Journal articles: 'Design of fire protection'

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Hurley, Morgan J., John R. Hall, M. R. Mitchell, and R. E. Link. "Uncertainty in Fire Protection Engineering Design." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 40, no. 1 (2012): 103915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte103915.

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Jiang Feng. "Performance-based Fire Protection Design based on FDS Fire Analysis." Journal of Convergence Information Technology 8, no. 6 (March 31, 2013): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/jcit.vol8.issue6.36.

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Sakumoto, Y. "Research on New Fire-Protection Materials and Fire-Safe Design." Journal of Structural Engineering 125, no. 12 (December 1999): 1415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1999)125:12(1415).

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Kotenko, Vladimir, Vladimir Abrazumov, and Mihail Ermochenkov. "APPLICATION OF ABLATION MATERIALSFOR HEAT PROTECTION OF CABINS OF FIRE-FIGHTING MACHINES." Forestry Engineering Journal 9, no. 4 (January 13, 2020): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2019.4/15.

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Forest fires are accompanied by the release of a huge amount of heat, and the temperature at the edge of a forest fire, where firefighting equipment usually operates, reaches 300-700 °C. Fire engines are exposed to intense heat to extinguish forest fires. The main requirement for the design of such machines is the availability of rational thermal protection. Studies of various methods of thermal protection of cabins have showed the possibility of lowering the temperature on the inner surface of the cabin, but these methods show low efficiency. Protection of cabs from thermal radiation is not provided in the new developments of forest fire machines. It is proposed to use pre-preg coatings to protect cabins of forest fire engines. They are successfully used in spacecraft designs. Recent technologies for the production of such materials, developed recently, have significantly reduced the cost of production of these materials. It expands the possibilities of their application for other equipment subjected to intense heat exposure. The calculations have showed that the heat-protective coatings of the cabins made of pre-pregs quickly warm up to acceptable temperatures. However the use of water reserves in the tank of the car to cool the inside of the cabs provides high protection efficiency even at the limiting values of heat fluxes that occur in the fireplace. At the same time, water is not consumed; it is heated, circulating between the tank and the heat exchanger. The proposed method of protecting cabs of fire machines from thermal radiation is original one. It is a subject of further development.

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Ahn, Jaekwon, Inhwan Yeo, Gyuhwan Cho, and Kyujae Hwang. "Fire Resistance of Steel Composite Beams without Fire Protection." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.5.83.

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In this study, the fire resistance of steel composite beams typically used in building structures was investigated through standard fire and loading tests. For the tests, fire-exposure conditions depending on the steel section shape and load ratio applied to the beams were considered as the test parameters. Based on the test results, the applicability of fire design methods for composite beams recommended in current domestic and overseas fire design codes was analyzed. The results indicate that the current temperature-based design method and reduced flexural capacity method specified by the American Institute of Steel Construction may lead to the conservative fire design of steel composite beams owing to the underestimation of the effects of the fire-exposure conditions and load ratios.

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Jevtić, Radoje. "Differences between standards related to fire protection systems design." Tehnika 76, no. 3 (2021): 386–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika2103386j.

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Fire protection and design of fire protection systems present very important engineering tasks in protection of human lives, animals and material properties. Because of its great significance, everything in fire protection and fire protection systems design must be defined by appropriate standards. There are several different standards in use in different countries around the world. Very often, in solvation of different fire protection tasks, there are many questions asked which standard should be used. There are many similarities between standards, but there are also many differences between standards. Also, some standards don't define at all some cases that can be found in fire protection. This paper was written to present solutions for some particular tasks by some valid standards (EN 54, BS, NPB 88-2001, VDE 088-2 and NFPA 72) in fire protection and differences between them in the same cases.

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Wang, ChangXian, Mingji Chen, Kai Yao, Xiaolei Zhu, and Daining Fang. "Fire protection design for composite lattice sandwich structure." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 24, no. 6 (November 27, 2017): 919–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2015-0525.

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AbstractComposite lattice structures are of considerable mechanical property and multifunctional design flexibility. However, the relatively low operating temperature of polymer composite prevents its application in high temperature or fire-proofing structures. Here, we propose a type of lightweight composite lattice sandwich structure that is capable of fire proofing as well as load bearing. In our design, the composite lattice sandwich structure is filled with heat insulation materials to interdict the thermal radiation and convection between its two facesheets. The top facesheet of the structure is covered with intumescent coating to isolate fire. Moreover, thermoresistant resin or flame retardant is adopted in manufacturing the top facesheet to improve its thermoresistance. A design procedure has been developed for such kind of fire-proofing structure, by which the material and geometry of the structure can be determined according to the fire-proofing effect. It was demonstrated by experiment that a 30-mm-thick structure, designed by the present procedure, was able to isolate 945°C fire load on the exposed surface for 3600 s, keeping the unexposed surface temperature rise below 139°C.

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Tian, Juan Rong. "Environment Protection for Human Behavior in Metro Fire." Applied Mechanics and Materials 508 (January 2014): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.508.255.

