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Journal articles on the topic 'Despotism in literature'
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1
Tuo, Jianing. "Between Colonialism and Despotism." Prism 18, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 538–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/25783491-9290712.
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Abstract The Mengjiang 蒙疆 puppet regime was established in Inner Mongolia by Japanese colonizers, in collaboration with the Mongolian Prince Demchugdongrub, during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Mengjiang regime tried to revive Mongolian culture in the name of resisting Chinese despotism. However, the Japanese supported the Mongols' desire for “self-determination” merely to use it as a vehicle for their colonial designs. Through a close reading of several texts that appeared in Sinophone magazines published in Japanese-occupied Inner Mongolia during the war, this article explicates the distinctions between Han writers' and Mongol intellectuals' nationalist writings, in order to theorize the dual oppression of the Mongol minority culture under Japanese colonialism and Chinese despotism. Despite the mission of this so-called Mongolian nation-state to write in a Mongolian style, the Han writers in Mengjiang expressed their ethnic identity through Sinophone literature; at the same time, Sinicized Mongol intellectuals failed to revive Mongolian culture through the same vehicle. In the end, both the former Han despots and the new Japanese colonizers tried to instrumentalize Mongol minority culture to establish their own cultural hegemony. Under this dual oppression of foreign colonialism and native despotism, the Sinophone nationalist writings of the Han majority and the Mongol minority problematize any simple binarism of colonizer and colonized.
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Bertolini, Elisa. "Micro Remote Islands: Lands of Freedom or Lands of Despotism?" Pólemos 14, no. 2 (September 25, 2020): 277–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pol-2020-2018.
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AbstractThe paper addresses the narrative that qualifies micro and remote islands as lands of freedom, suggesting that they can also be lands of despotism. Philosophers from Plato to Aristotle, to Thomas More, to Montesquieu and Rousseau have claimed that micro polities, preferably insular, represent the ideal society, where everyone is actively engaged in public affairs and pursues common good. Literature has represented islands as lands of freedom, opportunity, challenge, success, adventure, redemption, away from the corruption of Europe. However, in the nineteenth century a new narrative has emerged in fiction, which abandons this idyllic approach: islands as lands of despotism. Islands are interpreted as lawless lands, characterised by rivalries between individuals. Moving from these contrasting suggestions from literature and philosophy, the paper discusses the constitutional arrangements of Commonwealth Caribbean and Pacific micro states, in order to investigate where they stand with respect to the dialectic freedom/despotism.
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Haldar, Piyel. "The Jurisprudence of Travel Literature: Despotism, Excess, and the Common Law." Journal of Law and Society 31, no. 1 (March 2004): 87–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6478.2004.00280.x.
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Nureni, Ibrahim. "Religious bigotry and military despotism in Olukorede S. Yishau’s In the Name of Our Father." Global Journal of Sociology: Current Issues 10, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjs.v10i2.4539.
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Although religious bigotry and military tyranny have been overtly delineated by the first and second generation novelists, especially the ones who witnessed the military maladministration in Nigeria, the contemporary Nigerian novelist also attempts to contribute and provide with more resources on the rights of the people and the liberty to be free from the imposition of religious and/or political doctrines that are socially constructed upon the people. In the Nigerian context, religious and political/military despotism are considered to go hand in hand since their ideologies formulate part of the hegemonic, determinist superstructures that push the masses to be at the corner of receiving end. Within Nigeria’s copious output of literature written in English, this paper, using Yishau’s debut novel In the Name of Our Father as a case study, attempts to develop a bird’s eye view of the religious and military issues in Nigerian society. Adopting the praxis of Marxist critical thinking, this paper acknowledges how the author, Yishau, allows his intellectual capacity in the form of a novel to direct his writing in relation to the religious bigotry and military despotism that spearheaded Nigerian society, most significantly in the military regime between 1966 and 1999. The outcome of this paper is that Yishau has accorded a pedigree for himself on the shore of Nigerian novels by leveraging critical attention to unfold the thematic precepts of religious bigotry and military despotism in his first literary, textual appearance. Keywords: Religious bigotry, military despotism, Nigerian novel.
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Eggel, Dominic, Andre Liebich, and Deborah Mancini-Griffoli. "Was Herder a Nationalist?" Review of Politics 69, no. 1 (January 22, 2007): 48–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670507000319.
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This article re-examines Herder's status as one of the founders of nationalism in the light of both older and more recent literature. The article focuses specifically on Herder's position with regard to the classical nationalist thesis that state and nationality should be coterminous. It argues that a close reading of Herder's oft cited and most explicit statement apparently lending support to this thesis has been misunderstood. The existing literature underestimates Herder's concern regarding the question of governance. For Herder there can be no case for statehood without just governance. As earlier drafts of his work confirm, Herder was deeply critical of the states he knew and denounced their overly bureaucratic and despotic character. He thought that nations could and should exist without being states. Depending on the circumstances, however, states might fulfil temporary functions to strengthen and preserve the national character, that most essential attribute of every nation. For Herder the diversity of nations is an insurance against despotism. It is not a licence for the creation of states.
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Siu, Kaxton. "Labor and Domination: Worker Control in a Chinese Factory." Politics & Society 45, no. 4 (June 19, 2017): 533–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032329217714784.
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China’s export-led manufacturing model has been built on extensive exploitation of its migrant workforce under a despotic labor regime, but the methods of control have shifted considerably during the past decade and a half. This article examines new modes of domination over Chinese factory workers, based on fieldwork conducted while the author was living with workers at a foreign-invested garment factory in southern China. The article shows how mechanisms to control the workers are embedded today not only in directly coercive practices but also in a new shop floor culture with affective personal ties and implicit bargaining in wage systems. Against the scholarly literature of management controls that emphasizes rupture and discontinuity between labor regimes, this article argues that China’s emerging labor regime, here referred to as “conciliatory despotism,” inherits despotic features of the labor regime exercised in the 1990s but adds new normative measures of soft control that seek to conciliate worker resentments. This hybrid form of management control represents a stage in China’s evolving labor-management relations in which workers possess more implicit power and can push management into greater concessions than previously.
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Dodsworth, M. "Donne, Drama and Despotism in 'To his Mistress going to Bed'." Essays in Criticism 58, no. 3 (July 1, 2008): 210–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/escrit/cgn009.
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Taylor, David Francis. "John Barrell's The Spirit of Despotism: Invasions of Privacy in the 1790s." Romanticism 13, no. 2 (July 2007): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/rom.2007.13.2.189.
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Nuralina, B. "EAST AND WEST: SOCIO-POLITICAL IDEOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS." BULLETIN Series of Sociological and Political sciences 74, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2021-2.1728-8940.04.
