Journal articles: 'Design storms'

1

Vieux, B. E., and J. E. Vieux. "Design Storm Builder: Development of Representative Design Storms." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2011, no. 5 (January 1, 2011): 504–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864711802837714.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Vandenberghe, S., N. E. C. Verhoest, E. Buyse, and B. De Baets. "A stochastic design rainfall generator based on copulas and mass curves." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 12 (December 3, 2010): 2429–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2429-2010.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. The use of design storms can be very useful in many hydrological and hydraulic practices. In this study, the concept of a copula-based secondary return period in combination with the concept of mass curves is used to generate point-scale design storms. The analysis is based on storms selected from the 105 year rainfall time series with a 10 min resolution, measured at Uccle, Belgium. In first instance, bivariate copulas and secondary return periods are explained, together with a focus on which couple of storm variables is of highest interest for the analysis and a discussion of how the results might be affected by the goodness-of-fit of the copula. Subsequently, the fitted copula is used to sample storms with a predefined secondary return period for which characteristic variables such as storm duration and total storm depth can be derived. In order to construct design storms with a realistic storm structure, mass curves of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quartile storms are developed. An analysis shows that the assumption of independence between the secondary return period and the internal storm structure could be made. Based on the mass curves, a technique is developed to randomly generate an intrastorm structure. The coupling of both techniques eventually results in a methodology for stochastic design storm generation. Finally, its practical usefulness for design studies is illustrated based on the generation of a set of statistically identical design storm and rainfall-runoff modelling.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Vandenberghe, S., N. E. C. Verhoest, E. Buyse, and B. De Baets. "A stochastic design rainfall generator based on copulas and mass curves." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 3 (June 22, 2010): 3613–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-3613-2010.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. The use of design storms can be very useful in many hydrological and hydraulic practices. In this study, the concept of a copula-based secondary return period in combination with the concept of mass curves is used to generate design storms. The analysis is based on storms selected from the 105 year rainfall time series with a 10 min resolution, measured at Uccle, Belgium. In first instance, bivariate copulas and secondary return periods are explained, together with a focus on which couple of storm variables is of highest interest for the analysis and a discussion of how the results might be affected by the goodness-of-fit of the copula. Subsequently, the fitted copula is used to sample storms with a predefined secondary return period for which characteristic variables such as storm duration and total storm depth can be derived. In order to construct design storms with a realistic storm structure, mass curves of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quartile storms are developed. An analysis shows that the assumption of independence between the secondary return period and the internal storm structure could be made. Based on the mass curves, a technique is developed to randomly generate an intrastorm structure. The coupling of both techniques eventually results in a methodology for stochastic design storm generation. Finally, its practical usefulness for design studies is illustrated based on the generation of design storm ensembles and rainfall-runoff modelling.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Krvavica, Nino, and Josip Rubinić. "Evaluation of Design Storms and Critical Rainfall Durations for Flood Prediction in Partially Urbanized Catchments." Water 12, no. 7 (July 18, 2020): 2044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12072044.

Full text

Abstract:

This study investigates and compares several design storms for flood estimation in partially urbanized catchments. Six different design storms were considered: Euler II, alternating block method, average variability method, Huff’s curves, and uniform rainfall. Additionally, two extreme historical storms were included for comparison. A small, ungauged, partially urbanized catchment in Novigrad (Croatia) was chosen as a study area to account for the infiltration impact on the rainfall-runoff process. The performance of each design storm was assessed based on the flood modeling results, namely the water depth, water velocity, flow rate, and overall flood extent. Furthermore, several rainfall durations were considered to identify a critical scenario. The excess rainfall was computed using the Soil Conservation Service’s Curve Number method, and two-dimensional flooding simulations were performed by the HEC-RAS model. The results confirmed that the choice of the design storm and the rainfall duration has a significant impact on the flood modeling results. Overall, design storms constructed only from IDF curves overestimated flooding in comparison to historical events, whereas design storms derived from the analysis of observed temporal patterns matched or slightly underestimated the flooding results. Of the six considered design storms, the average variability method showed the closest agreement with historical storms.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Raso, J., P. Malgrat, and F. Castillo. "Improvement in the selection of design storms for the new master drainage plan of Barcelona." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0049.

Full text

Abstract:

In 1988 Barcelona finished its Master Drainage Plan, where a modified Chicago storm of 10 years return period was used. Nowadays, a new Master Drainage Plan has started due to enormous urbanistic changes with the Olympics, the increasing concern for CSO problems, etc. For this Plan the use of a 67 year record from an intensity raingauge, and long-term simulation models allows a change in the traditional concept of design storms, working with historical storms. In spite of that, the complexity of the urban drainage system of Barcelona advises the use of design storms for predesign purposes. Because of that, a study has been carried out to select new design storms to solve the problem that the Chicago storm is too unfavourable as it has all its maximum medium intensities corresponding to a 10-year return period, which is not realistic.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Balbastre-Soldevila, García-Bartual, and Andrés-Doménech. "A Comparison of Design Storms for Urban Drainage System Applications." Water 11, no. 4 (April 11, 2019): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040757.