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Questionnaire surveys to passengers in metro have been performed. Frequency distribution statistics was conducted about their personal information, environmental information and human behavior information in fire. On the basis on that, the author made a comparison between results of this research and ones of other researches for buildings fires in domestic, and gained a coincident result. These conclusions will provide more accurate and more effective supports for fireproofing design. At the same time, these conclusions also are good for the fire prevention and environment protection.Questionnaire surveys to passengers in metro have been performed. Frequency distribution statistics was conducted about their personal information, environmental information and human behavior information in fire. On the basis on that, the author made a comparison between results of this research and ones of other researches for buildings fires in domestic, and gained a coincident result. These conclusions will provide more accurate and more effective supports for fireproofing design. At the same time, these conclusions also are good for the fire prevention and environment protection.

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Imagawa, Yusuke, Osamu Ohyama, and Akimitsu Kurita. "Design of Fire Protection for Steel Girder Bridges." IABSE Symposium Report 96, no. 6 (January 1, 2009): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137809796088198.

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SAITO, Youhei. "Design of Fire Protection Planting and its Theme." Journal of the Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture 62, no. 3 (1998): 214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5632/jila.62.214.

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Wang, Liu Bing, and Shu Ping Zhang. "Smoke Management System Design for Airport Terminal." Applied Mechanics and Materials 721 (December 2014): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.721.66.

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“Open Cabin” includes a solid roof which has enough fire resistance, covers over the entire region whose fire load is relatively high, such as commercial building with a large area. Performance design using “Open Cabin” concept of big space, is to protect areas whose fire load is relatively high from fire using the local fire protection measures (automatic alarm system, automatic sprinkler system, fire compartment and smoke resistance facilities), in order to make up fire protection measures which cannot be set in full range within big space. Then there is no need to separate big space physically for limiting the spread of fire and smoke.

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Choi, Jae-Young, and Sang-Hoon Byeon. "Overview of the Legal Design Basis for Passive Fire Protection in Korea and the Direction of Further Development." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 1674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041674.

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The design of passive fire protection is applied to minimize the domino effect when a liquid pool fire occurs due to the facilities inside a process plant. In general, the design of passive fire protection has been applied using the API RP 2218 guideline as the basis regardless of the country or owner of the process plant. However, in Korea, legal regulations dictate that explosive areas should be regarded as fireproofing zones rather than following the API RP 2218 guideline. Because liquid pool fires and explosive gas atmospheres are different concepts, it is wrong from an engineering perspective to regard them as the same. Therefore, when a liquid pool fire occurs in a process plant in Korea, it may be more dangerous than in any other countries. In this study, we investigated three categories of fire risk. Korean safety regulations for the design of passive fire protection and others that are not reasonable from an engineering perspective need to be studied and revised. Specifically, Korea needs to revise the design basis of passive fire protection based on the API RP 2218 guideline as a legal standard in accordance with global trends.

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Han, Wuyi. "Difficulties and Countermeasures on Fire Protection Design of Large Commercial Building." World Construction 4, no. 4 (December 28, 2015): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/wcj.v4i4.4.

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<p>Large commercial building has gradually become the main trend in commercial buildings recently. In current national fire protection design specification, the lacking of targeted measures for the fire protection design on such building will bring obsession to building designers during the specific engineering design, and it can easily lead to non-compliance with national specification. Therefore, we propose relevant state departments to publish state technical standard on fire control against fire protection design of large commercial building. Based on the collected information, data and conducted experiments, standardize the fire protection design of such buildings, will effectively avoiding formation of major fire potential. </p>

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Han, Wuyi. "Difficulties and Countermeasures on Fire Protection Design of Large Commercial Building." World Construction 4, no. 4 (December 28, 2015): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/wc.v4i4.14.

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<p>Large commercial building has gradually become the main trend in commercial buildings recently. In current national fire protection design specification, the lacking of targeted measures for the fire protection design on such building will bring obsession to building designers during the specific engineering design, and it can easily lead to non-compliance with national specification. Therefore, we propose relevant state departments to publish state technical standard on fire control against fire protection design of large commercial building. Based on the collected information, data and conducted experiments, standardize the fire protection design of such buildings, will effectively avoiding formation of major fire potential. </p>

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Kim, Jong-Hoon. "Design of Integrated Smart Fire Protection System for Rack Storage." Fire Science and Engineering 34, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.2020.34.1.026.

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It is very difficult to suppress fire by rapid flame spread through flue space between flammable commodities on the rack when a fire occurs in the rack storage. At present, the fire protection system for rack storage in Korea has many issues, and the new fire protection system was designed and developed by it. A smart system using the sensor network and artificial intelligence was designed to detect fire very rapidly and track the location of a fire. In the very early stages, the system was constructed using vertical open sprinkler pipes, wet pipes, and solenoid valves to allow water to spray near fire locations. Based on the design results, the system was installed and tested, and the full-scale test was successfully completed.

