 to 23 pg MeHg. The corresponding concentrations of mercury in the seston were 22-790 ng Hg/g dry weight and 3-75 ng MeHg/g dry weight. The method allowed us to demonstrate a clear negative dependence of sestonic mercury concentrations (weight:weight) on pH in Wisconsin lakes.
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Cao, Jianfang, Lichao Chen, Min Wang, and Yun Tian. "Implementing a Parallel Image Edge Detection Algorithm Based on the Otsu-Canny Operator on the Hadoop Platform." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3598284.
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The Canny operator is widely used to detect edges in images. However, as the size of the image dataset increases, the edge detection performance of the Canny operator decreases and its runtime becomes excessive. To improve the runtime and edge detection performance of the Canny operator, in this paper, we propose a parallel design and implementation for an Otsu-optimized Canny operator using a MapReduce parallel programming model that runs on the Hadoop platform. The Otsu algorithm is used to optimize the Canny operator’s dual threshold and improve the edge detection performance, while the MapReduce parallel programming model facilitates parallel processing for the Canny operator to solve the processing speed and communication cost problems that occur when the Canny edge detection algorithm is applied to big data. For the experiments, we constructed datasets of different scales from the Pascal VOC2012 image database. The proposed parallel Otsu-Canny edge detection algorithm performs better than other traditional edge detection algorithms. The parallel approach reduced the running time by approximately 67.2% on a Hadoop cluster architecture consisting of 5 nodes with a dataset of 60,000 images. Overall, our approach system speeds up the system by approximately 3.4 times when processing large-scale datasets, which demonstrates the obvious superiority of our method. The proposed algorithm in this study demonstrates both better edge detection performance and improved time performance.
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Ingram, Zachary, Hannah Matheney, Emma Wise, Courtney Weatherford, and Amy E. Hulme. "Overlap Intensity: An ImageJ Macro for Analyzing the HIV-1 In Situ Uncoating Assay." Viruses 13, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): 1604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13081604.
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Capsid uncoating is at the crossroads of early steps in HIV-1 replication. In recent years, the development of novel assays has expanded how HIV-1 uncoating can be studied. In the in situ uncoating assay, dual fluorescently labelled virus allows for the identification of fused viral cores. Antibody staining then detects the amount of capsid associated with each viral core at different times post-infection. Following fixed cell imaging, manual counting can be used to assess the fusion state and capsid signal for each viral core, but this method can introduce bias with increased time of analysis. To address these limitations, we developed the Overlap Intensity macro in ImageJ. This macro automates the detection of viral cores and quantification of overlapping fusion and capsid signals. We demonstrated the high accuracy of the macro by comparing core detection to manual methods. Analysis of an in situ uncoating assay further verified the macro by detecting progressive uncoating as expected. Therefore, this macro improves the accessibility of the in situ uncoating assay by replacing time-consuming manual methods or the need for expensive data analysis software. Beyond the described assay, the Overlap Intensity macro includes adjustable settings for use in other methods requiring quantification of overlapping fluorescent signals.
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Turcant, A., A. Premel-Cabic, A. Cailleux, and P. Allain. "Screening for neutral and basic drugs in blood by dual fused-silica column chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection." Clinical Chemistry 34, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 1492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/34.7.1492.
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Abstract We describe a capillary gas-chromatographic method for detection and quantification of basic and neutral drugs in the plasma of patients thought to be poisoned after dangerous overdose. Without further derivatization, the drugs are extracted from 1 mL of plasma, at basic pH, into diethyl ether. The extracts are injected onto two fused-silica capillary columns of different polarity (Ultra 1 and CP Sil 19 CB) coupled to nitrogen-phosphorus detectors. Under these conditions, drug-free plasmas give blank chromatograms, with a peak only for the internal standard (RN 927, an antihistamine not being marketed). Plasma samples from patients who have taken drugs show additional peaks, the relative retention times (RRTs) of which are used to identify the drugs. Here we list the RRTs of about 200 drugs on the two columns. Analyses are routinely performed with an automatic injector; overall analysis time is about 1 h per sample. During the last six years, more than 1000 plasma samples per year have been analyzed. We find this method a powerful tool for toxicological analysis, especially in cases of multi-drug intoxications.
