Journal articles: 'DESIGNS ISSUES'

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Singh, B. B., and B. M. Berman. "Research issues for clinical designs." Complementary Therapies in Medicine 5, no. 1 (March 1997): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0965-2299(97)80082-9.

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Koch, Douglas D. "Issues in New Foldable IOL Designs." Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 28, no. 7 (July 2002): 1083–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0886-3350(02)01456-6.

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Sahebi, Leyla, Saeed Dastgiri, Khalil Ansarin, Roya Sahebi, and Seyyed Abolghasem Mohammadi. "Study Designs in Genetic Epidemiology." ISRN Genetics 2013 (May 12, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/952518.

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Genetic epidemiology, as a relatively new issue, aims to explore the independent role of genetic-environmental determinants of diseases. Genetic epidemiology studies, depending on the objective, encompass the most preliminary surveys from the attempts to find family history in the occurrence of diseases to the most advanced surveys including specific strategies by clinical trials in the prevention of genetic diseases. Different objectives in genetic epidemiology studies require special methods and study designs. In this review, chief designs including familial aggregation, heritability, segregation, linkage, and association are evaluated; likewise, the purpose of diverse kinds of studies and analyses is briefly discussed. The utilization of study designs and related analyses according to the aims are the main issues and necessary in the accurate implementation of the study. Some methodological issues in relation to studies on tuberculosis are also reported. Attention to these issues might be useful in the implementation of these methods in the studies designed for the prevention and treatment of genetic disorders.

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Korn, Edward L., Boris Freidlin, Jeffrey S. Abrams, and Susan Halabi. "Design Issues in Randomized Phase II/III Trials." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 6 (February 20, 2012): 667–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.38.5732.

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Phase II trials are used to show sufficient preliminary activity of a new treatment (in single-arm designs or randomized screening designs) or to select among treatments with demonstrated activity (in randomized selection designs). The treatments prioritized in a phase II trial are then tested definitively against a control treatment in a randomized phase III trial. Randomized phase II/III trials use an adaptive trial design that combines these two types of trials in one, with potential gains in time and reduced numbers of patients required to be treated. Two key considerations in designing a phase II/III trial are whether to suspend accrual while the phase II data mature and the choice of phase II target treatment effect. We discuss these phase II/III design parameters, give examples of phase II/III trials, and provide recommendations concerning efficient phase II/III trial designs.

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Harwood, Douglas W., Timothy R. Neuman, and Joel P. Leisch. "Summary of Design Speed, Operating Speed, and Design Consistency Issues." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1701, no. 1 (January 2000): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1701-15.

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Six papers in this Record were presented at a conference session during the January 1994 TRB annual meeting. They address various aspects of the relationships among design speed, operating speed, and design consistency. All six papers are examined to show the interrelationships of design speed, operating speed, and design consistency; what changes are needed in the current design process and current design policies; how the concept of design consistency can produce better designs; and what research is needed to develop these concepts further. The improvements involve three key principles. First, design speeds must not be arbitrary but must be selected realistically based on projected operating speeds. Second, if lower design speed is used, all aspects of the roadway and its environment must be consistent with the lower speed. Third, large differences in operating speed between successive roadway elements represent design inconsistencies that can lead to safety problems. These principles can be used to develop a design process that leads to safer, more efficient, and more consistent designs. The TRB Committees on Operational Effects of Geometrics (A3A08) and on Geometric Design (A2A02) jointly sponsored the January 1994 conference session to call attention to the many unresolved issues about the roles of design speed, operating speed, and design consistency in creating highway designs that operate efficiently and safely and meet the needs of drivers. Originally, two alternative topics were considered: relationship of design speed and operating speed and the role of formal design consistency criteria in creating good highway designs. These topics were so interrelated that it was difficult to address one without the other. A key insight from the papers was that in a consistent design the design speed selected for use in determining the geometrics of the facility is similar to the operating speed of the completed facility. To call attention to the central role of several speed-related parameters in creating consistent designs, the session was titled “Speed.” Key points of the papers are summarized, generalizing the principles and philosophy for creating consistent designs, and suggesting directions for research to develop the ideas into practical design policies that highway engineers can apply.