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Tanubrata, Maksum. "Fire Safety Design in Building." Jurnal Teknik Sipil 3, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.28932/jts.v3i1.1271.

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The main themes for fire safety planning may be described as follows ; Prevention of outbreak and growth of fire , Fire protection of Building structures, smoke control and escape planning. Fire load in a building can be roughly classified into 3 groups: (a). buildings materials, (b). furniture, and (c). daily goods. Building materials including linings, interior material of walls, ceilings, floors, partition walls, etc, and daily goods such as books, clothes, and so on.

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Poliakova, Tatiana, and Marina Grigoryan. "Fire safety issues in the design and construction of high-rise buildings." MATEC Web of Conferences 196 (2018): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819602014.

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The construction of high-rise buildings has revealed new problems related to fire safety. The peculiarity of the architecture, which is covered in high-rise, in fires creates a danger for a large number of people there, reduces the possibility of their evacuation and rescue. The multifunctionality of such buildings, taking into account the originality of the external and internal views, leads to the difficulty of choosing a constructive system, a large number of utilities and technical systems. To address the issues related to safe operation, stay and evacuation of people is the development of a fire protection system for high-rise buildings, based on the development of: • measures to ensure the durability of buildings or parts thereof againstprogressive collapse due to * ensuring the fire resistance of structures and buildings; • measures to limit the spread of fire in high-rise buildings through theinstallation of fire barriers inside the building and the device of fire breaks between buildings; • measures for ensuring timely and unimpeded evacuation of people andtheir rescue at emergency in high-rise buildings; • systems of active protection of buildings from fire, namely: fire alarm andfire fighting, strong points of fire extinguishing.

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Yu, Chia Chun, Te Chi Chen, Cherng Shing Lin, and Shih Cheng Wang. "Numerical Simulation of the Performance-Based of the Building Fire Protection Safety Evaluation." Key Engineering Materials 531-532 (December 2012): 668–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.531-532.668.

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In order to understand the fire safety of the various types of buildings, we need more flexible and efficient performance-estimating methods to verify fire protection safety in various types of buildings. Assuming can utilize computer fire simulation software CFAST / FDS + Evac to analyze Taiwan's domestic fire cases, in order to understand in the different fires heat flow transfer, and toxic smoke diffuse, and human evacuation to escape, and other important fire parameter characteristics, in the building the fire protection safety evaluating to produce the efficiency. This study is used cases of fires in four-story old-style residential and commercial mixed-use buildings to explain building fire performance-based numerical evaluation methods, and to provide quantitative data and reference information in Taiwan performance-based codes creating and the fire protection to project design is helpful in the buildings.

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Yao, Hong Bo, Da Zhang, and Wei Zhu. "Discussion of the Fireproof Wall Insulation Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 193-194 (August 2012): 360–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.193-194.360.

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This article put forward several suggestions for the design of new type of fire insulation materials, and cited several new types of fire protection materials; advocate the use of fire insulation materials to prevent fires from the material roots.

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Yu, Chia Chun, Shih Cheng Wang, Cherng Shing Lin, and Te Chi Chen. "CFD Application for Performance Based Safety Verification of Reinforced Concrete Beam in Computer Simulation Building Fire." Advanced Materials Research 601 (December 2012): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.601.190.

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More than 90% of the buildings in Taiwan use reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Before or after fire damage, whether the RC structure accord Performance Based Design (PBD) fire code or safe evaluation are important in building fire protection verification. However, obtaining fire thermal parameters detailed quantitative data from building fire tests or actual building fires are difficult. Therefore, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) integration to simulate fire scenarios has been widely utilized in fire protection engineering. This study utilizes Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) fire model and PHOENICS field model software to simulate fire development and beams inner temperature variation. The structural strength estimated using beam cross-sections temperature to investigate dynamic ultimate bending moment (Mu) of RC beams. This integration method can investigate the influence of different beam positions, fire intensity, fire duration and fire damage sustained (two or three faces heated) for RC beams fire protection safe verification.

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Scheibe, Robert R., Tyler Scott, Leland E. Shields, and Richard O. Zerbe. "Design Tradeoffs: The Social Costs of Vehicle Fire Protection." SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems 5, no. 2 (April 16, 2012): 981–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-0985.

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Zhang, Shuo, Jin Yun Pu, and Dong Zhen Li. "Research on Field Simulation Application in Warship Cabin Performance-Based Fire Protection Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 525 (February 2014): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.525.325.

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As the rapid development of warship equipment automation, warship cabin fire protection design in many developed countries has transformed from the prescription approach to Performance-based Fire Protection Design (PFPD). Since the warship is moving offshore structures, its PFPD can fully learn from building PFPD on land. This paper firstly outlined the concepts and methods of building PFPD. Through comparing the similarities and differences of structure and fire-fighting capacity both on warships and in building, the warship cabin PFPD roadmap was proposed. From the perspectives of warship structure and personnel protection, warship PFPD parameters were proposed. Applied field simulation model into quantitative and numerical analysis of the fire compartments and adjacent ones to determine the cabins not meeting the demands of PFPD parameters. According to the analysis, take active or passive optimization fire protection measures making these compartments optimized design to meet structure fireproof parameters, ultimately achieve the fire protection purpose.