Full text

Abstract:

The present research develops a systematic application of a selected family of 11 well-known design storms, all of them obtained from the same rainfall data sample. Some of them are fully consistent with the intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves, while others are built according to typical observed patterns in the historical rainfall series. The employed data series consists on a high-resolution rainfall time series in Valencia (Spain), covering the period from 1990 to 2012. The goal of the research is the systematic comparison of these design storms, paying special attention to some relevant quantitative properties, as the maximum rainfall intensity, the total cumulative rainfall depth or the temporal pattern characterising the synthetic storm. For comparison purposes, storm duration was set to 1 hour and return period equal to 25 years in all cases. The comparison is enhanced by using each of the design storms as rainfall input to a calibrated urban hydrology rainfall–runoff model, yielding to a family of hydrographs for a given neighbourhood of the city of Valencia (Spain). The discussion and conclusions derived from the present research refer to both, the comparison between design storms and the comparison of resulting hydrographs after the application of the mentioned rainfall–runoff model. Seven of the tested design storms yielded to similar overall performance, showing negligible differences in practice. Among them, only Average Variability Method (AVM) and Two Parameter Gamma function (G2P) incorporate in their definition a temporal pattern inferred from empirical patterns identified in the historical rainfall data used herein. The remaining four design storms lead to more significant discrepancies attending both to the rainfall itself and to the resulting hydrograph. Such differences are ~8% concerning estimated discharges.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

McRobie, Fiona H., Li-Pen Wang, Christian Onof, and Stephen Kenney. "A spatial-temporal rainfall generator for urban drainage design." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 240–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.241.

Full text

Abstract:

The work presented here is a contribution to the Thames Water project of improving the Counters Creek catchment sewerage system in London. An increase in the number of floods affecting basements in the area has indicated the need for improvements to the system. The cost of such improvements could be very high, and as such it is important to determine whether the traditional approach of applying 30-year spatially uniform design storms results in substantial overestimation. The first step in this is to generate simulations of spatially distributed rainfall events, from which 30-year storms can be extracted. Storms are modelled as clusters of Gaussian rainfall cells, extending the earlier Willems method to radar rainfall data. The parameters describing the cells and their motion are sampled from probability distributions derived from parameter estimates gained from 45 historical storm events within the catchment for the period 2000–2011. This spatial-temporal stochastic rainfall generator produces a two-dimensional time series of simulated storm events, from which events of given return period can be identified.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

García-Bartual, Rafael, and Ignacio Andrés-Doménech. "A two-parameter design storm for Mediterranean convective rainfall." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 5 (May 9, 2017): 2377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2377-2017.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. The following research explores the feasibility of building effective design storms for extreme hydrological regimes, such as the one which characterizes the rainfall regime of the east and south-east of the Iberian Peninsula, without employing intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves as a starting point. Nowadays, after decades of functioning hydrological automatic networks, there is an abundance of high-resolution rainfall data with a reasonable statistic representation, which enable the direct research of temporal patterns and inner structures of rainfall events at a given geographic location, with the aim of establishing a statistical synthesis directly based on those observed patterns. The authors propose a temporal design storm defined in analytical terms, through a two-parameter gamma-type function. The two parameters are directly estimated from 73 independent storms identified from rainfall records of high temporal resolution in Valencia (Spain). All the relevant analytical properties derived from that function are developed in order to use this storm in real applications. In particular, in order to assign a probability to the design storm (return period), an auxiliary variable combining maximum intensity and total cumulated rainfall is introduced. As a result, for a given return period, a set of three storms with different duration, depth and peak intensity are defined. The consistency of the results is verified by means of comparison with the classic method of alternating blocks based on an IDF curve, for the above mentioned study case.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Basco, David R., and Nader Mahmoudpour. "THE MODIFIED COASTAL STORM IMPULSE (COSI) PARAMETER AND QUANTIFICATION OF FRAGILITY CURVES FOR COASTAL DESIGN." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (December 15, 2012): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.management.66.

Full text

Abstract:

A coastal storm-strength parameter, the Coastal Storm Impulse (COSI) parameter was introduced at the ICCE 2006 (San Diego) and further discussed in the ICCE 2008 (Hamburg) and ICCE 2010 (Shanghai) proceedings. COSI is based on the conservation of linear, horizontal momentum to combine storm surge, wave dynamics, and currents over the storm duration. Both tropical storms (hurricanes) and extra-tropical storms (low-pressure fronts) can produce similar COSI parameters. Analysis of coastal storms over a 10 year period (1994-2003) of measured data at the Corps of Engineers, Field Research Facility (FRF), Duck, NC showed the need to modify the original method to (1) use the mean, nonlinear wave momentum flux, and (2) use only the spikes in storm surge when elevated water levels are above the mean high water level of the tide. This paper presents the full details of how to calculate the modified COSI parameter; the modified results for the 10-yr Duck data set and suggest possible applications to develop fragility curves for coastal engineering design. Clearly, fragility curves are needed to quantify risk and hence resilience in coastal systems design. The intensity of the “load” or “disturbance”, i.e. the severity of the coastal storm must be quantified to develop fragility curves. Excess water levels (storm surge), wave conditions (height, period, direction) and storm duration all contribute to the intensity of a coastal storm. How to combine these three factors has long been a concern of coastal scientists and engineers.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Newcome, L. R. "Impact of solar storms on high altitude long endurance unmanned aircraft and airship design and operations." Aeronautical Journal 110, no. 1111 (September 2006): 623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000001482.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract This paper applies existing information on solar storms to unmanned aviation; no new research data is presented. The purpose of this paper is to alert the unmanned aviation community to the potential hazards posed by solar storms, to familiarise it with the effects of solar storms and how to mitigate them, and to encourage research on solar storm effects on high altitude long endurance (HALE) aircraft and airship design and operations. As unmanned aircraft and airships move increasingly into high altitude (50,000+ft), endurance (24+ hr) roles, they will become vulnerable to the effects of space weather, specifically that of solar storms. Although solar storms are commonly associated with their impact on satellites, they affect the routing and timing of airline flights flying for six to eight hours at 30,000 to 40,000ft. Operating twice as high and with flight times twice as long (or longer) than those of airliners, HALE aircraft and airships occupy a middle zone of vulnerability, being more so than airliners but less so than satellites. A key difference however is that satellites are designed for space weather, whereas some current HALE vehicles are not. The paper concludes that unmanned HALE aircraft and airships can be one to three orders of magnitude more vulnerable to solar storms than a trans-Pacific airliner.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Bengtsson, Lars, and Janusz Niemczynowicz. "Areal Reduction Factors from Rain Movement." Hydrology Research 17, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1986.0005.