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In modern domestic and foreign literature, quite intensive research is being carried out in the field of features and differences in the development of East and West. Especially the East. This is because for a long time the majority of Europeans have knowledge of the East for a number of reasons limited by rather superficial ideas. If in the days of antiquity, they just started talking about the fact that “despotism and barbarism” is inherent in the East, and then in the 14th century in European thought this idea was already formulated in the form of the concept of “Asian despotism”, which was closely associated with the lack of private property and legal guarantees of the person. This kind of general interest is far from accidental: the end of the 20th century. With its gloomy apocalyptic clouds hanging over the planet, it prompts many to seriously become interested in both existential problems (which arouse active attention to mysticism, and here the indisputable priority is given to ancient cultures and religions of the East), and the search for roots, primary sources. According to these initial data, society naturally developed.
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Nuralina, Botakoz, and Arailym Nussipova. "SOME FEATURES OF SOCIAL COGNITION AND EXPERIENCE OF THE EAST AND WEST." Adam alemi 88, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.48010/2021.2/1999-5849.08.
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In modern domestic and foreign literature, quite intensive research is being carried out in the field of features and differences in the development of East and West. Especially the East. This is because for a long time the majority of Europeans have knowledge of the East for a number of reasons limited by rather superficial ideas. If in the days of antiquity, they just started talking about the fact that “despotism and barbarism” is inherent in the East, and then in the 14th century in European thought this idea was already formulated in the form of the concept of “Asian despotism”, which was closely associated with the lack of private property and legal guarantees of the person. This kind of general interest is far from accidental: the end of the 20th century. With its gloomy apocalyptic clouds hanging over the planet, it prompts many to seriously become interested in both existential problems (which arouse active attention to mysticism, and here the indisputable priority is given to ancient cultures and religions of the East), and the search for roots, primary sources. According to these initial data, society naturally developed.
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Rita, Annabela, José Eduardo Franco, and Tania Martuscelli. "Editorial." e-Letras com Vida: Revista de Estudos Globais — Humanidades, Ciências e Artes, no. 09 (December 29, 2022): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.53943/elcv.0222_05-07.
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If modernity is marked by crisis at all levels, including that of identities, a crisis that has been especially scrutinized since the world wars, the present time has now reintroduced the problem of war and the emergence of radicalisms which, by announcing political despotism, border on terrorism. It seems therefore appropriate to revisit the way Literature, in particular, and Art, in general, have related to these phenomena, especially to that of the authoritarian exercise of power: in its cultural embeddedness, how it mentions them, clearly or covertly, by denouncing or compacting, revolutionizing, representing, (counter)proposing... Hence this dossier «Representations of authoritarianism in Portuguese and Brazilian literature», coordinated and presented by Annabela Rita and Zuzana Burianová, dedicated to the topic within Lusophone literature.
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Ghanoonparvar, M. R. "Collective Identity and Despotism: Lessons in Two Plays by Bahram Beyzaie." Iranian Studies 46, no. 5 (September 2013): 753–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2013.789741.
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Trompf, Garry W. "The Shadow of Islam in the Enlightenment Discourse of Oriental Despotism: Research Directions from Nicolas Antoine Boulanger." Journal of the Contemporary Study of Islam 4, no. 1 (2024): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37264/jcsi.v4i1.04.
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Within the history of Orientalizing texts of Western literature and scholarship, it repays to reconsider the first European monograph on “Oriental Despotism,” by Nicolas Antoine Boulanger (1722–59). This article attempts to establish that Boulanger’s text, which is basically about how the world’s religions become distorted by the worship or over-veneration of monarchical rulers, usefully points backwards and forwards to the way modern Western thinkers (Isaac Newton, Charles de Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Georg Hegel, etc.) have connected Islam to rules by decadent potentates, and to oppressive political control and tyranny.
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Booker, M. Keith. "Beauty and the Beast: Dualism as Despotism in the Fiction of Salman Rushdie." ELH 57, no. 4 (1990): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2873093.
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Erritouni. "Postcolonial Despotism from a Postmodern Standpoint: Helon Habila's Waiting for an Angel." Research in African Literatures 41, no. 4 (2010): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/ral.2010.41.4.144.
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Donne, John Le, and James F. Brennan. "Enlightened Despotism in Russia: The Reign of Elizabeth, 1741-1762." Russian Review 48, no. 2 (April 1989): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/130339.
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Santini, Rose Marie, and Hanna Carvalho. "The rise of participatory despotism: a systematic review of online platforms for political engagement." Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 17, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 422–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jices-02-2019-0016.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a systematic literature review of empirical studies into online platforms for political participation. The objective was to diagnose the relationship between different types of digital participatory platforms, the real possibilities of participation generated by those initiatives and the impact of such participation on the decision-making process of governmental representatives. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review was conducted using pre-defined terms, expressions and criteria. A total of 434 articles from 1995 to 2015 were gathered from the Web of Science database. And, 32 studies were selected from those articles for meta-synthesis, and the cases investigated were evaluated according to the e-participation ladder model (Smyth, 2001). Findings The results indicated that online political participation worldwide remains timid both in quantity and quality. We have witnessed the growth of a kind of “rhetorical participation” promoted by policy-makers and the rise of a “participatory despotism”, in which only the privileged partake, while the majority remains silent. Practical implications The solutions found to promote increased participation and ensure its effectiveness ranged from shaping the platform design in accordance with citizens’ capacities and interests to a need for profound political–administrative change, which includes the world’s public agencies adopting a more transparent, inclusive and collaborative approach to decision-making. Originality/value This paper proposes a systematic review, mapping the studies on online platforms for political participation, analysing the questions, methods and conclusions found by the authors and evaluating each case study with a participation ladder.
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Toit, Alex Du. "Cosmopolitanism, Despotism and Patriotic Resistance: William Robertson on the Spanish Revolts against Charles V." Bulletin of Spanish Studies 86, no. 1 (January 2009): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14753820802696758.
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Parmer, Dillon. "Musicology, Performance, Slavery: Intellectual Despotism and the Politics of Musical Understanding." Articles 34, no. 1-2 (May 26, 2015): 59–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1030870ar.
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This essay focuses on the uneasy relationship between scholarship and performance. I argue that this uneasiness stems from a still pervasive hierarchy, one that gives scholarship the power to regulate, even repress, what musicians themselves know and understand of music through the act of performing. This relation has far-reaching consequences that not only underscore basic epistemological formulations concerning the nature of both music and performance, but also govern what constitutes authoritative knowledge about the art. Indeed, in the modern research university, this relationship effectively accords epistemological legitimacy to every institutional identity that has something to say about music except that of the musician herself. If the musician and her activity figure in, they do so in subordinate positions, as objects to be studied, interviewed, prodded, or measured, or as vehicles for the application of disciplinary or research-based understanding. Such a situation enacts a power dynamic disturbingly similar to those operative in political structures founded on class difference, social inequality, and slavery. Indeed, I trace this dynamic back to Aristotle’sPolitics,where his defence of slavery effectively separates the work of thought from that of the body so as to keep thought elevated and pure. The relevance of this separation to musical matters becomes explicit in Boethian music theory, where those who merely think about music become musical authorities, while those who make music (whether as composers or performers) remain largely ignorant of what they are doing. Excerpts from musicological literature past and present show that this division, what might be called “intellectual despotism,” continues to underwrite institutional music discourse in at least four salient ways: (1) by distorting music from a practice into an object to be observed; (2) by privileging listener-spectatorship and the experience of music had therein; (3) by promoting to sole epistemological authority those who speak to music through the mouthpieces of other disciplinary voices; and finally (4) by constructing musicians as benighted subjects who need to be “educated,” “informed,” or “civilized” by scholarship. The article concludes by outlining a program for undermining this politics, one that places musicians, as well as the knowledge embodied in music-making, at the foundation of musical understanding.