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Turkowski, Piotr. "The structural fire design of concrete structures with externally bonded reinforcement and fire protection system." Budownictwo i Architektura 12, no. 1 (March 11, 2013): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2190.

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This work describes the structural fire design process of RC structures with externally bonded reinforcement. First part is based on the calculation method given in EN 1992-1-2 and addresses the question whether the fire protection of externally bonded reinforcement is necessary in every situation? The second part shows what such fire protection should look like and how it should be designed. Moreover, a test procedure for determining the effectiveness of applied fire protection systems to concrete structural members reinforced with FRP, used in Fire Testing Laboratory of Building Research Institute (ITB) is presented.

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Shetty, N. K., C. Guedes Soares, P. Thoft-Christensen, and F. M. Jensen. "Fire safety assessment and optimal design of passive fire protection for offshore structures." Reliability Engineering & System Safety 61, no. 1-2 (July 1998): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0951-8320(97)00124-5.

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Chen, Ying, Xiang Ning Wang, and Dong Jie Bao. "Discussion about Several Questions of High-Rise Building Fire Control Electrical Design and Installation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 970–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.970.

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This paper mainly discusses the fire control electrical systems set in high-rise building. When designing and installing the fire control electrical system, we should pay close attention to following some aspects to ensure the reliability of the fire protection system: the probe system settings, laying electrical wiring, and electrical fire alarm system settings, fire protection telephone, broadcast system.

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Zhang, Shu Ping, and Chan Juan Xu. "The Performance-Based Design of Evacuation of a Conference Center." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 1363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.1363.

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According to the current China fire protection code, the main hall as a fire compartment and its evacuation distance in this conference center both over the standards. To solve the problems, the performance-based design is put forward in the paper, such as setting up the "Quasi safety zone". For the main hall, 4 fire scenarios have been designed, next simulated and analyzed. According the result, setting fire protection facilities such as mechanical smoke control system, can achieve safety of evacuation.

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Rahman, N. Vinky, and Tika Oktaviani. "Evaluation of Passive Fire Protection System on Housing Environment (A Case Study: Perumnas Helvetia Medan)." International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 2, no. 2 (August 20, 2018): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/ijau.v2i2.403.

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Nowadays, housing development wide-spreads in various cities in Indonesia. This is due to the increasing needs of the community towards a safe residence with its complete facilities and infrastructure to support the needs of daily life. Housing is not only build and construct, but it should also have a protection effort to make residential shelter safe from disaster, such as fire. Fires in housing have a high level of risk and danger since it can cause material loss and loss of life. Fire passive protection system is an effort to overcome the fire. The use of passive fire protection system is to facilitate the community and firefighters in extinguishing the fire so that the spread of fire does not propagate to other buildings. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the reliability level of passive fire protection system in the housing environment by doing a case study at Perumnas Helvetia Medan. Then, it was done by giving layout design recommendation of the residential area by passive fire protection system theory of building and environment.

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Cirpici, Burak Kaan. "Design analysis of a steel industrial building with wide openings exposed to fire." Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics 6, no. 3 (September 8, 2020): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjsmec.2020.03.001.

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In order to design a fire-resistant steel structure, the change in the physical and mechanical properties of the steel at high temperatures must be known. As the temperature of steel structural elements increases during fire, their strength decreases considerably. After a certain temperature, these strength drops reach critical levels. Therefore, collapses and various deformations (buckling, arching, etc.) occur. To prevent these collapses during the fire, various fire protection materials must be applied to the structural members such as column and beam. Columns are the most critical structural elements in a steel bearing system. While the possible collapse of the columns may cause the collapse of the whole structure, the beams alone may not cause the collapse of the structure, and the column-beam junctions directly affect the spread of fire. Since there will be many openings and gaps in industrial buildings, the spread and growth of a possible fire becomes very serious. Special fire protection measures are therefore required. In this study, the behavior of a steel industrial structure designed and designed under the influence of Standard Fire (ISO 834) was investigated, the distribution of the temperatures in the structural elements was determined, the required fire protection material was selected, and both protected and unprotected steel temperatures were determined. This design against fire is designed to provide fire resistance for 1 hour (60 min) for this structure. During this period, the type and optimum thickness of the protection material to be applied before reaching the critical temperature values for which the strength of the steel material would lose and would be damaged and compared with the temperatures that would occur in the structural elements without applying fire protection. According to the findings of the study, it was concluded that 25 mm drywall box protection material should be applied on the inner columns and 20 mm on the edge columns and 15 mm on the corner columns. In addition to this, it was concluded that spray beams (intumescent coating) of different thicknesses between 15-20 mm were applied to the beams depending on the location and the load to be affected and the type of joint. After these applied passive fire protection materials, the temperatures obtained in the structural elements reached to 500-550 as a result of 1-hour fire design. These temperatures are acceptable temperature values given the strength drop in critical temperature ranges for steel under the 1-hour fire condition.

