Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Design of Experiement (DOE)'

Although there is a large body of literature exploring the topic of knowledge management, most of the focus is on its application to industry. Seldom has a research priority been placed on the use of knowledge management in a university setting. This research investigated the impact of applying a knowledge management system -- Knowledge Net -- to the students in a course about designing learning activities with interactive multimedia at the University of Waterloo. A design experiment method was employed. Eight students were engaged in the study. The purpose of the design experiment was to investigate the students' response towards Knowledge Net, their ability to absorb and apply the knowledge gained from Knowledge Net, and the incentives that encouraged them to share and retrieve knowledge from the system. The findings will be helpful for the people who want to practice knowledge management in a university setting. The study results revealed that initially students had a positive attitude towards the potential value of the information in Knowledge Net. However, at the end of their design experiment, they reported a low expectation that students could learn from and apply the information in Knowledge Net. The reasons varied. It may be that they failed to truly understand the knowledge or to trust the source of information. Many students habitually prefer face-to-face contact with their counterparts to computers. As a result, the study suggested a few ways to improve the absorption of knowledge and to enhance the behavior of knowledge sharing. These new directions include: arranging personal meetings between the providers and recipients of knowledge, playing videos of other students sharing knowledge on Knowledge Net, increasing the level of encouragement and guidance from the instructor on use of the system, and applying situated learning and case studies. In addition, grading students on their use of Knowledge Net may be a useful incentive to help students make more effective use of Knowledge Net.

Na manufactura aeroespacial,para um dado intervalo de tempo imposto,os requisitos de qualidade têm de ser cumpridos.O custo operacional tem um pesado impacto,especial mente em operações repetidas,como a operação de furação decompósitos na indústria aeroespacial.É realizado um estudo da furação em compósitos,em particular dos bordos de ataque dos Estabilizadores dos jatos executivos Embraer Legacy 450/500 e Praetor 500/600. Este estudo consiste na análise do desempenho das máquinas pneumáticas e introdução de máquinas semi-automáticas com parâmetros programáveis.Os dados recolhidos nas operações de furação com diferentes parâmetros e aplicação do conceito de Planeamento de Ensaios(hiper cubos Latinos)para uma análise eficiente,visam in crementar o conhecimento sobre a furação,e de terminar os parâmetros mais adequados para cada geometria de ferramenta.Neste contexto,aumentou-se a vida útil da broca; ABSTRAT: In aerospace manufacturing, for a given imposed time interval, quality requirements must be met. Operating costs have a significant impact, especially on repeated operations, such as the drilling of composites in the aerospace industry. A composite drilling study is carried out, in particular the leading edges of the Embraer Legacy 450/500 and Praetor 500/600 Executive Jet Stabilizers. This study is accomplished by a performance analysis of pneumatic machines and the introduction of semi-automatic machines with programmable parameters. The data collected in drilling operations with different parameters and the application of the concept of Design of Experiments (specifically Latin hypercubes) for an efficient analysis, aim to increase the knowledge about drilling, and to determine the most appropriate parameters for each tool geometry. In this context, the operational life of the drill was increased

The reliability of a mechanical system containing electronic packages is highly affectedby the environment the system is stationed in. The difference and fluctuationsbetween the ambient temperature and the operating temperature of the electronicpackage cause accumulation of inelastic strains in the package components thusdecreasing the service life. The most common failure modes of an electronic packagehas been identified from inspection of malfunctioning machines as cracks in the solderjoint and delamination between the glue and the die. Knowledge regarding therelationships between parameters affecting these failure modes, which are importantand which are not, is of high interest when developing new and existing products. SAAB AB would like to develop a methodology using design exploration to allow forevaluation of electronic packages using nonlinear finite element methods. A surrogate model was created and parameterized with HyperMorph to be used forthree linear static variations of design of experiments, where both the performance ofthe methods themselves and the relative importance of the parameters were ofinterest. A connectivity condition was also implemented to allow for relativemovement between components while keeping the mesh intact. The designexploration was executed using a Taguchi design, a Modified extensive latticesequence design and a fractional factorial design where the three methods werecompared as well as the parameter significance analysed. An optimization was thenperformed to find the optimal parameter settings within the allowed bounds to beused where a nominal model and an optimized model are evaluated with animplemented creep law. The fatigue life of the two models were then estimated.
Tillförlitligheten hos ett mekaniskt system med elektroniska kretsar påverkas starkt av miljön systemet används i. Skillnader och fluktuationer mellan omgivningens temperatur och arbetstemperaturen för de elektroniska kretsarna orsakar ackumulering av inelastiska töjningar, därmed förkortas det mekaniska systemets livstid. Dem vanligaste fel-moderna för en elektronisk krets har identifierats genom inspektion av felande maskiner som sprickbildning i lödfogarna och delaminering mellan processorn och dess lim. Kunskap hur förhållandet mellan parametrar som påverkar dessa fel-moder, vilka som är viktiga och vilka som inte är viktiga är av högt intresse vid utveckling av nya och redan existerande produkter. SAAB AB vill utveckla en metodik som utnyttjar statistisk försöksplanering för analyserande av elektroniska kretsar med hjälp av olinjära finita element metoder för att kunna spegla dess beteende på ett realistiskt sätt. En surrogatmodell skapades och parametriserades med hjälp av HyperMorph för att användas inom tre statiskt linjära varianter av statistisk försöksplanering, där både metodens prestanda och den relativa påverkan från parametrarna var av intresse. Ett kontaktvillkor implementerades för att tillåta relativ rörelse mellan komponenter samtidigt som nätet av finita element hölls intakt. Försöksplaneringsimuleringar utfördes med en Taguchi design, en Modified extensive lattice sequence design och en fractional factorial design, där de tre metoderna jämfördes mot varandra samt analyserades vad gäller respektive parametersignifikansen. Med optimering fanns sedan en optimal modell för att kunna jämföras med en nominell modell där en kryplag implementerades i lödfogen. Livslängden beräknades sedan för båda modeller.

