Journal articles on the topic 'Detached buildings'
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1
Szalay, Zs, and T. Csoknyai. "Life cycle costs and environmental impacts of a nearly zero-energy detached house." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/irase.4.2013.2.11.
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Abstract The recast of the Energy Performance Building Directive contains a new article about the need to increase the number of buildings which go beyond current national requirements, and to draw up national plans for increasing the number of nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEB) with the final target that by 2020 all new buildings shall be nearly-zero energy. Nearly zero-energy buildings are buildings with a very high energy performance, where the remaining low energy demand can be supplied to a significant extent by renewable energy. In this paper, a detached house complying with the proposed Hungarian nZEB requirements is analysed. The life cycle cost and life cycle environmental impacts of the building are assessed for various building service systems to optimise the building design.
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Hacar, Müslüm. "Analyzing the Behaviors of OpenStreetMap Volunteers in Mapping Building Polygons Using a Machine Learning Approach." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010070.
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Mapping as an action in volunteered geographic information is complex in light of the human diversity within the volunteer community. There is no integrated solution that models and fixes all data heterogeneity. Instead, researchers are attempting to assess and understand crowdsourced data. Approaches based on statistics are helpful to comprehend trends in crowd-drawing behaviors. This study examines trends in contributors’ first decisions when drawing OpenStreetMap (OSM) buildings. The proposed approach evaluates how important the properties of a point are in determining the first point of building drawings. It classifies the adjacency types of the buildings using a random forest classifier for the properties and aids in inferring drawing trends from the relative impact of each property. To test the approach, detached and attached building groups in Istanbul and Izmir, Turkey, were used. The result had an 83% F-score. In summary, the volunteers tended to choose as first points those further away from the street and building centroid and provided lower point density in the detached buildings than the attached ones. This means that OSM volunteers paid more attention to open spaces when drawing the first points of the detached buildings in the study areas. The study reveals common drawing trends in building-mapping actions.
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Okada, K., N. Nishiyama, Y. Akiyama, H. Miyazaki, and S. Miyazawa. "DEVELOPMENT OF DETAILED BUILDING DISTRIBUTION MAP TO SUPPORT SMART CITY PROMOTION -AN APPROACH USING SATELLITE IMAGE AND DEEP LEARNING–." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences X-4/W3-2022 (October 14, 2022): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-x-4-w3-2022-189-2022.
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Abstract. Detailed demographics play an important role in the development of smart cities. However, especially in developing countries, the maintenance and management of this data is incomplete, which hinders the promotion of smart cities. The objective of this study is to develop a method to create detailed building distribution maps from satellite images, which will serve as a basis for developing detailed demographic data to support the promotion of smart cities around the world. The target area is several areas of Tokyo where validation data is available. We first developed a method for extracting buildings from satellite images and then estimating the building use to determine the buildings where residents are distributed. Both methods use deep learning. As a result, it was possible to extract buildings with an extraction rate (the number of buildings in the automatically extracted building data divided by the number of buildings in the data for verification) of up to 60.3% for the entire target area. In addition, in the estimation of building use, our method was able to classify detached and non-detached buildings with an average accuracy of 78.7% for the entire target area.
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Jamnický, Martin, and Roman Rabenseifer. "Environmental Assessment of Buildings – A Suggestion." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 28, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2020-0003.
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AbstractThis article proposes to contribute to the discussion on environmental product declarations for buildings. Using a simple life-cycle analysis of a low-energy detached house and CO2-equivalent emissions as a comparative unit, the case study presented illustrates the problems with the initial input data related to embodied energy and a definition of the criteria for an assessment of the environmental quality of buildings. The actual case study compares the expected energy demand of a detached house in the course of its service life and the energy input (embodied energy) necessary for its assembly and for the manufacture of the individual building products. The operation of the building during its service life is described using a computer-aided building performance simulation. The input data related to the embodied energy are based on information from classical works on life cycle analyses. In addition, the article discusses the limits of building envelope improvements in terms of the thickness of thermal insulation and also stresses the increasing significance of embodied energy in the environmental assessment of buildings.
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Minarovičová, K., and R. Rabenseifer. "Environmental analysis and a suggestion for assessment of detached houses." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/irase.4.2013.2.8.
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Abstract The article presents environmental analysis of a detached house in terms of its life cycle. The analysis is simplified in order to compare the built and operational energy of the building whereas the operational energy is described using computer aided building performance simulation. The input data related to the built (embodied) energy are based on information from classical works on life cycle analysis. The article also justifies the simplification of environmental analysis, which aims to build pragmatically on existing standardization and legislation on energy performance of buildings. The final section provides some considerations concerning the environmental assessment of buildings.
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Kocourkova, Gabriela, Lucie Vankova, and Zdenek Krejza. "Ecological Aspects of the Detached House Construction." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/2/022028.
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Abstract The article deals with the ecological impacts during a detached house construction and looks for the optimal way of its financing. The aim of the article is to evaluate how much the house construction costs would increase in the case of the use of materials, which production generates smaller volume of negative emissions. The issue of the environment in relation to ecological construction has been widely discussed in recent years. The construction industry burdens the environment already by the production of building materials, extraction of raw materials, energy consumption, through designing activities and construction itself, to the phase of the building use and its eventual liquidation. There are six basic requirements for building materials used in construction, which are required for the quality environmentally friendly construction: the statics and stability of buildings must be provided, noise protection, fire safety, hygienic safety and reduced environmental impact must be met, buildings must provide safe use and well-being, and last but not least energy efficiency. Already in the structure construction phase, it is necessary to consider the appropriate selection of building materials, for which it is necessary to take into account ecological criteria. Appropriate selection of building materials results in a positive effect on the environment. When optimizing the total cost of building a detached house from an ecological point of view, the procedure consists in replacing the most cost-effective items in the construction budget by alternative materials with regard to ecology. When choosing alternative materials, maintaining the standard of the brick building and the aesthetic character of the house are taken into account. When comparing the budgets of both variants, it was found out that a detached house built using alternative, more environmentally friendly materials, resulted more expensive. However, the price difference is slight. Own housing can be financed in several ways. One option is to use your resources. However, this method is currently unrealistic for most people, and therefore they often choose the option of combining their resources with external sources. The most commonly used products for housing financing are building savings loans and mortgage loans. Another possibility is to use subsidy programmes for housing to finance the house, which are often focused on supporting ecological construction and housing.
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Saigo, Tetsuya, Seiji Sawada, and Yositika Utida. "Future Direction of Sustainable Buildings in Japan." Open House International 36, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2011-b0002.
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Amidst growing concern about the sustainability of human society, architecture studies are focusing increasingly on the means to achieve sustainable buildings. While various forward-looking studies are ongoing in this field, it is also important to realize that critical lessons may be learned from historical buildings that have withstood the test of time. Many traditional wooden buildings in Japan provide excellent examples of sustainable building design and production practices that are inherently flexible and therefore highly resistant to obsolescence. This paper first summarizes a recent lecture by Utida outlining his research into the flexibility and durability of modern buildings, which is based on comparisons with Japan's traditional wooden buildings. It is based on the results of Open Building researches in Japan, especially works in Utida laboratory of Tokyo University (1970-1986) and in AIJ Open Building Sub Committee. This is followed by an overview of the flexibility and material/social lifespan of buildings, and of the developmental trends seen in builders' organizations. And lastly, the future direction of the Japanese detached housing industry is explored. Specifically, the paper traces the changes in the Japanese detached housing industry between 1970 and 2010, and shows how the industry has been shifting toward a sustainable business model. Problems arising from these changes and possible solutions are discussed with concrete examples, and one specific business model is singled out and defined as a promising solution.