Full text

Abstract:

The relation between rain movement and areal reduction of rain intensity is investigated. An approach for calculating areal reduction factors from point hyetographs and storm speed is suggested. Very good agreement is found between moving storm derived areal reduction factors and reduction factors determined using a dense net of rain gauges. Moving areal reduction factors calculated for design storms and historical storms are shown not to differ much between different cities in the Nordic countries.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Ilic, Aleksandra, Jasna Plavsic, and Dragan Radivojevic. "Rainfall-runoff simulation for design flood estimation in small river catchments." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 16, no. 1 (2018): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace160923003i.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper presents development and application of the model aimed at simulating peak flood runoff from the small river basin Obnica in Serbia (having an area of 185 km2) with an aim to estimate design floods using different approaches. The model is developed using the HEC-HMS software (The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Hydrologic Centre?s Hydrologic Modelling System). The model is calibrated against eight events with observed hydrographs and corresponding rainfall, and verified with a separate set of events. Flood hydrographs are simulated with the constant intensity design storms of various durations and with the 24-hour design storm with design hyetograph determined using the alternating block method. All design floods obtained from the simulated hydrograph peaks are compared with the design floods estimated by statistical analysis of annual maximum flows. The results have shown that the temporally distributed 24-hour storms yield the design floods that are the closest to the statistically derived design flows, while the constant intensity storms cannot reproduce the statistically derived design flows.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Lira-Loarca, Andrea, Manuel Cobos, AsunciÃ³n Baquerizo, and Miguel A. Losada. "A MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL MODEL TO SIMULATE STORM EVOLUTION." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.waves.84.

Full text

Abstract:

The design and management of a coastal structure must take into account not only the different levels of damage along its useful life but also the construction, reparation and dismantling costs. Therefore, it should be addressed as an optimization problem that depends on random multivariate climate variables. In this context it is essential to develop tools that allow the simulation of storms taking into account all the main maritime variables and their evolution (Borgman, 1969). In general, most studies focusing on storm characterization and evolution use geometric shapes like the equivalent triangular storm (Bocotti, 2000; ROM-1.0; 2009) to characterize individual storms. Actual storms have, however, irregular and random histories. In this work, we present a simple and efficient methodology to simulate time-series of storm events including several maritime variables. This methodology includes the use of non-stationary parametric distributions (Solari, 2011) to characterize each variable, a vector autoregressive (VAR) model to describe the temporal dependence between variables, and a copula model to link the seasonal dependency of the storm duration and the interarrival time between consecutive storms.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Kimoto, Akitsu, H. Evan Canfield, and David Stewart. "Comparison of Synthetic Design Storms with Observed Storms in Southern Arizona." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 16, no. 11 (November 2011): 935–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0000390.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Thorndahl, Søren, Jesper Nielsen, and Michael Rasmussen. "Estimation of Storm-Centred Areal Reduction Factors from Radar Rainfall for Design in Urban Hydrology." Water 11, no. 6 (May 29, 2019): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061120.

Full text

Abstract:

In the design practice of urban hydrological systems, e.g., storm-water drainage systems, design rainfall is typically assumed spatially homogeneous over a given catchment. For catchments larger than approximately 10 km2, this leads to significant overestimation of the design rainfall intensities, and thus potentially oversizing of urban drainage systems. By extending methods from rural hydrology to urban hydrology, this paper proposes the introduction of areal reduction factors in urban drainage design focusing on temporal and spatial scales relevant for urban hydrological applications (1 min to 1 day and 0.1 to 100 km2). Storm-centred areal reduction factors are developed based on a 15-year radar rainfall dataset from Denmark. From the individual storms, a generic relationship of the areal reduction factor as a function of rainfall duration and area is derived. This relationship can be directly implemented in design with intensity–duration–frequency curves or design storms.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Petrovic, Jasna, and Jovan Despotovic. "Historical rainfall for urban storm drainage design." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 11 (June 1, 1998): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0446.

Full text

Abstract:

Traditional design method for urban drainage systems is based on design storms and its major drawback is that frequencies of peak flows in the system are considered equal to frequencies of design storms. An alternative is to use historical storms with rainfall-runoff models to produce a series of possible flows in the system and their frequencies. The latter approach involves more computations and can be laborious for larger catchments. This paper considers ways to reduce the set of historical storms to be involved in design procedure and yet to lead to realistic flow frequencies. Frequencies obtained by rainfall-runoff simulation at an experimental catchment are compared with frequencies of observed peak flows in the system.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Calabrò, Paolo S. "Design Storms and Water Quality Control." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 9, no. 1 (January 2004): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(2004)9:1(28).

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Wang, Jiaqi. "Study of design storms in China." Journal of Hydrology 96, no. 1-4 (December 1987): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(87)90159-4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Carbone, Marco, Michele Turco, Giuseppe Brunetti, and Patrizia Piro. "A Cumulative Rainfall Function for Subhourly Design Storm in Mediterranean Urban Areas." Advances in Meteorology 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/528564.

