Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Détecteurs à lecture optique'
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Conforti, Di Lorenzo Selma. "Développement et caractérisation d’un ASIC de lecture de macro-cellule de photo-détecteurs de grande dimension." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112142.
Full textPMm² is a project founded for three years by the French National Agency for Research (ANR) with the complete title: “Innovative electronics for photo-detectors array used in high energy physics and astroparticles”. The project proposes to segment the large surface of photo-detection in macro pixel consisting of an array of 16 PMTs of 12-inches (2*2 m²), connected to an autonomous front-end electronics which works in a triggerless data acquisition mode placed near the array. This is possible thanks to the microelectronics progress that allows to integrate the read out and the signal processing, of all the photomultipliers, in the same circuit (ASIC) named PARISROC (Photomultiplier ARray Integrated in SiGe Read Out Chip). The ASIC must send out only the digital data by network to the surface central data storage. The PARISROC Chip, made in AMS 0. 35 µm technology, integrates 16 independent channels for each PMTs of the array, providing charge and time measurements. The first prototype of PARISROC chip has a total surface of 19 mm². It has been sent for fabrication in June 2008 to AMS foundry (AustriaMicroSystems) through the CMP (Multi Project Center) and received in December 2008. The ASIC measurements have led to the realization of a second prototype. Important measurements were brought in terms of noise, dynamic range, read out frequency (from 10 MHz to 40 MHz), time measurements (TDC improvements) and charge measurements (Slow shaper improvements). Sent for fabrication in November 2009 and received in February 2010, this new prototype PARISROC 2 has been tested and the characterisation has shown a good overall behavior and the verification of the improvements
Tareb, Malica. "Systèmes de lecture et d'acquisition de données pour un détecteur photomultiplicateur sensible à la position, associée [i. E. Associé] à des fibres scintillantes." Chambéry, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994CHAMS014.
Full textCools, Antoine. "Beta and neutron imaging with an optical readout Micromegas detector." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASP090.
Full textGaseous detectors have demonstrated, over the past decades, their high performance for imaging radioactive particles, achieving spatial resolutions below 100 µm. The scintillating properties of certain gas mixtures, combined with the significant gain of gaseous detectors and the use of a low-noise camera, have enabled the use of scintillation light for imaging. This approach allows for a large detection surface and high spatial resolution while achieving real-time imaging at a low cost per pixel, with low data analysis complexity. The main objectives of this thesis are to optimize the spatial resolution and sensitivity of the detector, either by an "event-by-event" acquisition method with short image acquisition times or by "integration" with long acquisition times.An innovative glass Micromegas detector for optical readout has been developed, taking advantage of the inherently high spatial resolution of the Micromegas detector. The adaptability of the Micromegas detector's gain, due to the avalanche amplification mechanism, allows it to cover a wide range of particle fluxes and energies. During this thesis, imaging measurements were performed using sources with radioactivity levels below one Becquerel and energies of a few keV, up to fluxes characteristic of a synchrotron and a spallation source, with energies exceeding one MeV.The light yield of the detector was studied for different gas mixtures and various gain values under X-ray irradiation to optimize the detector's sensitivity. The homogeneity and precision of the detector's response were characterized by X-ray radiography. The Point Spread Function (PSF) of the optical readout Micromegas was measured using a parallel X-ray beam a few microns thick, generated by synchrotron radiation. This measurement allowed us to determine the detector's spatial resolution for different configurations and to identify and quantify the effects involved. The impact of the micro-mesh and pillars on the detector's scintillation response was also observed and quantified.Two applications were chosen to illustrate the potential of the optical readout Micromegas: autoradiography, for the quantification of very low-activity tritiated samples and high-resolution neutron radiography in highly radioactive environments.Autoradiography and radioactive counting of low-energy beta radiation were performed with tritiated glucose samples. Activities below one Becquerel were measured accurately and simultaneously on a large number of samples, while ensuring precise reconstruction of their position. This work validates the possibility of quantifying the concentration of anticancer drugs at the scale of single tumor cells.Finally, the use of the optical readout Micromegas for neutron imaging was demonstrated using a spallation source which produces thermal neutrons with a flux of approximately 10⁸ n. s⁻¹cm⁻ ² mA⁻¹. The uniformity of the detector's response was studied, and the effects of the diffusion and the mean free path of particles in the gas on image sharpness were measured and compared to a simulation. A spatial resolution on the order of 400 µm was achieved using double-stage amplification within the Micromegas detector
Cervelli, Giovanni. "Analyse, caractérisation et optimisation d'une liaison optique analogique pour l'extraction des données d'un détecteur de particules." Grenoble INPG, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPG0032.
Full textGaschet, Christophe. "Détecteurs courbes et déformables : applications multidisciplinaires." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0601/document.