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Taki, Ahmad, and Anastasiya Zakharanka. "The Impact of Degradation on a Building’s Energy Performance in Hot-Humid Climates." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 7, 2023): 1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021145.
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To date, energy consumption in buildings accounts for a significant part of the total amount of energy consumed worldwide. The effect of ageing and degradation of various building components is one of the least studied reasons for the possible increase in energy consumed in buildings over time. In addition, there is a clear lack of practical guidelines that would help specialists take this factor into account. In this paper, an attempt is made to assess a possible change in the energy performance of buildings due to the degradation of their various components (insulated glass units, thermal insulation, airtightness, solar reflectivity of the building envelope, and photovoltaic modules). Detached and apartment buildings in hot-humid climates with reference to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) were considered. The study was based on simulation research using EnergyPlus, in which the initially collected data on the possible deterioration of the properties of various building components was used for dynamic thermal simulation of selected buildings. The results showed an increase in energy consumption for cooling in detached houses might reach up to 9.53–38.4% over 25 years for more airtight and insulated buildings and 12.28–34.93% for less airtight and insulated buildings. As a result, certain patterns of changes in energy consumption for cooling buildings were established, based on which a set of guidelines was developed. These guidelines can help specialists in various fields better understand the trends in the energy performance of buildings under the influence of degradation processes and take appropriate measures.
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Simson, Raimo, Endrik Arumägi, Kalle Kuusk, and Jarek Kurnitski. "Redefining cost-optimal nZEB levels for new residential buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 03035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911103035.
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In the member states of the European Union (EU), nearly-Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) are becoming mandatory building practice in 2021. It is stated, that nZEB should be cost-optimal and the energy performance levels should be re-defined after every five years. We conducted cost-optimality analyses for two detached houses, one terraced house and one apartment building in Estonia. The analysis consisted on actual construction cost data collection based on bids of variable solutions for building envelope, air tightness, windows, heat supply systems and local renewable energy production options. For energy performance analysis we used dynamic simulation software IDA-ICE. To assess cost-effectiveness, we used Net Present Value (NPV) calculations with the assessment period of 30 years. The results for cost-optimal energy performance level for detached house with heated space of ~100 m2 was 79 kWh/(m2 a), for the larger house (~200 m2) 87 kWh/(m2 a), for terraced house with heated space of ~600 m2 71 kWh/(m2 a) and for the apartment building 103 kWh/(m2 a) of primary energy including all energy use with domestic appliances. Thus, the decrease in cost-optimal level in a five-year period was ~60% for the detached house and ~40% for the apartment building, corresponding to a shift in two EPC classes.
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Hirvonen, Janne, Juha Jokisalo, and Risto Kosonen. "The Effect of Deep Energy Retrofit on The Hourly Power Demand of Finnish Detached Houses." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 7, 2020): 1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071773.
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This study examines how the energy renovation of old detached houses affects the hourly power consumption of heating and electricity in Finland. As electrification of heating through heat pumps becomes more common, the effects on the grid need to be quantified. Increased fluctuation and peak power demand could increase the need for fossil-based peaking power plants or call for new investments to the distribution infrastructure. The novelty in this study is the focus on hourly power demand instead of just annual energy consumption. Identifying the influence of building energy retrofits on the instantaneous power demand can help guide policy and investments into building retrofits and related technology. The work was done through dynamic building simulation and utilized building configurations obtained through multi-objective optimization. Deep energy retrofits decreased both the total and peak heating power consumption. However, the use of air-source heat pumps increased the peak power demand of electricity in district heated and wood heated buildings by as much as 100%. On the other hand, peak power demand in buildings with direct electric heating was reduced by 30 to 40%. On the building stock level, the demand reduction in buildings with direct electric heating could compensate for the increase in the share of buildings with ground-source heat pumps, so that the national peak electricity demand would not increase. This prevents the increase of demand for high emission peaking power plants as heat pump penetration rises. However, a use is needed for the excess solar electricity generated by the optimally retrofitted buildings, because much of the solar electricity cannot be utilized in the single-family houses during summer.
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Kannari, Lotta, Jussi Kiljander, Kalevi Piira, Jouko Piippo, and Pekka Koponen. "Building Heat Demand Forecasting by Training a Common Machine Learning Model with Physics-Based Simulator." Forecasting 3, no. 2 (April 21, 2021): 290–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forecast3020019.
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Accurate short-term forecasts of building energy consumption are necessary for profitable demand response. Short-term forecasting methods can be roughly classified into physics-based modelling and data-based modelling. Both of these approaches have their advantages and disadvantages and it would be therefore ideal to combine them. This paper proposes a novel approach that allows us to combine the best parts of physics-based modelling and machine learning while avoiding many of their drawbacks. A key idea in the approach is to provide a variety of building parameters as input for an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and train the model with data from a large group of simulated buildings. The hypothesis is that this forces the ANN model to learn the underlying simulation model-based physics, and thus enables the ANN model to be used in place of the simulator. The advantages of this type of model is the combination of robustness and accuracy from a high-detail physics-based model with the inference speed, ease of deployment, and support for gradient based optimization provided by the ANN model. To evaluate the approach, an ANN model was developed and trained with simulated data from 900–11,700 buildings, including equal distribution of office buildings, apartment buildings, and detached houses. The performance of the ANN model was evaluated with a test set consisting of 60 buildings (20 buildings for each category). The normalized root mean square errors (NRMSE) were on average 0.050, 0.026, 0.052 for apartment buildings, office buildings, and detached houses, respectively. The results show that the model was able to approximate the simulator with good accuracy also outside of the training data distribution and generalize to new buildings in new geographical locations without any building specific heat demand data.
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Egorychev, Oleg O., Pavel S. Churin, and Olga I. Poddaeva. "Eхреrimental Study of Aerodynamic Loads on High-Rise Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 1082 (December 2014): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1082.250.
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The problems of an experimental study of the aerodynamic characteristics of high-rise buildings on the example of physical modeling of wind effects on high-rise building in Moscow Foreign in the wind tunnel of architectural and building type. Describes how the experiment, the velocity of the incident justified the choice of the building flow for physical modeling. The tests are defined dimensionless forces and momenta, as well as the spectral characteristics of the aerodynamic coefficients characterizing frequency gathering basic (detached vortices) with the external contour design
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Medgyasszay, Péter. "Additional Insulation of Detached Dwelling Houses with Straw-Bale Elements." Advanced Materials Research 1041 (October 2014): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1041.243.