Many corporations over the world showed evidence of getting positive benefits from using design and analysis of experiments (DOE), however, some others did not. Companies did not use DOE or failed in using it (for some reasons) might lose their opportunities of getting those benefits which their counterparts received. Despite the advantages of. DOE, the technique is not commonly used by management. The purpose of this research is to investigate why the technique is not applied more often and hence suggestions are made to help rectify the situation. The research covered four main stages: literature review, samples of representative literature, questionnaire survey via the Internet and a case study using action research methodology being carried out in a printed circuit board company in Hong Kong. Triangulation was used in this research in order to uncover knowledge about the topic of study and tradeoff bias caused. A random sampling method and a judgmental sampling method were used in the samples of representative literature. Subsequently, two questionnaire surveys via the Internet were respectively conducted. The snowball sampling method was used to contact targeted companies. Data and information received from the surveyed companies on the use, or not, of DOE were collected and analyzed. The results and findings of the two questionnaire surveys indicated of what, how and why companies use, or not use, of DOE in their operations. A case study using action research methodology was also carried out in a local company. The action research was three-fold: (I) the researcher (i.e. the author) conducted DOE training to a team of staff, (2) trained staff undertook a current industrial problem and resolved it by using DOE, and (3) the company changed from the state of 'non-use of DOE' to the one of 'use of DOE' for better performance practices. Feedbacks from top management and the staff enriched the researcher to answer the posed research questions and achieved the objectives of the whole study.

At Acreo AB located in Norrköping, Sweden, research and development in the field of organic electronics have been conducted since 1998. Several electronic devices and systems have been realized. In late 2003 a commercial printing press was installed to test large scale production of these devices. Prior to the summer of 2005 the project made significant progress. As a step towards industrialisation, the variability and yield of the printing process needed to bee studied. A decision to implement Statistical Process Control (SPC) and Design of Experiments (DOE) to evaluate and improve the process was taken.

SPC has been implemented on the EC-patterning step in the process. A total of 26 Samples were taken during the period October-December 2005. An - and s-chart were constructed from these samples. The charts clearly show that the process is not in statistical control. Investigations of what causes the variation in the process have been performed. The following root causes to variation has been found:

PEDOT:PSS-substrate sheet resistance and poorly cleaned screen printing drums.

After removing points affected by root causes, the process is still not in control. Further investigations are needed to get the process in control. Examples of where to go next is presented in the report. In the DOE part a four factor full factorial experiment was performed. The goal with the experiment was to find how different factors affects switch time and life length of an electrochromic display. The four factors investigated were: Electrolyte, Additive, Web speed and Encapsulation. All statistical analysis was performed using Minitab 14. The analysis of measurements from one day and seven days after printing showed that:

- Changing Electrolyte from E230 to E235 has small effect on the switch time

- Adding additives Add1 and Add2 decreases the switch time after 1 and 7 days

- Increasing web speed decreases the switch time after 1 and 7 days

- Encapsulation before UV-step decreases the switch time after 7 days

Orientador: Auteliano Antunes dos Santos Junior
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar e aplicar uma metodologia que possa ser utilizada nos diagnósticos de falhas, a priori, com causas desconhecidas ou diferentes das já conhecidas, por equipes de desenvolvimento de novos produtos. Esse tipo de falha acontece principalmente quando trata-se de produtos inovadores e ocorrem durante o processo de validação e mesmo após o início da produção. A metodologia se baseia na aplicação de Planejamento de Experimentos em conjunto com Árvore de Falhas para a quantificação das importâncias das causas raiz. Como resultado do trabalho é possível identificar quais parâmetros são os principais candidatos a causadores da falha e hierarquizar as causas. É possível ainda verificar as interações entre as causas, se existirem. A combinação entre métodos proposta pode ser inserida em metodologias de projeto consagradas, como o Projeto para Seis Sigma (DFSS), criando uma nova forma de desenvolver projetos inovadores
Abstract: The present work aims to present and apply a methodology that can be used on failures diagnosis, with unknown or different causes from those already known by the development team. This kind of failure happens mainly along the design of innovative products and occurs during the validation process or in the infant life phase. The methodology is based on Design of Experiments, which is applied together with Failure Tree Analysis to quantify the importance of each root cause. From the results of this work it is possible to identify what are the main causes related to the fault and rank them. It is also possible to verify whether there are interactions between the causes or not. The methodology proposed joining both methods can be inserted unusual design methodologies as Design of Six Sigma, creating a new way to develop and improve innovative designs
Mestrado
Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