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Šliogeris, Arvydas. "TRAGIŠKASIS HEROJUS IR LIETUVIŠKOJI JO ATMAINA (NEOLITINĖ A. MACEINOS APOLOGIJA SU PALEOLITINE TRAGIŠKOJO GESTO PROLOGIJA)." Problemos 75 (January 1, 2008): 48–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/problemos.2008.0.1997.
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Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjama tragedijos prigimtis ir tragiškojo herojaus istoriniai tipai. Tragedija suvokiama ne kaip literatūros žanras, o kaip mirtingojo egzistencinė laikysena visuotinybės ir jos ribinio varianto bei vienintelio jos duoties būdo – Kalbos atžvilgiu ir apibrėžiama kaip individo maištas prieš visuotinybę, kad ir kokiu pavidalu toji visuotinybė reikštųsi. Tvirtinama, kad autentiškiausia ir savaip vienintelė tragiškojo gesto forma yra įvykusi tik keliuose Graikijos poliuose ir iš dalies Romos respublikoje. Tik Graikija yra davusi gryniausių tragiškojo maišto pavyzdžių ir klasikinio tragiškojo herojaus archetipą – laisvą ir autonomišką individą. Nepralenkiamas tragiškojo mirtingojo pavyzdys yra Sokratas, kuriam gali prilygti tik tokios tragiškos figūros kaip Periklis, Aleksandras ir Cezaris. Krikščionybė ir vadinamoji modernybė sunaikina tragiškojo gesto galimybės sąlygas, autonomiško individo metafizinę paradigmą pakeisdama „asmens“, kaip Kalbos mašinos, taigi kaip Visuotinybės įgaliotinio, paradigma. Kalbėti apie tragediją religinio arba technologinio despotizmo sąlygomis beprasmiška. Antigraikiškieji Vakarai, lygiai kaip ir despotiškieji Rytai, neturi tragiškojo herojaus, tačiau forsuoja tragiškojo gesto ideologinį žargoną, egzistencines tragiškojo herojaus galimybės sąlygas pakeisdami kalbiniais tų sąlygų falsimuliakrais. Antrojoje straipsnio dalyje nagrinėjama Antano Maceinos, kaip religinio filosofo, figūra tragiškojo gesto kontekste. Prieinama išvada, kad Antano Maceinos figūra, nepaisant kai kurių su filosofine laikysena susijusių jo gyvenimo ir mąstymo elementų, geriausiu atveju laikytina melodramatiška. Lietuvių kultūra, palenkta religiniam despotizmui, kaip ir Vakarų Europa, neturi savo tragiškojo herojaus. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: tragiškasis herojus, visuotinybė, individualumas, maištas.A Tragic Hero and its Lithuanian Variety (A. Maceina’s Neolithic Apology with Paleolithic Prologue of Tragic Gesture)Arvydas Šliogeris SummaryThe paper deals with the origin of tragedy and with historical types of the tragic hero. Tragedy is treated not as a genre of literature but rather as an existential posture of a mortal vis-ą-vis the Universality and its marginal expression and the only way of presence, i.e. Language. Similarly, tragedy is defined as a revolt of an individual against the Universality in any possible ways of its manifestation. It is asserted that the tragic gesture, in its most authentic manifestation and to some extent a unique form, emerged only in several Greek poleis and partly in the Republic of Rome. Greeks gave the world the purest examples of tragic revolt and the archetipe of a tragic hero – a free and autonomous individual. Socrates can be Pericles, Alexander, and Cesar. Christianity and the so-called Modernity replace the metaphysical paradigm of the autonomous individual with that of a ‘person’ as a machine of Language and, consequently, as a representative of the Universality, thus destroying the very possibility of tragic gesture. It is futile to have any discussion about tragedy in the circumstances of religious and technological despotism. Though neither the anti-Greek West nor the despotic East can boast of a tragic hero, they still escalate the jargon of ideological gesture to replace the existential circumstances of the tragic hero with linguistic simulacres. In the focus of the second part of the article is Antanas Maceina as a figure of religious philosopher in the context of the tragic gesture. It is concluded that Antanas Maceina, despite some aspects of his life and thinking relatable to his philosophical posture, could be most treated only as a melodramatic figure. Like in the rest of Western Europe, in Lithuania culture is bounded by religious despotism and consequently does not possess a tragic hero of its own. Keywords: tragic hero, universality, individuality, revolt.
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Diala, Isidore. "Bayonets and the carnage of tongues: The contemporary Nigerian poet speaking truth to power." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 52, no. 1 (July 26, 2016): 116–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989415575800.
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The paradigmatic antagonistic relationship between the Nigerian poet and the despot in his guise as a military ruler has often been examined in terms of a hegemonic contestation of power between unequal rivals. The military state’s typical response to the poet’s “truth” with the display of excessive might, often involving the emblematic battering of the poet’s tongue by the imposition of silence even in its eternal form of death, entrenches the notion of a powerful antagonist pitted against a weak opponent who nonetheless incarnates the spirit of the masses. A close reading of anti-military Nigerian poetry, however, underscores that the situation was replete with paradoxes: the inability of power to ignore apparent powerlessness; the ultimate triumph of powerlessness over power; and the fascinating replication in the counter-discourse of the (discursive) strategies of the dominant hegemony it battles against. This study highlights these trends in contemporary Nigerian poetry inspired by military despotism by paying particular attention to the work of the “third generation” of Nigerian poets.
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Kuteva, Marina V., and Varvara A. Makhortova. "Images of Birds in the History of Portuguese Poetry: Features of Metaphorics." Studia Litterarum 7, no. 4 (2022): 84–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2500-4247-2022-7-4-84-107.
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The article offers a review regarding to the metaphorical reinterpretations of lexemes relating to the semantic field “bird” in the best Portuguese poems, whose works are distinguished by continuity and are based on the poetic accomplishments and achievements of those word artists who created their verses in previous eras. The most consequential influence on the moods and figurative system of followers had Francisco Sa de Miranda and Luis de Camoes, which are also briefly described in this work. The results of the study conducted using a complex technique (methods of contextual, semantics and stylistic analysis) testify to the wide figurative and metaphorical potential of ornythonymic vocabulary. In Portuguese poetry, the image of birds is used to convey a variety of meanings, such as “poems,” “creativity,” “I, my soul,” “love,” “hope,” “longing,” “struggle,” as well as “freedom” (bird in general) and “despotism” (vulture).