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The paper introduces the planning and construction experiences and development ideas of additional insulation of walls made from straw-bale. The energetic refurbishment of existing building is an important priority in the action plan of the EU dealing with the energy efficiency. The additional insulation of walls reduces significantly the energy demand of building but the effectiveness and the thickness of the insulation-material has economic and environmental limits. According to our previous research we introduced that the additional insulation of walls made from straw has significant advantages.The application of straw-bale insulation has large potential in the case of detached dwelling houses in rural environment. The paper introduces through two ready buildings the most important negative and positive experiences of straw-bale insulation. The paper also makes proposals for the development of the technology.
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Tang, Xi Ya, Qiong Liu, and Chen Zhong. "An Lectotype Analysis of the Architectural Structure of the Hmong in Hunan." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 1183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1183.
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The residential buildings of the Hmong in Hunan fall into the typical pole-railing constructions in southern areas with the maintenance components detached from bearing components, which is very suitable in mountainous regions and rainy weather. The architectures are usually called the stilted buildings and the black-tile roofed houses. The manifestation of the Hmong architecture are not all similar because of the different topography, climate, political culture and the economy and traffic condition; There are slope foot ,flat foot and ground foot according to the building structure; And according to the building materials, there are pure wood structure, stone wood structure, brick wood structure and earth wood structure.
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Sharma, Ashutosh, Hemant Mittal, and Ajay Gairola. "Detached-eddy simulation of interference between buildings in tandem arrangement." Journal of Building Engineering 21 (January 2019): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.10.004.
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Susa-Páez, Alejandra, and María Beatriz Piderit-Moreno. "Geometric Optimization of Atriums with Natural Lighting Potential for Detached High-Rise Buildings." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 17, 2020): 6651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166651.
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Detached high-rise office buildings with more than 15 floors in high density areas have floor plans with large surfaces that prevent natural lighting from entering their central areas. Therefore, artificial lighting is used to substitute the lighting comfort needs of their occupants for a large proportion of operational hours, resulting in high energy expenses for the building. The goal of this study is to evaluate the lighting potential of a central atrium with added clerestories and/or side lighting every four levels in a parametric 15-floor theoretical model and two floor surface areas of 900 m2 and 2500 m2, compared to a 40% glazed surface on façades without solar control devices. A total of 108 geometric variations of the atrium and adjoining spaces were analyzed using a climate-based daylight dynamic simulation method (CBDM), using DIVA-for-Rhino as the integrated evaluation tool in Rhino’s Grasshopper software, where the parametric model was built. The geometric optimization results show the design variables that allowed a significant illuminance of between 60 and 70%, using the Useful Daylighting Illuminance (UDI) indicator in a range of 100 to 2000 lux, demonstrating that the incorporation of atrium spaces as a controlled natural lighting strategy in these buildings is an environmental and sustainable perspective for architectonic design.
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Johnsen, Thea, Katrine Taksdal, John Clauß, Xingji Yu, and Laurent Georges. "Influence of thermal zoning and electric radiator control on the energy flexibility potential of Norwegian detached houses." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 06030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911106030.
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Energy flexibility of buildings can be used to reduce energy use and costs, peak power, CO2eq- emissions or to increase self-consumption of on-site electricity generation. Thermal mass activation proved to have a large potential for energy flexible operation. The indoor temperature is then allowed to fluctuate between a minimum and maximum value. Many studies investigating thermal mass activation consider electric radiators. Nevertheless, these studies most often assume that radiators modulate their emitted power, while, in reality, they are typically operated using thermostat (on-off) control. Firstly, this article aims at comparing the energy flexibility potential of thermostat and P-controls for Norwegian detached houses using detailed dynamic simulations (here IDA ICE). It is evaluated whether the thermostat converges to a P-control for a large number of identical buildings. As the buildings are getting better insulated, the impact of internal heat gains (IHG) becomes increasingly important. Therefore, the influence of different IHG profiles has been evaluated in the context of energy flexibility. Secondly, most studies about energy flexibility consider a single indoor temperature. This is questionable in residential buildings where people may want different temperature zones. This is critical in Norway where many occupants want cold bedrooms (~16°C) during winter time and open bedroom windows for this purpose. This article answers to these questions for two different building insulation levels and two construction modes (heavy and lightweight).
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Rokseth, Lillian Sve, and Bendik Manum. "Patterns of Dwelling Types, Location, and Spaciousness of Living in Norway. Critical Remarks on the Practice of Measuring Energy Performance per Floor Area Only." Buildings 11, no. 9 (September 4, 2021): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11090394.
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For decades, energy efficiency has been a key issue in the Norwegian building sector, and energy standards are strict in order to reduce net delivered energy to buildings. Formally, requirements on energy use of dwellings are set by kWh per m2 heated GIA per year, a unit not accounting for dwelling size or number of persons in the households. This study, examining spaciousness of living in relation to dwelling types on an urban scale, shows that dwelling area per resident differs a lot across location and dwelling types. This implies that buildings formally performing the same in terms of following the legislation equally, in reality, may have a very different energy demand per person. When comparing dwelling types, energy demand per floor area and floor area per person is considerably higher for detached dwellings than for apartments. For both dwelling types, the energy demand of the dwellings in use is higher than what is stated in the requirements, and this difference is highest for detached houses. The current practice of measuring energy demand only per floor area is therefore insufficient. To realistically model energy performance of dwellings, measures accounting for dwelling size and number of residents should be included.
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Li, Ning, Zhechen Peng, Jian Dai, and Ziwei Li. "Performance-Oriented Passive Design Strategies for Shape and Envelope Structure of Independent Residential Buildings in Yangtze River Delta Suburbs." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 4571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084571.
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The Yangtze River Delta is a relatively developed area with many detached houses in the suburbs. Such detached houses are usually 1–3 stories high, mostly self-built by local people. Due to the lack of passive design guidance in the design and construction process, these houses’ energy consumption is usually high. At present, residents in the area use air conditioners, fans, and other electrical equipment in their daily lives. This paper takes detached houses in the suburbs of Ningbo as the research objects, through performance simulation and big data mining of a large number of generated samples, and proposes a passive design strategy suitable for the local building form and envelope structure, which can guide local housing construction.
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Baba, Fuad Mutasim, and Hua Ge. "Overheating risk of a single-family detached house built at different ages under current and future climate in Canada." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017202004.
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With the anticipated increase in temperature and solar radiation and frequency of extreme weather conditions due to climate change, buildings typically designed/built in Canadian cold climates would experience increased risks of summer overheating. This paper focuses on how these existing buildings perform under a current extreme year and projected future climates. Results show that the thermal conditions of a single-family detached house built in 1964 and 1990 are more comfortable than the house built to meet the current National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings (NECB) and high energy-efficient building (HEEB) without including natural ventilation by up to 50%. On the other hand, when natural ventilation is included, the house built to NECB and HEED are more comfortable. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the influence of five design parameters, i.e. wall and roof insulation, airtightness, U-value and SHGC of windows. Sensitivity analysis shows that wall insulation, airtightness, and windows U-value are the three most significant parameters influencing the overheating risk without natural ventilation. With natural ventilation, the SHGC of windows is the most influencing parameter in reducing overheating risk. This paper confirms that the Canadian buildings have the overheating risk over the hot summer experienced over the past a few years and the risk will be increased in the future. Natural ventilation as a mitigation measure, which has been relied on by building designers in Canada will not be sufficient to remove excess heat or provide thermal comfort to residents. Other mitigation strategies such as shading to reduce the heat gain during the summer, are needed.
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Heide, Vegard, Håkon Selstad Thingbø, Anne Gunnarshaug Lien, and Laurent Georges. "Economic and Energy Performance of Heating and Ventilation Systems in Deep Retrofitted Norwegian Detached Houses." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 7060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197060.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the life-cycle costs (LCC) and energy performance of different heating and ventilation systems (HVAC) in deep-energy renovation of Norwegian detached houses. Eight different HVAC combinations based on heat pumps are compared using two case buildings, with different performance levels for the building envelope. The case buildings are small wooden dwellings without a hydronic heating system, which is representative of existing Norwegian detached houses. The insulation level had only a limited effect on the relative performance of the various HVAC combinations. Many solutions with medium and higher investments have a payback time close to the technical lifetime. Uncertainty regarding investment costs is important and affects the relative performance between HVAC combinations. Electricity prices also have a decisive influence on the relative performance. Solutions with lower investment costs often lead to low total costs but higher energy use. However, solutions with medium investment cost lead to a significant reduction in energy use and only a minor increase in total costs. Improving the cost-effectiveness of these technologies (reduced investment costs, grants, increased electricity price) would unlock large energy-saving potential. The lack of hydronic distribution systems in existing Norwegian buildings is a barrier to implementing air-to-water and ground-source heat pumps. For the investigated cases, the current government subsidies in Norway do not seem large enough to make investments in deep-energy renovation profitable.
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Souto, Tiago, Margarida Almeida, Vítor Leal, João Machado, and Adélio Mendes. "Total Solar Reflectance Optimization of the External Paint Coat in Residential Buildings Located in Mediterranean Climates." Energies 13, no. 11 (May 29, 2020): 2729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112729.
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This work addresses the effect of the total solar reflectance (TSR) value of paints applied in residential buildings upon their thermal performance. A semi-detached residential building was modeled in the ESP-r software, and taken as the basis for parametric studies which assessed the effects of variations in (i) the TSR values; (ii) the thermal characteristics of the building envelope; (iii) the location/climate; and: (iv) the way how the indoor temperature is controlled. The parametric studies were used to find optimal TSR values for each combination of Location + Building envelope characteristics (mainly the existence of thermal insulation). It was concluded that paints having a carefully chosen TSR value lead to better indoor thermal temperatures if the buildings have no mechanical heating or cooling, or to energy savings of up to 32% if they do.
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Sui, Jie Li, Shao Ling Wang, Tao Ma, and Yan Tao Ren. "Shape Study on Wooden Detached House for Reducing LCCO2 by GA." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 829–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.829.
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To reduce carbon dioxide emissions from buildings, we selected housing shape as research object. By deforming a simplified detached house model, we achieved optimal shape of WDH reducingLCCO2 by Genetic Algorithms (GA).
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Kaplan, Gordana, and Onur Kaplan. "PlanetScope Imagery for Extracting Building Inventory Information." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 5, no. 1 (November 23, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecg2020-08537.
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In order to prevent serious damages from a possible earthquake and to determine the possible losses, in settlements under earthquake risk, it is very important to extract building inventory information for further determination of the performance of existing buildings. As conventional methods, such as field investigations, can be time-consuming and costly on an urban scale, approaches that are able to speed up these processes and reduce the costs are required. Determining at least some of the data required to determine the seismic performance of an existing building using alternative methods instead of conventional methods will provide a significant advantage. The study aims to investigate the potential of PlanetScope satellite imagery for extracting building inventory information. Thus, the main objectives of the study are to extract buildings using deep learning methods and to determine the height and the construction period of the buildings. For this purpose, two 3 m PlanetScope satellite images were used over the study area located in Eskisehir, Turkey. Over 30 buildings were located in the study area. The results showed that with PlanetScope Imagery detached buildings can be detected with high accuracy using deep learning methods, their heights can be calculated and the construction period can be determined. For future studies, the obtained information is planned to further be processed in a geographical information system (GIS) for building inventory and to be used for seismic vulnerability assessment studies of existing buildings.
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Mouton, L., D. Trigaux, K. Allacker, and R. H. Crawford. "Development of environmental benchmarks for the Belgian residential building stock." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1078, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1078/1/012077.
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Abstract Over recent years Belgium has made meaningful effort in adopting Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in building practice to improve building environmental performance. Today, architects can compare the environmental performance of different building designs with an online calculation tool that incorporates the national LCA method. However, they are still lacking environmental benchmarks to position themselves within current building practice. Furthermore, such benchmarks play an important role in the development of environmental targets in building regulation. In this research, benchmarks are defined for new residential buildings in Belgium. A bottom-up approach is followed consisting of a statistical analysis of reference buildings to define limit, reference and best practice values. The buildings are based on four representative typologies for Belgium, ranging from detached houses to apartments. Different variants are assessed including various energy performance levels and construction types (solid versus timber). The buildings’ life cycle impacts are calculated including the embodied (material) and operational (energy) impacts. Results are reported both for an aggregated environmental single-score and for Global Warming Potential (GWP). The calculated reference values for life cycle and embodied GWP (20 and 7 kgCO2eq/m2.year) are comparable to existing benchmarks in the literature. The results further highlight that building compactness provides the largest impact reduction, followed by construction type. Finally, limitations are discussed and recommendations are formulated for developing future benchmarks.
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Deltour, Jade, Nicolas Heijmans, and Karel De Sloover. "Assessing the building envelope performance during occupancy." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 22004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017222004.
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In order to achieve carbon neutrality in the building field as expected by the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, it is important to not only be able to calculate energy performance during design but also to be able to measure the actual energy performance of buildings during occupancy. However, there is currently no approved methodology for assessing the energy performance of the building envelope of an occupied building independently of its occupants, its systems and the climate. We applied a mathematical method to determine the heat loss coefficient (HLC) of the building envelope, from data collected in occupied buildings. The paper describes the in-situ measurement protocol and the mathematical models that contributes to address this challenge. Our methodology is demonstrated on a new semi-detached house, more insulated than the regulatory level, located in Brussels from a full year of monitoring data. For this case study, the results are promising. Indeed, some mathematical models show results of the same range value for the occupied insitu HLC and the reference HLC, obtained from in-situ measurements but without occupancy. However, more case studies should be evaluated, in order to validate the methodology.
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𝐴𝑙𝑎𝑚, 𝑍𝑎𝑓𝑎𝑟, 𝑀𝑜ℎ𝑑 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑟, 𝑀𝑜ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑑 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑟, and 𝑀𝑜ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑑 𝐽𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙 𝐴ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑑. "Cooling Load Estimation of a Multi-Storey Building: A Heat Transfer Approach." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 05 (May 21, 2021): 368–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/05159.
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The key objective of this work is to maintain the pre-determined inside conditions & to establish thermal equilibrium the prime rate at which heat needs to be detached from the space. Nowadays one of the most serious problems is environmental issues. For this problem, energy utilization by buildings and enterprises are responsible. Markets, Residential houses, commercial buildings, industry, and Infrastructure consume approximately 72% of the world’s energy. Roughly 60 % of a building’s total energy necessity is distributed to the plant of air-conditioning installed in a big complex or building that is air acclimatized. To limit energy utilization, accurate prediction of the cooling load are important. The elementary heat transfer concepts are used to manually calculate the cooling load of a multi-storey building. This method is derived from CLTD technique of cooling load estimation. We estimate the cooling load at the extreme conditions. So, we have taken the outside conditions as relative humidity 54% and 450C DBT for the month of May during summer. The average outside air velocity during this period is 1.67 m/s. The significance of this work is to show that, actual cooling load prediction results in less capital cost, investment and energy consumed. Thus, accuracy should be paramount when load calculation is being performed.
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Martinelli, Patrizio M. "House, Street, City: Le Corbusier’s Research Towards a New Urban Interior." Interiority 2, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 129–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/in.v2i2.57.
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Le Corbusier’s investigations, conducted between the 1910s and the 1930s, were focused on a new relationship between street and building. This research started from texts about the city, in particular, the writings of Eugène Hénard’s. These essays, dating back to 1903-1909, dealt with the necessity of a renewed strategy for the urban street, breaking down the monotony and the problems related to the sequence of buildings and creating a series of places as squares, gardens, and open courtyards: actual urban rooms between streets an buildings. Learning from those texts, Le Corbusier worked on a series of polemical writings about the rue corridor, collected in particular in The City of Tomorrow, Precisions and The Radiant City. A series of projects explored to the extreme consequences the topic: the Dom-ino building principle used for collective housing evolved to the redent, detached from the infrastructure, and the immeuble villa, with its inhabited façades. Finally, the curved redent for the Plan Obus in Algiers transformed the street itself into a "building as city" flowing in the landscape. The essay follows how Le Corbusier transforms the street and its traditional urban components in interior elements inside the buildings.
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Grossi, Felipe, Hua Ge, Radu Zmeureanu, and Fuad Baba. "Feasibility of Planting Trees around Buildings as a Nature-Based Solution of Carbon Sequestration—An LCA Approach Using Two Case Studies." Buildings 13, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010041.
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In response to Canada’s commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and to making pathways to achieve carbon neutral buildings, this paper presents two real case studies. The paper first outlines the potential of trees to absorb CO2 emissions through photosynthesis, and the methods used for the estimation of their annual carbon sequestration rates. The net annual carbon sequestration rate of 0.575 kgCO2eq/m2 of tree cover area is considered in our study. Then, this paper presents the carbon life cycle assessment of an all-electric laboratory at Concordia University and of a single-detached house, both located in Montreal. The life cycle assessment (LCA) calculations were performed using two software tools, One Click LCA and Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings. The results in terms of Global Warming Potential (GWP) over 60 years for the laboratory were found to be 83,521 kgCO2eq using One Click LCA, and 82,666 kgCO2eq using Athena. For the single-detached house that uses natural gas for space heating and domestic hot water, the GWP was found to be 544,907 kgCO2eq using One Click LCA, and 566,856 kgCO2eq using Athena. For the all-electric laboratory, a garden fully covered with representative urban trees could offset around 17% of the total life cycle carbon emissions. For the natural gas-powered single-detached house, the sequestration by trees is around 3% of the total life cycle carbon emission. This paper presents limits for achieving carbon neutral buildings when only the emissions sequestration by trees is applied, and discusses the main findings regarding LCA calculations under different scenarios.
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Shareef, Sardar S., and Hozan Latif Rauf. "Using Hemp for Walls as a Sustainable Building Material." Journal of Studies in Science and Engineering 2, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53898/josse2022242.
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As an ancient plant from thousands of years ago, Hemp has been used as the most prominent sustainable material in buildings and other fields. Hemp has great potential to be used as a building material and can be grown in Cyprus weather with less cost than other imported building materials. Hemp’s initial cost is mostly cheaper than the other insulation materials; in the long term can save almost 50% of the total energy cost. It is being used as a load-bearing construction material, the best insulator. This study proposed a detached house where Hemp can be used for walls as structure (load-bearing) and floors and roofs as plastering layers.
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Simic, Katarina, Klaas Thiers, Hugo Montyne, Jan Desmet, and Michel De Paepe. "Numerical assessment of self-sufficiency of residential buildings in Belgium by using heat pumps, photovoltaic panels and energy storages." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2069, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012115.
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Abstract Residential buildings claim a significant share of the total energy use worldwide. In order to have more realistic energy performance predictions, increased attention is paid to the analysis of the building’s energy use through comprehensive, transient detailed numerical simulations. In this article, the self-consumption and self-sufficiency values of three detached residential buildings are assessed through numerical models made in the programming language Modelica and software tool Dymola. The three buildings have the same structure and different space heating energy demands of 15 kWh/m2year, 30 kWh/m2year and 45 kWh/m2year. The energy use of the buildings coincides with the occupancy profile where domestic hot water use dominates over the space heating demand provided by an air to water heat pump. The discrepancy between renewable energy production and energy consumption is mitigated by means of thermal load shifting and electrical energy storage. In this research, the self-consumption and self-sufficiency of the studied buildings have been analysed as a function of the economically favourable energy storage sizing. For the use of an electrical battery with the installed capacity of 2.5 kWh and thermal energy storage of 250 l, the self-sufficiency results to be 40%, 38.5% and 37% for the three buildings respectively at the specific simulated energy demand conditions.
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Ahmed, Kaiser, Hatef Hajian, Tero Hasu, and Jarek Kurnitski. "Kouvola Housing fair NZEB houses energy, cost and carbon analyses." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 13001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017213001.
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Building energy efficiency, construction cost, life cycle cost, and carbon emission are the best interests of users, owners and different vendors. This study assessed the energy performance (EP) related investment and operational energy cost of Kouvola housing fair NZEB. Data from 12 new detached houses were collected, which fulfilled the energy certificate class of B according to the Finnish nearly zero energy building (NZEB) regulation. Besides, emission from building materials, construction and energy use during 50 years of one model building were estimated, aiming to compare the life cycle emission from wooden building, insulated concrete building, blockhouse and log house. The results showed that the total construction cost was independent to EP-value and even had a slightly negative correlation to the EP-value. The average EP-value of 12 buildings was slightly higher than that of buildings in Tampere housing fair 2012, which showed no improvement of nearly zero energy building (NZEB) guidelines since 2012. Energy performance related cost dependency in specific cost categories was shown so that EP-value improvement by 40 units increased less than 2% of construction cost. Electricity had a significant contribution to CO2 emission while local district heating was based on renewables. Material emissions contribution was 32-48% of total emissions, and wooden buildings showed lower carbon footprint compared to other building structures.
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Choi, Ho Soon. "Architectural Experiment Design of Solar Energy Harvesting: A Kinetic Façade System for Educational Facilities." Applied Sciences 12, no. 12 (June 8, 2022): 5853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12125853.
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This study proposes an architectural design for renewable energy production to increase energy independence in the architectural field. Among natural energy sources, solar panels that can be applied to building façades have been developed to use solar energy. To maximize renewable energy generation, solar panels can be adjusted according to the optimal tilt for each month. They can be attached to and detached from the building façade and installed on an existing building elevation. Thus, it is possible to increase the energy independence of old buildings. The solar panel developed in this study increases energy independence and presents a creative “kinetic façade,” in which solar panels move each month according to the optimal tilt angle.
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Bida, Dmytro, and Vitalii Didkovskyi. "Descriptors of sound insulation of building structures in residential buildings in Ukraine and Europe." Technology audit and production reserves 5, no. 2(67) (October 18, 2022): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2022.265816.
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The object of the research is the descriptors (indices/parameters) of sound insulation of construction structures of residential buildings. The work presents a brief overview of modern generally accepted construction technologies in Eastern Europe. The most common sources of noise and the consequences of their impact on people's health and life have been studied. An analysis of the levels of airborne sound insulation indicators of building structures in European countries and Ukraine was carried out. Partitions for standard types of housing (private houses, townhouses, multi-story residential buildings) are considered. As a result, a great diversity of sound insulation requirements in different European countries was shown. And this leads to an imbalance and worsens the quality of connections in the construction sector, due to possible confusion and can cause certain problems in trade and exchange of experience. It is also shown that the difference between the numerical indicators of the sound insulation levels of air noise is not entirely appropriate within the EU, since the subjective indicators of the sound insulation of the population have approximately the same data. Comfortable conditions for people from different countries should be the same. Examples of descriptors of air noise sound insulation indicators of 35 European countries are given. Numerical norms of sound insulation levels of EU countries are detailed. General characteristics and differences between states are highlighted. The paper also examines the diversity of housing types and the relationship between detached, semi-detached (terrace/terraced) and multi-apartment buildings in many countries. This allows for some approximations to calculate the number of neighbors in these countries with adjoining walls and floors in attached housing. Having data on European countries, a conclusion was made with similar characteristics used in Ukraine. On the basis of the obtained data, the strengths and weaknesses of the Ukrainian noise protection regulations were determined, which consist in a small variety of modern types of housing, taken into account in the building regulations, and in a relatively low general level of requirements for sound insulation of building structures. Finally, the quality of life aspect of building occupants and the importance of good design, construction and control are discussed. We hope that the work gained will be used to achieve the goal of creating European-level housing. The already mentioned topic will be of interest to noise and sound insulation specialists, acoustic engineers, ecologists, urban planners and city planners.
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Hallik, Jaanus, and Targo Kalamees. "Development of Airtightness of Estonian Wooden Buildings." Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 24, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.24.1.23231.
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The field measurements of airtightness in Estonian detached and apartment buildings conducted between2003 – 2017 were combined into a large dataset for further analysis. The buildings were classified basedon building structure, number of storeys, year of construction, energy classification and compactnessfactors. A subset with all wooden buildings (313 in total) was statistically analysed to determine theaverage (median) air leakage rates at 50 Pa and tested (Kruskal-Wallis test with post-hoc Conovertest) for significant differences within the grouping factors. As expected, the median air leakage (q50)of older buildings between 10.7 and 13.9 m3/(hm2) has decreased to 1.1 m3/(hm2) after the minimumrequirements for energy efficiency have taken effect. A more detailed analysis on newer buildings showedthat quality of the workmanship combining systematic measurement routines as well as prefabrication,yields significantly lower median air leakages compared to on-site construction. The buildings with betterenergy classification targets also achieved lower median air leakages compared to buildings designedto meet minimum requirements. Further analysis showed significant differences between buildingswith lightweight timber construction and those with log construction. This can be due to fact that theairtightness has been predominantly measured in prefabricated buildings compared to on-site buildingtechnology. Surprisingly, the analysis showed no significant difference between buildings with a differentcompactness factor or a different number of storeys. For use in energy calculations, the base values ofair leakage rates for each group are calculated and presented accounting for variation of measurements.
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AlHashmi, Mohammad, Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha, Rajeev Ruparathna, Kh Md Nahiduzzaman, Kasun Hewage, and Rehan Sadiq. "Energy Performance Assessment Framework for Residential Buildings in Saudi Arabia." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 2232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042232.
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The residential sector consumes about 50% of the electricity produced from fossil fuels in Saudi Arabia. The residential energy demand is increasing. Moreover, a simple building energy performance assessment framework is not available for hot arid developing countries. This research proposes an energy performance assessment framework for residential buildings in hot and arid regions, which focuses on three performance criteria: operational energy, GHG emissions, and cost. The proposed framework has been applied to three types of residential buildings, i.e., detached, attached, and low-rise apartments, in five geographical regions of Saudi Arabia. Design Builder® was used to simulate the energy demand in buildings over a whole year. Four types of efficiency improvement interventions, including double-glazed windowpanes, triple-glazed windowpanes, LED lighting, and split air conditioners, were introduced in 12 combinations. Overall, 180 simulations were performed which are based on 12 intervention combinations, three building types, and five regions. Three performance criteria were evaluated for each simulation and then aggregated using a multi-criteria decision analysis method to identify the best intervention strategy for a given building type and a geographical region in Saudi Arabia. Each building type with interventions consumes higher energy in the western, central, and eastern regions and consumes a lesser amount of energy in the southern and northern regions. The proposed framework is helpful for long-term planning of the residential sector.
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Ramos Ruiz, Germán, and Alba Olloqui del Olmo. "Climate Change Performance of nZEB Buildings." Buildings 12, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): 1755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101755.
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Buildings are one of the key factors in working towards a low-carbon economy to help mitigate climate change. For this reason, many of the current regulations aim to reduce their consumption and increase their efficiency, as is the case in the European Union with the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD). Terms such as nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEB) or zero-emission buildings (ZEB) are increasingly used. However, these terms and regulations focus on energy and emissions, ignoring user comfort. This research shows the performance of these buildings in the face of climate change, as their strengths are not limited to energy consumption or emissions, but also to improving user comfort. By examining the compliance of a real semi-detached house with the different Spanish energy regulations (NBE-CTE 79, CTE-DB HE 2013 and CTE-DB HE 2019), its performance in terms of energy and comfort in different future scenarios defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is evaluated. The results show that the building with nZEB criteria (CTE-DB-HE 2019) reduces its energy consumption by an average of 84.36% compared to the other two energy standards. In terms of comfort, measured according to the Fanger criteria (steady state model), the hours throughout the year in the “neutral” thermal sensation category are similar; however, the hours in the “slightly cool” category are reduced by 57%, improving by up to eight times the “slightly warm” category. The nZEB building proves to be more resilient to climate change by mitigating and homogenizing its response to climatic variations.
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Benim, Ali Cemal, Michael Diederich, and Ali Nahavandi. "Prediction of flow and dispersion in cross–ventilated buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 128 (2019): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912805002.