Full text

Abstract:

Design storms are very useful in many hydrological and hydraulic practices and are obtained from statistical analysis of precipitation records. However considering design storms, which are often quite unlike the natural rainstorms, may result in designing oversized or undersized drainage facilities. For these reasons, in this study, a two-parameter double exponential function is proposed to parameterize historical storm events. The proposed function has been assessed against the storms selected from 5-year rainfall time series with a 1-minute resolution, measured by three meteorological stations located in Calabria, Italy. In particular, a nonlinear least square optimization has been used to identify parameters. In previous studies, several evaluation methods to measure the goodness of fit have been used with excellent performances. One parameter is related to the centroid of the rain distribution; the second one is related to high values of the standard deviation of the kurtosis for the selected events. Finally, considering the similarity between the proposed function and the Gumbel function, the two parameters have been computed with the method of moments; in this case, the correlation values were lower than those computed with nonlinear least squares optimization but sufficiently accurate for designing purposes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Li, Honghai, Lihwa Lin, and Kelly A. Burks-Copes. "NUMERICAL MODELING OF COASTAL INUNDATION AND SEDIMENTATION BY STORM SURGE, TIDES, AND WAVES AT NORFOLK, VIRGINIA, USA." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (December 15, 2012): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.sediment.54.

Full text

Abstract:

A nearshore hydrodynamic and sediment transport model was developed to simulate synthetic storms with design SLR scenarios surrounding the military installations in Norfolk, Virginia. Foreseeable risk and effect of storm surge damage accompanied by waves, tides, and Sea Level Rise (SLR) were examined. The final results include the evaluation of impacts for five SLR (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m) and three storm conditions (50-yr, 100-yr return tropical storms, and a winter storm). Associated with the storm surge and SLR, extensive inundation will occur at the Naval Station Norfolk, approximately 70-80% of the Naval Station Norfolk under the 2-m SLR scenario. The calculated morphology changes indicate that the sediment movement mostly occurs in the navigation channels and the maximum depth changes are more than 3.0 m along the channels. The bed volume changes show that the storms induce a net volume loss within the channel area, an indication of channel flushing in the study area.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Barnett, A. G., H. L. MacMurray, P. L. Wallace, and R. T. Lester. "Modelling of inundation management during extreme storms." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0045.

Full text

Abstract:

The “major/minor” approach is being adopted as standard urban drainage design practice in many countries. Further to the normal primary drainage design for minor storms, this approach now requires management of inundation during extreme storms of return period fifty years or more. Surface flows then have to be investigated over an urban topography which is highly irregular and initially dry, and the transition from these conditions to major storm flows is difficult to analyse. The proposed modelling solution is based on the full integral hydraulic equations incorporating possible shock fronts. Wetting and drying simulation, careful channel resolution at low flows, and implicit solution methods with flat response properties are also important. Key points are illustrated by case studies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Nnadi, F. N., F. X. Kline, H. L. Wray, and M. P. Wanielista. "COMPARISON OF DESIGN STORM CONCEPTS USING CONTINUOUS SIMULATION WITH SHORT DURATION STORMS." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35, no. 1 (February 1999): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb05452.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Watt, W. E., K. C. A. Chow, W. D. Hogg, and K. W. Lathem. "A 1-h urban design storm for Canada." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 13, no. 3 (June 1, 1986): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l86-041.

Full text

Abstract:

The advent of stormwater modelling techniques has resulted in the need for a Canadian urban design storm. As a first stage in meeting this need, a 1-h urban design storm has been developed. This design storm, which is fully described by two parameters and the rainfall depth as given by Atmospheric Environment Service (AES) intensity–duration–frequency data, is specified for a wide range of return periods for all regions of Canada. Extensive comparisons with observed 1-h storms, both in the temporal domain and the frequency domain, indicate that the two-parameter mathematical model is capable of simulating individual rainfall events and an average or 'design' event for any particular site. The design storm model has been extended on a regional basis by evaluating the two parameters for each of 45 AES stations across Canada. Regional values of the parameters have been derived so that a design storm can be determined for an area without rainfall records. Key words: design storm, urban drainage, storm water, rainfall, temporal distribution, regional analysis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Eicher, Christian. "Selection of design storms—time resolution considerations." Atmospheric Research 27, no. 1-3 (December 1991): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(91)90004-g.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Dick, Wes, and Ahmadreza Ghavasieh. "A 24-h design storm for the Fort McMurray region." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 42, no. 10 (October 2015): 747–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2015-0034.

Full text

Abstract:

The time distribution of rainfall is an important input to rainfall-runoff modelling and has a significant effect on the resulting peak discharge. At many facilities in the oil sands region of Alberta, the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Type II design storm has typically been used for design of surface water management facilities. The appropriateness of the Type II design storm and several other time distributions was assessed by comparing the modelled peak runoff from the design storms with the modelled runoff from historical 24-h rainfall events in five small typical catchments. Results indicate that the NRCS Type II produces highly conservative runoff peaks compared to actual rainfall events at Fort McMurray, and a new synthetic design storm developed during the study more closely parallels the peak runoff produced by actual rainfall events.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Draper, Scott, Hongwei An, Liang Cheng, David J. White, and Terry Griffiths. "Stability of subsea pipelines during large storms." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2033 (January 28, 2015): 20140106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0106.

Full text

Abstract:

On-bottom stability design of subsea pipelines transporting hydrocarbons is important to ensure safety and reliability but is challenging to achieve in the onerous metocean (meteorological and oceanographic) conditions typical of large storms (such as tropical cyclones, hurricanes or typhoons). This challenge is increased by the fact that industry design guidelines presently give no guidance on how to incorporate the potential benefits of seabed mobility, which can lead to lowering and self-burial of the pipeline on a sandy seabed. In this paper, we demonstrate recent advances in experimental modelling of pipeline scour and present results investigating how pipeline stability can change in a large storm. An emphasis is placed on the initial development of the storm, where scour is inevitable on an erodible bed as the storm velocities build up to peak conditions. During this initial development, we compare the rate at which peak near-bed velocities increase in a large storm (typically less than 10 −3 m s −2 ) to the rate at which a pipeline scours and subsequently lowers (which is dependent not only on the storm velocities, but also on the mechanism of lowering and the pipeline properties). We show that the relative magnitude of these rates influences pipeline embedment during a storm and the stability of the pipeline.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

De Michele, C., A. Montanari, and R. Rosso. "The effects of non-stationarity on the evaluation of critical design storms." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 11 (June 1, 1998): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0465.