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Zain, Abdul. "Rancang Bangun Sistem Proteksi Kebakaran Menggunakan Smoke dan Heat Detector." INTEK: Jurnal Penelitian 3, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/intek.v3i1.25.

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Abstract—The growth of rapid development in the big cities but without well planning in terms of fire prevention and the things that can cause a fire, for example electrical installations and gas that can either lead to frequent fires in the residential homes. The aim of the study is to prevent fires by detecting the presence of smoke and excessive heat around the house and protect the occurrence of fires that have wide impacts. The outcome of the fire protection design using smoke and heat detector based on microcontroller is to detect both smoke and heat hazards. If there is a danger of smoke or heat, then the system will provide a warning alarm, provide the path to the door emergency evacuation, and provide protection to extinguish the fire before the fire was enlarged.

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Geoffroy, Laura, Fabienne Samyn, Maude Jimenez, and Serge Bourbigot. "Intumescent Polymer Metal Laminates for Fire Protection." Polymers 10, no. 9 (September 6, 2018): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10090995.

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Intumescent paints are applied on materials to protect them against fire, but the development of novel chemistries has reached some limits. Recently, the concept of “Polymer Metal Laminates,” consisting of alternating thin aluminum foils and thin epoxy resin layers has been proven efficient against fire, due to the delamination between layers during burning. In this paper, both concepts were considered to design “Intumescent Polymer Metal Laminates” (IPML), i.e., successive thin layers of aluminum foils and intumescent coatings. Three different intumescent coatings were selected to prepare ten-plies IPML glued onto steel substrates. The IPMLs were characterized using optical microscopy, and their efficiency towards fire was evaluated using a burn-through test. Thermal profiles obtained were compared to those obtained for a monolayer of intumescent paint. For two of three coatings, the use of IPML revealed a clear improvement at the beginning of the test, with the slopes of the curves being dramatically decreased. Characterizations (expansion measurements, microscopic analyses, in situ temperature, and thermal measurements) were carried out on the different samples. It is suggested that the polymer metal laminates (PML) design, delays the carbonization of the residue. This work highlighted that design is as important as the chemistry of the formulation, to obtain an effective fire barrier.

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Weisheim, Waldemar, Peter Schaumann, Lisa Sander, and Jochen Zehfuß. "Numerical model for the fire protection performance and the design of intumescent coatings on structural steel exposed to natural fires." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 11, no. 1 (August 30, 2019): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-01-2019-0004.

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Purpose This paper aims to deal with the experimental and numerical investigations of the fire protection performance of a waterborne intumescent coating (IC) on structural steel in case of natural fires. Based on own small-scale laboratory tests, an advanced numerical model is developed to simulate the fire protection performance of the investigated coating in case of arbitrary fire scenarios. The insulation efficiency of the coating is described within the model by temperature and heating rate-dependent material properties, such as expansion factors, thermal conductivity and heat capacity. The results of the numerical model are compared to own large-scale fire tests of an unloaded I-section beam and column. Design/methodology/approach As natural fires can show arbitrary regimes, the material properties of the waterborne IC are investigated for various heating rates. Based on these investigations, a material model for the IC is implemented in the finite element program ABAQUS. With the help of user subroutines, the material properties of the coating are introduced for both the heating and cooling phase of natural fires, allowing for two- and three-dimensional thermomechanical analyses of coated steel elements. Findings The results of the performed small-scale laboratory tests show a heating rate-dependent behavior of the investigated coating. The mass loss as well as the expansion of the coating change with the heating rate. Moreover, the material properties obtained on small scale are valid for large scale. Therefore, a material model could be developed that is suitable to reproduce the results of the large-scale fire tests. Additionally, with the help of the numerical model, a dimensioning approach for the dry film thickness (DFT) of the investigated coating is derived for arbitrary natural fires. Research limitations/implications The material properties presented in this paper are only valid for the investigated waterborne IC and the parameter area that was chosen. However, the developed modeling approach for the fire protection performance of ICs is general and can be applied for every coating that is part of the intumescent product family. Originality/value Until now, only few research works have been carried out on the fire protection performance of ICs under non-standard fire exposure. This paper deals extensively with the material properties and the material modeling of a waterborne IC exposed to natural fires. Especially, the laboratory examinations and the numerical simulations are unique and allow for new evaluation possibilities of ICs.

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Oh, Heunggyoo, and Sehong Min. "Seismic Design Optimization Method of Fire Hydrants." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 21, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2021.21.2.81.