This project aims to investigate the effect of varying different laser cutting parameters on the laser cut surface. The parameters that were varied were cutting speed, beam effect, gas pressure and focal point. The statistical method Design of Experiment was used to plan the experiments and two full factorial test plans were set up, one with argon as cooling and protective gas and one with nitrogen. Sheet metal consisting of the superalloy HAYNES ® 282 with a thickness of 2,54 mm was investigated. Samples from the material were cut with different laser cutting parameters according to the test plans. The samples were evaluated by measuring cracks, recast layer thickness, surface irregularity, burr height and distance to beam deflection point on the cut surface. The resulting data was inserted as responses into the statistical program Modde 10.1 for analysis. Modde 10.1 provided models of high significance for the responses of Recast layer, Tav; Recast layer, Tmax; Burrheight, max and Distance to deflection point for the argon series and Recast layer, Tav and Recast layer, Tmax for the nitrogen series. The results showed that both recast layer thickness and burr height decreases with increased values of cutting speed, gas pressure and focal point as well as decreased values of beam effect within the parameter window investigated. They also showed that distance to deflection point increased with increasing values of gas pressure and focal point and with decreased values of cutting speed and beam effect within the parameter window. The results also showed that for the samples cut with argon as cooling and assistant gas the parameters that affects the recast layer thickness the most are focal point and gas pressure, whereas for the nitrogen series it is gas pressure and beam effect. The parameter with greatest effect on burr height is the cutting speed and for the distance to deflection point it is focal point and gas pressure that have the greatest effect. When comparing the argon and the nitrogen series to each other it can be seen that the argon series generate less recast layer from the entry of the cut until between 60 – 80 % into the cut, after which the argon series bypasses the nitrogen series in amount of recast layer produced in the cutting process in the majority of the places measured.
Projektet syftar till att undersöka effekten på den laserskurna ytan då laserskärningsparametrar varieras. Parametrarna som varierades var skärhastighet, lasereffekt, gastryck och fokalpunkt. Den statistiska metoden Design of Experiments användes för att planera experimenten. Två stycken fullskaligt faktoriella försöksplaner skapades, en med argon som skärgas och en med kväve som skärgas. Undersökningen gjordes på plåt bestående av superlegeringen HAYNES ® 282 med en tjocklek på 2,54 mm. Provbitar från materialet skars ut utifrån försöksplanerna med olika laserinställningar under skärprocessen. Provbitarna utvärderades genom att mäta sprickor, tjockleken på det omsmälta materialet, ytojämnheten, gradhöjden och avståndet till laserstrålens avböjningspunkt på den laserskurna ytan. Resultaten användes för analys i det statistiska programmet Modde 10.1. Modde 10.1 bidrog med modeller av hög signifikans för responserna Recast layer, Tav; Recast layer, Tmax; Burrheight, max and Distance to deflection point för argonserien och Recast layer, Tav och Recast layer, Tmax för kväveserien. Resultaten visar att både tjockleken på omsmält material och gradhöjden avtar med ökande värden på skärhastighet, gastryck och fokalpunkt samt minskande värden på lasereffekt inom det undersökta parameterfönstret. De visade också att till laserstrålens avböjningspunkt på den laserskurna ytan ökade med ökande värden på gastryck och fokalpunkt och med minskande värden på skärhastighet och lasereffekt inom parameterfönstret. Resultaten visade också att de parametrar som i störst utsträckning påverkar tjockleken på det omsmälta materialet för provbitarna i argonserien är fokalpunkt och gastryck, medan det för kväveserien är gastryck och lasereffekt. Parametern som har högst inverkar på gradhöjden är skärhastigheten, medan fokalpunkt och gastryck har störst effekt på avståndet till laserstrålens avböjningspunkt på den laserskurna ytan. Om kväveserien och argonserien jämförs med varandra kan det observeras att argonserien generellt genererar mindre omsmält material än kväveserien från det att laserstrålen träder in i materialet till dess att den är mellan 60 och 80 % in i snittet, vartefter argonserien går förbi kväveserien i mängd omsmält material på majoriteten av mätställen.

Content: For sustainable developments the chemical industry is continuously looking for technical innovations with wide potential implications. The Design of Experiments (DOE) approach has been proven to be a powerful tool in determining the relationship between factors affecting certain output variables. This is done to establish a 'cause and effect' relationship and eventually realize output optimization. In order to evaluate whether DOE can be implemented for improving our products and processes, a case study, focusing on the synthesis and production of traditional phenolic syntans was carried out within our R&D department. Although we can influence properties by application, the effect a retanning agent has on leather originates to a large extent from the chemistry involved. To understand interactions and the possibilities of targeted improvements of the production process, a DOE factorial design approach was used to identify the control parameters and their interactions in our phenolic syntan recipes that influence the various properties and effects. Instead of trial-and-error or one-factor-at-a-time practices, DOE made it possible to limit the number of lab experiments to one third (1/3) of the amount needed for completing our study. As a result, a much deeper and more consistent understanding of the building blocks’ interactions and how these influence the chemical process of phenolic syntan synthesis has been gained. This includes the amount of different building blocks, their molar ratios as well as process conditions. Aiming at achieving optimal efficiency for various projects, right now we are looking at possibilities in implementing DOE within Smit & zoon. Take-Away: The Design of Experiments (DOE) approach is a powerful tool in realizing process and product improvements. DOE factorial design can be used to identify control parameters and their interactions in a wide reage of (industrial) applications. DOE has been proven to be efficient and effective in optimizing phenolic syntan recipes and production process.