Full text

Abstract:

The critical storm is generally carried out to design urban drainage systems and other flood management works starting from the available historical information. Its evaluation associated with a fixed return period is usually obtained by fitting the annual maxima of the rainfall depth with an extreme value distribution. This statistical procedure, however, leads to dubious results when the data present a non-stationarity, induced for example, by a long-term variability. To assess the effects of non-stationarity, four daily rainfall series observed in Italy, with at least 90 years of continuous data, are analysed here. For each record and each year of the observation period, critical design storms are estimated fitting the annual maxima collected in the past, so allowing us to assess the progress of the design storm along time. Four different extreme value distributions are used. The results show that an analysis of non-stationarity is required when urban drainage systems and other hydraulic engineering works are designed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Shamsi, U. M., R. G. Quimpo, and G. N. Yoganarasimhan. "An Application of Kriging to Rainfall Network Design." Hydrology Research 19, no. 3 (June 1, 1988): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1988.0010.

Full text

Abstract:

Universal kriging techniques based on the generalized covariances corresponding to IRF-k theory, are applied to analyze the design of raingauging networks in regions where the spatial mean is not constant. The objective is to obtain an optimal estimate of watershed precipitation. For the purpose of analysis, symmetric and asymmetric hypothetical rainfall fields are considered. The hypothesized storms provide the bases for comparing the results of the analysis. The results are also compared with traditional approaches in current use. The investigation depicts the superiority of kriging techniques over the other methods. The effect of storm spatial variability on the network design is also examined.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Toride, Kinya, Yoshihiko Iseri, Michael D. Warner, Chris D. Frans, Angela M. Duren, John F. England, and M. Levent Kavvas. "Model-Based Probable Maximum Precipitation Estimation: How to Estimate the Worst-Case Scenario Induced by Atmospheric Rivers?" Journal of Hydrometeorology 20, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 2383–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-19-0039.1.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract The concept of probable maximum precipitation (PMP) is widely used for the design and risk assessment of water resource infrastructure. Despite its importance, past attempts to estimate PMP have not investigated the realism of design maximum storms from a meteorological perspective. This study investigates estimating PMP with realistically maximized storms in a Pacific Northwest region dominated by atmospheric rivers (ARs) using numerical weather models (NWMs). The moisture maximization and storm transposition methods used in NWM-based PMP estimates are examined. We use integrated water vapor transport as a criterion to modify water vapor only at the modeling boundary crossing the path of ARs, whereas existing methods maximize relative humidity at all initial/boundary conditions. It is found that saturation of the entire modeling boundaries can produce unrealistic atmospheric conditions and does not necessarily maximize precipitation over a watershed due to storm structure, stability, and topography. The proposed method creates more realistic atmospheric fields and more severe precipitation. The simultaneous optimization of moisture content and location of storms is also considered to rigorously estimate the most extreme precipitation. Among the 20 most severe storms during 1980–2016, the AR event during 5–9 February 1996 produces the largest 72-h basin-average precipitation when maximized with our method (defined as PMP of this study), in which precipitation is intensified by 1.9 times with a 0.7° shift south and a 30% increase in AR moisture. The 24-, 48-, and 72-h PMP estimates are found to be at least 70 mm lower than the Hydrometeorological Reports estimates regardless of duration.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Hutton, Derek, Nigel B. Kaye, and William D. Martin. "Analysis of Climate Change and 24-Hour Design Storm Depths for a Range of Return Periods Across South Carolina." Journal of South Carolina Water Resources, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.34068/jscwr.02.08.

Full text

Abstract:

A warming climate leads to a moister atmosphere and more rapid hydrologic cycle. As such, many parts of the country are predicted to experience more total rainfall per year and more frequent extreme rainfall events. Most regions of the country have stormwater systems designed to a standard that matches outflow rates to pre-development values for specified return period storms. Increases in these return period storm depths, as predicted by many global climate models, will stress existing stormwater infrastructure. This paper examines how rainfall patterns will change over the remainder of the century across the state of South Carolina. Rainfall simulations from 134 realizations of 21 global climate models were analyzed across the state of South Carolina through 2099. Results show that there will be increases in both annual total rainfall (ATR) and 24-hour design storm depth for a range of return period storms. Across South Carolina, ATR is predicted to increase by approximately 2.3-4.0 inches over the forecast period while the 100 year design storm depth is predicted to increase by 0.5-1.2 inches depending on location. However there are significant regional variations with the Savannah River Basin experiencing smaller increases in ATR compared to the rest of the state.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Froehlich, David C. "Mathematical Formulations of NRCS 24-Hour Design Storms." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 135, no. 2 (April 2009): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(2009)135:2(241).

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Kuczera, George, Martin Lambert, Theresa Heneker, Shane Jennings, Andrew Frost, and Peter Coombes. "Joint probability and design storms at the crossroads." Australasian Journal of Water Resources 10, no. 1 (January 2006): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2006.11465282.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Adamowski, Jan, Kaz Adamowski, and John Bougadis. "Influence of Trend on Short Duration Design Storms." Water Resources Management 24, no. 3 (June 12, 2009): 401–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9452-z.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Meadows, Michael E. "Adjusting NRCS Curve Number for Rainfall Durations Less Than 24 Hours." Journal of South Carolina Water Resources, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34068/jscwr.03.05.