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As per the revisions to the Korean Building Code and the Seismic Design Code for fire protection systems in accordance with the Common Applications of the Seismic Design Code by the Ministry of the Interior and Safety, earthquake load and structural safety of a non-structural element are considered as important parameters for a fire protection system. In Richter scale 5.0 or higher earthquake damage cases occurring in Gyeongju (2016) and Pohang (2017), walls and hydrant boxes were broken or deformed such that their doors could not be opened. Therefore, the breakage, deformation, and detachment of hydrants and internal devices without the seismic design caused malfunction and increased the fire risk. In this study, the earthquake load was calculated according to the seismic design regulation on the hydrant box and the structural stability was verified by 3D model review, structural analysis simulation, the structural member, and the anchorage for performance. Moreover, an optimized seismic design plan was proposed by analyzing and comparing the simulation result for the factors governing the seismic design performance of a fire hydrant box.

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Gašpercová, Stanislava, and Linda Makovická Osvaldová. "Fire Protection in Various Types of Wooden Structures." Civil and Environmental Engineering 11, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cee-2015-0007.

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Abstract Design of new modern systems for low energy efficient construction in a passive, zero standard or energy-autonomous buildings, as well as the increased popularity of solid wood construction means intervention into the very structure of its statics, building physics, but also fire properties. Some prototype design solutions are not verified whether the tests, by good computational analysis or verification of long-term use of the building. In the context of changing standards in building design, new approaches are needed. If in wooden buildings the potential risk of fire is higher than other buildings, we need special methods, materials and practical skills.

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Greulich, Francis E. "Modeling Airtanker Flight Distance between Concurrent Fires: The Development and Use of Statistical Distribution Parameters." Forest Science 54, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/54.1.47.

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Abstract Airtankers, while actively engaging in initial attack, are sometimes reassigned and flown directly to another randomly occurring initial attack fire. Airtanker system planning that means to incorporate this fire-to-fire transfer activity needs information about the flight distance between these randomly located fires. Moments of the distance distribution, derived in this article, can be used to characterize and evaluate fire-to-fire airtanker dispatch within and between protection areas. A hypothetical example illustrates how a proposed change in an airtanker protection zone can affect not only airbase-to-fire flight distance but also fire-to-fire flight distance. In this example, the expected airbase-to-fire distance and the expected total transfer-flight distance are both significantly reduced, but at the same time, somewhat unexpectedly, the average fire-to-fire flight distance actually increases. The discovery and quantification of such unanticipated results can potentially influence airtanker system design. These key system design parameters can now be obtained through the exceedingly fast and accurate analytical methods presented here.

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Wu, Wen Zhong. "On Fire Severity of Building in Performance-Based Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 733 (February 2015): 437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.733.437.

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Analyzing fire severity of designed fire scene is necessary for building fire protection. Ordinary building fire times are calculated from statistic data of their fire heat release rates. Building fire is modeled mathematically to deduce its time-temperature function. Basing on this function curve and Simon Ingberg’s fire severity definition, we establish fire severity classification theory for building fire, including definition and equation of its fire severity, and definition of its fire severity coefficient along with calculation of those coefficients of ordinary combustible solids, and calculation and classification steps for building fire severity.

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Pau, Duncan, and Fleischmann. "Performance-Based Fire Engineering Design of a Heritage Building: McDougall House Case Study." Safety 5, no. 3 (July 17, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety5030045.

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The application of a performance-based fire engineering design has enabled the conservation of a heritage building in New Zealand. McDougall House is a two-story heritage building which suffered extensive damages during the Canterbury earthquakes in 2010 and 2011. The scope of the conservation plan included the preservation and restoration of the building external façade, the restoration of the ornamental plasterwork ceiling within the Ballroom, the reconstruction of all damaged internal lath and plaster linings, the adaptation of the fireplace, and the reconstruction of the damaged chimney. The fire engineering design adopted is the Verification Method C/VM2 with As Nearly As is Reasonably Practicable consideration for the heritage fabrics of the building. The combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses has demonstrated the building design compliance with the 10 design scenarios of C/VM2. These analyses include the assessment of minimum means of escape and fire protection provisions, the assessment of allowable unprotected areas in the external wall for horizontal fire spread, the assessment of firefighting provisions, the smoke and egress modelling of proposed design fires, and the benefit versus sacrifice analysis on the heritage fabrics. The application of C/VM2 results in an upgrade to the fire safety and fire protection systems of the building while also retaining and enhancing its heritage value.

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Scott, Peter. "An Overview Of Optimising Passive Fire Protection Using A Limiting Temperature By Structural Assessment." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/2040-2317.5.1.25.

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The British Standards and the Eurocodes both cover the design of steel structures in fire. These provide designers with the opportunity to exploit the properties of structural steel to its maximum capacity in the fire limit state, termed Structural Fire Engineering. This allows fire protection measures to be integrated into structural design as part of the passive fire protection specification. If used effectively in the specification process it can bring significant benefits to the project, including robust and safe designs, quantified structural performance and cost savings.The suitability of a member in a structural design is generally governed by serviceability limitations such as deflection. Generally this approach provides a conservative working stress for the steel sections of approximately 50% of their overall capacity. Within the UK, this simplified approach led to the development of prescribed limiting steel temperatures of 550°C for columns and 620°C for beams.Best-practice industry guidance published in the UK encourages designers to specify a limiting steel temperature together with the fire resistance period as part of the overall steelwork specification. Passive fire protection is generally specified post design-stage at a contractor or applicator level and sometimes very little is known about the limiting steel temperature.This paper provides an overview of the fire protection specification and provides advice on structural fire engineering to determine a limiting steel temperature and the benefits that can be gained from doing so. The paper highlights how supplier expertise in fire engineering approaches and product performance knowledge can bring value to a design and play an important role in providing safe, cost effective and compliant solutions.

