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Journal articles on the topic 'Destratification'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 May 2024

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1

Shin, Sangmin, Seungjae Lee, Sangeun Lee, Kyungtaek Yum, and Heekyung Park. "Improving design factors of air diffuser systems based on field conditions of dam reservoirs: CFD simulation approach." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 1 (July 1, 2012): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.122.

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This study aims to improve the design factors of air diffuser systems that have been analyzed in laboratory experiments, with consideration of the field conditions of dam reservoirs. In this study, the destratification number (DN), destratification radius, and efficiency are considered as design factors. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation experiment is performed in diverse field conditions in order to analyze these factors. The results illustrate the wider range of DN values in field conditions and the relationship of the destratification radius and efficiency to DN. The results can lead to better performance of air diffuser systems and water quality management in dam reservoir sites.

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2

Gnafakis, C., and V. P. Manno. "Transient Destratification in a Rectangular Enclosure." Journal of Heat Transfer 111, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3250664.

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An experimental study of transient destratification in a rectangular air-filled enclosure is described. The test cell, which is 1 m high, 0.5 m wide, and 0.25 m deep, is made of plexiglass with a variety of side and bottom thermal boundary conditions. The initial vertical stratification is 30°C. A number of transient tests are reported in which a destabilizing heat source is introduced after the initial stratification. Temperature maps of the middepth plane are recorded and analyzed. Basic enclosure destratification dynamics are described in terms of developing thermal and flow fields. Separate effects of horizontal partitioning, stabilizing side heating, and asymmetric heating are studied. Certain large fractional horizontal blockages are shown to enhance destratification, while side heating is demonstrated to be a stablizing effect that produces a steady-state inversion.

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3

Simmons, Jeremy. "Algal control and destratification at Hanningfield Reservoir." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0154.

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In May 1994 an artificial destratification system was installed at the eutrophic 27,200ML Hanningfield raw water reservoir in Essex U.K. The main objective of this installation was to prevent poor raw water quality, which can result from hypolimnetic isolation in the Summer months when thermal stratification often occurs. By adopting an intermittent destratification strategy to constantly change reservoir conditions thus promoting competition amongst algae, it is hoped that an overall decrease in annual phytoplankton biomass at the reservoir will result. This in turn will reduce the pressure on the raw water treatment processes required to produce a potable water supply. This paper evaluates algal, meteorological, and other monitored variables to assess the effect of destratification on Hanningfield Reservoirs phytoplankton community from 1994 to 1996. Although noting the limited data period the results show little dominant phytoplankton type changes, but notes a fall of 66% in mean total biomass in 1996 compared to 1994 values.

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4

Bobeth, M., A. Ullrich, and W. Pompe. "Destratification Mechanisms in Coherent Multilayers." Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials 19 (January 2004): 153–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jmnm.19.153.

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5

Stephens, Rohan, and Jörg Imberger. "Reservoir Destratification via Mechanical Mixers." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 119, no. 4 (April 1993): 438–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1993)119:4(438).

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6

Sahoo, Goloka Behari, and David Luketina. "Bubbler design for reservoir destratification." Marine and Freshwater Research 54, no. 3 (2003): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf02045.

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Two important bubbler-performance criteria, the mechanical efficiency, ηmech, and the destratification time, Γ, were analysed as functions of two dimensionless parameters, G, the strength of stratification, and M, the source strength. Equations to estimate the optimum airflow rate (via M) and corresponding ηmech and Γ for a known linear stratification G in a reservoir were derived. Owing to difficulties in accurately determining the actual G, it was demonstrated that it is appropriate practice to reduce the design G value by around 10%. It was shown that the equivalent linear stratification method might lead to sub-optimal design for stratification profiles that deviate substantially from a linear profile. Rather, a bubble-plume model should be applied. Finally, the effects of incorporating changes in bubble radius in a bubble-plume model were examined. ηmech and Γ were found to be relatively insensitive to bubble radius; however, the ideal bubble size for maintaining a suitable oxygen dissolution efficiency is 1 mm.