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Adhikari, Anup. "An Analysis of the Poem “Prison” by Krishna Sen ‘Ichchhuk’ Translated by Govinda Raj Bhattarai." Nepal Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 4, no. 2 (August 29, 2021): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njmr.v4i2.39013.
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Poetry is a form of art; to express emotions and feelings by the use of distinctive style, meaning, sound and rhythm. The poem presents the rebellious nature of the revolutionists to defeat the arbitrary through literature and is much privileged towards independence. The poet imagines such an awful condition that happens in the insurgency period and he is not able to equivalent the freedom of choice and action. Oligarchy creates fascism, besides it, the poet has used the literary term, ‘my friend’ in each stanza to denote all victimized citizens and inmates who are anguished from despotism. To uplift from authoritarianism regime and to live with full sovereignty the communist movement had played an appreciable role in the context of Nepal. The literary genre which is characterized by literature and cultural form of early modern England that is written while the author is confined in a location against his wills, such as a prison, jail, or house arrest is known as prison literature. Thus, the message or underlying meaning of the poem is such that the poet alerts the emperor and leaders to adopt a democratic model.
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Griesbach, Kathleen, Adam Reich, Luke Elliott-Negri, and Ruth Milkman. "Algorithmic Control in Platform Food Delivery Work." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 5 (January 2019): 237802311987004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023119870041.
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Building on an emerging literature concerning algorithmic management, this article analyzes the processes by which food delivery platforms control workers and uncovers variation in the extent to which such platforms constrain the freedoms—over schedules and activities—associated with gig work. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 55 respondents working on food delivery platforms, as well as a survey of 955 platform food delivery workers, we find that although all of the food delivery platforms use algorithmic management to assign and evaluate work, there is significant cross-platform variation. Instacart, the largest grocery delivery platform, exerts a type of control we call “algorithmic despotism,” regulating the time and activities of workers more stringently than other platform delivery companies. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of the spectrum of algorithmic control for the future of work.
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Afolabi, Abiodun S. "Sole Native Authority (SNA) and the People at War: A Historical Review of the 1948 Erunkoja tax Riot in Ile-Ife." Yoruba Studies Review 7, no. 2 (January 19, 2023): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/ysr.7.2.132808.
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The establishment of the British colonial administration and the introduction of the Indirect Rule system attracted opposition and riots in some places in Southern Nigeria. Indeed, the British decentralized despotism, the introduction of some burdensome taxation policies, and other prevalent tax related considerations naturally engendered resistance, which manifested in protest movements, revolts and outright riots in some places in Yorubaland. The article adopts the frustration-aggression theory. Evidence gathered from primary and secondary sources, chief among them being archival sources, interviews, and the use of extant literature. The paper argues that the increase in taxes after World War II had a political underpinning to the protest that led to the Erunkoja riot of 1948. Put differently, the riot was a consequence of the overbearing impact that increased taxes from the Second World War had on the people
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Umezurike, Uchechukwu Peter. "Land of cemetery: funereal images in the poetry of Musa Idris Okpanachi." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 55, no. 2 (August 30, 2018): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-9070/tvl.v.55i2.1325.
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This paper focuses on Musa Idris Okpanachi’s poetry: The Eaters of the Living (2007), From the Margins of Paradise (2012), and Music of the Dead (2016). Nigeria, even after the military had relinquished power over a decade ago, is still faced with the issues that provoked the trope of protest in much of the poetry published between the mid-eighties and late nineties. Okpanachi’s poetry revisits these issues, demonstrating that democracy has been no less horrifying than military despotism. Dark, haunting images of blood, corpses, and cemetery recur in all three collections, depicting the regularity of death in the nation. I argue that Okpanachi employs funereal imagery to comment on the state’s morbid relationship with its citizenry. The Nigerian state is represented as murderous, so death fulfills its political objective. I conclude that although Okpanachi articulates a cynical commentary on postcolonial Nigeria, he marshals his creative energies to illuminate the political moment of his time.
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Iñurritegui Rodríguez, José María. "Images of Baetica. The ambivalent hispanic reception of Les Aventures de Télémaque." Culture & History Digital Journal 8, no. 1 (July 17, 2019): 013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2019.013.
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In a crucial passage of Les Aventures de Télémaque, Fénelon identified Baetica with a form of sociability highly reminiscent of the Golden Age. Destined to leave a deep and controversial mark in the political and moral debates throughout the 18th century, that evocative image of the most elevated status of a material civilization removed from and impervious to luxury, the spirit of conquest and the logic of despotism, also mobilized the reflexive capacities characteristic of the Hispanic cultural order. In a steady and lengthy sequenced, analysed in the light of the corresponding epistemological uncertainties, of the morality of luxury, or of enquiry into origins, Fénelon’s Baetica was the object in Hispanic literature of very diverse and even contradictory readings. A diversity that illustrates the complexity and volatility of the relationship established at the time by that cultural order with the intellectual approaches disseminated and projected from the République des lettres.
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Artiukh, Volodymyr. "The Anatomy of Impatience: Exploring Factors behind 2020 Labor Unrest in Belarus." Slavic Review 80, no. 1 (2021): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/slr.2021.26.
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The wave of labor unrest that accompanied Belarusian post-election protests had no precedents in the country's independent history or recent post-Soviet political protest mobilizations. These protests challenge the prevalent trend in the current literature on the post-Soviet working class to stress its weakness in terms of organization, as well as structural and material resources. This article relies on a database of workplace-related protest events (August 10–September 30) and a selection of statements, interviews, and social media discussions among participants of the protests, in order to explain this unexpected activation of the seemingly passive Belarusian working class. The author hypothesizes that it was the vagueness of the Belarusian opposition's ideology and workers’ participation in the broader protest movement that helped them overcome the challenges of suppressed voice, bureaucratic despotism, and atomization. These mobilizing factors, however, limit the further development of autonomous labor organizations and their democratizing impact.
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Boer, Inge E. "Despotism from under the Veil: Masculine and Feminine Readings of the Despot and the Harem." Cultural Critique, no. 32 (1995): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1354530.
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Isstaif, A. N. "Orientalism and Islam: European Thinkers on Oriental Despotism in the Middle East and India * By Michael Curtis." Journal of Islamic Studies 22, no. 3 (August 27, 2011): 468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jis/etr074.
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Filatov, Alexey. "The power of the arab caliphs in the byzantine literature of the 9th and 10th centuries." Metamorphoses of history, no. 26 (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.37490/s230861810023611-2.
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The birth of Islam proclaimed a new age in the history of interreligious interactions in the Middle East. In the 7th century, the political map of the region has changed, and the Christian world encountered a new adversary represented by the first Islamic state known as Caliphate. First of all, the transformation of the region influenced the consciousness of Eastern Romans (or Byzantines), whose state became a real barrier protecting Europe from the hordes of conquerors. Byzantine Empire held back the Arabian attacks for centuries, and the Caliphate was always regarded as «the state of evil» or «the Kingdom of Antichrist». Such tensions transferred to the rest of the Christian states and created a pattern for the general relation to Islam in Europe, which remained negative throughout all the Middle Ages. The problem of religious interactions, conflicts and their mutual impact on the views of popular masses, scholars and different groups of society became a subject of numerous studies. Nevertheless, the scholars usually concentrate on the religious and theological aspects. This article is devoted to the issue which is often ignored in the scholarship, namely the image of secular power of the Muslim world in perception of Byzantine scholars. The investigation is based on texts of two authors, Theophanes the Confessor and the emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. Both of them use specific terminology towards the Caliphs, and these terms come from the ancient past. The analysis of such passages can tell us more about Byzantine ties with Arabian world and their special attitude to the phenomenon of the Eastern despotism.