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Chen, Chang Kun, Wei Zhang, and Dong Zhang. "Fire Protection Design for Steel Staggered-Truss Framing System Based on Mechanical Performance Calculation." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 3663–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.3663.

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An optimizing strategy, based on the performance calculation of mechanical properties under high temperature, was proposed to study the method of fire protection design for steel staggered-truss framing system (SSTFS). That is, the whole elastic-plastic process of the structure is investigated using the finite element method firstly, and the components which appear plastic deformation easily are found, and then their fire resistance rating would be enhanced especially. In comparison with the traditional regular fire protection strategy, it is confirmed that the fire resistant capacity of the SSTFS can be improved dramatically. And the security of the structure could be ensured, while the required volume of fire protection coatings is reduced.

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Mufida, Milla Rosa, and Tri Martiana. "SISTEM TANGGAP DARURAT KEBAKARAN DI GEDUNG ADMINISTRASI PERUSAHAAN LISTRIK." Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 8, no. 1 (March 26, 2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijosh.v8i1.2019.47-56.

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Fire is an accident that can cause many losses. One of building safety requirements are application system of fire emergency response. The building contained a safety against fire hazard through the protection system of active and passive protection. This research aims to study fire emergency response system the administration building of PT PJB UP. PAITON in 2015. The variables are policy, procedures, organization, simulation training, communication and emergency response system for prevention and mitigation fires. The system of fire prevention and countermeasure are active and passive protection system. This was an observational study with cross-sectional design. This study was comparing the data observations and interviews with regulation Health Ministry of Indonesia 2010, international standard NFPA 10, 13, 14 and 72 and Kepmen PU No. 10/KPTS/2000. The result show that building have 4th floor and more than 200 employee, so need protection when there are fire building. Policy, procedure and organization unresolved by management industry. Simulation training has routine every 1 year. Communication of emergency response are good action. Active protection system are sufficient compliance with the standard. Passive protection system exist that do not meet the requirements. The results show that emergency response management system fire and fire prevention and countermeasure system still needs to be improved, especially in the management system. Keywords: administration building, electrical industry, fire emergency response system

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Kim, Jun-Kyoung, and Keesin Jeong. "Uniform Hazard Spectrum for Seismic Design of Fire Protection Facilities." Fire Science and Engineering 31, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.2017.31.1.026.

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Wainwright, Charles E. R., Albert C. K. Leung, and Raymond Leonard. "An integrated estimation and design system for fire protection equipment." Integrated Manufacturing Systems 8, no. 6 (December 1997): 388–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09576069710188896.

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Landucci, Gabriele, Francesco Rossi, Cristiano Nicolella, and Severino Zanelli. "Design and testing of innovative materials for passive fire protection." Fire Safety Journal 44, no. 8 (November 2009): 1103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.08.004.

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Bailey, C. G. "Fire Engineering Design of Steel Structures." Advances in Structural Engineering 8, no. 3 (July 2005): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1369433054349141.

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Owing to its high thermal conductivity exposed structural steel will increase in temperature very quickly during a fire losing strength and stiffness. Designers must ensure that steel-framed buildings maintain sufficient stability, for a reasonable period of time, should a fire occur. A number of design approaches are available, of varying complexity, to ensure adequate fire safety. This paper explains the available design methods, including recent innovative approaches, ranging from the simple prescriptive approach of ‘blindly’ covering all exposed areas of steel with fire protection to carrying out a performance-based approach where the likely fire severity, heat transfer and structural response are considered. The advantages and disadvantages are summarised, for each of the design methods described, allowing the optimum solution for individual projects to be determined.

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Hassan Mohammed Ali, Akram, and Weidong Yu. "Thermal protective performance of multilayer fire fighting fabric." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 26, no. 3 (May 27, 2014): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-03-2013-0032.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate thermal protection provided by the fire fighting fabric systems with different layer under high-level thermal hazards with a typical temperature range of 800-1,000°C. The purpose of these fabric systems was to provide actual protection against burn injuries using garments worn by industrial workers, fire fighters and military personnel, etc. Design/methodology/approach – The fabric system was consist of glass with aluminum foil as an outer layer, non-woven basalt, non-woven glass fabric containing NaCl-MgCl2 and Galactitol phase change materials (PCM) which simulate multilayer fire fighter protective clothing system. Thermal protective performance tests were applied for thermal analysis and used as an attempt to quantify the insulating characteristics of fabrics under conditions of flash over temperature. The surface of fire fighting multilayer protective fabric has been characterized using the UV-Vis-NIR (ultraviolet-visible-near infrared) spectrophotometer Findings – The clothing shows good thermal insulation and high-temperature drop during flash over environment and avoid second degree burn. The current PCM obvious advantages such as the ability to work in high temperature, high efficiency a long period of practical performance. Originality/value – Using this design of composite multilayer technology incorporating two stages of PCM may provide people with better protection against the fire exposure and increasing the duration time which was estimated to be more than five minutes to prevent burn injuries.