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7

Goodrich, David M., William C. Boicourt, Peter Hamilton, and Donald W. Pritchard. "Wind-Induced Destratification in Chesapeake Bay." Journal of Physical Oceanography 17, no. 12 (December 1987): 2232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1987)017<2232:widicb>2.0.co;2.

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8

Fernandez, R. L., M. Bonansea, A. Cosavella, F. Monarde, M. Ferreyra, and J. Bresciano. "Effects of bubbling operations on a thermally stratified reservoir: implications for water quality amelioration." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 12 (December 1, 2012): 2722–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.507.

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Artificial thermal mixing of the water column is a common method of addressing water quality problems with the most popular method of destratification being the bubble curtain. The air or oxygen distribution along submerged multiport diffusers is based on similar basic principles as those of outfall disposal systems. Moreover, the disposal of sequestered greenhouse gases into the ocean, as recently proposed by several researchers to mitigate the global warming problem, requires analogous design criteria. In this paper, the influence of a bubble-plume is evaluated using full-scale temperature and water quality data collected in San Roque Reservoir, Argentina. A composite system consisting of seven separated diffusers connected to four 500 kPa compressors was installed at this reservoir by the end of 2008. The original purpose of this air bubble system was to reduce the stratification, so that the water body may completely mix under natural phenomena and remain well oxygenated throughout the year. By using a combination of the field measurements and modelling, this work demonstrates that thermal mixing by means of compressed air may improve water quality; however, if improperly sized or operated, such mixing can also cause deterioration. Any disruption in aeration during the destratification process, for example, may result in a reduction of oxygen levels due to the higher hypolimnetic temperatures. Further, the use of artificial destratification appears to have insignificant influence on reducing evaporation rates in relatively shallow impoundments such as San Roque reservoir.

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9

Roberts, Jenny, Julia Gottschalk, Luke C. Skinner, Victoria L. Peck, Sev Kender, Henry Elderfield, Claire Waelbroeck, Natalia Vázquez Riveiros, and David A. Hodell. "Evolution of South Atlantic density and chemical stratification across the last deglaciation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 3 (January 4, 2016): 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511252113.

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Explanations of the glacial–interglacial variations in atmospheric pCO2 invoke a significant role for the deep ocean in the storage of CO2. Deep-ocean density stratification has been proposed as a mechanism to promote the storage of CO2 in the deep ocean during glacial times. A wealth of proxy data supports the presence of a “chemical divide” between intermediate and deep water in the glacial Atlantic Ocean, which indirectly points to an increase in deep-ocean density stratification. However, direct observational evidence of changes in the primary controls of ocean density stratification, i.e., temperature and salinity, remain scarce. Here, we use Mg/Ca-derived seawater temperature and salinity estimates determined from temperature-corrected δ18O measurements on the benthic foraminifer Uvigerina spp. from deep and intermediate water-depth marine sediment cores to reconstruct the changes in density of sub-Antarctic South Atlantic water masses over the last deglaciation (i.e., 22–2 ka before present). We find that a major breakdown in the physical density stratification significantly lags the breakdown of the deep-intermediate chemical divide, as indicated by the chemical tracers of benthic foraminifer δ13C and foraminifer/coral 14C. Our results indicate that chemical destratification likely resulted in the first rise in atmospheric pCO2, whereas the density destratification of the deep South Atlantic lags the second rise in atmospheric pCO2 during the late deglacial period. Our findings emphasize that the physical and chemical destratification of the ocean are not as tightly coupled as generally assumed.

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10

Moshfeghi, Hengameh, Amir Etemad-Shahidi, and Jorg Imberger. "Modelling of bubble plume destratification using DYRESM." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 54, no. 1 (February 2005): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2005.0004.