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T Mukhuba, Theophilus. "An Analysis of Jack Mapanje’s Poetry with Particular Reference to his use of Obscuring Devices." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 6, no. 7 (October 10, 2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.6n.7p.30.
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Jack Mapanje’s poetry is a true reflection of his society through the use of obscuring devices. These obscuring devices are necessary to ensure that the literary work reaches its intended audience in a totalitarian society. Overall, Jack Mapanje’s poetry exploits creatures from the world of nature—mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and insects—for close association with life experiences in various contexts and situations and with people he viewed with contempt and disgust and those he regarded with tenderness and compassion. He utilises them to conceptualize and construct a wide range of ideas that respond to questions of justice, identity and belonging. It all thus becomes part of ecocriticism which is defined by various authors as ‘the study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment’. This eco-critical reading, the use of animal imagery in his poetry makes it stand apart and ahead of other resistance poetry and makes new statements about the relationships between animals, poetry and political resistance in African literature. Mapanje’s poetry is a direct response and a stance of resistance to social injustice, especially the debasement of culture, abuse of power, despotism, oppression and exploitation of the masses by the hegemonic regime of Dr. Hastings in Malawi that leads to his incarceration and final forced flight from his motherland. This paper attempts to showcase the nature of poetic expressions produced in a repressive society.
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Gundersheimer, Werner. "Castruccio Castracani: A Study on the Origins and Character of a Fourteenth-Century Italian Despotism. Louis Green." Speculum 64, no. 1 (January 1989): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2852214.
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Filatov, Alexey. "On the question of the term “ἀμερμουμνῆς” in «Theophanes Continuatus»." Metamorphoses of history, no. 30 (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.37490/s241436770028683-1.
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Through the centuries, Arab-Byzantine interactions developed in different ways. There was an amount of military conflicts, embassies, dense intercultural and interreligious cooperation. All these factors created the specific view on Islam and the image of Muslim world from Eastern Roman perspective. This view frequently found its place on pages of Byzantine historical and literary works, predominantly chronicles and tractates, and was expressed towards different details of Arabian world’s milieu. One of the most curious of them is a question of religious and civil authority, its significance in eyes of the authors who represented antagonistic outlook. As a continuation of previous research, devoted to the problem of perception of supreme political power of Caliphate in Byzantine literature, this article considers the same question within one definite historical source, namely the chronicle of Theophanes Continuatus. This author is less well-known in comparison with his contemporaries like Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. Nevertheless he uses the same strait and specific terminology for denotation of upper secular power in Caliphate. The article deals with this terminology which is analyzed as a tool of understanding of Byzantine consciousness and its attitude to the phenomenon of Eastern despotism.
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Rita, Annabela, and Zuzana Burianová. "Apresentação - Dossiê Temático." e-Letras com Vida: Revista de Estudos Globais — Humanidades, Ciências e Artes, no. 09 (December 29, 2022): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.53943/elcv.0222_09-13.
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Literature, like other art forms, has always served an instrument for resistance, which through various discursive strategies responds to manifestations of oppression, despotism and dogmatism of various kinds. Above all, 20th century literary production — a century that witnessed a proliferation of dictatorships and authoritarian regimes, armed conflicts, wars and genocides, despite humanity's extraordinary progress in multiple areas — was marked by a strong sense of social, cultural or political engagement, which also extends to literary creation in the 21st century. Also in the Portuguese-speaking countries, one of the recurrent themes in modern and contemporary literary production has been the criticism towards the arbitrariness by authoritarian governments, as is the case of the Salazar regime — which stifled Portuguese society for over forty years and prolonged colonial exploitation in Africa — and by the dictatorial regimes established in the second half of the last century in Brazil and other Latin American countries. The aim of this dossier is to present some expressions of critical thinking on the literary production that deals with this subject. Therefore, eight studies devoted to the analysis of works by Portuguese and Brazilian authors who, at different times and through different forms of expression, reacted against authoritarian tendencies in Lusophone societies are gathered here.
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Keen, Paul. "The Spirit of Despotism: Invasions of Privacy in the 1790s. John Barrell. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. xiii+278." Modern Philology 107, no. 4 (May 2010): E121—E125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/651465.
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Anushiravani, Alireza, and Atefeh Ghasemnejad. "The Reception of Ernest Hemingway in Iran after the Islamic Revolution: A study of The Old Man and the Sea and To Have and Have Not." International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies 5, no. 2 (April 30, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.5n.2p.1.
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This article investigates how the literary reception of Ernest Hemingway in Iran in the first two decades after the Islamic Revolution is formed by cultural and ideological implications. The theoretical framework of this study is based on S.S. Prawer and Roger Asselineau’s notion of reception theory as a branch of study in comparative literature. The methodology entails a chronological study of translations, and cinematic adaptations of the author’s oeuvres. This study devotes itself to the study of the two most reprinted and translated works which depict a huge difference in the number of translations and reprints compared to Hemingway’s other works. As Such, the following outcomes are deliberated: besides the international fame of Hemingway, his continuing success in Iran can be related to the ideology of the translator, and the director, who deploy Hemingway’s novels as a prism to reflect Iranians’ stoic perseverance and mythical desire for freedom and fight against despotism as manifested in the legend of Jamshid. Hemingway’s code hero, undergoing stoic perseverance in hardship and war embody Iranians’ passage through a turbulent historical event after Revolution. Struggling with unemployment, war, and frustrated hopes, Iranians find Hemingway’s novels as a way to cope with arising problems during and after war. This article also explicates why reception of this particular work in Iran differs from its universal trend.
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Joseph, Rigaud. "A Cross-Sectional Study of the Relationship between Self-Worth and Self-Determination: Implications for Social Work Ethics." International Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics 19, no. 3 (November 16, 2022): 108–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.55521/10-019-308.