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Hu, P. "Experimental design issues for the early detection of disease: novel designs." Biostatistics 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biostatistics/3.3.299.

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Nilakanta, Sree, Kevin Scheibe, and Anil Rai. "Dimensional issues in agricultural data warehouse designs." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 60, no. 2 (March 2008): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2007.09.009.

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Burke, Maria Edith. "Organizational Designs, Cultural Issues and Information Fulfilment." International Journal of Knowledge, Culture, and Change Management: Annual Review 8, no. 11 (2009): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1447-9524/cgp/v08i11/50689.

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Osga, Glenn A. "User-Computer Interface Issues for Future Ship Combat Consoles." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, no. 16 (October 1989): 1079–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128903301610.

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As we approach the 1990's the surface navy is facing critical procurement decisions for the design of consoles for shipboard combat information centers. Studies are being conducted to identify the impact of current designs on performance, and to construct and test prototypes for future designs. The goal is to develop guidelines for future consoles which are performance based and which will guide both near and long-term design strategy. A methodology is being applied which incorporates job description, procedural simplification, and display re-design. Although much progess has been made, and potential design improvements identified for a single user-type in an anti-air warfare capacity, the scope of this effort leaves many design questions unanswered for the numerous types of combat information center operations and personnel.

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Boon, Pieta C., and Kit C. B. Roes. "DESIGN AND ANALYSIS ISSUES FOR CROSSOVER DESIGNS IN PHASE I CLINICAL STUDIES." Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics 9, no. 1 (February 23, 1999): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/bip-100101003.

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Eldridge, Alice. "Issues in Auditory Display." Artificial Life 12, no. 2 (January 2006): 259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.2006.12.2.259.

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Auditory displays have been successfully deployed to assist data visualization in many areas, but have as yet received little attention in the field of artificial life. This article presents an overview of existing design approaches to auditory display and highlights some of the key issues that are of practical relevance to the use of auditory displays in artificial life research. Examples from recent experiments are used to illustrate the importance of considering factors such as data characteristics, data-display mappings, perceptual interactions within and between display modalities, and user experience and training in designing new visualization tools. It is concluded that while further research is needed to develop generic design principles for auditory display, this should not stand in the way of exploration of bespoke designs for specific applications.

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Gallo, Paul. "Confidentiality and Trial Integrity Issues for Adaptive Designs." Drug Information Journal 40, no. 4 (October 2006): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216847900604000410.

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Cox, James C. "Some issues of methods, theories, and experimental designs." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 73, no. 1 (January 2010): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2009.01.014.

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Hsiao, Hao-Ming. "Why Similar Stent Designs Cause New Clinical Issues." JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions 5, no. 3 (March 2012): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2012.01.010.

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Kvas, M., S. Valach, and P. Fiedler. "Reliability and Safety Issues of FPGA Based Designs." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 45, no. 7 (2012): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20120523-3-cz-3015.00040.

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Jewell, Nicholas P. "Natural history of diseases: Statistical designs and issues." Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 100, no. 4 (August 18, 2016): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpt.423.

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Mohamed, M. S. S., B. M. T. Shamsul, R. Rahman, and Nawal Aswan Abdul Jalil. "Issues Surrounding Car Center Stack Designs in Malaysia: An Exploratory Study." Applied Mechanics and Materials 761 (May 2015): 693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.761.693.