Full text

Abstract:

The primary use of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) curve number (CN) is to compute total storm runoff based on total rainfall. The method was originally created to determine the mean daily depth of runoff during flood producing events on small agricultural watersheds. CN values were determined using daily rainfall and runoff data. Practically, it did not rain for 24 hours during many, perhaps most, of the events, but since the data were recorded as daily rainfall, 24 hours became the implicit duration for values input to the curve number runoff model. NRCS references do not specifically state the CN applies only to the 24-hour storm. Even so, it may be inferred from what is published that the standard CN applies to the 24 hour duration storm. Many methods and computer models used for the analysis and design of stormwater management systems incorporate the NRCS CN method. Because some designs and performance evaluations are based on rainfalls with durations less than 24 hours, there is the need for a method to modify CN values for shorter duration events. It goes against basic hydrologic principles if the same CN is used for storms of all durations. Not yet formally published, the NRCS recently developed a procedure to modify CN values for rainfall durations less than 24 hours. With encouragement from the NRCS, introducing that method to the engineering community is the goal for this paper. The impact of adjusted CN values was demonstrated by calculations comparing runoff depths computed with standard and duration modified CN values for rainfalls of 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hour duration. The standard CN significantly under-predicted runoff depths compared to the duration modified CN values. The differences increased with shorter duration storms. The impact of adjusted CN values also was demonstrated during a forensic assessment of the performance of a stormwater detention pond in a residential subdivision. The pond was designed compliant with regulations to limit the post-development peak discharge rate at or below the pre-development peak runoff rate for 2- and 10-year frequency 24-hour design storm events. Even though the pond design met regulatory standards for 24-hour design storms, downstream flooding and sediment problems frequently occurred during short duration events. As part of the forensic study, runoff hydrographs were simulated for pre-development, construction phase, and post-development land use conditions for rainfalls of 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hour duration. The simulation results for post development conditions showed successful pond performance for the 24-hour rainfall. However, the peak outflow rates for storms with durations less than 24-hours were greater than the 24-hour pre-development peak runoff rate. The simulation results emphasize pond design calculations and decisions should include pond performance for events with duration less than 24 hours and should use duration modified CN values. It is recommended controlling regulations specify design events such as the 2- and 10-year 24-hour rainfalls, but include a mandatory check of other events, such as the 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 hour events. Prudent and ethical practice suggests pond design be upgraded for the critical rainfall event.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Le, Tuan Dinh, and Hien Doan. "On the design of search and rescue hovercrafts." Science and Technology Development Journal 18, no. 4 (December 30, 2015): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v18i4.998.

Full text

Abstract:

In a diversity of rescue scenarios, operations to response to climate change, flood and storm control, search and rescue should be quick and capable over complicated environment. The ability of hovercrafts is to hover above land, and water, even during flood and landslide conditions, is a lifesaving asset to both victims and rescuers from mentionned rescue zones. Due to their unique capability to safely access any areas that no other rescue vehicle can reach, hovercraft are used in a diversity of rescue scenarios with performances appropriated with required tasks. The search and rescue activities in recent floods and storms show that to build domestic hovercrafts is great significant. This paper aims at general issues about the hovercraft designs to meet the domestic demands.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Watt, Ed, and Jiri Marsalek. "Critical review of the evolution of the design storm event concept." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 40, no. 2 (February 2013): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2011-0594.

Full text

Abstract:

A critical review of the literature and practice indicates that design storm events, which have been used in specific fields of Canadian and US engineering practice for more than 100 years, can be ascribed to six basic attributes: (a) design return period, (b) storm duration, (c) intensity–duration–frequency (idf) relations (representing a summary of historical rainfall data, with some extrapolation for longer return periods), (d) temporal distribution (design hyetograph), (e) areal reduction factor, and (f) antecedent moisture conditions. Concerns about climate change (or variability) and the need to adapt to the associated climatic conditions prompted many agencies, and particularly municipalities, to revisit the design storm event issue, particularly in connection with drainage design. It would appear that this analysis has mostly focused on a single property of design storms — idf relations and projected increases in rainfall intensities. The review concludes that the design practice would be well served by adopting a comprehensive approach considering all design storm event characteristics and their sensitivity to climate change and inherent uncertainties in the existing idf relations as well as hydraulic design of sewer networks.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Cui, Feng, Dong Gao, and Jianhua Zheng. "Magnetometer-based autonomous orbit determination via a measurement differencing extended Kalman filter during geomagnetic storms." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 92, no. 3 (February 7, 2020): 428–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-03-2019-0053.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose The main reason for the low accuracy of magnetometer-based autonomous orbit determination is the coarse accuracy of the geomagnetic field model. Furthermore, the geomagnetic field model error increases obviously during geomagnetic storms, which can still further reduce the navigation accuracy. The purpose of this paper is to improve the accuracy of magnetometer-based autonomous orbit determination during geomagnetic storms. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, magnetometer-based autonomous orbit determination via a measurement differencing extended Kalman filter (MDEKF) is studied. The MDEKF algorithm can effectively remove the time-correlated portion of the measurement error and thus can evidently improve the accuracy of magnetometer-based autonomous orbit determination during geomagnetic storms. Real flight data from Swarm A are used to evaluate the performance of the MDEKF algorithm presented in this study. A performance comparison between the MDEKF algorithm and an extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm is investigated for different geomagnetic storms and sampling intervals. Findings The simulation results show that the MDEKF algorithm is superior to the EKF algorithm in terms of estimation accuracy and stability with a short sampling interval during geomagnetic storms. In addition, as the size of the geomagnetic storm increases, the advantages of the MDEKF algorithm over the EKF algorithm become more obvious. Originality/value The algorithm in this paper can improve the real-time accuracy of magnetometer-based autonomous orbit determination during geomagnetic storms with a low computational burden and is very suitable for low-orbit micro- and nano-satellites.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Kourtis, Ioannis M., Vassilios A. Tsihrintzis, and Evangelos Baltas. "Simulation of Low Impact Development (LID) Practices and Comparison with Conventional Drainage Solutions." Proceedings 2, no. 11 (August 3, 2018): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2110640.