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Takács, Lajos Gábor. "Fire Protection Aspects of Low-Energy Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 899 (February 2014): 543–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.899.543.

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Structures of low energy buildings and passive houses are different from traditional buildings: thick thermal insulations often made of combustible materials -, lightweight skeleton frame loadbearing structures, timber frame constructions are common. Based on laboratory tests of lightweight building products, building structure design principles and the first fire events in passive houses, this article summarizes the main fire protection problems of passive house structures and gives recommendations for appropriate construction of these houses in fire protection aspects.

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Wang, Peng Fei. "The Application and Research of Performance-Based Fire Protection Design on Reconstruction Project." Applied Mechanics and Materials 578-579 (July 2014): 1419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.578-579.1419.

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When large building being renovation, the new fire control design problem has being came out. A comprehensive transformation of architectural analysis and performance-based fire safety design is very important. In this paper, performance-based fire safety design in the transformation of engineering for the issue, analyze and explain the design of specific operating plans and evacuation design should be pay attention to.

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Xue, Xiao Nan, and Wei Hong Song. "Performance-Based Fire-Protection Partition Study of a Commercial Center Project." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 3138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.3138.

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This paper discuss the fire objective of commercial center integrating the shopping mall and Wal-Mart supermarket etc., and also the auxiliary engineering project of commercial and residential buildings composed by high-rise residential areas. "Fuel Island" design method is adopted to prevent the radiation and spread across functional areas including dining area and commercial area. The maximum heat release rate of fires at various scenes is also determined by different approaches, and then the larger value is taken as the final fire scale.

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Mustafa Mammadova, Gunay. "DESIGN PROTECTION STANDARTS IN INTERNATIONAL TREATIES." SCIENTIFIC WORK 65, no. 04 (April 23, 2021): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/65/310-313.

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Despite the local application of the law, the attacks on intellectual property rights regardless of borders have created the necessity to protect these rights at the international level. The fact that each country has its own legal system and judicial system makes holders vulnerable in terms of protection and enforcement of their rights. In the global market, a consumer-approved design owner must register in 200 different countries and file a lawsuit against the offender. A number of international agreements have been adopted, taking into account the difficulties associated with the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights. This article describes some important international treaties about legal protection of industrial design. Key words: industrial design, convention, international law, agreement, international protection

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Maharani, Fandita Tonyka, Azizah Musliha Fitri, and Arga Buntara. "THE ANALYSIS OF FIRE ENGINEERING AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL AT BUILDING X UNIVERSITY Y YEAR 2018." Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 8, no. 1 (March 26, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijosh.v8i1.2019.57-65.

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Jakarta Provincial Fire and Rescue Agency mentioned that the capital approximately has 900 high building, however only 20 % of them possessed adequate safety precaution. Data from the Jakarta Provincial Fire and Rescue Agency show that in 2018, 1,106 fire cases caused economic loss worth around Rp 151,498,186,111. Building X University Y is used every day with more than 500 occupants for education purpose. The aim of this study was to analyze fire engineering and administrative controls in the building according to the standards (National Fire Protection Association standards and the Regulation of Minister of Public Works No. 26/PRT/M/2008). This study used analytical descriptive design with direct observation as study method. The study was conducted in July 2018. The study found that the building has not met the adequate standards yet, such as active and passive protection systems, and the means of the evacuation system. There were no active protection systems. The only implemented passive protection system was a compartmentation system which divided the building into cells designed to resist the fire spread when it happens. There were no other passive protection systems found in the structure. All doors and windows were made of woods and glasses. There were no means of evacuation in the building. There were no administrative controls in the building. Appropriate controls are required in the building, involving fire engineering and administrative controls because the building lack of fire protective and precaution systems.Keywords: evacuation system, fire control, protection system

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Chow, W. K. "Study on passenger train vehicle fires." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 211, no. 2 (March 1, 1997): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954409971530932.

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The fire aspects of passenger train vehicles for two of the railway lines (labelled as A and B) in Hong Kong are discussed. Train compartments of railway line A are of enclosed construction whereas vehicles in railway line B are opened to each other. Reference is made to the smoke filling process as this is identified to be the most important aspect in a fire. Simulations with the fire model ASET were performed in train vehicles for railway line A to study the probable smoke temperature and smoke layer interface height for different fires. The fire zone model CFAST and the CORRIDOR menu of the fire protection engineers' tool FPEtool are used to study the fire environment in the train vehicles for railway line B. Results confirmed that smoke is the key factor to consider. Recommendations for providing better fire protection design and fire safety management are made.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Design of fire protection'

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