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Car center stack designs have evolved rapidly throughout the years. Manufacturers are working hard in keeping up with the current trends in the automotive market by offering latest technologies embedded into car center stack designs. Consistent with the current trend, Malaysian automotive manufacturers are offering advanced features in car center stacks, which includes touchscreen and navigation systems. Recently car center stacks became the highlight as it became a potential source for driver distraction. An exploratory qualitative study, involving eight regular drivers and two professional drivers were recruited for this exploratory study. A laddering interview technique was applied to reveal chains of attributes, consequences and values. Several prominent attributes related to the value of safety were “Simple Design”, “Touchscreen”, “Meter Design”, and “Multi-Function Steering”. Touchscreen systems were perceived differently by professional drivers compared with regular drivers. There is a need for further studies regarding the touchscreen system designs for Malaysian drivers.

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McGee, Glen, Neil J. Perkins, Sunni L. Mumford, Marianthi-Anna Kioumourtzoglou, Marc G. Weisskopf, Jonathan S. Schildcrout, Brent A. Coull, Enrique F. Schisterman, and Sebastien Haneuse. "Methodological Issues in Population-Based Studies of Multigenerational Associations." American Journal of Epidemiology 189, no. 12 (July 1, 2020): 1600–1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa125.

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Abstract Laboratory-based animal research has revealed a number of exposures with multigenerational effects—ones that affect the children and grandchildren of those directly exposed. An important task for epidemiology is to investigate these relationships in human populations. Without the relative control achieved in laboratory settings, however, population-based studies of multigenerational associations have had to use a broader range of study designs. Current strategies to obtain multigenerational data include exploiting birth registries and existing cohort studies, ascertaining exposures within them, and measuring outcomes across multiple generations. In this paper, we describe the methodological challenges inherent to multigenerational studies in human populations. After outlining standard taxonomy to facilitate discussion of study designs and target exposure associations, we highlight the methodological issues, focusing on the interplay between study design, analysis strategy, and the fact that outcomes may be related to family size. In a simulation study, we show that different multigenerational designs lead to estimates of different exposure associations with distinct scientific interpretations. Nevertheless, target associations can be recovered by incorporating (possibly) auxiliary information, and we provide insights into choosing an appropriate target association. Finally, we identify areas requiring further methodological development.

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Kratochwill, Thomas R., and Bonnie L. Williams. "Perspectives on Pitfalls and Hassles in Single-Subject Research." Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 13, no. 3 (September 1988): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154079698801300304.

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Single-case research designs have emerged as a major methodological strategy in some areas of social science research. Yet, single-subject research is plagued by a number of methodological, conceptual, and philosophical problems that have a bearing on the efficacy of these strategies in applied settings. In this article we review briefly some methodological issues in single-case design, including factors such as baseline trends, variability in the data, and duration of phases. In addition, conceptual issues include the range of outcome questions that single-case designs are designed to address as well as establishing the generalizability of findings. Beyond these issues, a number of pitfalls and hassles are likely to emerge, including philosophical objections to single-case research design, replication problems, measurement paradigms that seem incompatible with design assumptions, and the integration of single-case designs into practice.

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Kneipp, Shawn M., and Hossein N. Yarandi. "Complex Sampling Designs and Statistical Issues in Secondary Analysis." Western Journal of Nursing Research 24, no. 5 (August 2002): 552–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019394502400446414.

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Black, Sandra E. "Therapeutic Issues in Vascular Dementia: Studies, Designs and Approaches." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 34, S1 (March 2007): S125—S130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100005692.