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The present paper presents a detailed computational analysis of flow and dispersion in a generic isolated single–zone buildings. First, a grid generation strategy is discussed, that is inspired by a previous computational analysis and a grid independence study. Different turbulence models are appliedincluding two-equation turbulence models, the differential Reynolds Stress Model, Detached Eddy Simulation and Zonal Large Eddy Simulation. The mean velocity and concentration fields are calculated and compared with the measurements. A satisfactory agreement with the experiments is not observed by any of the modelling approaches, indicating the highly demanding flow and turbulence structure of the problem.
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Thalfeldt, Martin, Anders Skare, Laurent Georges, and Øyvind Skreiberg. "Parametric Energy Simulations of a Nordic Detached House Heated by a Wood Stove." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 25007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017225007.
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Wood stoves are widely used in Nordic countries. They offer a good opportunity to use biomass for space-heating and to reduce the peak power of all-electric buildings. However, wood stoves are highly concentrated heat sources with limited control compared to other typical heat emission systems, which makes the assessment of their impact challenging. This study introduces a simulation-based parametric study of a detached house equipped with a wood stove located in Oslo, Norway. The respective impact of different building parameters and stove nominal powers on the building performance is illustrated. The analysis shows that the annual total space-heating needs (i.e. the sum of the base load, modelled as ideal heaters representing the electrical radiators, the stove and the heating of the ventilation supply air) increased significantly due to the higher average indoor temperature. The resulting heat emission efficiency of the stove ranged between 66% and 90%. However, the stoves covered between 28% and 62% of the total space-heating needs. When using the stove, the maximum hourly-averaged power for the electrical radiators decreased between 5 W/m2 and 31 W/m2 during the peak hours of the electricity grid. The building thermal mass, insulation level, as well as the combination of internal door position with the bedroom temperature setpoint, had a significant impact on the calculated values. Finally, the study revealed that the occupant behaviour modelling should be improved to better capture the wood stove impact on the energy performance using building simulations.
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Beck, Anthony, Gavin Long, Doreen S. Boyd, Julian F. Rosser, Jeremy Morley, Richard Duffield, Mike Sanderson, and Darren Robinson. "Automated classification metrics for energy modelling of residential buildings in the UK with open algorithms." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 47, no. 1 (March 22, 2018): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808318762436.
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Estimating residential building energy use across large spatial extents is vital for identifying and testing effective strategies to reduce carbon emissions and improve urban sustainability. This task is underpinned by the availability of accurate models of building stock from which appropriate parameters may be extracted. For example, the form of a building, such as whether it is detached, semi-detached, terraced etc. and its shape may be used as part of a typology for defining its likely energy use. When these details are combined with information on building construction materials or glazing ratio, it can be used to infer the heat transfer characteristics of different properties. However, these data are not readily available for energy modelling or urban simulation. Although this is not a problem when the geographic scope corresponds to a small area and can be hand-collected, such manual approaches cannot be easily applied at the city or national scale. In this article, we demonstrate an approach that can automatically extract this information at the city scale using off-the-shelf products supplied by a National Mapping Agency. We present two novel techniques to create this knowledge directly from input geometry. The first technique is used to identify built form based upon the physical relationships between buildings. The second technique is used to determine a more refined internal/external wall measurement and ratio. The second technique has greater metric accuracy and can also be used to address problems identified in extracting the built form. A case study is presented for the City of Nottingham in the United Kingdom using two data products provided by the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain: MasterMap and AddressBase. This is followed by a discussion of a new categorisation approach for housing form for urban energy assessment.
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Ferrantelli, Andrea, and Jarek Kurnitski. "Energy Performance Certificate Classes Rating Methods Tested with Data: How Does the Application of Minimum Energy Performance Standards to Worst-Performing Buildings Affect Renovation Rates, Costs, Emissions, Energy Consumption?" Energies 15, no. 20 (October 13, 2022): 7552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207552.
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Energy renovations of the building stock are a paramount objective of the European Union (EU) to combat climate change. A tool for renovation progress monitoring is energy performance certificate (EPC) labelling. The present study tested the effect of different EPC label classifications on a national database, which comprises ~25,000 EPC values from apartment buildings, detached houses, office buildings, and educational, commercial, and service buildings. Analysing the EPC classes labelling resulting from four different EU methods, we estimated the annual renovation rates, costs, energy savings, and CO2 emissions reduction that would affect the national building stock if each of them was adopted, to fulfil the European Climate Target Plan by the year 2033. The ISO 52003-1:2017 two-point and one-point methods determined a very uneven distribution of renovation rates, from 0.45% to ~9%. Conversely, the Directive 15% recently proposed in COM/2021/802 with uniform rates determined smaller differences and standard deviation, not pushing renovations above 3.70%, namely a rate that once fine-tuned can stimulate realistic, yet effective renovation campaigns. The major differences in renovation rates provided by the studied methods show the need for a harmonized strategy such as the Directive proposal to enable achievement of European targets.
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Karjalainen, Markku, and Hüseyin Emre Ilgın. "The Change over Time in Finnish Residents’ Attitudes towards Multi-Story Timber Apartment Buildings." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 14, 2021): 5501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105501.
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Due to increasing urbanization, the need for sustainable housing, e.g., sustainable timber housing, is increasing in Finland, as in other countries. Understanding residents’ perceptions plays a critical role in the transition to sustainable housing as an important part of the forest-based bioeconomy. This study examined the change over time in Finnish residents’ attitudes towards multi-story timber apartment buildings. To do this, findings from surveys among residents in 1998–1999 and 2017 were compared with each other. Results mainly highlighted that: (1) residents’ attitudes towards timber apartment buildings remained positive over time; (2) participants of both surveys were satisfied with functionality of the apartment unit, immediate surroundings of the building, and number of furnishings and appliances; (3) positive perception regarding sound insulation, indoor climate, and coziness did not change over time; (4) dominant preferences to move to detached and one-or-two story terraced houses gradually gave way to two-story housing and apartment buildings; (5) demand for more timber inside the building and more timber apartments continued over time; and (6) while fire and environmental properties were evaluated positively, impact sound insulation was still seen as a problem. These findings will assist in understanding contemporary housing needs and provide a direction to relevant stakeholders for Finnish housing development.
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Barrientos-González, R. Alexis, Ricardo E. Vega-Azamar, Julio C. Cruz-Argüello, Norma A. Oropeza-García, Maritza Chan-Juárez, and Danna L. Trejo-Arroyo. "Indoor Temperature Validation of Low-Income Detached Dwellings under Tropical Weather Conditions." Climate 7, no. 8 (August 2, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli7080096.
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Urban territorial expansion generated in the last decades has brought a series of consequences, such as the variation between urban and suburban weather conditions affecting indoor temperature and increasing electricity consumption derived from the use of cooling systems. Current approaches of simulation models in residential buildings use indoor environmental data for carrying out validations to propose hygrothermal comfort alternatives for the mitigation of the effects of the external environmental conditions on the interior spaces of dwellings. In this work, an hourly evaluation of both indoor and outdoor environmental parameters of two case studies in a tropical climate was carried out, by means of a whole-building simulation approach tool during a week representative of the warmest period of the year. The integration of the collected environmental data in the theoretical model allowed us to reduce the error range of the estimated indoor temperature with results in normalized mean bias error between 7.10% and −0.74% and in coefficient of variation of the root mean square error between 16.72% and 2.62%, in the different indoor zones of the case studies. At the same time, the energy assessment showed a difference of 33% in Case 1 and −217% in Case 2 for final electricity consumption.