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Zhao, Dawei, Erfan G. Nezami, Youssef M. A. Hashash, and Jamshid Ghaboussi. "Three‐dimensional discrete element simulation for granular materials." Engineering Computations 23, no. 7 (October 1, 2006): 749–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644400610689884.
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PurposeDevelop a new three‐dimensional discrete element code (BLOKS3D) for efficient simulation of polyhedral particles of any size. The paper describes efficient algorithms for the most important ingredients of a discrete element code.Design/methodology/approachNew algorithms are presented for contact resolution and detection (including neighbor search and contact detection sections), contact point and force detection, and contact damping. In contact resolution and detection, a new neighbor search algorithm called TLS is described. Each contact is modeled with multiple contact points. A non‐linear force‐displacement relationship is suggested for contact force calculation and a dual‐criterion is employed for contact damping. The performance of the algorithm is compared to those currently available in the literature.FindingsThe algorithms are proven to significantly improve the analysis speed. A series of examples are presented to demonstrate and evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms and the overall discrete element method (DEM) code.Originality/valueLong computational times required to simulate large numbers of particles have been a major hindering factor in extensive application of DEM in many engineering applications. This paper describes an effort to enhance the available algorithms and further the engineering application of DEM.
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Rebrov, O. Yu. "ANALYSIS OF TRACTOR DUAL TIRES EFFICIENCY." Scientific notes of Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University. Series: Technical Sciences 5, no. 2 (2019): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32838/2663-5941/2019.5-2/04.
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Lee, Hwaseop, and Kwangyeol Ryu. "Dual-Kernel-Based Aggregated Residual Network for Surface Defect Inspection in Injection Molding Processes." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (November 18, 2020): 8171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228171.
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Automated quality inspection has been receiving increasing attention in manufacturing processes. Since the introduction of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), many researchers have attempted to apply CNNs to classification and detection of defect images. However, injection molding processes have not received much attention in this field of research because of product diversity, difficulty in obtaining uniform-quality product images, and short cycle times. In this study, two types of dual-kernel-based aggregated residual networks are proposed by utilizing a fixed kernel and a deformable kernel to detect surface and shape defects of molded products. The aggregated residual network is selected as a backbone, and a fixed-size, deformable kernel is applied for extracting surface and geometric features simultaneously. Comparative studies are conducted by including the existing research using the Weakly Supervised Learning for Industrial Optical Inspection dataset, which is a DAGM dataset. A case study reveals that the proposed method is applicable for inspecting the quality of injection molding products with excellent performance.
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Bell, C. A., S. U. Randhawa, and Z. K. Xu. "Impact of High-Pressure Tires and Single-Tired Axles in Oregon." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1540, no. 1 (January 1996): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154000118.
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The growing concern in Oregon in the early 1990s that the use of single tires on the nonsteering axles of trucks may be growing and leading to increased damage to pavements is addressed. An associated concern was that tire pressures may be increasing and contributing to increased damage. Single tires are used in two ways on nonsteering axles. Wider-than-normal tires (wide-base) may be used instead of traditional dual tire assemblies, or singling out of dual tires may be done, where the inside tire of the duals is removed. An extensive survey of trucks was conducted at Oregon's five ports of entry in 1992 to establish the pattern of use of single tire and tire pressures. The data were compared with those available from studies conducted in Oregon in 1986 and 1989. There did not appear to be a growth in use of single tires or a trend of increasing tire pressures. However, the data collected previously for single tire use was limited. The surveys conducted in 1992 showed that single tire use varies throughout the state, depending on the commodities hauled in an area. Singling out tends to be used where relatively light articles are being hauled, whereas wide-base tires appeared to be concentrated with trucks hauling forest products. The surveys indicated that less than 10 percent of trucks used single tires on nonsteering axles. The use of single tires on nonsteering axles does not appear to be a significant problem. However, on the basis of the analysis conducted in this study, some control may be appropriate because such tires could cause more damage than similarly loaded dual tires. Partial singling out of tandem axles has the potential to be particularly damaging. Such axles have six tires instead of the usual eight. However, there are many options for using single tires and some are used with axle configurations that cause less pavement damage than alternatives using dual tires. An example of this would be a tridem axle with single tires versus a tandem axle of the same weight using dual tires. Any control of single tires should not limit their use with less damaging axles.
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Viti, Leonardo, Alisson R. Cadore, Xinxin Yang, Andrei Vorobiev, Jakob E. Muench, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Jan Stake, Andrea C. Ferrari, and Miriam S. Vitiello. "Thermoelectric graphene photodetectors with sub-nanosecond response times at terahertz frequencies." Nanophotonics 10, no. 1 (July 10, 2020): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0255.
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AbstractUltrafast and sensitive (noise equivalent power <1 nW Hz−1/2) light-detection in the terahertz (THz) frequency range (0.1–10 THz) and at room-temperature is key for applications such as time-resolved THz spectroscopy of gases, complex molecules and cold samples, imaging, metrology, ultra-high-speed data communications, coherent control of quantum systems, quantum optics and for capturing snapshots of ultrafast dynamics, in materials and devices, at the nanoscale. Here, we report room-temperature THz nano-receivers exploiting antenna-coupled graphene field effect transistors integrated with lithographically-patterned high-bandwidth (∼100 GHz) chips, operating with a combination of high speed (hundreds ps response time) and high sensitivity (noise equivalent power ≤120 pW Hz−1/2) at 3.4 THz. Remarkably, this is achieved with various antenna and transistor architectures (single-gate, dual-gate), whose operation frequency can be extended over the whole 0.1–10 THz range, thus paving the way for the design of ultrafast graphene arrays in the far infrared, opening concrete perspective for targeting the aforementioned applications.
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Hequet, Emilie, Céline Henoumont, Vera Djouana Kenfack, Vincent Lemaur, Roberto Lazzaroni, Sébastien Boutry, Luce Vander Elst, Robert N. Muller, and Sophie Laurent. "Design, Characterization and Molecular Modeling of New Fluorinated Paramagnetic Contrast Agents for Dual 1H/19F MRI." Magnetochemistry 6, no. 1 (February 11, 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry6010008.
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One major goal in medical imaging is the elaboration of more efficient contrast agents (CAs). Those agents need to be optimized for the detection of affected tissues such as cancers or tumors while decreasing the injected quantity of agents. The paramagnetic contrast agents containing fluorine atoms can be used for both proton and fluorine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and they open the possibility of simultaneously mapping the anatomy using 1H MRI and accurately locating the agents using 19F MRI. One of the challenges in this domain is to synthesize molecules containing several chemically equivalent fluorine atoms with relatively short relaxation times to allow the recording of 19F MR images in good conditions. With that aim, we propose to prepare a CA containing a paramagnetic center and nine chemically equivalent fluorine atoms using a cycloaddition reaction between two building blocks. These fluorinated contrast agents are characterized by 19F NMR, showing differences in the fluorine relaxation times T1 and T2 depending on the lanthanide ion. To complement the experimental results, molecular dynamics simulations are performed to shed light on the 3D-structure of the molecules in order to estimate the distance between the lanthanide ion and the fluorine atoms.
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Yuan, Feng, Yee Lee, Yu Meng, and Jin Ong. "Characterization of S-Band Dual-Polarized Radar Data for the Convective Rain Melting Layer Detection in A Tropical Region." Remote Sensing 10, no. 11 (November 5, 2018): 1740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10111740.
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In the tropical region, convective rain is a dominant rain event. However, very little information is known about the convective rain melting layer. In this paper, S-band dual-polarized radar data is studied in order to identify both the stratiform and convective rain melting layers in the tropical region, with a focus on the convective events. By studying and analyzing the above-mentioned two types of rain events, amongst three radar measurements of reflectivity ( Z ), differential reflectivity ( Z DR ), and cross correlation coefficient ( ρ HV ), the latter one is the best indicator for convective rain melting layer detection. From two years (2014 and 2015) of radar and radiosonde observations, 13 convective rain melting layers are identified with available 0 °C isothermal heights which are derived from radiosonde vertical profiles. By comparing the melting layer top heights with the corresponding 0 °C isothermal heights, it is found that for convective rain events, the threshold to detect melting layer should be modified to ρ HV = 0.95 for the tropical region. The melting layer top and bottom heights are then estimated using the proposed threshold, and it is observed from this study that the thickness of convective rain melting layer is around 2 times that of stratiform rain melting layer which is detected by using the conventional ρ HV = 0.97 .