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Vascular dementia (VaD) is a heterogeneous disorder resulting from various cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) causing cognitive impairment that reflects severity and location of damage. Epidemiological studies suggest VaD is the second commonest cause of dementia, but autopsy series report that pure VaD is infrequent, while combined CVD and Alzheimer's Disease(AD) is likely the commonest pathological-dementia correlate. Both diseases share vascular risk factors and benefit from their treatment. The most widely used diagnostic criteria for VaD are highly specific but not sensitive. Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI) is a dynamic, evolving concept that embraces VaD, Vascular Cognitive Impairment No Dementia (VCIND) and mixed AD and CVD. Clinical trials to date have focused on probable and possible VaD with beneficial effects evident for different drug classes, including cholinergic agents and NMDA agonists. Limitations have included use of cognitive tools suitable for AD that are insensitive to executive dysfunction. Disease heterogeneity has not been adequately controlled and subtypes require further study. Diagnostic VaD criteria now 13 years old need updating. More homogeneous subgroups need to be defined and therapeutically targeted to improve cognitive-behavioural outcomes including optimal control of vascular risk factors. More sensitive testing of executive function outlined in recent VCI Harmonization criteria and longer trial duration are needed to discern meaningful effects. Imaging criteria must be well-defined, with centralized review and standardized protocols. Serial scanning with quantification of tissue atrophy and lesion burden is becoming feasible, and cognitive interventions, including rehabilitation pharmacotherapy, with drugs strategically coupled to cognitive -behavioural treatments, hold promise and need further development.

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Emerson, Scott S. "Issues in the use of adaptive clinical trial designs." Statistics in Medicine 25, no. 19 (2006): 3270–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.2626.

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Mulyono, Grace, Chong Yi Yun Eunice, Ingrid Georgina, and Christopher Kevin Purnomo. "The Design of Indonesian Furniture as a Solution to Human Life Balance Issues Post-COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Global Optimization and Its Application 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.56225/ijgoia.v2i2.199.

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The focus on achieving life balance has been widely discussed in various aspects of human life after the COVID-19 pandemic. The increased stress level results from losing boundaries between work and other aspects of life due to the lack of physical and temporal limitations, causing an imbalance. As one of the world's furniture material producers, Indonesia needs to improve its design's quality for the export market. This paper discussed the solution of interior product design for the European export market as an activity that helps to address the imbalance of human life after the pandemic. The authors applied the Kelley design thinking method through the stages of empathizing, defining, ideating, prototyping, and testing. The wellness, sustainability, and home sweet home concepts were applied to the design as the emerging megatrends in Europe while also considering the sustainable global cultural and aesthetic aspects. Natural materials from Indonesia were applied with this consideration. The main focus of the design system is on the easy installation concept to achieve product shipping efficiency to the European market. Three designs are discussed in this paper, including the Rotan Storage Credenza, Multifunctional Lounge Chair, and Sisal Lounge Chair. The resulting designs are expected to solve the European market's problems after the pandemic. The designs must still be tested in the market through e-commerce and internationally recognized exhibitions.

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Cao, Hui, and Xiao Bing Han. "Design of Hot Issue Founding System Based on Tibetan Web." Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 1839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.1839.

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This paper designs a hot issue Founding system based on the news pages of Tibetan website, which can automatically find the issue on the network at any period of time. Through characteristics judgments of hot issues, and will present the conditions of issue meeting to the user. Because of large-scale corpus, and hot issues for demanding high real-time, then the system divided into groups according to days, and using agglomerative clustering to cluster daily corpus, and the corpus of the selected period of time using Single -pass clustering to get issue list, then order the issues through heat calculation. Finally, through testing Tibetan corpus in 2011, shows that the system has achieved good results, and with higher value.

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Kulieke, Marilynn J. "Research Design Issues in the Evaluation of Programs for the Gifted: A Case Study." Journal for the Education of the Gifted 9, no. 3 (April 1986): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016235328500900304.

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A rationale for the use of better research designs in the evaluation of programs for the gifted learner is outlined. Some definitions of research designs are presented along with the results of an evaluation of a summer program for gifted learners at Northwestern University. The differential role that research design plays in the evaluation of student proficiency, course products, and attitudes is examined through the use of a case study approach. The case study demonstrates how using a research design can provide information that permits an evaluator to make more interpretable inferences about program effects.

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Ceranka, Bronisław, and Małgorzata Graczyk. "Some D-optimal chemical balance weighing designs: theory and examples." Biometrical Letters 54, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bile-2017-0008.