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11

Stamps, Douglas W., and John A. Clark. "Thermal destratification in a cylindrical packed bed." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 35, no. 3 (March 1992): 727–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(92)90132-c.

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12

Sahoo, Goloka Behari, and David Luketina. "Gas Transfer During Bubbler Destratification of Reservoirs." Journal of Environmental Engineering 131, no. 5 (May 2005): 702–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2005)131:5(702).

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13

Raman, Raman K., and Benny R. Arbuckle. "Long-Term Destratification in an Illinois Lake." Journal - American Water Works Association 81, no. 6 (June 1989): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1989.tb03218.x.

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14

Wang, Jing Fu, Jing An Chen, and Yong Qiong Yang. "Seasonal Stratification and Phosphorus Release from Sediments at Lake Hongfeng, Southwestern Plateau, China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.299.

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This study investigated the relation between seasonal stratification and sediment phosphorus release in a seasonally stratified lake. Lake quality monitoring was conducted for 10 months from April 2010 to January 2011 in Lake Hongfeng, southwestern China. Destratification generated strong mixing from surface to bottom waters in the early autumn. The lake water was well-mixed vertically within 3 days and became anoxic within next few months. Total phosphorus concentrations of the whole water column increased by 15-20% as a result of high surface sediment concentrations of total phosphorus and reactive phosphorus. In seasonally stratified lakes, high reactive phosphorus content in sediments may form a larger flux of dissolved phosphorus in the sedimentwater interface following turnover. Technical measures should be taken to increase dissolved oxygen concentration and control the water circulation in this lake, especially during the cooling period, to weaken the effect of destratification and prevent sediment phosphorus release.

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15

Pjesivac, Zeljka. "De- and re-stratification of the urban tissue: Peter Eisenman’s cities of Artificial Excavation projects." Spatium, no. 40 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat1840001p.

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The study investigates the concepts of stratification, destratification and restratification of the urban tissue in Peter Eisenman?s Cities of Artificial Excavation projects. The main thesis of the study is that Eisenman?s Cities of Artificial Excavation performs a transgression of the three fictions on which classical and modern architecture were based by introducing narrative layers of non-classical fiction using strategies of relative destratification, that is, strategies of destratification and associated restratification of the urban tissue. This is a specific type of narrative de- and re-stratification based on a process, that is, on the concept of the disjunctive synthesis of real and imaginary or artificial narratives, which brings into question the traditional concept of (narrative) stratification, the concept of origin, the question of the beginning and end of a narrative line, and the question of true and rational, namely, the traditional line of influences of layers of the past on the layers of the present and potential future. For Eisenman, the layers of the present and potential future do not have to be based on the influences of fixed and unchangeable, a priori layers of the past. On the contrary, they have the potential to change the structure, meaning and significance of the layers of the past. In a wider context, this approach is related to poststructuralist perspectives that aim to break down the established mental structures of thinking and design and provoke different approaches to architectural and urban design, that is, different physical experiences, and the meaning and significance of the built environment.

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16

Secor, David H., Fan Zhang, Michael H. P. O’Brien, and Ming Li. "Ocean destratification and fish evacuation caused by a Mid-Atlantic tropical storm." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 2 (January 5, 2018): 573–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx241.

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Abstract Tropical and extratropical storms commonly occur in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, sometimes causing catastrophic losses to coastal fisheries. Still, their influence on fish movements and range shifts is poorly known. We coupled biotelemetry observations of black sea bass in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Bight with numerical modelling of the coastal ocean to evaluate the influence of Hermine (3–8 September 2016) on cold pool thermal destratification and fish evacuation. Spring through fall, black sea bass is a sedentary species, with movements focused on structure where they support important commercial and recreational fisheries. During summer 2016, we characterized the movements of 45 acoustically tagged black sea bass at three sites deploying acoustic receivers moored in shelf waters 18–31 km east of Ocean City, Maryland, and at depths 20–32 m in the southern Mid-Atlantic Bight. On 3 September 2016, cyclonic winds of Hermine caused rapid destratification of the water column. At experimental sites, bottom temperatures rose from 13 to 23°C in 10 h. An oceanographic model and observing data showed that the effects of this destratification dominated large portions of the Mid-Atlantic Bight and had long term effects on seasonal evolution of the shelf temperature. Nearly half of remaining black sea bass on 3 September (40%) permanently evacuated the experimental sites. Those that remained showed long-term depressed activity levels. Although the cause of this incomplete evacuation is unknown, it exemplifies partial migration, which may buffer black sea bass to regional impacts of changed timing or increased incidence of tropical storms.