Full text

Abstract:

The present work aims at quantifying the benefit of Low Impact Development (LID) practices in reducing peak runoff and runoff volume, and at comparing LID practices to conventional stormwater solutions. The hydrologic-hydraulic model used was the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM5.1). The LID practices modeled were: (i) Green roofs; and (ii) Permeable pavements. Each LID was tested independently and compared to two different conventional practices, i.e., sewer enlargement and detention pond design. Results showed that for small storm events LID practices are comparable to conventional measures, in reducing flooding. Overall, smaller storms should be included in the design process.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Pelletier, Geneviève, François Anctil, and Mélanie Filion. "Characterization of 1-h rainfall temporal patterns using a Kohonen neural network: a Québec City case study." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 36, no. 6 (June 2009): 980–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l09-027.

Full text

Abstract:

After only a few years of operation, an extensive rain gauge network provides fruitful information on temporal patterns of local storms, helping urban water, managers with in the difficult choice of appropriate design storms. A total of 1470 1-h storms were identified for the period 1999–2005 in Québec City based on rainfall depth and interevent time criteria. Taking advantage of a clustering technique, the Kohonen neural network, 1-h storms were divided into 16 clusters depending on similarities in their temporal patterns, and then lumped into four groups. The database revealed that about one-third of all storms have a uniform intensity, one-third are early-peaking, and one-third are either symmetrical or late-peaking. Early-peaking patterns include the highest maximal 5-min intensity: 0.22–0.30 of the rainfall depth range, therefore in the same range as common Canadian 10-year design storms.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Jensen, Ole Juul, and P. Klinting. "ON THE OCCURRENCE OF ABNORMAL STORMS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON DESIGN PARAMETERS (STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF STORMS)." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 21 (January 29, 1988): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v21.56.

Full text

Abstract:

The assessment of design parameters has a fundamental importance for port planning and design of coastal structures. Special emphasis has to be put on the importance of the occurrence of abnormal storms. The authors' experience from investigations of port projects has revealed that on many sites it is storms with unusual tracks or otherwise unusual behaviour that are determinant for the design events. This experience is documented by two case stories. The importance of unusual weather systems is discussed and statistical methods for investigation of such phenomena are discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Delo, E. A., and R. B. B. Kellagher. "An Integrated Modelling Study to Upgrade the Sewerage System of a Coastal Town." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 12 (June 1, 1992): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0338.

Full text

Abstract:

Two complementary methods for the design of storage capacity in an upgraded sewerage system in relation to compliance with the Bathing Water Directive are described. A ten year record of hourly rainfall depths was analysed to give the daily maximum depth of rainfall for durations of 1 h, 2h, 4h, 6h, 8h and 12h. The rainfall events that exceeded the five year design storm were removed. The first method comprised selecting the largest of the second worst storms in each of the ten years and using those as design storms to compute the storage volume required for the upgraded sewerage system. The second produced an analysis of the probability of compliance against storage volume in the upgraded sewerage system. This involved consideration of the probability of an overflow event occurring on a sampling day, statistical analysis of the daily maximum depths of rainfall, and the determination of rainfall depths and durations for a range of storage volumes. The probabilistic method was considered to provide a useful aid to decision makers.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Tang, Xu, Jia, Luo, and Shao. "Estimating Errors in Sizing LID Device and Overflow Prediction Using the Intensity-Duration-Frequency Method." Water 11, no. 9 (September 5, 2019): 1853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091853.

Full text

Abstract:

Low impact development (LID) devices or green infrastructures have been advocated for urban stormwater management worldwide. Currently, the design and evaluation of LID devices adopt the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) method, which employs the average rainfall intensity. However, due to variations of rainfall intensity during a storm event, using average rainfall intensity may generate certain errors when designing a LID device. This paper presents an analytical study to calculate the magnitude of such errors with respect to LID device design and associated device performance evaluation. The normal distribution rainfall (NDR) with different standard deviations was employed to represent realistic rainfall processes. Compared with NDR method, the error in sizing the LID device was determined using the IDF method. Moreover, the overflow difference calculated using the IDF method was evaluated. We employed a programmed hydrological model to simulate different design scenarios. Using storm data from 31 regions with different climatic conditions in continental China, the results showed that different rainfall distributions (as represented by standard deviations (σ) of 5, 3, and 2) have little influence on the design depth of LID devices in most regions. The relative difference in design depth using IDF method was less than 1.00% in humid areas, −0.61% to 3.97% in semi-humid areas, and the significant error was 46.13% in arid areas. The maximum absolute difference in design depth resulting from the IDF method was 2.8 cm. For a LID device designed for storms with a 2-year recurrence interval, when meeting for the 5-year storm, the relative differences in calculated overflow volume using IDF method ranged from 19.8% to 95.3%, while those for the 20-year storm ranged from 7.4% to 40.5%. The average relative difference of the estimated overflow volume was 29.9% under a 5-year storm, and 12.0% under a 20-year storm. The relative difference in calculated overflow volumes using IDF method showed a decreasing tendency from northwest to southeast. Findings from this study suggest that the existing IDF method is adequate for use in sizing LID devices when the design storm is not usually very intense. However, accurate rainfall process data are required to estimate the overflow volume under large storms.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Oh, Kyoung-Doo, Soon-Cheol Lee, Won-Sik Ahn, Young-Hoon Ryu, and Joon-Hak Lee. "A Study on Design Flood Analysis Using Moving Storms." Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 43, no. 2 (February 28, 2010): 167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3741/jkwra.2010.43.2.167.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Vaes, G., and J. Berlamont. "The effect of rainwater storage tanks on design storms." Urban Water 3, no. 4 (December 2001): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1462-0758(01)00044-9.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Vieux, Baxter E., and Jean E. Vieux. "Development of Regional Design Storms for Sewer System Modeling." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2010, no. 10 (January 1, 2010): 6248–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864710798194120.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