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Netto, Vinicius M., Renato Saboya, and Júlio Celso Vargas. "Does Architecture Ma er to Urban Vitality? Buildings and the Social Life of Streets and Neighbourhoods." Built Environment 48, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 317–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2148/benv.48.3.317.
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Since Jane Jacobs's seminal insights in the 1960s, one of the most emphasized notions in urban studies is the role of architectural and urban form in the 'vitality' and 'liveability' of cities, understood as sets of social and economic qualities such as people's co-presence in public spaces and diversity in local activities. However, can buildings aff ect their urban surroundings? Would diff erent architectural types have diff erent eff ects on the social life of streets and neighbourhoods? These questions are all the more important once we observe a trend in developing countries and other regions – a form of urban growth shaped by detached vertical buildings and gated communities surrounded by setbacks, replacing traditional buildings and creating fragmented urban fabrics. We develop an approach to recognize empirically the urban eff ects of buildings while controlling for systemic factors such as street network eff ects. We apply this method in a large-scale empirical study with twentyfour areas randomly selected in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Statistical results suggest distinct eff ects of building types and their features on pedestrian behaviour and land use diversity, helping answer a question that puzzles the spatial imagination: does architecture ma er to urban vitality?
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Zhang, Yongjun, Wangshan Yang, Xinyi Liu, Yi Wan, Xianzhang Zhu, and Yuhui Tan. "Unsupervised Building Instance Segmentation of Airborne LiDAR Point Clouds for Parallel Reconstruction Analysis." Remote Sensing 13, no. 6 (March 17, 2021): 1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13061136.
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Efficient building instance segmentation is necessary for many applications such as parallel reconstruction, management and analysis. However, most of the existing instance segmentation methods still suffer from low completeness, low correctness and low quality for building instance segmentation, which are especially obvious for complex building scenes. This paper proposes a novel unsupervised building instance segmentation (UBIS) method of airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) point clouds for parallel reconstruction analysis, which combines a clustering algorithm and a novel model consistency evaluation method. The proposed method first divides building point clouds into building instances by the improved kd tree 2D shared nearest neighbor clustering algorithm (Ikd-2DSNN). Then, the geometric feature of the building instance is obtained using the model consistency evaluation method, which is used to determine whether the building instance is a single building instance or a multi-building instance. Finally, for multiple building instances, the improved kd tree 3D shared nearest neighbor clustering algorithm (Ikd-3DSNN) is used to divide multi-building instances again to improve the accuracy of building instance segmentation. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed UBIS method obtained good performances for various buildings in different scenes such as high-rise building, podium buildings and a residential area with detached houses. A comparative analysis confirms that the proposed UBIS method performed better than state-of-the-art methods.
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Georges, Laurent, Elin Storlien, Magnus Askeland, and Karen Byskov Lindberg. "Development of a data-driven model to characterize the heat storage of the building thermal mass in energy planning tools." E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 10001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124610001.
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In the one hand, energy planning tools compute the cost-optimal investment in the energy system minimizing life cycle costs (LCC). These tools often consider optimal control. The building (or cluster of buildings) is represented by a node where the time profiles of energy demands are given as inputs. The indoor temperate in buildings is typically not considered and may even be difficult to define for a cluster of buildings. Secondly, to perform optimization, the model of the energy system is often linear (e.g. using MILP). In the other hand, the building thermal mass has proven to be a cheap and large source of energy flexibility. Therefore, there is a need for a linear model of the building thermal dynamics when there is a limited knowledge of the indoor temperature. Consequently, the paper proposes a model that tracks the change of indoor temperature and space-heating power rather than their absolute values: the model focuses on the deviations from the reference energy profiles given as input. This framework gives a simple model that is less dependent on the boundary conditions (i.e. the weather, user behaviour and internal gains). In addition, a second-order model is proposed to characterize the transfer function. The model has only four parameters, which simplifies its identification. The model is validated using detailed building performance simulation, namely IDA ICE, on a Norwegian wooden detached house during demand response (DR).
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Hazarika, Arshia Khajooria, and Virendra Kumar Paul. "Energy Performance Evaluation of Detached Residential buildings in a Tier II city in India." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 70, no. 2 (February 25, 2022): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v70i2p233.
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Sharma, Ashutosh, Hemant Mittal, and Ajay Gairola. "Wind tunnel and delayed detached eddy simulation investigation of interference between two tall buildings." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 9 (March 15, 2019): 2163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219836175.
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Offerle, B., C. S. B. Grimmond, K. Fortuniak, and W. Pawlak. "Intraurban Differences of Surface Energy Fluxes in a Central European City." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 45, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2319.1.
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Abstract Surface properties, such as roughness and vegetation, which vary both within and between urban areas, play a dominant role in determining surface–atmosphere energy exchanges. The turbulent heat flux partitioning is examined within a single urban area through measurements at four locations in Łódź, Poland, during August 2002. The dominant surface cover (land use) at the sites was grass (airport), 1–3-story detached houses with trees (residential), large 2–4-story buildings (industrial), and 3–6-story buildings (downtown). However, vegetation, buildings, and other “impervious” surface coverage vary within some of these sites on the scale of the turbulent flux measurements. Vegetation and building cover for Łódź were determined from remotely sensed data and an existing database. A source-area model was then used to develop a lookup table to estimate surface cover fractions more accurately for individual measurements. Bowen ratios show an inverse relation with increasing vegetation cover both for a site and, more significant, between sites, as expected. Latent heat fluxes at the residential site were less dependent on short-term rainfall than at the grass site. Sensible heat fluxes were positively correlated with impervious surface cover and building intensity. These results are consistent with previous findings (focused mainly on differences between cities) and highlight the value of simple measures of land cover as predictors of spatial variations of urban climates both within and between urban areas.
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Huszár, Zsolt, and Éva Lublóy. "Examination of the cost ratio of the formwork." Acta Technica Jaurinensis 14, no. 2 (May 26, 2021): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14513/actatechjaur.00598.
Full textAbstract:
In case of construction investments, the cost estimation was always important. The reason for this is that after the planning, the most important issue is the cost of the investment. There are many different estimation methods. These estimates may vary in depth, depending on the task and the plan. The question is what happens if we wanted to predict not only the total cost of the investment but also the cost of some parts and structures. Such a cost element is the formwork cost of the monolithic reinforced concrete structures. This is a special processing aid, which makes it difficult to calculate accurately. The study is based on a cost analysis of the construction of 22 completed buildings over the last 10 years. Here, the cost of the formwork was compared to the total cost of the construction. By examining the 22 buildings together, we made findings over the years. We wanted to find out how much the construction price changes affected the structure and the formwork costs. The other direction of our research was the cost analysis within each building type, focusing on the formwork. In this analysis, we defined six types of buildings, such as detached, dwelling, condominium, public, office buildings, and other types of buildings. This study does not include the cost of the formwork types specific to each component, but from the foundation to the ascending structures, it analyses them in a single system.