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17

Cox, Julian D., Martin B. Padley, and Joe Hannon. "Use of computational fluid dynamics to model reservoir mixing and destratification." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0144.

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Destratification of reservoirs by the use of artificial mixing is a method of improving the impounded water quality. In order to design a destratification device at Stocks Reservoir, NW England, a Computational Fluid Dynamics model was used to trial different types and sizes of mixing device. It was found that a perforated pipe bubble mixing device performed far better than a large banana blade mixer at destratifying Stocks Reservoir. Two important criteria for the effective operation of a mixing device were established. These were a minimum upflow velocity of entrained water through the reservoir, and the need for a reverse flow along the surface of the reservoir away from the abstraction point. These criteria have been incorporated into design equations which can be extended to use at other reservoirs. A bubble mixer was installed at Stocks Reservoir, and has been shown to fully destratify the reservoir and to reduce the levels of dissolved manganese in the water by more than 50%.

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18

Sun, Xin, Li Li Ye, and Ting Lin Huang. "Theoretical Analysis of the Energy Required for Destratification of a Stratified Source Reservoir." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 1066–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.1066.

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The minimum energy required for destratification of a source water reservoir is important to determine the design capacity of mixing system used to improve the source water quality. Taking Jinpen Reservoir in Xi’an, as a study case, the water volumes under different water levels of the reservoir were numerically calculated using the geometry data obtained with a RTK system. The total potential energy (PE) was determined by integrating the PE in each thin sub-layer over the water depth with density dependent on the water temperature. The average water temperature after complete mixing was calculated based on the heat exchange theory, and was consistent with the numerical result of temperature simulation. The difference of total potential energy before and after mixing was calculated for each month with the data of water temperature, water density and water volume. The minimum energy required for destratification increasing with the temperature gradient, was relatively high during the period from June to October, and reached a peak of 2412.92 kW·h in July.

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19

Li, Qian, and Sukyoung Lee. "A Mechanism of Mixed Layer Formation in the Indo–Western Pacific Southern Ocean: Preconditioning by an Eddy-Driven Jet-Scale Overturning Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 47, no. 11 (November 2017): 2755–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0006.1.

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AbstractThe formation of a narrow band of the deep winter mixed layer (hereinafter “mixed layer wedge”) in the Indo–western Pacific Southern Ocean is examined using an eddy-resolving Parallel Ocean Program (POP) model simulation. The mixed layer wedge starts to deepen in June, centered at 47.5°S, with a meridional scale of only ~2° latitude. Its center is located ~1° north of the model’s Subantarctic Front (SAF). The Argo-based observed mixed layer is similarly narrow and occurs adjacent to the observed SAF. In the small sector of 130°–142°E, where the SAF is persistent and the mixed layer is deepest, the formation of the narrow mixed layer wedge coincides with destratification underneath the mixed layer. This destratification can be attributed primarily to the downwelling branch of a jet-scale overturning circulation (JSOC). The JSOC, which was reported in an earlier study by the authors, is driven by eddy momentum flux convergence and is therefore thermally indirect: its descending branch occurs on the warmer equatorward flank of the SAF, promoting destratification during the warm season. The model-generated net air–sea heat flux reveals a similar wedge-like feature, indicating that the flux contributes to the mixed layer depth wedge, but again this feature is preconditioned by the JSOC. Ekman advection contributes to the formation of the mixed layer, but it occurs farther north of the region where the mixed layer initially deepens. These findings suggest that the eddy-driven JSOC associated with the SAF plays an important role in initiating the narrow, deep mixed layer wedge that forms north of the SAF.