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Racism, discrimination, despotism, and genocide are forms of human rights abuses occurring in various times and places and implying a lack of regard for human dignity. The profession of social work’s dignity and worth of the person core value is consistent with (a) phenomenological theories of self-concept, (b) the Constitution of the United States, and (c) international humanitarian and human rights laws such as the 1949 Geneva Convention and the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Previous social work contributions on dignity and worth of clients have not been empirical in nature. In general, ethics and values are not about empiricism, but agreed upon standards of behavior for the greater good. However, scientific support could arguably make a value more appealing, especially in politically fragile times. This study contributes to the literature by determining whether there is a scientific basis for the above-mentioned core value beyond the purview of ethics, theories, and law. Using Well-Being and Basic Needs Survey data, this study compared self-determination outcomes among 7,033 participants based on their perception on their own worth (self-worth). Multivariate regression analyses revealed a strong, positive correlation between self-worth and self-determination. These results are significant for humanistic theories, social work ethics, social work practice and research, as well as human rights. Keywords: Self-worth, self-determination, social work ethics, humanistic theories, human rights
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Ismail Mousa, Sayed M., and Ghassan Nawaf Jaber Alhomoud. "Exploring the Literary Representation of Trauma in Contemporary Iraqi Fiction from Socio-historical Perspective." World Journal of English Language 12, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n1p162.
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The present study aims to critically review the aspects of war in selected Iraqi war novels— Sinan Antoon, The Baghdad Eucharist (2017), Corpse Washer (2013) Zauhair Jabouri, The Corpse Hunter (2014)—that focus on depicting vividly the traumatic experiences of Iraqi, particularly after the US-led invasion of Iraq 2003 and how these novels could recur constantly to humanist themes and traumatized figures, the psychological suffering of minorities and the oppressed. In other words, it aims to make visible specific historical instances of trauma in Iraqi war fiction. The present study undertakes an in-depth investigation of the socio-political and historical dimensions of Cathy Caruth’s literary trauma simply because trauma experiences in Iraq were emanated from several causes such as social injustice, the oppression of minorities, political despotism, and the persecution of religious minorities, the displacement of Iraqis from the homeland, and the genocidal policies of jihadist. The study has found that Iraqi war fiction depends on the stylistic technique of repeating certain expressions, phrases, and lexical items to intensify the extraordinary events. It is a narrative of traumatic haunting known for its non-linear and circular style that often leads to ambiguity where readers are often unable to decode the authorial intentions, deriving its ambiguity from the traits of dreams and nightmares, the interpretations of which are continually and unredeemably haunted by the memory of loss.
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Bryant, John. "Poe's Ape of UnReason: Humor, Ritual, and Culture." Nineteenth-Century Literature 51, no. 1 (June 1, 1996): 16–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2933839.
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For early Americans, humor was an effective means of integrating a diverse and factionalized society, whereas satire was not only divisive but a sign of despotism. Melville's achievement was to adapt amiable humor to the drama of political and psychological doubt inherent in a democracy. Poe, however, was relentlessly satiric. Still, we find a "humorizing" of Poe in three Ape Tales: "The Murders in the Rue Morgue," "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether," and "Hop Frog." Clifford Geertz's notions of ritual as an interplay of self and culture and of symbol as an individual's peculiar enactment of larger cultural patterns show how humor and satire operate in the culture as both ritual and antiritual. Humor is ritualized accommodation: satire is ritualized attack. As ritual, humor fuses transcendental ideality ("worldview") and personal disbelief ("ethos"), allowing us to replay the drama of confidence and doubt. As antiritual, humor fulfills the same social functions but thorough unreliable narrative. Similarly, satire as ritual attack affirms the functionality of reader and culture but by reinforcing factions; and as antiritual it performs its affirmation thourhg such forms of unreliability as hoax. Poe relies heavily on the antiritual of satire, using the hoax as a means of enacting the private ethos of his repressed sexuality in the context of his worldview of transcendental beauty. While such antirituals betray a comic dysfunctionality in Poe, his ritualized replay of the ape reveals a development toward more integrative rituals of humor. "Rue Morgue" is a hoax against readers that effectively covers up Poe's problematic identification of himself with the tale's sexually charged ape of unreason. In "Tarr and Fether" the reader witnesses Maillard's hoax against the narrator and gains deeper insight into Poe's hidden sexuality. This neglected comic tour de force is more satiric ritual than antiritual. With "Hop-Frog" Poe replays the ape imagery in fairy-tale form and in fact becomes the ape of unreason. In acknowledging this identity he moves more fully toward a ritual of humor. Overall, the humorization of Poe's satiric intent suggests a certain cultural inevitability in the growth of humor over satire as an effective response to the divisiveness and metaphysical doubt inherent in the democratic experience.
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Matin-Asgari, Afshin. "Pishdaramadi bar estebdad-salari dar Iran, [A Preface to Despotism in Iran], Ahmad Seyf, Tehran: Cheshmeh, 2000, ISBN 964-5571-41-3, 240 pp." Iranian Studies 39, no. 2 (June 2006): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021086200021691.
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Yuan, Lin. "Deliberate distortions of the concepts of “West” and “East” in media discourse." Litera, no. 11 (November 2021): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2021.11.36691.
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This article dedicated to identification distortions in the traditional interpretations of the concepts of “West” and “East” in modern Russian media discourse. The goal lies in outlining separate aspects of distortion of these concepts and determination of causes for the emergence of such distortions in mass media discourse. The object of this research is the modern Russian media discourse that takes place in the online space. The subject is the distortions of media discourse. The article employs the analysis of scientific literature, linguoculturological text analysis, comparison and systematization of research results, continuous sampling, and keyword search. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that that this article is first to examine distortions of the concepts of “West” and “East”. It is revealed that the content of the concept of “West”, namely such aspects as modernity, progressiveness, development of new technologies, wealth, etc., are exposed to distortions the most; while the concept of “East” and its components, such as tradition, ancient civilization, despotism of state power, vestige of the past, impairment of rights of the women, and specific mode of living remain virtually unchanged. The conclusion is made that distortions of the concept of “West” and consistency of the concept of “East” in media discourse may be associated with the orientation of modern Russia towards Eastern civilization, as well deliberate opposition of Russia and the West presented in media discourse.
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Smirnova, Ekaterina. "Roman Emperors in Dostoevsky’s Calligraphic Notes to The Idiot." Неизвестный Достоевский 7, no. 4 (December 2020): 177–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.15393/j10.art.2020.4994.
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The article focuses on clarifying the role of names of Roman emperors in Dostoevsky’s calligraphic records in his notebooks of the late 1860s (Russian State Archive of Literature and Art. Funds 212.1.6 and 212.1.7). One of the reasons for Fedor Dostoevsky’s invocation of images and themes from Roman history was the idea characteristic of the educated class of the mid-19th century, namely, that the history of Rome is a model of virtues and example of vices and atrocities, and is therefore essential to everyone who is not indifferent to the fate of humankind. Since the writer’s creative reflections mainly refer to Gaius Julius Caesar and the rulers of the first two centuries (and the first three dynasties) of the Imperial Period, the writer’s interest in the Roman Caesars must be correlated with his assessment of Imperial Rome in the I—II centuries as the time of strengthening the sole nature of the Emperor’s power and the spread of the Imperial cult, on the one hand, and the formation of Christianity, on the other. At the same time, Dostoevsky’s attention was drawn to Attila and Romulus Augustulus, whose names are associated with the final pages of the history of the Western Roman Empire. For Dostoevsky, Not only texts authored by ancient and Christian authors, but also images of Imperial Rome in contemporary literature and journalism became the sources of associations and motifs associated with the Roman Caesars for Dostoevsky. The most important nuances of meaning were born from the comparison of ancient Roman history with the new history of Western Europe and Russia. The evolution of the subject of calligraphic notes in The Idiot is significant: in the initial drafts of the novel the emphasis was placed on the despotism and monstrosity of the Roman rulers, while the notes for the final version concentrated on the reflection of the history of Imperial Rome and its fate in the Apocalypse.