Full textIn the past few years, curved sensors have been proposed to enhance optical systems. The curvature of these sensors improves off-axis aberrations, such as field curvature, which provides a better resolution and less complex optical systems.This work studies deformable and curved sensors development in a multidisciplinary approach. Firstly, scene and curved sensors are theoretically linked. The form and the position of the object change the curvature of the best image plane, leading to new relations adapted to optical systems with deformable sensors. Gains in compactness are also demonstrated. These investigations merge into a new methodology adapted to optical systems based on curved sensors that has been developed. The first step is to determine mechanical limits of the sensor such as maximum bending without breakage. Based on these limits, a new compact architecture is developed, providing high resolution and good field of view. New tolerances are determined to manufacture a system with its opto-mechanical mount. Finally, the entire imaging system is characterized. The form of the curved sensor is analyzed, showing few deviations from the ideal sphere. Electro-optical characterizations are realized and the image quality is determined according to the object distance, showing the effects of the deformable curvature. The ideal curved focal plane is also determined by combining a flat sensor to the manufactured optical system
Antoni, Thomas. "Structures de couplage optique originales pour les détecteurs infrarouge à puits quantiques." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00441495.
Full textBellouati-Ghazi, Amal. "Détecteur de référence pour les mesures de rayonnements à faible flux." Paris, CNAM, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CNAM0420.
Full textThe parametric down conversion of photons generated in a non-linear crystal gives rise to two correlated photons. Associated to a system of counting of coincidences, this phenomena makes possible the quantum effiency measurments of detectors working on photon counting levels, without using neither sources nor detectors of references. This new method was developped at the BNM-INM with the aim to realize new standards detectors in the field of weak flows. It allows the determination of efficiency of one BNM-INL detectors made possible to confront the exactitude of the measuring equipment. This detector was also made object of comparison with the French reference of radiometry, the cryogenic radiometer, the results were in agreement with uncertainties of measurements
Bleuse, Olivier. "Développement de la lecture optique par lumière diffusée des gels dosimétriques." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCE018.
Full textThe most advanced techniques in radiotherapy have now become standard in the treatment of malignant tumors. However, these modern techniques have the particularity of providing complex distributions of the dose in order to better target the tumor volume to be treated and to better protect the healthy tissue surrounding the target volume. As a result, the problem of quality assurance is becoming increasingly important in radiophysics units within radiotherapy departments. To overcome the lack of current detectors, a three-dimensional approach is necessary to guarantee the quality of treatments. Several techniques are under development, including dosimetric gels. However, reading techniques are subject to different types of artifacts limiting their integration into daily uses.This work consisted to develop a new optical reading technique dedicated to dosimetric gels, especially polymer gels. This method based on the measurement of scattered intensity uses a spherical approach of radioformed domains.Using the polarization rate technique, the developed prototype proposes to link the scattered intensity of an homogeneous spherical particle whose size evolves as a function of the absorbed dose. To demonstrate this feasibility approach, a characterization of the polymer gels was carried out, in particular the study of the refractive index as a function of the absorbed dose. This information made it possible to carry out numerical modeling which was then confronted to the experimentation
Bichler, Anthony. "Modélisation et simulation de la propagation optique dans une fibre optique multimode précontrainte : conception de capteurs à fibre optique à modulation d’intensité dédiés à la mesure de températures et d’étirements." Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2011/BICHLER_Anthony_2011.pdf.
Full textThis manuscript presents the modeling, simulation and design of a new kind of light modulation optical fiber sensor for temperature and strain measurement. The transducer consists of a multimode fiber step index clamped between two micro-structured jaws. The clamping effect generates local periodical perturbations of both the geometry and the fiber refraction indexes (core and optical cladding). In order to compute the radiative coupling occurring when the waveguide is perturbated by a mechanical deformation of short period, we have chosen to use an electromagnetic model of modes coupling initially developed by Dietrich Marcuse. The simulation allowed us to determine the transducer sensitivity according to its specific characteristics. From these results we have chosen the parameters useful to design the sensor versus the aimed application. The first jaws prototypes of transducers have been microstructured in rectangular pattern etched in metal by femto-second laser micromachining. The elementary pattern size was of 20 micrometers of depth and the pattern layout period was ranging from 50 micrometers to 100 micrometers. After evaluation, we proposed to develop a large scale fabrication process of the jaws using plastic injection which was very efficient. The experimental tests of the first sensor prototypes allowed the validation of the computing models and showed a linear response of the sensor versus the measured physical parameter. We present the static and dynamic calibration methods that we have implemented to establish the metrological specifications of the sensor
Carras, Mathieu. "Optimisation électronique et électromagnétique de détecteurs quantiques dans l'infrarouge." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077227.
Full textHenry, Jean-Luc. "Reconnaissance et contexte : une approche coopérative pour la lecture de textes imprimés." Lyon, INSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ISAL0027.
Full textThe printed documents analysis is not only based on the optical character recognition, it also uses statistical, typographic and contextual information. A contextual stage, independent from the recognition does not give good results. The topic of this work is to build a cooperation between the recognition and the contextual stage. The recognition stage give information to the syntactic analysis stage in order to improve the correction process. Then, the contextual analysis stage provides necessary information to the recognition stage in order to correct its decision criteria and to improve automatically the recognition performance during the reading. This work is divided in two parts. The first part presents the character recognition only from the patterns and the second part studies the recognition with the help of contextual information mainly based on a syntactic correction. This work starts with a presentation of classic methods to extract features from patterns and to compare features descriptions. Then we introduce a pattern compacted by mutually comparing characters to collect all identical patterns on the entire text, called prototypes. In order to reconstruct the recognized text, we identify these prototypes with an original pretopological recognition approach, based on a classification by adaptive neighborhoods. The second part of this work deals with the contextual processing and the cooperation abilities between the two main stages involved in the recognition process. The contextual analysis corrects recognition errors with the pattern redundancies information and a trie dictionary. The system reorganizes pattern representation of the system by modifying parameters that intervene in the process of recognition. The global recognition rate reach an optimum that no longer depends on the training set, but on choice of features and the method of comparison used
Schröpfer, Gerold. "Accelerometres multi-axiaux micro-usines sur silicium avec lecture capactive ou optique." Besançon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BESA2069.
Full textCalvez, Soizick. "Etude et réalisation d'un opérateur neuromimétique intégré : application a la lecture optique." Grenoble INPG, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPG0032.
Full textCalvez, Soizick. "Etude et réalisation d'un opérateur neuromimétique intégré application à la lecture optique /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376035710.
Full textConforti, Di Lorenzo S. "Développement et caractérisation d'un ASIC de lecture de macro-cellule de photo-détecteurs de grande dimension." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00537300.
Full textRenaud, Ludovic. "Mise au point d'un détecteur 3D optique pour sonde atomique tomographique." Rouen, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ROUES034.
Full textMariani, Robert. "Contribution à la lecture automatique de cartes." Rouen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ROUES090.
Full textDjematene, Ahmed. "Un système de lecture automatique de l'écriture Berbère." Le Havre, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LEHA0008.
Full textLAPRAS, POUTEAU VALERIE. "Circuit optique integre de lecture et ecriture pour disques a memoires magneto-optiques." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA112136.
Full textPauwels, Kristof. "Fibres cristallines inorganiques pour la calorimétrie en double lecture." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00803565.
Full textGeffroy, Sylvain. "Méthodologies de caractérisation des aérosols atmosphériques par télédétection optique." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10177.
Full textGuyard, Romain. "Capteur à fibre optique pour la mesure de déformation au sein des matériaux." Nantes, 2015. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=6e451d89-fed7-4980-a018-fbdae1b0090c.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is the design of a new fiber optic sensor for the strain measurement inside materials. Fiber Bragg grating strain sensors are usually glued on the surface of the monitored structure. Their use like embedded strain sensor may be unadapted. Indeed, in these circumstances, a mechanical coupling between the sensor and the host material changes the transverse strain of the fiber. The transverse strain becomes unknown. Consequently, the only measurement of the Bragg wavelength shift is not enough to estimate both axial and transverse strains. In order to decorrelate these strains, we propose a sensor architecture based on the juxtaposition of a Bragg grating (FBG) and of a long period grating (LPG). The thesis work consist in finding the optimal architecture so that the sensor response to strain is linear and the measurement resolution is identical to the resolution of usual fiber optic sensors. During the sensor design, some usual results on LPG have been studied again. Some original optical properties of cladding modes have been revealed. It has been shown that the shape of these modes changes significantly with the cladding radius of the fiber and that there are critical cladding radii for which some modes have the same transverse intensity distribution. A statistical study has been carried out on the strain sensitivities of LPG. General behaviors of LPG strain sensors have been highlighted. Especially, the crosssensitivities can be neglected and the sensitivities are mainly influenced by the period of grating and the cladding radius of the fiber. When the sensor is embedded inside the material, it may be bent. The bending effects on the gratings responses have been studied using the finite element as well as the semi analytical methods. It has been shown that the bending sensitivity of FBG depends on a balance mechanism between the effective refractive index change and the coupling coefficient change of the coupled modes and that the average index variation of the grating plays a key role in the amplitude and the sign of this sensitivity. A similar mechanism has been highlighted for LPG
Giard, Edouard. "Caractérisation et orientation de la filière des détecteurs infrarouge à superréseau InAs/GaSb." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC268.
Full textThis work, realized at ONERA (DOTA), focuses on the study and the electro-optical characterization of type II InAs/GaSb superlattice (T2SL) infrared photodetectors. The aim of this work was to improve the knowledge of this high performance infrared cooled photodetector and to focus on its potential to address the high operating temperature (HOT) (T > 120K) MWIR applications. With the Institut d'Electronique et des Systèmes, we studied a InAs-rich structure, with more InAs than GaSb in the superlattice period, which exhibits a lower dark current than conventional symmetric structures. I first realized or adapted different test benches to determine the other parameters needed to characterize the detector : current-voltage characteristics, noise, calibrated spectral response and minority carrier lifetime measurements. I demonstrated that the InAs-rich structure has a quantum efficiency (QE) penalized by a very short holes diffusion length. I estimated the value equal to 80nm at 77K. Two solutions have been proposed : the first tested thanks to the first InAs-rich MWIR FPA, is to change the side of the illumination : the average QE is 42% at 77K ; the second is to switch minority carriers type, by doping the structure : a maximum QE of 60% was measured at operating temperatures varying from 77K to 130K and at zero bias voltage. A BLIP temperature of 110K was determined. Ail these results allow us to assess the ability of T2SL to address HOT MWIR applications
di, Mambro Emmanuel. "Génération de motifs à haute résolution sans optique: Application à la caractérisation spatiale des détecteurs infrarouge." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008863.
Full textIngold, Rolf. "Une nouvelle approche de la lecture optique intégrant la reconnaissance des structures de documents /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1989. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=777.
Full textALLIOLI, FRANCOISE. "Etude et realisation d'un detecteur gazeux scintillant a lecture optique destine a la neutronographie." Paris 7, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA077357.
Full textMichalowska, Alicja. "Étude et développement d’ASIC de lecture de détecteurs matriciels en CdTe pour application spatiale en technologie sub-micrométrique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112332/document.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis is part of a project where a new instrument is developed: a camera for hard X-rays imaging spectroscopy. It is dedicated to fundamental research for observations in astrophysics, at wavelengths which can only be observed using space-borne instruments. In this domain the spectroscopic accuracy as well as the imaging details are of high importance. This work has been realized at CEA/IRFU (Institut de Recherche sur les lois Fondamentales de l’Univers), which has a long-standing and successful experience in instruments for high energy physics and space physics instrumentation. The objective of this thesis is the design of the readout electronics for a pixelated CdTe detector, suitable for a stacked assembly. The principal parameters of this integrated circuit are a very low noise for reaching a good accuracy in X-ray energy measurement, very low power consumption, a critical parameter in space-borne applications, and a small dead area for the full system combining the detector and the readout electronics. In this work I have studied the limits of these three parameters in order to optimize the circuit.In terms of the spectral resolution, two categories of noise had to be distinguished to determine the final performance. The first is the Fano noise limit. related to detector interaction statistics, which cannot be eliminated. The second is the electronic noise, also unavoidable; however it can be minimized through optimization of the detection chain. Within the detector, establishing a small pixel pitch of 300 μm reduces the input capacitance and the dark current. This limits the effects of the electronic noise. Also in order to limit the input capacitance the future camera is designed as a stacked assembly of the detector with the readout ASIC. This allows to reach extremely good input parameters seen by the readout electronics: a capacitance in range of 0.3 pF - 1 pF and a dark current below 5 pA.In the frame of this thesis I have designed two ASICs. The first one, Caterpylar, is a testchip, which enables the characterization of differently dimensioned CSA circuits to choose the most suitable one for the final application. It is optimized for readout of the target CdTe detector with 300 μm pixel pitch and the corresponding input parameters. With this circuit I have also analyzed possible filtering methods, in particular the semi-Gaussian shaping and the Multi-Correlated Double Sampling (MCDS). Their comparison is preceded by the theoretical analysis of these shapers. The second ASIC D2R1 is a complete readout circuit, containing 256 channels to readout CdTe detector with the same number of pixels, arranged in 16×16 array. Each channel fits into a layout area of 300 μm × 300 μm. It is based on the MCDS processing with self-triggering capabilities. The mean electronic noise measured over all channels is 29 electrons rms when characterized without the detector. The corresponding power consumption is 315 μW⁄channel. With these results the future measurements with the detector give prospects for reaching an FWHM spectral resolution in the order of 600 eV at 60 keV
Michalowska, Alicja. "Étude et développement d'ASIC de lecture de détecteurs matriciels en CdTe pour application spatiale en technologie sub-micrométrique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00956027.
Full textNicaise, Paul. "Développement de détecteurs à inductance cinétique pour l'infrarouge proche et le visible." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPSLO013.
Full textMicrowave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) are superconductive thin films LCresonators with high quality factors. They can simultaneously record single-photon events and measure their energy without any added optics. Combined with the ease of multiplexing thousands of pixels into a large array, MKIDs are now at the heart of current and upcoming ground-based astronomy applications .Among them is the SpectroPhotometric Imaging for Astronomy with Kinetic InductanceDetectors (SPIAKID) project at Paris Observatory. We are using MKID technologyto build a 20,000 pixels spectrophotometer that will be deployed in 2025 on the 3.6m New Technology Telescope (NTT) in Chile. SPIAKID aims to study the population andmetallicity of stars in Ultra Faint Dwarf (UFD) galaxies in the Local group to have abetter understanding of galaxy formation and evolution. We will present an original design intended to improve the optical coupling between incident photons and the absorber part of the detector
Biatry, Bruno. "Capteur chimique à fibre optique (optode) pour la mesure du pH en milieu médical et industriel." Paris 12, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA120014.
Full textGermain, Olivier. "Segmentation d'images radar : caractérisation des détecteurs de bord et apport des contours actifs statistiques." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30003.
Full textSynthetic Aperture Radar (SAP) allows high resolution Earth observation in any weather condition, both day and night. The drawback of such a system compared to classical optical sensors that it provides images strongly corrupted by the speckle effect, whose automatic interpretation therefore drastically limited. This thesis is devoted to SAR image segmentation, which is a fund mental step to facilitate and improve the analysis of the image. Work is performed according two main lines. Firstly, we characterize the spatial accuracy of a speckle-dedicated family of edge detectors, that commonly used in SAR imagery. We show in particular that these detectors deliver a biased edje location in some situations where the analyzing window is not adapted to the edge (tilted edge, sinuous edge, correlated speckle). A simple phenomenological model is proposed to describe this property and give an approximative expression of the bias. Secondly, we use the technique of Statistical Active Contour (SAC) to improve the location of the contour of one object in a scene. Used in cooperation with the edge detector, the SAC offers notable refinement of the segmentation, by correcting the bias and reducing the variance on the contour location. .
Puszka, Agathe. "Tomographie optique diffuse : une approche résolue en temps pour les mesures en réflectance à courtes distances entre sources et détecteurs." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENY051/document.
Full textDiffuse optical tomography (DOT) is an emerging medical imaging technique using near-infrared light to probe biological tissues. This technique can retrieve three-dimensional maps of absorption and scattering coefficients inside organs from non-invasive measurements. With a multispectral approach, the spatial distribution of endogenous chromophores (hemoglobin, water) can even be obtained. For some clinical applications, it is desirable to carry out the measurements for DOT with a compact probe including all sources and detectors. However, the depth sensitivity is a real challenge in this configuration. We propose to tackle this challenge by using time-resolved measurements. A time-resolved approach is developed to perform DOT with reflectance measurements at short source-detector separation. This approach involves methodological aspects including the processing of time-resolved signals by DOT algorithms based on the Mellin-Laplace transform. Then, this approach consists in optimizing the detection chain on two aspects for enhancing the detection and localization of absorption contrast in depth in diffusive media. First, the impact of the temporal response of the detector is studied with commercially available single-photon detectors (classical and hybrid photomultipliers). Second, the enhancements in probed depth permitted with fast-gated single-photon avalanche diodes are explored in a joint work with the Politecnico di Milano. To finish, a study is carried out to illustrate the performance of the proposed approach with respect to spatial resolution in depth for different configurations of sources and detectors in the optical probe. Probes with a width limited to a few centimeters open the gate to multiple clinical interests. They could access intern organs like the prostate or facilitate the measurements on extern organs like the breast or the brain
Aryan, Ammar. "Bolomètres non refroidis à base de La0,7Sr0,3MnO3 : modèle thermique, caractérisations électrique et optique." Phd thesis, Caen, 2013. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00907799.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to evaluate LSMO (La0,7Sr0,3MnO3) thin films deposited on substrate as room temperature radiation detector, by using the variation of its resistance electric near 300 K. An optical measurement setup has been designed and realized to achieve this objective. This setup was to characterize the LSMO samples as bolometrical radiation detector. A detailed thermal model of thin-film-on-substrate structure is proposed. It interprets the variation of the optical responsivity versus the modulation frequency of laser radiation power. The discussion of this model includes presenting the heat diffusion into substrate, and the film-substrate interface thermal resistance. This model has been analyzed and validated using the measurement results of many detection surfaces (meander shape) and substrate materials. The value of film-substrate interface thermal resistance was estimated for different substrates. The bolometer characterization includes the thermal and electrical parameters, like TCR and thermal conductance, needed to qualify its performance. Also, measurement and analysis of optical responsivity and noise for many different pixel surfaces on different substrates is presented. The role of detector geometry (pixel surface, film thickness, and number of strips) and substrate material (SrTiO3, MgO, SrTiO3/Si) on the bolometer performance is studied by using the measurement results and calculation data issued from the proposed model. The measured specific detectivity increases for higher pixel size and lower substrate material thermal conductivity. We estimated 2107 cmW-1Hz1/2 for 200200 µm² LSMO/STO sample. For LSMO/Si, estimation of 21 µs response time was achieved for 5050 µm², which is comparable to that of photon detectors
Lefebvre, Dominique. "Réalisation d'une barrette de photoconducteurs sur arséniure de gallium : utilisation en spectrométrie optique et comparaison avec les détecteurs commerciaux." Valenciennes, 1989. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/76c0b3d8-afdc-464b-893c-543eb8d14874.
Full textZaatar, Youssef. "Spectroscopie d'absorption par diode laser accordable et fibre-optique-capteur à ondes évanescentes en vue d'application à la détection de gaz." Metz, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2000/Zaatar.Youssef.SMZ0019.pdf.
Full textPereira, Paulo. "Optimisation d'un système de lecture automatique de chèques." Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUES005.
Full textPichette, Charles. "Conception et optimisation de canaux de détection à base de photodiodes à avalanche (SPADs) pour le comptage de photons pour la tomographie optique diffuse." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27971.
Full textThis dissertation showcases the improvements suggested for the diffuse optical tomography scanner of the TomOptUS group at Université de Sherbrooke. Diffuse optical tomography is an imaging modality that uses near infrared light (650 - 950 nm) to image small animals such as mice in depth (> 1 cm). This technique is very interesting for pharmacology or oncology where it can be used to track medicine or the progress of pathology. It also decreases the number of necessary sacrifices since it is a non-invasive technique. The temporal progress of the object under consideration can, in that case, be acquired with ease. This technique can also be used with fluorescent agents to track different objects of interest in the animal. This scanner works in time domain where the time of flight of individual photons that propagated through the subject is registered to reconstruct the laser pulse via time-correlated single photon counting with an ultra-fast laser source. The current scanner uses 7 no-contact detection channels positioned in a ring around the subject. This number of channels is too low to obtain a satisfying acquisition time. It was determined that the limiting factor is the need to mechanically rotate the channels around the subject to obtain the necessary angular coverage. To reduce the acquisition time, it was suggested to increase the number of detection channels to 32 or even 64. However, the current channels use photomultiplier tubes which are too bulky to be used with such a high density of detectors. Single photon avalanche diodes have been considered to replace them because of their relative small size, excellent temporal resolution, and better quantum efficiency. These characteristics make them especially efficient for photon counting. These photodiodes, however, have a photosensitive surface with a very small diameter compared to the photomultiplier tubes (25 - 100 μm compared to ≈ 1 cm for photomultiplier tubes). This reduces the photon count rate, lowers the signal to noise ratio, and makes the alignment difficult. The goal of this project is to optimize the design of new detection channels that use these single photon avalanche diodes. A primary analysis of the parameters and constraints on the system was first conducted to pinpoint the optimal parameters. Several optical designs are then presented and analyzed. These channels can achieved a maximum photon count rate with the use of immersion lenses. These immersion lenses act as optical concentrators and achieve a concentration ratio of ≈ n² which is ≈ 4 in our case. This translates to an increase in the photon count rate and signal to noise ratio of the same ratio. The affixing of the immersion lens on a custom photodiode module was then performed and the experimental confirmation of the increase in photon count was obtained with intrinsic and fluorescence measurements. This experimental increase is supported with Zemax simulations which are in good agreement with the experiments. Finally, it was experimentally confirmed that those immersion lenses do not affect the excellent temporal resolution of the single photon avalanche diodes.
LeChasseur, Yoan. "Microsonde optique et électrique pour l'enregistrement de neurones unitaires in vivo." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27503/27503.pdf.
Full textThe central nervous system is composed of heterogeneous populations of neurons. Studying their functional properties in the intact central nervous system (CNS) is key to be able to understand their respective role in signal processing within entire networks. To achieve this, it is essential to be able to record electrophysiologically from identified neurons in the intact tissue. Recording from identified cells types in vivo has remained a challenge, especially for local circuit neurons. Novel fluorescent labeling techniques open new possibilities on that front. To take full advantage of these recent developments, the ability to record electrophysiological signals from single neurons must be combined with optical detection of individual cells deep into CNS tissue. Here it describe the development of a novel microprobe based on a dual core optical fiber: an optical core that excites locally fluorescent labeled cells and collects back the fluorescence, and an electrolyte filled hollow core that performs classical extracellular single unit electrophysiological measurements. In contrast to previous solutions, this novel design allows production of microprobes with sufficient optical resolution for single cell detection: the microprobes could be pulled down to tips sizes of 6 µm, which is smaller than the cell body diameter of most neuron populations. It is presented the evolution of the microprobe design and the experimental setup. To characterize the optical properties of the probes, it is showed a series of in vitro experiments and numerical simulations. Then, it is presented in vivo experiment to identify and record single spinal neurons labeled retrogradely with fluorescent dyes as well as single GABAergic interneurons expressing GFP in the brain of transgenic mice. It’s also established a spatial criterion to correlate optical and electrophysiological signals, confirming co-detection of single cells. This novel microprobe vastly expands possibilities for in vivo electrophysiological recording by providing parallel access to single cell optical monitoring.
Martin, Gisèle. "Étude des filtres actifs pour l'électronique associée à la lecture des signaux provenant des détecteurs soumis à fort taux de particules incidentes." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112217.
Full textIn the case of detectors with high particle rates, the read out electronics has to be fast. The overall response of the chain to the detector signal has to be made short by using appropriate filtering. Hence, shortening filters are used for the detector signal tail, for the preamplifier integration time constant and for the transmission cable tail when used with fast signals. For exponential waveform shortening, the filter synthesis is easy: the signal pole is cancelled by the zero of the filter circuit response and replaced by a new pole. The filter is called a “pole-zero”. For a signal with a non exponential tail, there is no simple way to accomplish the filter synthesis. In this case, the same “pole-zero” filters are used, but the synthesis is done by using an approximation for the signal with: a fast component by a Dirac function and a slow component by an exponential function. We are able in this case to determine the characteristics of the filter as a function of the desired shortening, which depends of the Gaussian filter width desired for the overall response
Barbosa, Ademarlaudo França. "Progrès dans le développement de détecteurs à gaz avec lecture de position par méthode de ligne-à-retard pour des expériences dynamiques." Grenoble 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE10087.
Full textXu, Qing. "Détection optique homodyne : application à la cryptographie quantique." Phd thesis, Paris, ENST, 2009. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00005580.
Full textNowadays the information security and privacy of the telecommunications Networks are based on the classical cryptography, which relies on the fragile mathematical assumptions. The quantum key distribution (QKD) is presently the only known way to distribute keys with unconditional security. This thesis aims to apply a multidisciplinary versatile approach to fill the gap between the fundamental physical limits and the experimental system implementations, in terms of speed, reliability and robustness. First of all, we proposed a BB84 protocol implementation using coherent phase states. The homodyne receiver was designed to compensate the phase and polarization fluctuations in the interferometers, as well as in the rest of the propagation channel. Then we established an experimental one-way QKD system operating at 1550 nm Telecom wavelength in a single mode fiber link, with QPSK modulation. Both the photon counting detection (PC) and the balanced homodyne detection (BHD) schemes have been implemented. Finally, we conducted theoretical and experimental comparisons of these two receivers. The BHD receiver has been improved with a dual-threshold post-decision. The implementation of such a process accepts non-conclusive measurements, and reduced key generation efficiency, but its permanence remains still better than the PC receiver at 1550 nm. We also proved that this system is robust under most common potential attacks
Xu, Qing. "Détection Optique Homodyne: application à la cryptographie quantique." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005580.
Full textGokana, Denis. "Contribution à la reconnaissance automatique de caractères manuscrits : application à la lecture optique de caractères sur supports mobiles." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112063.
Full textNEUBERT, SOPHIE. "Etude et conception d'un systeme de lecture de bandes magnetiques par effet magneto-optique induit dans un grenat." Paris 11, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA112394.
Full textGokana, Denis. "Contribution à la reconnaissance automatique de caractères manuscrits application à la lecture optique de caractères sur supports mobiles." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37597968v.
Full textMarquette, Christophe A. "Immunobiocapteurs à transduction électrochimique et-ou optique pour la détection de toxines planctoniques et de pesticides." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10278.
Full textLaubser, Julien. "Conception et réalisation de l'unité de décision du système de déclenchement de premier niveau du détecteur LHCb au LHC." Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00283775.
Full textDagnelie, Romain. "Développement d'un capteur chimique de polluants atmosphériques à transduction optique et à la base de matériaux nanoporeux : application à la détection des composés carbonylés pour le contôle de la qualité de l'air." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112311.
Full textDuring the last decade, the increase of the awareness of the importance of indoor air quality and its potential impact on human health has stimulated an interest in formaldehyde, a carcinogen for humans. Because of its numerous emission sources (plywood, isolation foam, adhesive resins, cosmetic, etc…), CH2O is a ubiquitous indoor pollutant whose concentrations can vary from a few ppb to more than 100 ppb in homes. Over this domain of concentration, a few methods are commercially available, such as gas chromatography combined with a methanation process or the Hantzsch method involving the bubbling of the contaminated air in a liquid reactant. However, those sensors have a few drawbacks in terms either of simplicity of the sampling, heavy maintenance or high cost and high cost of consumables. Therefore, the development of a low-cost, fast and sensitive sensor which can detect a wide range of concentration of formaldehyde is an important and significant challenge. The present thesis work was achieved in the “Chemical Sensors” team of the Francis Perrin Laboratory (LFP), a unit of the Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) associated with the National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS). Various strategies were developed to obtain very sensitive and selective sensors. With nanoporous SiO2 thin layers deposited on quartz substrate, acting as a sponge to trap the pollutants and whose pore size distribution can be tailored to filter the pollutants by their size, a first selectivity can be obtained. These nanoporous materials were synthesized with tetramethoxysilane precursors (TMOS) using the Sol-Gel process. With the use of 4-amino-3-pentene-2-one (Fluoral-P), which absorbs in the UV and which reacts selectively with formaldehyde, a product, the 3,5-diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (DDL) is obtained which absorbs and fluoresces over the visible region. By collecting the DDL fluorescence, it is possible to detect CH2O over a wide range of concentrations, from 400 ppt to 200 ppb. A home-made prototype was developed which comprises four units: the light source composed of a light emitting diode (LED, 410 nm) with its power supply, a flow cell unit equipped with a micro-pump, a detection unit equipped with a miniaturized spectrometer from Ocean Optics and a computer to drive the experiments. The prototype response was studied as functions of the formaldehyde concentration, under various conditions of flow rate, exposure duration, temperature (5-50 °C) and relative humidity (0-70 %) and the calibration curves were established. With a pulsed-mode detection implying 2 to 3 minutes of exposure of the sensor to the pollutant, 40 measurements can be collected with a single sensitive layer. As water vapor was found to be the major interference in the formaldehyde detection, we have explored three main routes to reduce or suppress the effect of humidity: i) the replacement of Fluoral-P by a more hydrophobic derivative, the 4-Amino-4-phenylbut-3-en-2-one, ii) the potentiality of various hydrophobic porous xerogel monoliths and thin films to be water-repellent and iii) the addition of a drying unit. Few methylated (Methyltrimethoxysilane) and fluorinated (3,3,3-Trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilane) alcoxide co-precursors were combined in various proportions with TMOS to give materials with different hydrophobicity properties. We have shown via contact angle measurements and thermo-gravimetric analyses that fluorinated xerogel monoliths and thin films display the most hydrophobic character since the water droplets does not diffuse into the matrix. However, their permeability to water vapor is totally different. To scale the permeability of porous material to water vapor, we proposed a new and original method based on the quantitative measurement of the lifetime of a probe molecule, Fluoral-P, trapped in the matrix and which is hydrolyzed in humidified atmosphere. With this method, we not only demonstrated that the fluorinated xerogels, repellent to liquid water, still display permeability to water vapour, but also could quantify the efficiency of those materials to slow down the water vapor diffusion. Finally, the addition of a drying CaCl2 unit to trap water vapor allows the use of the sensor over the entire domain of humidity up to 100 %. During this work, we have participated to two campaigns of measurements of formaldehyde. The first one taking place in the south suburb of Paris involved four laboratories and the measurement of outdoor pollutants, with formaldehyde content as low as 400 ppt to few ppb and high humidity (60 %). The second one, organized by the Institute of National Institute of Environment and Industrial Risks was dedicated to the inter-comparison of both commercial apparatus and methods under development in laboratories. Moreover, a collaboration has been established with the CEA-LETI of Grenoble for the fabrication of an industrial prototype, INDIGO, whose performances are under investigation
Lin, Wenbin. "Développement de capteurs à fibre optique basés sur la résonance de plasmon de surface pour la détection physique, chimique et biologique." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2000. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/TH_T1831_wlin.pdf.
Full textIt is well known that surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the surface electromagnetic wave can be used as a sensitive optical probe to the slight variations occurring in the proximity of the metal/dielectric interface. The prism-based Kretschmann configuration is traditionally employed to excite and detect the SPR. In 1993, the first fiber-optic based SPR sensor was realized by R. C. Jorgenson and S. S. Yee and then commercialized by Biacore Company (Sweden). The SPR fiber-optic sensor offers a number of advantages such as small size, low cost and feasibility in remote sensing over the bulk Kretschmann System. A simpler SPR multimode fiber-optic sensor using oblique injection of the collimated monochromatic light has been developed at the TSI laboratory, Jean Monnet University in Saint-Etienne, France since 1996. Using silver to support SPR at the light wavelength of 670nm, this fiber-optic sensor was characterized as a refractometer operating in the index range of 1. 35-1. 40. This dissertation consists of five articles aimed to develop this kind of fiber-optic sensor for physical, chemical and biological applications. The first article is devoted to drop down the range of measurable indices in order to be capable of performing in most practical chemical and biochemical Systems whose refractive indices are 1. 33-1. 36. The relations between the structural and material parameters of the multilayered configuration for the excitation of SPR at certain wavelength have been theoretically derived. Sol-gel technique is applied to fabricate the Zirconium acetate overlay as thin as some ten nanometers. The reliability is improved by preventing the oxidation of silver using a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of long chain acid thiol. This article has been submitted to Thin Solid Films. Accepted by Sensors & Actuators A, the spatial variations of the electric field vector during the propagation of the skew rays in the multimode fiber are investigated in the second article. An accurate 3D model has been established so that the experimental phenomena, which first demonstrate the influences of the polarization direction of the incident light with respect to the input end face of the fiber, can be consistently explained. The sensing signals coming from such as the adsorption of a very thin dielectric layer on metal surface or the slight variation of the refractive index in the monitored bulk medium are ready to be quantitatively interpreted. Next article, accepted for publication by Applied Optics, proposes a direct method to determine the thickness and the optical constants of the thin metal films deposited on the surface of the fiber core by simple measurements of fiber-optic SPR responses. The significance of this work cornes from the difficulties in characterizing the metal films with curved surfaces by using the conventional optical techniques such as reflectometry and ellipsometry. A novel optical means capable of monitoring the formation process of the alkylthiol SAM is presented in the fourth article, submitted to Journal of Chemical Physics. The application of the fiber-optic SPR technique to study SAMs and the direct observation and description of the tilting process during the self-assembly of alkylthiol, to our knowledge, have never been reported before in the literature. The rather high sensitivity proves that our fiber-optic approach is more adapted than ellipsometry and the prism-based SPR System to monitor the variations over entire investigated dielectric film. Last article, submitted to Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, is dedicated to develop a biosensor based on this fiber-optic arrangement to monitor the biomolecular interaction. With very simple configuration, this immunosensor has manifested good performances in both sensitivity and specificity compared to the commercialized BIACORE Probe that is much more complex and expensive. This work makes a starting progress towards the development of a portable immunoprobe for non-labeling immunoassay. These five articles are independent as well as supplementary each other. The conditions on which the SPR can be excited in a multilayered geometry, obtained in the first article, provide a theoretical basis for the choice of light wavelength or the index range of environment medium while metal gold is used as it can be seen in other articles. The studies of the accurate 3D model in the second article for simulating the performances of the fiber-optic sensors enable to characterize afterwards the metal film (in the third article), the chemical adsorbed layer (in the fourth article) and the functional biomolecular layers (in the 5th article). Moreover, the successful measurement of the metallic film properties in the third article ensures the success in the detection of the alkylthiol SAM, which is adsorbed on the metal surface (referred to the fourth article). Furthermore, the determinations of the gold film and the thiol layer are necessary for characterizing the antibody film and the antibody-antigen-binding layer after the affinity reaction. As a result, a new SPR multimode fiber-optic biosensor has been realized and reported in the 5th article. This biosensor has been well designed, elaborated and characterized at the level of its each layer
Perenon, Rémi. "Traitement de l'information en mode comptage appliqué aux détecteurs spectrométriques." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00957594.
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