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20

Blumberg, Alan F., and David M. Goodrich. "Modeling of Wind-Induced Destratification in Chesapeake Bay." Estuaries 13, no. 3 (September 1990): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1351914.

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21

OKUBO, Kenji. "Temperature Structure Observed in Destratification Process in Lake." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 36 (1992): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.36.199.

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22

Schladow, S. Geoffrey. "Lake Destratification by Bubble‐Plume Systems: Design Methodology." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 119, no. 3 (March 1993): 350–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1993)119:3(350).

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23

Zhai, Zhiqiang (John), and Benjamin Brannon. "Performance Comparison of Destratification Fans for Large Spaces." Procedia Engineering 146 (2016): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.350.

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24

Schneider, Leah J., Timothy J. Bralower, and Lee R. Kump. "Response of nannoplankton to early Eocene ocean destratification." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 310, no. 3-4 (October 2011): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.06.018.

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25

Sahoo, Goloka Behari, and David Luketina. "Response of a Tropical Reservoir to Bubbler Destratification." Journal of Environmental Engineering 132, no. 7 (July 2006): 736–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2006)132:7(736).

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26

Chiswell, Barry, and Myint Zaw. "Lake destratification and speciation of iron and manganese." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 19, no. 1-3 (1991): 433–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00401331.

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27

Patterson, John C., and Jorg Imberger. "Simulation of bubble plume destratification systems in reservoirs." Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 1 (March 1989): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00877777.

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28

Huang, Xuan, Ling-ling Wang, and Jin Xu. "Numerical Study on Dynamical Structures and the Destratification of Vertical Turbulent Jets in Stratified Environment." Water 12, no. 8 (July 23, 2020): 2085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082085.

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The law of pollutant emission and diffusion in stratified waters is a common issue. In this paper, numerical study on the interaction between vertical turbulent jets and the pycnocline is carried out to study the problems of jet’s emission through the large eddy simulation (LES). A trigonometric function disturbance (TFD) method is developed to ensure the velocity distribution of the jet in the horizontal plane yield to Gaussian profile. Numerical simulations are carried out in the range of 1.11 < Frp < 4.77, corresponding to 1393 < Rep < 5979, where the Froude number Frp and the Reynolds number Rep are defined at the entrance of pycnocline. The coherent structure and internal waves are observed at the pycnocline during the process of jets impinging. After the impingement, the destratification effects can be found. It can be found that Frp = 3 is a threshold value for the interaction between jets and the pycnocline. When Frp > 3, the interaction becomes intensely. Furthermore, the fitting formula of the radial momentum flux dissipation rate that is used to describe the decay of energy contained by the jets during the impinging process, is established through the dimensionless analysis. As a result, the influence range of the jet on the horizontal plane can be evaluated by Rep. It is also found that the destratification of jets is mainly affected by the velocity of the internal wave induced by jets. In addition, by employing the dimensionless time T related to that velocity, the law of destratification varies with dimensionless time is obtained, which can be summarized as follows: Due to the influence of the first internal wave, the thickness of the pycnocline increases rapidly and reaches a critical value at T = 1.4, after that, the increase of the thickness of the pycnocline becomes linear.

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29

Imteaz, Monzur Alam, Abdallah Shanableh, and Takashi Asaeda. "Modelling multi-species algal bloom in a lake and inter-algal competitions." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 10 (November 1, 2009): 2599–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.632.