ZUCCHINI, W., and P. T. ADAMSON. "Bootstrap confidence intervals for design storms from exceedance series." Hydrological Sciences Journal 34, no. 1 (February 1989): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626668909491307.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Gunasekara, T. A. G., and C. Cunnane. "Bootstrap confidence intervals for design storms from exceedance series." Hydrological Sciences Journal 34, no. 6 (December 1989): 719–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626668909491377.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Gao, L., and L. M. Zhang. "Spatial characteristics of severe storms in Hong Kong." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 7 (July 24, 2015): 6981–7021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-6981-2015.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. A storm may cause serious damage to infrastructures and public safety. The storm spatial distribution is an important piece of information in drainage system design and landslide hazard analysis. The primary objective of this paper is to quantify the spatial characteristics of three severe storms in Hong Kong. The maximum rolling 4, 24 and 36 h rainfall amounts of these storms are introduced firstly. Then the spatial structure of precipitation represented by semivariograms is analysed in both isotropic and anisotropic cases. Afterwards, the distribution of rainfall in spatial domain is assessed via surface trend fitting. Finally the spatial correlation of detrended residuals is determined through studying the scales of fluctuation along eight directions. The spatial distribution of the maximum rolling rainfall can be represented by a rotated ellipsoid trend surface and a random field of residuals. The principal directions of the surface trend are between 25 and 45°. The scales of fluctuation of the detrended residuals are found between 5 and 25 km according to the semivariograms and autocorrelation functions. The spatial correlations of the maximum rolling rainfall are affected by the rainfall duration. The scale of fluctuation becomes smaller as the rainfall duration increases. Such spatial characteristics are related to the local terrain and meteorology factors.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Sobitnyak, L. I., M. I. Ryabov, M. I. Orlyuk, A. L. Sukharev, A. O. Romenets, Yu P. Sumaruk, and A. A. Pilipenko. "ANALYSIS OF THE MAGNETIC STORMS CATALOG FOR MONITORING RADIO SOURCE FLUXE DATA WITH THE URAN-4 RADIO TELESCOPE IN THE ODESA MAGNETIC ANOMALY ZONE." Radio physics and radio astronomy 25, no. 4 (December 2, 2020): 324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/rpra25.04.324.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose: Compilation of a digital catalog of magnetic storms in the Odesa magnetic anomaly zone in order to find the reasons for possible changes in the radiation fluxes of cosmic radio sources, according to observations at the URAN-4 radio telescope. Design/methodology/approach: Since 1987 until now, the radio flux of powerful galactic and extragalactic radio sources has been monitored at the URAN-4 radio telescope of the Odesa Observatory of the Institute of Radio Astronomy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The monitoring program includes radio galaxies 3C274, 3C405 and supernova remnants 3C144, 3C461. Changes in the radio source flux level are determined by the ionosphere state due to the changes in space weather. At the “Odesa” geomagnetic observatory of the Institute of Geophysics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the geomagnetic field measurements have been made since 1948. Simultaneously, the measurements of three elements of the geomagnetic field: horizontal component (H), vertical component (Z) and inclination (D), have been recorded. Findings: Using the “Odesa” geomagnetic observatory data, the digital catalog of magnetic storms was compiled for the measuring period of the powerful space radio source fluxes obtained with the URAN-4 radio telescope. For the magnetic storms monitored during the periods of 1987–1995 and 2000–2009, the date and time are shown for the beginning and the end of the magnetic storm, the magnetic storm duration, the amplitude of the three magnetic field elements, being H, Z, and D, and the magnetic storm type characteristic.The “Odesa” geomagnetic observatory is located near the magnetic anomaly zone. To find the distinctions in manifestations of the geomagnetic activity arisen owing to the magnetic anomaly existence, the geomagnetic disturbances recorded at the “Odesa” and “Moscow” (IZMIRAN, Russia) observatories were compared. It was shown that the total annual duration of the magnetic storms was longer in Odesa than in Moscow. This demonstrates some special role of the magnetic anomaly in the development of geomagnetic disturbances. Conclusions: The digital catalog of magnetic storms in the Odesa magnetic anomaly zone was compiled for the 1987–1995 and 2000–2009 periods. It is also planned to terminate working over the complete catalog of magnetic storms recorded at the “Odesa” observatory for the entire continuous period of monitoring space radio sources at the URAN-4 radio telescope in order to find the manifestations of geomagnetic disturbances impact upon the ionosphere state and changes of intensity in cosmic radio source fluxes. These studies are supplemented by the comparative analysis of the “Odesa” observatory geomagnetic data and the data from some other geomagnetic observatories. Key words: solar activity; monitoring variability of radio sources; magnetic storms; catalog of magnetic storms; magnetic anomaly

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Vieux, Baxter E., and Jeffrey K. Shiner. "Finding the Gateway to Dynamic Design Storms – Representing Local Rainfall Climatology in St. Louis with Rain Gauge and Radar-Derived Synthetic Design Storms." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2012, no. 4 (January 1, 2012): 480–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864712811699951.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Design storms'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles