Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Détection du feu et de la fumée'
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Frizzi, Sebastien. "Apprentissage profond en traitement d'images : application pour la détection de fumée et feu." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOUL0007.
Full textResearchers have found a strong correlation between hot summers and the frequency and intensity of forestfires. Global warming due to greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide is increasing the temperature in someparts of the world. Fires release large amounts of greenhouse gases, causing an increase in the earth'saverage temperature, which in turn causes an increase in forest fires... Fires destroy millions of hectares offorest areas, ecosystems sheltering numerous species and have a significant cost for our societies. Theprevention and control of fires must be a priority to stop this infernal spiral.In this context, smoke detection is very important because it is the first clue of an incipient fire. Fire andespecially smoke are difficult objects to detect in visible images due to their complexity in terms of shape, colorand texture. However, deep learning coupled with video surveillance can achieve this goal. Convolutionalneural network (CNN) architecture is able to detect smoke and fire in RGB images with very good accuracy.Moreover, these structures can segment smoke as well as fire in real time. The richness of the deep networklearning database is a very important element allowing a good generalization.This manuscript presents different deep architectures based on convolutional networks to detect and localizesmoke and fire in video images in the visible domain
Kaabi, Rabeb. "Apprentissage profond et traitement d'images pour la détection de fumée." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOUL0017.
Full textThis thesis deals with the problem of forest fire detection using image processing and machine learning tools. A forest fire is a fire that spreads over a wooded area. It can be of natural origin (due to lightning or a volcanic eruption) or human. Around the world, the impact of forest fires on many aspects of our daily lives is becoming more and more apparent on the entire ecosystem.Many methods have been shown to be effective in detecting forest fires. The originality of the present work lies in the early detection of fires through the detection of forest smoke and the classification of smoky and non-smoky regions using deep learning and image processing tools. A set of pre-processing techniques helped us to have an important database which allowed us afterwards to test the robustness of the model based on deep belief network we proposed and to evaluate the performance by calculating the following metrics (IoU, Accuracy, Recall, F1 score). Finally, the proposed algorithm is tested on several images in order to validate its efficiency. The simulations of our algorithm have been compared with those processed in the state of the art (Deep CNN, SVM...) and have provided very good results. The results of the proposed methods gave an average classification accuracy of about 96.5% for the early detection of smoke
Cremona, Pierre. "Caractérisation expérimentale et numérique des scenarii de feu impliquant un conduit de fumée d'appareils de combustion bois." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESMA0023/document.
Full textThe structural evolution of residential buildings due to thermal, environmental regulations and roll out of the Construction Products Regulation generate major challenge for chimney manufacturers, in particular with regard to the safety of residents during a fire. Two fire resistance scenarios are eloquent in European Regulations: the one associated with the development of fire in the room where the chimney is located and the last reported on the development of fire in the chimney itself, by ignition of the deposits. In both cases, the chimney must not be a vector for propagating fire to adjacent rooms and combustible materials. In this context, the present study aims to characterize the main thermal transfers involved in the two scenarios and to better understand the kinetics of formation, decomposition, ignition and combustion of the deposits within the chimney. To do this, an experimental and numerical approach was adopted. The experimental part allows to determine the chemical characteristics (elemental and chemical analyzes) and thermo-physical characteristics (density, conductivity, effusivity and thermal capacity, porosity, calorific value) of 24 residues from real installations or created in laboratory under representative conditions of combustion. These residues are then studied in thermogravimetric analyzers (TGA) and Cone Calorimeters in order to determine the thermal decomposition steps as well as the flammability and combustibility properties, in cases of piloted and auto-ignition. A consequent database of the set of properties has then been generated. A fire-resistant furnace (according to EN 1366-13) allowed the study of the chimney participation in the propagation of fire from one room to another, through the measurement of temperature fields, above the ceiling. The tests allow the acquisition of data essential to the definition of the initial conditions and the limits necessary for the development and the validation of a numerical model developed under Fluent. This model describes heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation. It makes possible to estimate the temperature level on the outer wall of the chimney above the furnace, which is required in the EI performance declaration tests according to EN 1366-13, regardless of the configuration of the chimney (diameter, materials...). The results obtained correspond to the need for Poujoulat, whose challenge is to have an experimental and numerical tool for the development of fire-resistant chimney and a database relating to deposits in order to advise the habitants
Iskandarani, Wassim. "Feu dans un bâtiment et comportement humain : gessi : un modèle et un logiciel." Compiègne, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992COMPD455.
Full textBigourd, Damien. "Etude et détection de polluants atmosphériques dans le domaine THz." Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00120948.
Full textpartie du spectre électromagnétique est encore peu exploitée et a souvent été qualifiée de "gap spectral" en raison des nombreuses difficultés à émettre ce rayonnement à des puissances exploitables. Deux spectromètres dans la gamme THz ont été développés et exploités. Le premier, basé sur la spectroscopie résolue en temps, utilise des impulsions THz et permet d'obtenir un spectre de quelques GHz à 1,2 THz en quelques minutes avec une résolution de l'ordre du GHz. Le second est un spectromètre continu basé sur le photomélange avec
une extension spectrale de 3 THz et une pureté spectrale de 5 MHz. Après des descriptions analytiques et des caractérisations expérimentales des dispositifs, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'étude, à la surveillance et à la détection des polluants atmosphériques dans l'infrarouge lointain en exploitant les deux instruments pour l'analyse de la fumée de cigarette qui représente un excellent exemple de milieu hostile. Cette étude révèle la présence d'acide cyanhydrique (HCN), de monoxyde de carbone (CO), et de formaldéhyde (H2CO). Les concentrations de ces espèces ont été déduites des formes de raies puis confirmées et comparées à des
mesures par méthodes chimiques. La partie fondamentale de ce travail est d'étudier la réponse d'un gaz suite à une excitation subpicoseconde : les signaux de précession libre dans le sulfure de carbonyle (OCS) qui consiste en une série d'impulsions transitoires. Un modèle théorique permet d'interpréter classiquement ces impulsions réémises. La décroissance quasi exponentielle des impulsions transitoires est liée à la largeur de raie des transitions de rotation et les informations d'anharmonicité sont observées sur les formes de ces
impulsions qui sont principalement dues à la propagation, à la dispersion et à la distorsion centrifuge.
Bigourd, Damien. "Etude et détection de polluants atmosphérique dans le domaine THz." Littoral, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DUNK0152.
Full textTerahertz or Far Infrared radiation extends from 100 GHz to 10 THz. This frequency range was considered to be a “spectral gap” due to the considerable technological difficulties in producing a tunable source with reasonable emission powers. Two THz spectrometers have been developed and exploited. The first uses THz pulses and is based on Time Domain Spectroscopy. It is capable of providing a spectrum which extends from few GHz to 1,2 THz within few minutes and has a spectral resolution in the order of few GHz. The second instrument generates continous wave THz photomixing and can reach up to 3 THz with a spectral purity of 5 MHz. After presenting the analytical descriptions and experimentally characterizations of the instruments, we focus on the monitoring and detection of atmospheric pollutants, illustrated by the analysis of cigarette smoke which represents an example of hostile medium. This study reveals the presences of the hydrogen cyanide (HCN), carbon monoxideee (CO) and formaldehyde (H2CO) and allows their concentrations to be measured. This analysis is verified by comparison with standard chemichal methods. The fundamental part of this work is the study of the gas response after a subpicosecond excitation : the free induction decay of carbonyl sulphide that consists of a series of uniformly spaced subpicosecond commensurate transients. A theoretical model is used to understand the classical phenomena. The quasi exponential decrease of the reemitted pulses is linked to the spectral with of the rotational transition while the anharmonicity influences the pulse shape due to the propagation, dispersion and centrifugal distorsion
Guay, Martin. "Animation de phénomènes gazeux basée sur la simulation d'un modèle de fluide à phase unique sur le GPU." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4931.
Full textSentenac, Thierry. "Surveillance de scènes dynamiques avec une caméra CCD dans le proche infrarouge : application à la détection couplée de feu et de déplacements d'objets." Toulouse, INPT, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPT042H.
Full textDong, Huy Quang. "Evaluation du risque d'inflammation des fumées riches dans un milieu confiné sous-ventilé à l'aide de la simulation numérique." Phd thesis, ISAE-ENSMA Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et d'Aérotechique - Poitiers, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00954471.
Full textLemattre, Alexis. "Développement de résines polyester insaturées ignifugées : caractérisation des performances feu/fumées et détermination des mécanismes de décomposition." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MULH2179.
Full textFor many years, unsaturated polyester (UP) resins and composites markets are growing. Indeed, the wide range of UP resins gives a large physico-chemical and mechanical properties to composites. These properties and the good performance / price ratio explain the market growth of these resins in industrial applications like composites or gel coats for transportation and construction. However, UP resin exhibit low flammability and the enhancement of their fire behaviour is needed to meet the legislation and to protect goods and people. Since 2018, the European legislation for fire protection used in railway applications (EN45545-2) has strengthened and been harmonized. Smoke opacity and toxicity are the main issue of halogenated unsaturated polyester resins currently used on this market. The aims of this study were thus to develop and formulate new halogen-free and low viscosity UP resins presenting good flame retardant properties. A synergist mixture of reactive and additive flame retardants (FR) was found to be the solution to substitute brominated UP resins and meet the industrial specifications. Finally, the use of such a resin enables developing flame retardant composites without affecting their physico-chemical and mechanical properties
Koutaiba, El Mehdi. "Contributions théoriques et expérimentales sur la ventilation naturelle hors cadre Boussinesq : application au désenfumage des bâtiments." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4742/document.