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A numerical model was developed to simulate water quality and algal species composition in a deep lake. As artificial destratification is widely used in the lakes, a destratification (bubble plume) model was incorporated with the ecological model to simulate the dynamic responses of different species under artificial mixing. The ecological model predicts concentrations of PO4-P, NH4-N, NO3-N, DO and pH throughout the water column, all of which have a significant influence on the growth of different algal species. The model has been calibrated using data from Uokiri Lake (Japan) for two different species (Diatom and Cyanobacteria) with and without artificial mixing. The calibrated model was used to simulate different conditions of artificial mixing within the lake over a period of five months. The simulation results show that artificial mixing favors non-motile heavier species, such as Diatom, while preventing the growth of Blue-green algae. It is also demonstrated that intermittent operation of the artificial mixing is better for water quality amelioration than continuous operation.

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30

Mitrakas, Manassis, Petros Samaras, Stelios Stylianou, Chris Kakalis, and Anastasios Zouboulis. "Artificial destratification of Dipotamos reservoir in Northern Greece by low energy air injection." Water Supply 13, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 1046–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.082.

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The aims of this study were to investigate the Dipotamos water reservoir destratification process that used the low-energy method of air injection, and evaluate its potential to suppress the presence of nuisance compounds to within permitted drinking water limits. The selection of optimum design parameters for the application of air injection through perforated pipes was based on the Davis model. Data collected throughout a 4-year operation period showed that artificial mixing by air injection may be adequate for the complete destratification of the reservoir. The air injection method had a low energy demand, estimated to be around 55 Wh/103m3/d. Upon air injection start-up, water column homogenization occurred relatively quickly, as deduced by the values of temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration recorded at various sampling points within the reservoir. After the 1st week of operation, the oxygen concentration at 20 m depth increased from nearly zero to 2 mg/L, and doubled 1 week later, reaching equilibrium after 30 d of continuous operation. The air injection method resulted in the improvement of water quality.

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31

Schladow, S. G., and I. H. Fisher. "The physical response of temperate lakes to artificial destratification." Limnology and Oceanography 40, no. 2 (March 1995): 359–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1995.40.2.0359.

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32

Ikeda, Hirokazu, Takashi Asaeda, and Kyozo Suga. "Destratification Efficiency by Hypolimnitic Water l.ifter with Air Bullets." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 485 (1994): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1994.485_85.

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33

HORII, Takayuki, Makoto UMEDA, Hiroto SATO, and Fuminori KIMURA. "HYDRODYNAMIC STRUCTURE IN MIHARU RESERVOIR CAUSED BY DESTRATIFICATION SYSTEM." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 70, no. 4 (2014): I_1615—I_1620. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.70.i_1615.

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34

Hill, D. F., A. M. Vergara, and E. J. Parra. "Destratification by Mechanical Mixers: Mixing Efficiency and Flow Scaling." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 134, no. 12 (December 2008): 1772–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2008)134:12(1772).

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35

Boegman, Leon, and Sylvia Sleep. "Feasibility of Bubble Plume Destratification of Central Lake Erie." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 138, no. 11 (November 2012): 985–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000626.

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36

Beduhn, Robert J. "The Effects of Destratification Aeration on Five Minnesota Lakes." Lake and Reservoir Management 9, no. 1 (October 1994): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07438149409354737.

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37

Steinberg, Christian, and Gitta M. Zimmermann. "Intermittent destratification: A therapy measure against cyanobacteria in lakes." Environmental Technology Letters 9, no. 4 (April 1988): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593338809384575.

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38

KITAURA, Hidekazu, Yuichi MURAI, Yuji TASAKA, Ichiro KUMAGAI, and Seiji KINO. "Spatiotemporal Structure of Density Destratification by a Bubble Plume." TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS Series B 79, no. 801 (2013): 966–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.79.966.

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39

Zic, K., H. G. Stefan, and C. Ellis. "Laboratory study of water destratification by a bubble plume." Journal of Hydraulic Research 30, no. 1 (January 1992): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221689209498944.

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40

Kupiec, Krzysztof, Krzysztof Neupauer, and Barbara Larwa. "Thermal destratification in an insulated vessel filled with water." Heat and Mass Transfer 52, no. 2 (March 8, 2015): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00231-015-1528-0.

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41

Elçi, Şebnem, Oğuz Hazar, Nisa Bahadıroğlu, Derya Karakaya, and Aslı Bor. "Destratification of thermally stratified water columns by air diffusers." Journal of Hydro-environment Research 46 (January 2023): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2022.12.001.

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42

Becker, A., A. Herschel, and C. Wilhelm. "Biological Effects of Incomplete Destratification of Hypertrophic Freshwater Reservoir." Hydrobiologia 559, no. 1 (April 2006): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-4428-3.

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43

Dantas, Ênio W., Ariadne N. Moura, and Maria do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira. "Cyanobacterial blooms in stratified and destratified eutrophic reservoirs in semi-arid region of Brazil." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 83, no. 4 (December 2011): 1327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652011000400019.

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Abstract:

This study investigated the dynamics of cyanobacteria in two deep, eutrophic reservoirs in a semi-arid region of Brazil during periods of stratification and destratification. Four collections were carried out at each reservoir at two depths at three-month intervals. The following abiotic variables were analyzed: water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, water transparency, total phosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus, orthophosphate and total nitrogen. Phytoplankton density was quantified for the determination of the biomass of cyanobacteria. The data were analyzed using CCA. Higher mean phytoplankton biomass values (29.8 mm³.L-1) occurred in the period of thermal stratification. A greater similarity in the phytoplankton communities also occurred in this period and was related to the development of cyanobacteria, mainly Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (>3.9 mm³.L-1). During the period of thermal destratification, this species co-dominated the environment with Planktothrix agardhii, Geitlerinema amphibium, Microcystis aeruginosa and Merismopedia tenuissima, as well as with diatoms and phytoflagellates. Environmental instability and competition among algae hindered the establishment of blooms more during the mixture period than during the stratification period. Thermal changes in the water column caused by climatologic events altered other physiochemical conditions of the water, leading to changes in the composition and biomass of the cyanobacterial community in tropical reservoirs.

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FURUYA, Satoshi, Makoto UMEDA, and Hitoshi TANAKA. "PLANNING METHODOLOGY OF DESTRATIFICATION SYSTEM BY USE OF HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATION." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 52 (2008): 1285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.52.1285.

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Helfer, Fernanda, Fernando P. Andutta, José A. Louzada, Hong Zhang, and Charles Lemckert. "Artificial destratification for reducing reservoir water evaporation: Is it effective?" Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management 23, no. 4 (October 14, 2018): 333–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lre.12241.

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Krambeck, Hans-Jürgen. "Partial destratification of eutrophic lakes: a tool for “ecosystem modelling”." SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 23, no. 2 (August 1988): 801–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1987.11899717.

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Hanson, David, and David Austin. "Multiyear destratification study of an urban, temperate climate, eutrophic lake." Lake and Reservoir Management 28, no. 2 (June 2012): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07438141.2012.671229.

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Li, Ming, Liejun Zhong, William C. Boicourt, Shunli Zhang, and Da-Lin Zhang. "Hurricane-induced destratification and restratification in a partially-mixed estuary." Journal of Marine Research 65, no. 2 (March 1, 2007): 169–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224007780882550.

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Steinberg, C., and R. Tille-Backhaus. "Re-occurrence of filamentous planktonic cyanobacteria during permanent artificial destratification." Journal of Plankton Research 12, no. 3 (January 1, 1990): 661–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/12.3.661.

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Heo, Woo-Myung, and Bomchul Kim. "The Effect of Artificial Destratification on Phytoplankton in a Reservoir." Hydrobiologia 524, no. 1 (August 2004): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:hydr.0000036142.74589.a4.

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