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Summary In this paper we study a certain kind of experimental designs called chemical balance weighing designs. We consider issues with regard to determining optimality conditions. We give new classes of designs in which we are able to determine an optimal design. Moreover, examples are given for the presented cases.

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Redyantanu, Bramasta Putra. "Mapping of residential double skin façade design." ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v8i1.1991.

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This paper aims to trace and map the variety of Double Skin Façade (DSF) in residential designs in Indonesia. This response to issues regarding technology development, design strategy, and the role of DSF in buildings related to aesthetic, environmental, and materiality issues in design practice. A qualitative approach with a descriptive observation case study method was conducted on various modern residential architectural designs buildings in Indonesia to illustrate how designers positioned this double skin facade in their design. The connection between the DSF with tectonic, aesthetic, sustainability, and environmental issues is shown in this study. This paper set the study boundaries for exploring residential designs' typology because the limited scale project allowed the designer to have considerable flexibility and exploration of creativity. The residential architectural design also allows the role of the DSF to be integrated with a passive design strategy, compared to commercial or public building design. The findings suggest various strategies and design exploration mapping related to DSF design. The results show that it can form a new character for contemporary Indonesian architecture and become a catalogue of exploratory, strategic, and responsive design elements in its practices.

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Uma Maheswari Y, Amudha A, and Ashok Kumar L. "A Review on EMI Issues in High speed Designs and Solutions." Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics 4, no. 4 (October 29, 2022): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.35882/jeeemi.v4i4.253.

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As data speed on printed circuit boards have increased, new difficulties have evolved and necessitating the development of new analytical methodologies and solutions. It will be necessary to continue research in order to keep up with the ever-increasing data rates and smaller form factors. The literature and issue pertaining to the EMI/EMC of printed circuit boards are reviewed in detail in this paper for the purpose of providing an overview and to assist people looking for more extensive references related to this area. This review includes EMI issues related to high speed PCB, EMI measurement techniques using software and hardware and solution for the EMI issues. Also reviewed the use of electromagnetic band gap (EBG) technology to minimize electromagnetic interference (EMI). In recent years, there have been a number of articles describing the several uses of EBG for the purpose of blocking undesired radiation at discontinuities. Various EBG structure performances with its applications are analysed and detailed.

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Bogy, David B., Sha Lu, Matthew A. O’Hara, and Shuyu Zhang. "Some Advanced Air-Bearing Design Issues for Proximity Recording." Journal of Tribology 120, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 566–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2834588.

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In magnetic hard disk drives the minimum spacing between the air-bearing slider and disk has been reduced to under 50 nm, and some drives now employ so-called proximity sliders that are designed to operate at some level of interference between the slider and the peak asperities on the disk. This ultra-low flying condition brings into play some new interface phenomena and accentuates some of the well known ones as well. In this paper, we consider some air-bearing design issues related to proximity recording. First, we examine the effects of shear flow in the bearing, which is usually neglected, and we show that for high-pitch proximity slider designs the effect is not negligible. Next, we note that such low spacing also tends to accelerate particle accumulation at the trailing edges of the slider. In an effort to address this problem, a model is developed for calculating forces on particles in the air bearing. Including this in the CML air bearing design code we show that designs can be created that eject most of the particles from the sides rather than trapping them at the trailing edge. Finally, we investigate the performance of proximity sliders with regard to their sensitivity to altitude changes. We include altitude sensitivity as an objective in the design optimization scheme and demonstrate that it can yield air-bearing design with performance much less sensitive to changes in altitude.

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Kaminska, Olena, and Peter Lynn. "Survey-Based Cross-Country Comparisons Where Countries Vary in Sample Design: Issues and Solutions." Journal of Official Statistics 33, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jos-2017-0007.