Shaft mounted speed reducers are used in material handling applications, such as conveyor systems for transporting ore out of mine shafts. A subbase joins the reducer with an electric motor, and serves to limit the misalignment between the motor shaft and the reducer input shaft. The entire assembly is supported at two points: the axis of rotation of the reducer output shaft, which is fixed, and a clevis-pin joint under the motor, which prevents rotation of the assembly about the reducer output shaft axis. In an effort to reduce the production and material costs of subbases that support shaft mounted reducers, Rexnord Corp. is implementing subbase designs that are lighter weight and easier to manufacture than current designs. Impeding the implementation of lower cost designs is the lack of an equation to properly choose subbase dimensions for acceptable values of shaft misalignment. Trial and error in subbase construction may provide designs that give acceptable results for misalignment. Given an equation, however, the weight could be minimized while still limiting misalignment at the coupling location. The project goal is to provide equations that give shaft misalignment as a function of three subbase parameters: tube thickness, mounting strap width, and end cap thickness. Developing design equations by analytical methods is investigated first. Next, finite element models are used to check the analytical results for accuracy. Finally, finite element models are used to perform design sensitivity studies where needed. The final equations for misalignment are given as functions of the three design variables.
Master of Science

Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di creare dei modelli di risposta di alcune grandezze fisiche di un motore da competizione, partendo dalla progettazione dell'attività di acquisizione dati al banco prova, per arrivare a dei risultati numerici che descrivano nel modo più fedele possibile il comportamento del motore e, dove possibile, andare a ottimizzarne le prestazioni e l'affidabilità.

Helicopters are used in different situations and in extremely various environments. Sometimes they land or take off to or from rough landing sites where dust, sand and other materials are present. One of the major problem for helicopters engine is the ingestion of these materials. This problem can be solved by using a filter positioned at the engine intake. The filtration in helicopters is a recent development because, until recent times, research in this field was considered non-profitable and downplayed. Filtration is closely connected with engine efficiency and, in recent years, it has been seen that with a small investiment, helicopter performances were much better. A good filtration means less consumption and more perfomance. This work is a part of a project conducted by BMC Air Filters, a company known worldwide for the production of high performance air filters and air induction systems. The goal of the main project consists in studying the optimization of the process in the design of filter elements for helicopters. The two important features to evaluate an Inlet Barrier Filter are the pressure drop and the capture efficiency. In this work the first aspect is treated. In the engineering design process, the experimentation plays an important role. In this thesis the Design Of Experiment (DOE) method is used to minimize the number of tests conducted, reaching several positive results. Indeed, in order to decrease the pressure loss, the two parameters to change are materials and geometric shape. Thus, two different materials of filter and several different filter geometric shapes are investigated through DOE, leading to identify the best design solution.

Atualmente o Projeto de Experimentos (DOE) vem sendo largamente utilizado para determinar os fatores de projetos e processos mais significativos afetando uma variável resposta e para estabelecer modelos empíricos entre os fatores, entretanto este método ainda é pouco utilizado e processo de forjamento a quente. O presente trabalho analisa a influência individual e cumulativa de alguns parâmetros controláveis de um processo de forjamento a quente em matriz fechada na força de prensagem necessária para sua realização. Esta análise foi realizada utilizando a técnica de Projeto de Experimentos (DOE). Para a determinação da influência dos parâmetros de processo selecionados na variável resposta do Projeto de Experimentos (DOE), uma série de ensaios variando o lubrificante utilizado, o diâmetro da geratriz e a temperatura de forjamento foram realizados. A variável resposta para o experimento foi definida como a força de prensagem exigida do equipamento para a realização do forjamento. Para este trabalho foi utilizado o material ABNT 4140 fornecido em barras trefiladas de 28,6mm (1.1/8″) posteriormente forjado a quente em matriz fechada. Os resultados mostraram que o fator que mais influencia na força de prensagem para a situação ensaiada é o lubrificante. Os demais fatores, mesmo combinados, não apresentaram uma influência significativa na variável resposta. O presente estudo demonstra que é possível a utilização de técnicas de ajuste e definição de parâmetros de processo de forjamento a quente de maneira confiável e sem a necesside da aplicação dos complexos programas de simulação computacional e os métodos de tentativa e erro ainda presentes na indústria. Finalmente este trabalho reforça a versatilidade do Projeto de Experimentos (DOE) ainda pouco aplicado em processos de forjamento.
Nowadays the Design of Experiments (DOE) has been widely used to determine the most significant project and process factors affecting a response variable and to establish empirical models among the factors, although this method is still little used and the process of hot forging. This work analyzes the individual and cumulative influence of some controllable parameters in a closed die hot forging process in the pressing force required for its realization. This analysis was performed using a Design of Experiments (DOE) method. To determine the influence of variable factors selected in response Design of Experiments (DOE), a several tests varying the lubricant, the diameter of the billet and the forging temperature was performed. The response variable for the experiment was defined as pressing force. For this study, it was used the ABNT 4140 steel provided in drawn bars of 28,6mm (1 1/8 ″). The fator that had more influence over the pressing force was the lubricant. Other factors, whether or not combined, did not show a significant influence on the response variable. This study demonstrates that it is possible use techniques to set hot forging process parameters reliably and without necesside the application of complex computer simulation programs or the trial and error system. Finally, this work reinforces the versatility of Design of Experiments (DOE) wich is still little used in forging processes.

In this thesis, support structures of a polymer powder based process called XXXXXXXX™ are examined. These structures are crucial for most additive manufacturing processes. The effects of several factors on five industrially important characteristics of support structures are examined by use of the Design of Experiment (DoE) method. It describes the planning as well as the analysis of the experiments. The experiments are planned in a fractional factorial 211-5 design with 64 specimens, resulting in a resolution of IV. The analysis of the data is done by use of the ANOVA method, with which the significance of effects and interaction effects are checked.
I detta examensarbete undersöks stödstrukturer för en polymer-pulverbaserad process kallad XXXXXXXX. Dessa strukturer är väsentliga för de flesta aditiv tillverkning. Med hjälp av metoden "Design of Experiment" (DoE) undersöks effekten av flera faktorer på fem industriellt viktiga egenskaper för stödstrukturer. DoE beskriver både planeringen och analysen av experiment. Experimenten planeras i en fraktionerad faktoriell 211-5 design med 64 provexemplar vilket resulterar i en upplösning av IV. Dataanalysen genomförs med hjälp av ANOVA-metoden, med vilken signifikansen av effekter och interaktionseffekter kan undersökas.