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Jupriono, D. "Marginalisasi dan Revitalisasi Parikan di Era Kelisanan Sekunder." ATAVISME 13, no. 2 (December 31, 2010): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.24257/atavisme.v13i2.130.187-200.
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Sastra lisan parikan termarginalisasikan dari masyarakatnya di Jawa Timur dan Jawa Tengah karena: makin langkanya habitat tempat munculnya parikan (ludruk, tayub, dll.); melimpahnya acara pop di media elektronik TV; punahnya budaya sindiran; tergusurnya lembah lokalisasi; makin berkurangnya jumlah penjual jamu di pasar tradisional dan para pedagang keliling berlayar tancap; lenyapnya budaya cangkrukan/jagongan. Meskipun demikian, ada dua komunitas yang tetap melestarikan parikan, yaitu komunitas pesantren, yang tetap mempertahankan parikan sebagai produk kelisanan primer, dan masyarakat Jawa pedesaan serta komunitas urban etnis Jawa, yang melestarikan parikan sebagai produk kelisanan sekunder dalam kemasan media elektronik. Di antara parikan yang masih tersisa, terdapat parikan pelesetan, yang hanya main-main oleh dagelan ludruk, dan parikan serius, sebagai media iklan resmi layanan masyarakat oleh kepolisian, parpol, perusahaan, dan media massa, serta sebagai kritik sosial terhadap ketimpangan keadaan dan kesewenangan penguasa, juga oleh dagelan ludruk.
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Parikan as oral literature is marginalized from its society in East Java and Central Java because the more rarely of habitat it emerges (ludruk, tayub, etc); the abundance of popular programs in TV electronic media; the vanishing satirical culture; the abolition of prostitution locality; the lesser of the amount of herbs seller in traditional market and vendors on layar tancap; the diminishing of the culture of cangkrukan/jagongan. Fortunately, yet there are two communities keeping on conserve parikan, they are pesantren community, which keeps parikan as the product of primary orality, and Javanese villagers and also Javanese urban community who conserve parikan as the product of secondary orality in electonic media packaging. Among the rest of parikan, there are plesetan parikan, merely for jokes which come from ludruk comedians, and serious parikan, as the official advertising media of public service by police department, politic parties, companies, and mass media, also as the social critique by ludruk comedians towards social injustice and despotism of public officers.
Key Words: oral literature; revitalization; secondary orality; social critique; marginalization
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Deane, Bradley. "IMPERIAL BARBARIANS: PRIMITIVE MASCULINITY IN LOST WORLD FICTION." Victorian Literature and Culture 36, no. 1 (March 2008): 205–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150308080121.
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Cecil Rhodes, the “Colossus” of late Victorian empire, proudly proclaimed himself a barbarian. He spoke of his taste for things “big and simple, barbaric, if you like,” and boasted that he conducted himself “on the basis of a barbarian” (Millin 165, 242). His famous scholarships designed to turn out men fit for imperial mastery required success in “manly outdoor sports,” a criterion Rhodes privately called the proof of “brutality” (Stead 39). Yet while Rhodes celebrated qualities he called barbaric or brutal, his adversaries seized upon the same rhetoric to revile him. During the Boer War, for instance, the tactics by which Rhodes and his friends tightened their grip on South Africa were boldly condemned by Henry Campbell-Bannerman as “methods of barbarism.” Similarly, G. K. Chesterton denounced Rhodes as nothing more than a “Sultan” who conquered the “East” only to reinforce the backward “Oriental” values of fatalism and despotism (242–44). This strange consensus, in which Rhodes and his critics could agree about his barbarity, reflects a significant uncertainty about late Victorian imperial ambitions and their relationship to “barbarism.” Clearly, the term was available both to the empire's critics as a metaphor for unprincipled or indiscriminate violence and to imperialists as a justification for their efforts to bring civilization to the Earth's dark places, to spread the gospel, and to enforce the progress of history that the anthropologist E. B. Tylor called “the onward movement from barbarism” (29). But Rhodes's cheerful assertion of his own barbarity represents something altogether different: the apparent paradox of an imperialism that openly embraces the primitive. Nor was Rhodes alone in sounding this particularly troubling version of the barbaric yawp. During the period of the New Imperialism (1871–1914), Victorian popular culture became engrossed as never before in charting vectors of convergence between the British and those they regarded as primitive, and in imagining the ways in which barbarians might make the best imperialists of all. This transvaluation of savagery found its most striking expression in the emergence of a wildly popular genre of fiction: stories of lost worlds.
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Juarez-Garcia, Mario I. "Personal Corruption & Corrupting Laws: Montesquieu’s Twofold Theory of Corruption." Business Ethics and Leadership 4, no. 4 (2020): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/bel.4(4).76-83.2020.
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Traditional views tend to identify the problem of corruption in the dishonesty of public officials. The main purpose of the research is to recover Montesquieu’s view of corruption and show that there are at least two different causes of corrupt behaviors. In The Spirit of Laws, Montesquieu distinguishes “two kinds of corruption: one, when the people do not observe the laws, the other when they are corrupted by the laws; the latter is an incurable ill because it lies in the remedy itself.” Recent studies about Montesquieu’s account of corruption do not pay much attention to this distinction. This paper unpacks the two kinds of corruption. The first kind tracks a problem of individuals who use their public office for private gain. The second track is the deficiency of the laws that contradict social behaviors and, therefore, are obeyed exclusively out of fear and violated whenever possible. The distinction is relevant to the anti-corruption literature because it implies two different ways to eradicate corruption. Corruption as a problem of individuals can be solved with better enforcement of the law: improving monitoring systems, better rewards for honesty, or higher punishments. Personal corruption can be dealt with what Celine Spector calls “a legislative arsenal.” However, improving enforcement mechanisms is unlikely to solve the problem in corrupting laws, given that people violate the law due to the high standards that it imposes on them. The solution for the second kind of corruption is to remove or modify the corrupting law. Montesquieu promoted the separation of powers and the spirit of moderation in the legislators to avoid corrupting laws. The result of this investigation is the importance of distinguishing between the situations in which more coercion can eradicate corruption and those in which more force against corruption leads to despotism. Keywords: Corruption, Legislation, Moderation, Montesquieu, Separation of Powers, Spirit of the Laws.
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Carbone, Paola, and Giuseppe Rossi. "Is Bureaucracy the Answer of the Law to Digital Technologies?" Pólemos 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 137–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pol-2023-2011.
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Abstract One of the most prominent fears related to the debate on AI is the moment when it stops offering services and starts demanding from the user. Today, the dystopian scenarios represented in literature and cinema describe totalitarian regimes dominated by technology in which the individual is a system of data interpreted by the machine. It is here described a world with no politics or right, but only technology and protocols that the citizen is endured. How can a technology that claims to be human-centered and a guarantee of tailor-made services intended to support man and his well-being, as communication on AI tells us, be a source of despotism, tyranny and technological oppression? If the reason lies in a rational, impartial and impersonal application of technology to civil life, then reasoning in terms of bureaucracy can be useful to understand the limits and responsibilities of the actors involved: the citizen, the politician, the scientist, the technician, the businessman. In fact, while bureaucracy is committed to ensuring the achievement of a collective goal through implementation procedures, which verify that the interests of the individual and the community are realised in accordance with the legal principles of a given state system, we know that bureaucracy can also turn into the blind application of vexatious rules. Through the analysis of a short film series called Screening Surveillance (2019–2022), the paper investigates a bureaucratic use of technology, while the bureaucratic implementation of AI and the bureaucratic approach to the regulation of digital technologies will be discussed also in the light of recent developments in EU law (such as the two tiers of the “Digital Services Package”, and April 21, 2021 proposal for an “Artificial Intelligence Act”).
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Bratchikova, Nadezhda Stanislavovna. "THE THEME OF CHILDHOOD AND CHILD CHARARCTERS IN THE WORKS BY TEUVO PAKKALY AND A. P. CHEKHOV." Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 13, no. 2 (June 25, 2019): 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2224-9443-2019-13-2-233-247.
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Books about children that can hardly be called childish, although the main characters in them are children, invariably arouse reader’s interest. Books reveal a child’s inner world, his attitude toward the surrounding reality, the problematic relations between children and adults. Literature on children is represented in almost all national written cultures, but the history of referring to it is due to various causes of social and social development, reasons of a religious, moral and ethical nature. In the article, the author refers to the literature from the second half of the 19th century, to the novels by the Finnish writer Teuvo Pakkala and draws analogies with the novels by the Russian writer A. P. Chekhov. Pakkala was the first in the history of Finnish literature to address the topic of children’s attitudes in the context of adult perception. The world of the children and the world of the adults are most often in antagonistic terms with each other, which are manifested in the perception of reality and in relation to it. These worlds exist in parallel spaces. The intersection of these worlds occurs most often in the mental space, namely in the memories of an adult of his childhood. Both writers see the child as a person, not an object of education. The positions assumed by children in different national societies vary. Pakkala’s heroes often act collectively. The child is surrounded by peers. Chekhov’s characters act alone, being isolated from their peers. It is difficult for them to defend their right to exist and their position in life. Chekhov’s characters most often become the object of social or family violence, despotism, a victim of adult self-affirmation. In the novels by Pakkala, the positive dynamics of the development of relations between children and adults dominate: children can influence the adult world. Their discouraging sincerity and spontaneity compel adults to reconsider the principles, prohibitions and attitudes invented by them and help to establish contact with children. The world of Chekhov’s child is often tragic, hopeless and lonely. The writer’s work on the language and style of the work is very interesting. For the stylization of children’s speech, Finnish writer Pakkala changes the syntactic structure of a sentence, showing the immediacy and liveliness of children’s speech, comes up with funny words with which children, for example, endow their “winners”. The heroes of Chekhov’s stories are closed in themselves. Their inner monologue speech turns into itself and is a little like a nursery.
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Savchyn, M. "The Right to Defend the Homeland v. the Duty to Defend the Homeland." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 82 (May 16, 2024): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2024.82.1.37.
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The central issue in the context of the russo-ukrainian war due to the aggression of the Russian Federation is the interpretation of whether it should be interpreted as the right to defense or as the duty to defend the Motherland. The problem seems to be understudied in the literature, although in fact it is revealed in considerable detail from the point of view of national security and extraordinary protection of the constitution. The article reveals the structure of the right to defend the Homeland in the context of existential threats to the Ukrainian nation through the lens of positive duties of the State and the principle of republicanism as the basis for joint activities of citizens. The author proposes an approach to resolving the dilemma of the right/obligation to defend the Homeland as ensuring the security space of free citizens and identifies the main components of the subjective public right to defend the Homeland and the obligations of the State which correspond to it. The structure of the right to defence of the Homeland consists of a set of institutional and procedural means of ensuring Ukraine’s defence capability as a security space for citizens who exercise their right to defend Ukraine, and the State’s obligations to 1) keeping records of the population capable of performing functions of defending the Motherland; 2) organizing military training and teaching tactical medicine to citizens; 3) providing the population with military ammunition and their effective administration; 4) organizing the controllability of the national defence system in the event of a military The notion of defence of the Homeland as the right to resist despotism and aggression is crucial in understanding the structure of the responsibilities of the State of Ukraine and the corresponding joint activities of citizens to implement systematic measures to build an effective defence capability of the nation and the State. Building up the territorial defence forces makes it possible to quickly deploy military units in case of an enemy troop breakthrough into the rear of the national territory and provide them with a worthy response, destroying enemy military units and conducting adequate retaliatory operations.
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Matyuhin, A., Yu Sinchuk, and E. Panin. "M.M. Speransky: at the origins of the Political system of the RF." Journal of Political Research 5, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2587-6295-2021-5-1-117-132.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this work is to identify the role and significance of M.M. Speransky as the founder of a theoretically sound, holistic and systemic liberal doctrine in Russia. The article uses such methods of scientific research as the historical method, the retrospective method, and the hermeneutical method. The question of the founding fathers of Russian liberalism, which ideologically has a serious impact on all spheres of modern public life, continues to be quite controversial in the historical and political science literature. From the research position of the author of the article, it is M.M. Speransky stands at the origins of Russian liberalism. During the were identified the most important theoretical parameters of the richest philosophical, political, legal heritage of Speransky, on which were based all the ideologues of Russian liberalism, till our days: the adoption of Western political experience, a focus on the formation of civil society in Russia, the need for government guarantees the rights and freedoms of the individual, etc. these parameters are presented as individual subsections, at the end conclusions and generalizations. The article also provides information about the personality of M.M. Speransky, the most important stages of his biography and political and legal activities. According to Speransky, the effectiveness of ways, methods and forms of Russian transformations increases with the skillful borrowing of Western experience, gradual "grafting" of useful elements of the legal system and political culture of the advanced countries of Western Europe. He saw his political mission as the reorganization of Russian absolutism and potential despotism into a form of constitutional monarchy based on the separation of powers and subordination to a single ("root") law. The "root law" should provide for the interests and aspirations of all the main elements of society, and the rights and freedoms of all Russian citizens will be firmly respected. This will also ensure a response from the bottom up, an increase in social activity of the population, the development of social and individual self-activity, and the emancipation of entrepreneurial talents. M.M. Speransky justified the relationship between the development of liberal trends and the need to form a full-fledged civil society in Russia. The importance of M.M. Speransky gave social mobility for the successful development of society, defended the facilitated opportunities for intersectional movements of Russian subjects.