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Abstract In multi-national surveys, different countries usually implement different sample designs. The sample designs affect the variance of estimates of differences between countries. When making such estimates, analysts often fail to take sufficient account of sample design. This failure occurs sometimes because variables indicating stratification, clustering, or weighting are unavailable, partially available, or in a form that is unsuitable for cross-national analysis. In this article, we demonstrate how complex sample design should be taken into account when estimating differences between countries, and we provide practical guidance to analysts and to data producers on how to deal with partial or inappropriately-coded sample design indicator variables. Using EU-SILC as a case study, we evaluate the inverse misspecification effect (imeff ) that results from ignoring clustering or stratification, or both in a between-country comparison where countries’ sample designs differ. We present imeff for estimates of between-country differences in a number of demographic and economic variables for 19 European Union Member States. We assess the magnitude of imeff and the associated impact on standard error estimates. Our empirical findings illustrate that it is important for data producers to supply appropriate sample design indicators and for analysts to use them.

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Graczyk, Małgorzata, and Bronisław Ceranka. "A Regular D‑optimal Weighing Design with Negative Correlations of Errors." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica 5, no. 344 (September 30, 2019): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.344.01.

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The issues concerning optimal estimation of unknown parameters in the model of chemical balance weighing designs with negative correlated errors are considered. The necessary and sufficient conditions determining the regular D‑optimal design and some new construction methods are presented. They are based on the incidence matrices of balanced incomplete block designs and balanced bipartite weighing designs.

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Lorenzetti, Diane Louise. "Identifying Appropriate Quantitative Study Designs for Library Research." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 2, no. 1 (March 14, 2007): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8v30j.

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This paper is concerned with the identification of quantitative study designs suitable for library research. Identifying a researchable question and selecting a research method best suited to it are key to the successful design and execution of any research project. Each research situation is unique, and each researcher must find the method that best suits both their situation and the question at hand. Following a brief discussion of issues related to question development, the author outlines a checklist that may assist the process of selecting study designs for quantitative research projects. When faced with options in terms of study design selection, pragmatic issues such as expertise, funding, time, and access to participants may influence this decision-making process.

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Varecha, Patrik, Vladimir Vavrus, and Bretislav Zuczek. "High Current Applications Issues in Designs of High Current Applications." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 20, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2018.1.92-96.

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De Luca, Antonello, and Laura Giovanna Guidi. "Base isolation issues in Italy: Integrated architectural and structural designs." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 130 (March 2020): 105912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.105912.

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Schmidt, Dieter, Daniel Friedman, and Marc A. Dichter. "Anti-epileptogenic Clinical Trial Designs in Epilepsy: Issues and Options." Neurotherapeutics 11, no. 2 (January 14, 2014): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13311-013-0252-z.

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Ingersol, L. G., S. A. Brook, R. M. Fische, E. D. Hoffer, E. R. Lodg, N. K. Wigste, O. D. Costell, et al. "Professional practice model research collaboration. Issues in longitudinal, multisite designs." Orthopaedic Nursing 18, no. 4 (July 1999): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006416-199907000-00011.

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Wolkewitz, M., A. G. Barnett, M. Palomar Martinez, U. Frank, and M. Schumacher. "Interventions to control nosocomial infections: study designs and statistical issues." Journal of Hospital Infection 86, no. 2 (February 2014): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2013.09.015.

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Wolff, Antonio C., Donald Berry, Lisa A. Carey, Marco Colleoni, Mitchell Dowsett, Matthew Ellis, Judy E. Garber, et al. "Research Issues Affecting Preoperative Systemic Therapy for Operable Breast Cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 26, no. 5 (February 10, 2008): 806–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.15.2983.

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Preoperative systemic therapy (PST) in operable breast cancer allows a small increase in breast conservation rates and has significant potential as a research platform. PST offers the ability to discern treatment effect in vivo, and may allow smaller trials targeting specific breast cancer subtypes and making more efficient use of resources. Early observations of a specific outcome of interest in individual patient subgroups may improve the design of larger definitive randomized adjuvant trials using survival as a main outcome. PST offers the potential for therapeutic adjustments midcourse, which assumes the existence of validated intermediate end points and effective alternative therapies. This article reviews critical research issues affecting the design of PST trials, including the appropriate selection of trial end points and markers for long-term outcome, baseline marker expression as a predictor of response, and statistical considerations using novel trial designs. Key issues regarding optimal tumor subtype selection for individual trials, novel approaches using nontherapeutic window trial designs, and ethical and advocacy considerations are also discussed. PST requires an experienced and cohesive multidisciplinary team for it to fulfill its potential in both research and clinical care.