Les navires à passagers sont sensibles à un chavirement rapide dû à l’entrée soudaine de l’eau lors d’accidents maritimes. Durant et après la création de l’endommagement, le navire envahi peut souffrir de phases intermédiaires très dangereuses, qui risquent éventuellement de le détruire. Une investigation expérimentale utilisant la section centrale du navire à passager PRR02 – ITTC/SiW a été menée afin de déterminer les facteurs influençants ainsi que la manière dont ils interagissent entre eux. De plus, elle a pour but d’améliorer la compréhension de la physique de l’envahissement et de vérifier si l’investigation de ce type de navire est adéquate en eau calme. Une méthode innovante en ingénierie océanique, celle des Plans d’expériences (DOE), est utilisée pour planifier et conduire les tests, ainsi qu’analyser leurs résultats. Durant les phases intermédiaires d’envahissement, l’eau et l’air interagissent fortement entre eux et influencent le comportement du navire lui-même. Cette interaction est mise en évidence par la détection de trois pics importants des réponses. De plus, la présence de hautes et basses fréquences est observée dans le compartiment des machines. Ceci dépend de la compressibilité de l’air, et le ballotement de l’eau à l’intérieur de ces compartiments. Les tests confirment que le coefficient de décharge n’est pas constant pendant l’envahissement et ils l’évaluent expérimentalement. En se basant sur un plan factoriel d’expérience, un modèle mathématique caractérisant l’envahissement a été construit, validé, puis optimisé. Il met en évidence, pour le cas d’endommagement par le coté de ce type de navires, une influence marquée de la surface d’ouverture, de l’excitation externe, du tirant d’eau, ainsi que du temps de création de l’endommagement. La géométrie du compartiment des machines (disposition des blocs et perméabilité) a relativement peu d’influence. Les paramètres relatifs à l’air (envahissement transversal et niveau de ventilation) ont assez peu d’influence dans ce cas. Cette étude démontre l’utilité et l’efficacité de la méthode DOE. Elle construit la base d’élaboration d’une nouvelle procédure pour étudier la survivabilité des navires à passagers durant et après avarie. De plus, les modèles théoriques et les codes numériques pourront profiter des résultats obtenus afin d’améliorer leurs performances
Roll-On/Roll-Off passenger vessels appear to be sensitive to rapid capsizing due to abrupt ingress of water caused by maritime accidents. As a result of the damage creation, the flooded ship can experience transient and progressive flooding phases (Intermediate Flooding Stages, IFS) which might be more devastating than the final condition, as the sudden loading could significantly alter the ship stability characteristics. An experimental investigation using the midsection of the PRR02 – ITTC/SiW Ro-Ro passenger ferry is undertaken to determine the influential factors within the IFS, and to reveal their individual influence, as well as their interactions. More importantly, it is devoted to hopefully provide profound insight into the flooding physics and look over the adequacy of the calm water condition to assess the IFS of such vessels. A novel-in-ocean-engineering methodology, the Design of Experiments (DOE), is used to plan systematic model tests, perform them, and analyze their results. During the IFS, a strong interaction is found between, on one hand, both implicated fluids, i. E. Water and air, and, on the other hand, the model geometry and behavior. The detection of three conspicuous peaks highlights this interaction. Moreover, a two-fold behavior is observed in the Engine Room partially submerged. These behaviors are drawn by the air compressibility, the water surface, as well as the sloshing occurring inside this room. The tests confirm that the discharge coefficient for realistic flooding situations is not constant during the flooding, and estimate it experimentally. Besides, a mathematical model characterizing the IFS is successfully built, then optimized. Regarding the global behavior of such vessels suffering from side damages, it is pointed out that the Damage Opening area, the external excitation, the initial draught, and the duration of damage creation most affect the IFS; then Engine Room-related parameters (permeability and layout) come with a relatively less influence. A relatively very little influence is found for Air-related parameters (cross-flooding and air-ventilation level). This study demonstrates the validity and efficiency of applying the DOE methodology in Damaged Survivability Domain, and establishes a suitable basis to elaborating a novel assessment procedure based on ‘interactive research’ to reliably assess the damaged survivability of such vessels. Furthermore, theoretical models and numerical codes can benefit of its achievements to improve their performance and credibility