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Molidena, Elis, Takahiro Osawa, Putu Gede Ardhana, and Abd Rahman As-syakur. "Forest and Industrial Plantation Mapping with Multi-Temporal Dual Polarization by ALOS PALSAR Data In Riau Province." International Journal of Environment and Geosciences 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ijeg.2018.v02.i01.p04.
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Backscattering characteristics of land use has been analyzed using ALOS PALSAR data. The purpose of this research are mapping of land use by five categories such as forest, acacia, oil palm, open area and water, and to identify the changes of environmental. Analysis Pixel-by-pixel average of ALOS PALSAR level 1.5 backscattering used from five of category land use was to estimate the spectral characteristic of each object in difference HH and HV polarization. Ground truth data was taken from 169 locations which used for classification, 119 locations and 50 locations used for validation. Two different times of ALOS PALSAR level 1.0 2009 and 2010 data, was used for changes detection by multi temporal color composite combination. The accuracy result for classification map shows 62% of ground truth database, and multi temporal analysis showed the possibility of changes.
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Lacour, S., M. Nowak, J. Wang, O. Pfuhl, F. Eisenhauer, R. Abuter, A. Amorim, et al. "First direct detection of an exoplanet by optical interferometry." Astronomy & Astrophysics 623 (March 2019): L11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935253.
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Aims. To date, infrared interferometry at best achieved contrast ratios of a few times 10−4 on bright targets. GRAVITY, with its dual-field mode, is now capable of high contrast observations, enabling the direct observation of exoplanets. We demonstrate the technique on HR 8799, a young planetary system composed of four known giant exoplanets. Methods. We used the GRAVITY fringe tracker to lock the fringes on the central star, and integrated off-axis on the HR 8799 e planet situated at 390 mas from the star. Data reduction included post-processing to remove the flux leaking from the central star and to extract the coherent flux of the planet. The inferred K band spectrum of the planet has a spectral resolution of 500. We also derive the astrometric position of the planet relative to the star with a precision on the order of 100 μas. Results. The GRAVITY astrometric measurement disfavors perfectly coplanar stable orbital solutions. A small adjustment of a few degrees to the orbital inclination of HR 8799 e can resolve the tension, implying that the orbits are close to, but not strictly coplanar. The spectrum, with a signal-to-noise ratio of ≈5 per spectral channel, is compatible with a late-type L brown dwarf. Using Exo-REM synthetic spectra, we derive a temperature of 1150 ± 50 K and a surface gravity of 104.3 ± 0.3 cm s2. This corresponds to a radius of 1.17−0.11+0.13 RJup and a mass of 10−4+7 MJup, which is an independent confirmation of mass estimates from evolutionary models. Our results demonstrate the power of interferometry for the direct detection and spectroscopic study of exoplanets at close angular separations from their stars.
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Oyler, Jonathan M., Edward J. Cone, Robert E. Joseph, Eric T. Moolchan, and Marilyn A. Huestis. "Duration of Detectable Methamphetamine and Amphetamine Excretion in Urine after Controlled Oral Administration of Methamphetamine to Humans." Clinical Chemistry 48, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 1703–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/48.10.1703.
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Abstract Background: Confirmation of a workplace drug test requires urinary methamphetamine (MAMP) and amphetamine (AMP) concentrations ≥500 and 200 μg/L, respectively, but cutoffs at half those values (250/100 μg/L) have been proposed. We determined the urinary excretion of MAMP after oral ingestion and examined the effect of using lower cutoffs on detection of exposure. Methods: Volunteers (n = 8) ingested four 10-mg doses of MAMP · HCl daily over 7 days, and five of them ingested four 20-mg doses 4 weeks later. After ingestion, the volunteers collected all urine specimens for 2 weeks. After solid-phase extraction, MAMP and AMP were measured by gas chromatography–positive chemical ionization mass spectrometry with dual silyl derivatization. Results: MAMP and AMP were generally detected in the first or second void (0.7–11.3 h) collected after drug administration, with concentrations of 82–1827 and 12–180 μg/L, respectively. Peak MAMP concentrations (1871–6004 μg/L) after single doses occurred within 1.5–60 h. MAMP ≥500 μg/L was first detected in the first or second void (1–11 h) at 524-1871 μg/L. Lowering the MAMP cutoff to 250 μg/L changed the initial detection time little. AMP ≥200 μg/L was first detected in the 2nd–13th (7–20 h) post-administration voids. At a cutoff of 100 μg/L, AMP was first confirmed in the second to eighth void (4–13 h). Reducing the cutoff to 250/100 μg/L extended terminal MAMP detection by up to 24 h, increased total detection time by up to 34 h, and increased the total number of positive specimens by 48%. Conclusions: At the lower cutoff, initial detection times are earlier, detection windows are longer, and confirmation rates are increased. Elimination of the AMP requirement would increase detection rates and allow earlier detection.
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Elseifi, Mostafa A., Imad L. Al-Qadi, Pyeong J. Yoo, and Ibrahim Janajreh. "Quantification of Pavement Damage Caused by Dual and Wide-Base Tires." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1940, no. 1 (January 2005): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105194000114.
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A study conducted in 2001 on the heavily instrumented Virginia Smart Road measured pavement responses to a new generation of single wide-base tire (445/50R22.5) and to dual tires (275/80R22.5). The new single wide-base tire has a wider tread and a greater load-carrying capacity than conventional wide-base tires. The potential fatigue damage resulting from different tire configurations was evaluated. After successful field testing, a finite element (FE) parametric study was conducted to investigate different failure mechanisms that were not evaluated in the field. In this study, dual tires and two new generations of wide-base tires (445/50R22.5 and 455/55R22.5) were evaluated. The main difference between the two generations of wide-base tires is that the 455/55R22.5 is wider than the 445/50R22.5; hence, it further reduces the contact stress at the pavement surface under the same nominal tire pressure. In the developed FE models, geometry and dimensions were selected to simulate accurately the axle configurations typically used in North America; actual tire tread sizes and applicable contact pressure for each tread were considered; laboratory-measured pavement material properties were incorporated; and models were calibrated and properly validated against stress and strain measurements obtained from the experimental program. Four failure mechanisms were considered: fatigue cracking, primary rutting, secondary rutting, and top-down cracking. Results indicated that the new generations of wide-base tire would cause the same or relatively greater pavement damage than conventional dual tires. Because overall truck weight is reduced by approximately 450 kg when wide-base tires are used, it is reasonable to implement the load limits currently applied to the dual-tire assembly on the 455/55R22.5 wide-base tire.
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Hong, Wonki, Jungmin Lee, and Won Gu Lee. "A Dual-Padded, Protrusion-Incorporated, Ring-Type Sensor for the Measurement of Food Mass and Intake." Sensors 20, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 5623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195623.
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Dietary monitoring is vital in healthcare because knowing food mass and intake (FMI) plays an essential role in revitalizing a person’s health and physical condition. In this study, we report the development of a highly sensitive ring-type biosensor for the detection of FMI for dietary monitoring. To identify lightweight food on a spoon, we enhance the sensing system’s sensitivity with three components: (1) a first-class lever mechanism, (2) a dual pad sensor, and (3) a force focusing structure using a ring surface having protrusions. As a result, we confirmed that, as the food arm’s length increases, the force detected at the sensor is amplified by the first-class lever mechanism. Moreover, we obtained 1.88 and 1.71 times amplification using the dual pad sensor and the force focusing structure, respectively. Furthermore, the ring-type biosensor showed significant potential as a diagnostic indicator because the ring sensor signal was linearly proportional to the food mass delivered in a spoon, with R2 = 0.988, and an average F1 score of 0.973. Therefore, we believe that this approach is potentially beneficial for developing a dietary monitoring platform to support the prevention of obesity, which causes several adult diseases, and to keep the FMI data collection process automated in a quantitative, network-controlled manner.
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Fischer, M. H., A. Pollatsek, and K. Rayner. "Advance in Attention Allocation in Visual Search." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970064.
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We investigated the allocation of visuo-spatial attention during dynamic viewing with a dual task. The primary search task (K, H, O, or V among Xs) required sequential left-to-right eye movements. An additional manual detection response was made to a visual probe that appeared early or late after the onset of one critical eye fixation (25 or 170 ms probe delay). The probe appeared either to the left, or directly above, or to the right of the currently fixated character (−10, −5, 0, +5, or +10 characters probe eccentricity). As predicted from research with single-eye movement tasks, probe detection became faster near the location of the forthcoming eye fixation, indicating an attention shift to that location. Fixation times increased as a consequence of probing, but less so when the probe appeared in the right compared to the left hemifield. Saccade lengths decreased as a result of probing, but remained largest when the probe appeared at +10 characters. These data support the notion of goal-directed attention shifts prior to eye movements in natural viewing.
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Islam, Jahidul, Han Shao, Md Mizanur Rahman Badal, Kafil M. Razeeb, and Mamun Jamal. "Pencil graphite as electrode platform for free chlorine sensors and energy storage devices." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): e0248142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248142.
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Multifunctional and low-cost electrode materials are desirable for the next-generation sensors and energy storage applications. This paper reports the use of pencil graphite as an electrode for dual applications that include the detection of free residual chlorine using electro-oxidation process and as an electrochemical energy storage cathode. The pencil graphite is transferred to cellulose paper by drawing ten times and applied for the detection of free residual chlorine, which shows a sensitivity of 27 μA mM-1 cm-2 with a limit of detection of 88.9 μM and linearity up to 7 mM. The sample matrix effect study for the commonly interfering ions such as NO3-, SO42-, CO32-, Cl-, HCO3- shows minimal impact on free residual chlorine detection. Pencil graphite then used after cyclic voltammogram treatment as a cathode in the aqueous Zn/Al-ion battery, showing an average discharge potential plateau of ~1.1 V, with a specific cathode capacity of ~54.1 mAh g-1 at a current of 55 mA g-1. It maintains ~95.8% of its initial efficiency after 100 cycles. Results obtained from the density functional theory calculation is consistent with the electro-oxidation process involved in the detection of free residual chlorine, as well as intercalation and de-intercalation behavior of Al3+ into the graphite layers of Zn/Al-ion battery. Therefore, pencil graphite due to its excellent electro-oxidation and conducting properties, can be successfully implemented as low cost, disposable and green material for both sensor and energy-storage applications.
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Al-Qadi, Imad L., Amara Loulizi, Ibrahim Janajreh, and Thomas E. Freeman. "Pavement Response to Dual Tires and New Wide-Base Tires at Same Tire Pressure." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1806, no. 1 (January 2002): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1806-05.
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McBain, C., and R. Dingledine. "Dual-component miniature excitatory synaptic currents in rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 68, no. 1 (July 1, 1992): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1992.68.1.16.
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1. Spontaneous miniature synaptic events were studied with tight-seal whole-cell recordings from CA3 neurons maintained in the hippocampal slice from immature rats (3-15 days). CA3 neurons suffer a constant, high-frequency barrage of inhibitory synaptic input. When inhibitory postsynaptic currents were suppressed by bicuculline, a smaller contribution from excitatory synapses was revealed. 2. Addition of tetrodotoxin (TTX) removed a persistent inward current and substantially reduced the baseline noise facilitating the detection of ,miniature- excitatory currents. Addition of hyperosmotic media increased the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). 3. Under both physiological and elevated potassium conditions, individual spontaneous miniature EPSCs (10-30 pA amplitude) were composed of components mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors as determined by their voltage dependence, time course, and sensitivity to selective antagonists. 6-Cyano-7-nitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) or D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D-APV) shifted the amplitude distribution of miniature EPSCs to a smaller mode at both +40 mV and -40 mV. Similar to EPSCs recorded in CA1 neurons, the rise and decay times of the NMDA receptor component were slower than those of the non-NMDA component. The time course of the non-NMDA component was voltage independent. 4. In 13 of 21 neurons, no correlation existed between individual EPSC rise times and their corresponding halfwidth, peak amplitude, or decay time constant. This suggests that the large range of EPSC kinetics observed in each individual neuron was not due solely to cable attenuation of EPSCs widely distributed over the dendritic tree. Plots of the mean EPSC rise time against mean halfwidth for each cell, however, revealed a striking correlation, suggesting that in neonates, active synapses may be grouped in a restricted region of the dendritic tree and as such are subject to similar amounts of dendritic filtering. 5. The electrotonic length of CA3 neurons (L = 0.52) predicted that at this maturity the electrotonic compactness of the neuron facilitated voltage control over all but the most distal synapses. The reversal potential of the fast component of spontaneous events was close to 0 mV, whereas the reversal potential of exogenously applied kainate and NMDA was more positive. This discrepancy likely reflects a compromise of the voltage clamp by the activation of conductances distributed over the entire cell.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)