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Rippin, G. "Design Issues and Sample Size when Exposure Measurement is Inaccurate." Methods of Information in Medicine 40, no. 02 (2001): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634476.

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AbstractMeasurement error often leads to biased estimates and incorrect tests in epidemiological studies. These problems can be corrected by design modifications which allow for refined statistical models, or in some situations by adjusted sample sizes to compensate a power reduction. The design options are mainly an additional replication or internal validation study. Sample size calculations for these designs are more complex, since usually there is no unique design solution to obtain a prespecified power. Thus, additionally to a power requirement, an optimal design should also fulfill the criteria of minimizing overall costs. In this review corresponding strategies and formulae are described and appraised.

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GEER, STEVE. "NEUTRINO FACTORY AND MUON COLLIDER R&D." International Journal of Modern Physics A 17, no. 24 (September 30, 2002): 3483–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x02012879.

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European, Japanese, and US Neutrino Factory designs are presented. The main R&D issues and associated R&D programs, future prospects, and the additional issues that must be addressed to produce a viable Muon Collider design, are discussed.

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Winders Davis,, Deborah. "Types of Research Designs." Neonatal Network 22, no. 5 (January 2003): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.22.5.65.

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THIS IS THE FIRST IN A SERIES OF columns that will address issues about research. For many of you, the information will be a concise review of familiar topics. For others, the series may serve as an introduction to some research concepts. In either case, the material will be an overview of the topics. In-depth descriptions are beyond the scope of this column. References to help you find more comprehensive discussions of the topics will be provided, however.

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Lee, Ho Cheong, and Ming Xi Tang. "Evolving product form designs using parametric shape grammars integrated with genetic programming." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 23, no. 2 (November 13, 2008): 131–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060409000031.

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AbstractThe two critical issues related to product design exploration are addressed: the balance between stylistic consistency and innovation, and the control of design process under a great diversity of requirements. To address these two issues, the view of understanding product design exploration is first sought. In this view, the exploration of designs is not only categorized as a problem-solving activity but also as a problem-finding activity. A computational framework is developed based on this view, and it encompasses the belief that these two activities go hand in hand to accomplish the design tasks in an interactive design environment. The framework adopts an integration approach of two key computational techniques, shape grammars and evolutionary computing, for addressing the above two critical issues. For the issues of stylistic consistency, this paper focuses on the computational techniques in balancing the conflicts of stylistic consistency and innovation with shape grammars. For the issues of controlling design process, the practical concerns of monitoring the design process through various activities starting from the preparation works to the implementation of shape grammars have been emphasized in the development of this framework. To evaluate the effectiveness of the framework, the experiments have been set up to reflect the practical situations with which the designers have to deal. The system generates a number of models from scratch with numerical analysis that can be evaluated effectively by the designers. This reduces the designers' time and allows the designers to concentrate their efforts on performing higher level of design activities such as evaluation of designs and making design decisions.

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Graczyk, Małgorzata, and Bronisław Ceranka. "Contribution to spring balance weighing designs." Biometrical Letters 59, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bile-2022-0004.

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Summary In this paper, we present some new results regarding spring balance weighing designs. We consider issues with regard to conditions for the existence of optimal designs, and give examples of optimal designs.

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Dalton, Thomas. "Navy/Merchant Electric Plants for the 1980’s." Marine Technology and SNAME News 22, no. 02 (April 1, 1985): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1985.22.2.134.

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Discussion is limited primarily to conventional generator sets and switchgear in electric plant designs for typical naval and merchant ships. Standard shipboard electric plant design practice and historical shipboard power requirements are initially reviewed for basic reference. Power requirement forecasts for the next generation of ships are then established to suggest future electric plant designs. A comprehensive review of electric plant design issues is coupled with the future electric plant designs to define the developmental requirements of the electric plant in meeting the design challenge for the next generation of ships.

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Wei, Hao. "Problems and Suggestions on Dike Road Designs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 443 (October 2013): 701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.443.701.

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Dike roads include water conservancy projects and highways or public works, so the industry cross exists in designs. During the process of dike road designs, there exists problems such as disjointed dike designs and road designs, the lack of adaptation classification system and design standards, inconsistent requirements of embankment compaction and subgrade compaction, the lack of a connection with the inner road network design and green landscape design and other issues. We should fully consider the differences between dike design and road design, according to the particularity of the road dike, and we have proposed several proposals, such as increasing related indicators in the early design of the dike road design, establishing the dike road classification system, uniforming embankments and subgrade compaction standards, strengthening connections with the surrounding road network design and paying attention to greening landscape designs.

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Teichmann, Ph, J. Fischer, F. Chouard, and D. Schmitt-Landsiedel. "Design issues of arithmetic structures in adiabatic logic." Advances in Radio Science 5 (June 13, 2007): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-5-291-2007.

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Abstract. Since adiabatic logic uses a supply that incorporates both supply voltage and clock signal in one line, adiabatic logic systems have a built-in micro-pipelined architecture. Considering this fact, different design constraints have to be observed compared to static CMOS designs. Complex arithmetic building blocks, like multipliers, mainly consist of adders. Therefore, a comparison of adder structures is performed. Based on these results, multipliers and complex systems can be built. A Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT) is taken as example for an arithmetic system. Comparing an adiabatic logic implementation of a DCT to its static CMOS counterpart, a significant saving factor of more than 10 can be achieved with the adiabatic system.

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Lynn, Charles. "Design Considerations for Minienvironment Cleanrooms (Issues, Options, and Concepts)." Journal of the IEST 37, no. 6 (November 1, 1994): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.2.37.6.t5250l53654rn042.

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Many new cleanroom facilities are being designed and constructed using various minienvironment concepts. This paper presents facility concepts that are being implemented today and those that will be implemented in future construction. The author will present factors and issues that lead owners to the decision to use minienvironments. Also included is the impact of the decision on facility design. A comparison of various designs (including first cost and operating cost) will be presented. Case studies will show the advantages of implementing minienvironments, flexibility issues, and how to best take advantage of the potential operating cost savings.

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Silka, Dmitriy, and Andrey Butyrin. "Development of a System of Standard Designs in Industrial Construction." E3S Web of Conferences 244 (2021): 05013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124405013.

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The use of standard designs in construction is a topical subject of research within the frame of project management. Construction projects, especially industrial construction ones, are characterized by a great diversity of design and other solutions. Just about any new project produces new ways of resolving issues and involves looking for optimum constructive, planning, and other solutions. There arises the need to coordinate all parts of the work with the client, although essentially there is nothing particularly novel about the project, as many of the issues were already resolved in past activity. Quite naturally, many construction companies will look for tried-and-true solutions and strive for the unification and standardization of design work. This paper describes a set of tools for implementing a system of standard designs and proposes a set of ways to achieve one’s key design objectives.

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Malloy, Thomas E., and Linda Albright. "Multiple and Single Interaction Dyadic Research Designs: Conceptual and Analytic Issues." Basic and Applied Social Psychology 23, no. 1 (March 2001): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp2301_1.

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McCarthy, K. A., D. A. Petti, R. L. Moore, and B. J. Merrill. "Safety issues associated with mobilized activation products in selected APEX designs." Fusion Engineering and Design 51-52 (November 2000): 549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-3796(00)00217-9.

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Journal articles on the topic 'DESIGNS ISSUES'

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