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The response surface methodology applied to the technique of mixture experiments has been widely used in many fields of science and technology. The fundamental consideration is that a certain property depends on the component proportions, which constitute a material. The present work used the technique of mixture experiments to obtain multicomponent ceramic bodies suitable for the manufacture of ceramic tile products. In order to justify and correlate the results, the effects of structural and microstructural aspects of the green and fired materials on the final products properties were analyzed. The experimental procedure is comprised of a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the characteristics of raw materials, which constitutes the ceramic body, namely clays A and B, kaolin C, filliti D and E; a mixture design using a multicomponent mixture experiment; and a powder technology processing. The analysis of variance confirmed the significance of the models, but the variability coefficient R² indicated the influence of other factors on the studied properties than the raw materials. Additional experiments were conducted to validate the models. The models used did not allow an estimation of the properties to other compositions, which can be justified by the lack of replicas. The structural and microstructural characteristics, specially, crystalline and amorphous phases, and porosity, present in the green and sintered ceramic bodies, could be related to the properties, both measured and estimated according to the models. We obtained a range of formulations for ceramic tiles Category porous and semi-porous in terms of results. To obtain other types of ceramic tile as porcelain tile, new studies should be performed in processing conditions closer to those used in the coating industry, using new formulations.
A metodologia de superfície de resposta aplicada às técnicas de experimentos com mistura tem sido muito utilizada em várias áreas da ciência e tecnologia. A consideração fundamental é que uma determinada propriedade depende da fração dos componentes que constituem o material. O presente trabalho usou a técnica de experimentos com misturas para a obtenção de massas cerâmicas multicomponentes, destinadas a fabricação de revestimentos cerâmicos, visando a avaliação do uso da técnica de delineamento de misturas para composições utilizando cinco matérias-primas cerâmicas. A partir dos resultados da caracterização das massas cerâmicas obtidas e dos corpos-de-prova a verde e sintetizados, foram encontradas equações de regressão para as principais propriedades tecnológicas, como uma função dos componentes das misturas. A análise de variância confirmou a significância dos modelos, porém o coeficiente de variabilidade R² indicou a influência de outros fatores sobre as propriedades estudadas que não as matérias-primas. Foram realizados experimentos adicionais para a validação dos modelos, observou-se que os modelos utilizados não possibilitaram uma estimativa das propriedades para outras composições, o que pode ser justificado pela falta de réplicas. Entretanto as características microestruturais do material cerâmico obtido puderam ser correlacionadas com as propriedades medidas, justificando os resultados observados. Além disso, foi possível obter uma gama de formulações para revestimentos cerâmicos da categoria poroso e semi-poroso do ponto de vista das propriedades estudadas. Para obtenção de outras categorias de revestimento cerâmico como os porcelanatos, devem ser realizados novos estudos em condições de processamento mais próximas as utilizadas na indústria de revestimento, e utilizando novas formulações.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the craze growth behavior of polycarbonate (PC) as a function of stress level, model the residual mechanical properties of PC at various craze levels and strain rates, and determine if the total surface area of crazing is the sole factor in residual properties or if the crazing stress plays a role. To obtain these goals, a new in-situ reflective imaging technique was developed to quantify the craze severity in transparent polymers. To accomplish the goal of craze growth rate characterization, polycarbonate samples were placed under a creep load in a constant temperature, constant humidity environment. Using the new technique, the relative craze density was measured as a function of time under load at stresses of 40, 45, and 50 MPa. The craze growth rates were found to increase exponentially with stress level, and the times to 1% relative craze density were found to decrease exponentially with stress level. One exception to this behavior was found at a crazing stress of 50 MPa at which over half of the samples tested experienced delayed necking, indicating competitive mechanisms of crazing and shear yielding. The draw stress was found to be a lower bound below which delayed necking will not occur in a reasonable time frame. The yield stress, elastic modulus, failure stress, and ductility were correlated to crazing stress, relative craze density, and strain rate using a Design of Experiments (DOE) approach. The yield stress was found to correlate only to the strain rate, appearing to be unaffected by the presence of crazes. No correlation was found between the elastic modulus and the experimental factors. The failure stress was found to decrease with an increase in relative craze density from 0 to 1%, increase with an increase in crazing stress from 40 to 45 MPa, and correlate to the interaction between the crazing stress and the strain rate. The ductility of polycarbonate was found to decrease significantly with an increase in relative craze density, a decrease in crazing stress, and an increase in strain rate. The craze microstructure was correlated to the magnitude of stress during craze formation. The area of a typical craze formed at 40 MPa was measured to be more than 2.5 times larger than the area of a typical craze formed at 45 MPa. The fewer, but larger, crazes formed at the lower stress level were found to decrease the failure strength and ductility of polycarbonate more severely than the large number of smaller crazes formed at the higher stress level.
Ph. D.

This thesis deals with the possibility of applying the method of Design of Experiments (DoE) on specific data. In the first chapter of theoretical part, this method is described in detail. The basic principles and guidelines for the design of the experiment are written there. In the next two chapters, factorial design of the experiment and response surface design are described. The latter one includes a central composite design and Box-Behnken design. The following chapter contains practical part, which focuses on modelling firing range of ball from a catapult using the above three types of experimental design. In this work, the models are analysed together with their different characteristics. Their comparison is made by using prediction and confidence intervals and by response optimizing. The last part of the thesis comprises overall evaluation.

This dissertation presents an empirical approach to identifying decisions for adapting cognitive radio parameters with no a priori knowledge of the environment. Cognitively inspired radios, attempt to combine observed metrics of system performance with artificial intelligence decision-making algorithms. Current architectures trend towards hybrid combinations of heuristics, such as genetic algorithms (GA) and experiential methods, such as case-based reasoning (CBR). A weakness in the GA is its reliance on limited mathematical models for estimating bit error rate, packet error rate, throughput, and signal-to-noise ratio. The CBR approach is similarly limited by its dependency on past experiences. Both methods have potential to suffer in environments not previously encountered. In contrast, the statistical methods identify performance estimation models based on exercising defined experimental designs. This represents an experiential decision-making process formed in the present rather than the past. There are three core contributions from this empirical framework: 1) it enables a new approach to decision making based on empirical estimation models of system performance, 2) it provides a systematic method for initializing cognitive engine configuration parameters, and 3) it facilitates deeper understanding of system behavior by quantifying parameter significance, and interaction effects. Ultimately, this understanding enables simplification of system models by identifying insignificant parameters. This dissertation defines an abstract framework that enables application of statistical approaches to cognitive radio systems regardless of its platform or application space. Specifically, it assesses factorial design of experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) to an over-the-air wireless radio link. Results are compared to a benchmark GA cognitive engine. The framework is then used for identifying software-defined radio initialization settings. Taguchi designs, a related statistical method, are implemented to identify initialization settings of a GA.
Ph. D.