Full textResearch works presented in this thesis deals with the filling and simultaneous emptying of a naturally ventilated room subject to a continuous source of buoyancy, for example, the problem of natural ventilation of a room containing a fire. The aim of this work is to improve from a theoretical and experimental point of view the understanding of the dominant physical phenomena of this mechanism, especially once the stationary state is reached. This work is divided into two parts. In the first "academic" part, we revisit the theoretical model developed by Linden et al. (1990) under the Boussinesq approximation, based on Morton et al. (1956) turbulent plume assumption. This model is then extended in the general non-Boussinesq case and a parametric study highlights the influence of the governing parameters on which it depends. Secondly, we propose a new model based on the exact turbulent plume solutions proposed by Michaux & Vauquelin (2008). Laboratory experiments were also conducted using a light gas air-helium mixture in order to test and validate these models. In the second part of this work, we address the problem of filling and simultaneous emptying in the more specific context of fire safety engineering applied to smoke management. We begin by presenting some engineering relations for fire plumes, which we implement in a filling emptying model. A comparison is then made between these models and those presented in the first part of the manuscript. The last part deals with a fire test campaign at the laboratory scale and on full-scale. The first theoretical model presented in the first part is confronted with different experimental results
Bouaoud, Amal. "Méthode de détection de risques de phénomènes thermiques pendant la lutte contre les feux de compartiments." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMLH14/document.
Full textIn compartment fires smokes are a major danger during firemen intervention. Most of the time, they are at high temperature and they flow everywhere through many kinds of ducts, which leads to the propagation of the combustion by the creation other fires in places which may be far from the initial fire. Besides, since the appearance of the new building materials and with the heat insulations which lead to the concentration of heat during a fire, the compartments fire became even more dangerous for firefighters during their phases of attack.In the presente study we will introduce a new approach of the problem, which allows to better follow the fire behavior and especially to detect the dangers that may appear and endanger firefighters. This approach consists in a mathematical analysis based on the comparison of moving averages, calculated on the temperature recordings of the smokes. As a consequence, this method may allow improving decision support in real time and therefore to improve the security and the efficiency of firefighters in their operations against that kind of fires
Betting, Benjamin. "Etudes Expérimentales et lois prédictives des foyers d'incendies." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR054/document.
Full textEach year in France, compartment fires result in more than 88,000 interventions involving more than 15,000 people, including several hundred deaths and serious injuries. Today, during fire compartments, the decision-making of the rescue teams is mainly based on human decisions, as a result of the accumulated experience. However, a perfect knowledge of the situation, its evolution over time and the dangers that may appear is impossible. Therefore, studying the fumes is of major interest. Indeed, smoke remains important to study because it conveys valuable information, especially on the appearance of thermal phenomena feared by firemen. In order to carry out this study, an experimental cell made up of two maritime containers was installed on the site of the Seine-Maritime fire brigade fire training. This platform will produce hot smokes in a configuration called "real fire" thanks to a propane burner. In this study, the smoke dynamics in a large scale experimental setup is analyzed using a non-intrusive measurement technique such as PIV (Particle Image Velocity). All the performed measurements are compared with LES (Large Eddy Simulation) simulations of the experiment using Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). The double expertise (numerical / experimental) is essential in this type of study where the experimental data suffer from a lack of resolution (spatial and temporal) but nevertheless represents an important source of information necessary for the validation of the codes
Lyet, Arnaud. "Conservation des populations françaises de vipère d’Orsini : approche multidisciplinaire et intégrative." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20173.
Full textThe Mediterranean region is one of the 25 hotspots in the world. This biological richness is linked from centuries with human-made seminatural habitats, such as agropastoral grasslands. Since the end of the 19th century, the rural decolonization is followed by land abandonment and that conducts to alteration of seminatural grasslands by encroachment and afforestation. Consequences of this habitat alteration are investigated on a rare endemic species particularly difficult to detect, the Orsini's meadow viper (Vipera ursinii). This study shows that populations are fragmented and isolated, and have a high within spatial structure. Four distinct evolutionary units have been identified, each one representing an original and unit part of the genetic variability of the species in France, whose loss should be considered as definitive. Our results show that the species range is narrow extended compared to suitable habitats. This difference does not result from non detection bias neither missing of an important parameter in using models but rather by a low colonization ability of sites which became favourable after the last glaciation. We showed that prescribed fire effects used to maintain open grasslands are strongly unfavourable to the Orsini's meadow viper. In last, analysis of forest management with theoretical approach showed the strong potentiality of forest cuttings to population status improvement. Thus, this thesis aims to define a simple and effective method to obtain quickly an assessment of populations status and extinction risks of this rare species difficult to detect. In addition results obtained on this species are of broader inferences to understand impact of afforestation due to pastoral abandonment, near-future climatic change and management practice that are currently proposed for Mediterranean species with low dispersal rate
Julio, Emilie. "Développement d'une carte génétique de Nicotiana tabacum et détection de QTLs liés à des caractères agronomiques et à la composition de la fumée." Phd thesis, 2005. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7438/1/julio.pdf.
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