In this thesis, the design of experiment is studied. Firstly, a theoretic background in mathematical statistics necessary for understanding is built (chapter 2). The design of experiment is then presented in chapters 3 and 4. Chapter 3 is divided into several subchapters in which its brief history is provided as well as its complex theoretic description (basic principles, steps for planning, etc.). Chapter 4 deals with particular types of the design of experiment (Factorial experiments or Response surface design). Simple examples are provided to illustrate the theory in chapters 3 and 4. Last part of the thesis is strictly practical and focuses on an application of the theory for particular data sets and its evaluation (chapter 5).

Extended plasticity mechanisms (EPM) allow a metal to undergo extended plastic deformation without failure. These mechanisms are responsible for the extended plastic deformation characteristic of hot working processes. In this thesis it is shown that electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is capable of detecting EPM artifacts in the final microstructure of AISI 304L stainless steel (304L). Results also indicate that dislocation cells form in hot worked AISI 304L stainless steel. Additionally, in this study EBSD data collection and analysis is used with a design of experiments approach to model the presence of EPM artifacts in the final microstructure of friction stir welded 304L. Texture analysis of the welded material reveals a dominant shear deformation texture and a lack of the rotated cube texture. The shear deformation texture is characteristic of dynamic recovery (DRV) and continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX), while the rotated cube texture is characteristic of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX). The texture analysis results indicate that dynamic recovery (DRV) and continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) play a role in the final microstructure of the welded material, while DDRX does not. Design of experiments was used to find the relationships between the fraction of cell boundaries and spindle speed, travel speed, location in the stir zone, and tool temperature. The regression analyses reported that predicted fraction of cell boundaries were relatively high (approximately 0.70 or more) and changed by less that 20% in the stir zone and 10% in the TMAZ. The relatively high predictions indicate that in FSW 304L DRV dominates and limited CDRX occurs. The small changes in predictions across the experimental space indicate that the effects, while statistically significant, are not practically significant. Finally, an alternate tool temperature basis was developed, which provides a valid method for selecting welds which should have constant tool temperature.

L'elaborato di tesi descrive l’attività sperimentale e di modellazione effettuata presso I.M.A S.p.A., divisione Life, per l’analisi e l’ottimizzazione del ciclo di decontaminazione con H2O2 vaporizzato all’interno di isolatori. L’attività sperimentale è stata svolta su un isolatore pilota presente in azienda. In particolare, le prove sono state eseguite su un MTI: esso è un isolatore dal volume ridotto, utilizzato per decontaminare piccoli carichi. Il ciclo di decontaminazione si compone delle seguenti fasi: deumidifica, conditioning, decontamina, areazione. Quelle analizzate in questo progetto sono areazione ed iniezione (che comprende conditioning e decontamina), attraverso il metodo del Design of Experiment (DoE). Il DoE si definisce come un esperimento statistico programmato, che prevede di eseguire una serie di prove sperimentali opportunamente organizzate, in cui si variano in modo sistematico alcuni fattori di input al ciclo, per osservare le corrispondenti variazioni in uscita dell’output, o risposta. Sono stati realizzati due slot di prove sperimentali, uno per l'areazione e uno per l’iniezione, allo scopo di individuare i fattori più impattanti sul processo e ottimizzarlo di conseguenza. Per la fase di areazione, variando la durata di iniezione, la portata di aria e la sua temperatura si è ottenuta la combinazione di fattori migliore per minimizzare la durata della fase, in più sono state individuate le condizioni ottimali per favorire il desorbimento di H2O2 da un materiale di test. Per la fase di iniezione, variando la concentrazione di H2O2, la durata di iniezione, la portata di aria e la sua temperatura, sono stati individuati i requisiti necessari a massimizzare l’efficacia del ciclo. L’analisi dei risultati sperimentali è stata eseguita con il software CAT: esso consente di identificare i fattori più impattanti sulla risposta in esame e permette di sviluppare un modello matematico che ne mostri l’andamento, nel dominio sperimentale analizzato.

Presentation d'hypotheses simplificatrices de la simulation thermique du batiment, utilisees dans le programme caleco/doe 2. Etude critique, et analyse des aberrations constatees dans la prise en compte de l'inertie thermique; corrections apportees. Integration du code de simulation a une strategie de recherche d'optimum economique, concernant les operations de rehabilitation de grands ensembles de logement. Application au suivi thermique d'une cite hlm

Tooling design is crucial for the production of cost-effective and durable composite products. As part of the current search for cost reduction (by reducing capital investment, energy use and cycle time), integrally-heated tooling is one of the technologies available for ‘out-of-autoclave’ processing of advanced thermoset polymer composites. Despite their advantages, integrally-heated tools can suffer from uneven distribution of temperature, variability in heat flow rate and inconsistency in heating/cooling time. This research, therefore, investigates a number of design variables such as shape and layout of heating channels in order to improve the heating performance of an integrally-heated tool. Design of Experiments (DoE) has been carried out using Taguchi’s Orthogonal Array (OA) method to set several combinations of design parameters. Each of these design combinations has been evaluated through numerical simulation to investigate heating time and mould surface temperature variation. The simulation results suggest that the layout of the channels and their separation play a vital role in the heating performance. Signal-to-Noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA) have been applied to the results obtained to identify the optimal design combination of the integrally-heated tool. Statistical analysis reveals that the heating performance of an integrally-heated tool can be significantly improved when the channels’ layout is parallel. The shape of the channels has negligible effect and the distance between the channels should be determined based on the production requirement. According to the predicted optimal design, a developed integrally water-heated tool is manufactured. The actual thermal properties of the constituent materials of the produced tool are also measured. Then a numerical model of the experimental tool model is simulated in ANSYS software, with setting the actual material properties and boundary condition to define the temperature uniformity and heating rate of the experimental tool. Comparison of the experimental and numerical results of the experimental tool confirmed the well assigning of the boundary conditions and material properties during simulation the heated tool. The experimental results also confirmed the predicted optimal design of the integrally heated tool. Finally, in order to define its thermomechanical behaviour under the effective (in service) thermal loads, a tool model is simulated. Numerical results presented that the produced extremes of thermal deformation, elastic strain, normal and plane shear stresses, under the effective thermal loading, are within the allowable elastic limits of the participated materials.

Scania are known among to be the world’s leading supplier of transport solutions for heavy trucks and buses. Scania’s goal is to develop combustion engines that achieve low-pollutant emissions as well as lower carbon-footprint with higher efficiency. To achieve the above Scania has invested resources in Simulation Driven Design of parametric CAD models which drives design innovation rather than following the design. This enables in creating flexible and robust models in their design process. This master thesis is being conducted in collaboration with Scania exhaust after treatment systems department, focusing on developing a methodology to automatically evaluate the cost and manufacturability of a parametric model, which is intended for an agile working environment with fast iterations within Scania. From the thesis methodology’s data collection process literature study, former thesis work and interviews with designers and cost engineers at Scania, a proposed method is developed that can be implemented during the design process. The method involved four different phase they are Design phase, Analysis phase, Validation phase and Improvement phase. The proposed method is evaluated to check the method feasibility for evaluation on parameteric CAD parts for manufacturability and costing. This proposed method is applied on two different parts of a silencer as part of a case study which is mainly to evaluate the results from Improvement phase. The focus of this thesis is to realise the proposed method through simulation software like sheet metal stamping/forming simulation, cost evaluating tool where the simulation driven design process is achieved. This is done with the help of collaboration between parameteric CAD models and the above simulation software under a common MDO framework through DOE study run or optimisation study runs. The resultant designs is later considered to be improved design in terms of manufacturability and costing.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 119 p.: ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Theodore T. Allen, Dept. of Industrial and Systems Engineering. Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-119).

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an unbranched polysaccharide consisting of the repeating disaccharide unit β(1→4)-GlcA-β(1→3)-GlcNAc and is a naturally occurring biopolymer in bacteria and vertebras. HA is predominantly found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the in vivo function of HA can vary depending on molecular weight (Mw) for instance high Mw HA is reported to be anti-angiogenic while low Mw HA induces angiogenesis. HA is a popular component for hydrogels such as dermal fillers. HA is commonly used in dermal fillers. However, other materials, such as other polymers, can be used as well. The project goal was to investigate different degradation processes for production of target Mw HA. Alkaline and acidic degradation processes in combination with increased temperatures seemed as the most promising methods. Degradation tests performed both in aqueous solution as well as heterogeneously in ethanol were evaluated. The acidic degradation in aqueous solution was proven to have the largest degradation constant. Both a robustness test as well as a Design of Experiments (DoE) was performed to investigate the influence different factors had on the degradation speed. The investigated factors were HA concentration, HCl concentration and temperature. Temperature and HCl concentrations proved to be the most influencing factors and a model was developed in the DoE software MODDE to describe how the factors influenced the degradation constant. The model was established as a good significant model with a Q2 value of 0.998 and relative standard deviation (RSD) value of 0.022 after a logarithmic transformation was performed as well as a simplification of the model by excluding some of the factor interactions. The acidic degradation method also proved to be a highly robust method which easily could be used to produce target Mw HA.

The use of turbocharged Diesel engines is nowadays a widespread practice in the automotive sector: heavy-duty vehicles like trucks or buses, in particular, are often equipped with turbocharged engines. An accurate study of the flow field developing inside both the main components of a turbocharger, i.e. compressor and turbine, is therefore necessary: the synergistic use of CFD simulations and experimental tests allows to fulfill this requirement. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the performance and the flow field that develops inside a centrifugal compressor for automotive turbochargers. The study is carried out by means of numerical simulations, both steady-state and transient, based on RANS models (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations). The code utilized for the numerical simulations is Ansys CFX.   The first part of the work is an engineering attempt to develop a CFD method for predicting the performance of a centrifugal compressor which is based solely on steady-state RANS models. The results obtained are then compared with experimental observations. The study continues with an analysis of the sensitivity of the developed CFD method to different parameters: influence of both position and model used for the rotor-stator interfaces and the axial tip-clearance on the global performances is studied and quantified.   In the second part, a design optimization study based on the Design of Experiments (DoE) approach is performed. In detail, transient RANS simulations are used to identify which geometry of the recirculation cavity hollowed inside the compressor shroud (ported shroud design) allows to mitigate the backflow that appears at low mass-flow rates. Backflow can be observed when the operational point of the compressor is suddenly moved from design to surge conditions. On actual heavy-duty vehicles, these conditions may arise when a rapid gear shift is performed.
Användningen av turboladdade dieselmotorer ärr numera utbredd inom bilindustrin: i synnerhet tunga fordon som lastbilar eller bussar ärr ofta utrustade med turbo-laddade motorer. En utförlig förståelse av flödesfältet som utvecklas innuti båda huvudkomponenterna hos en turboladdare, dvs kompressor och turbin, är därför nödvändig: den synergistiska användningen av CFD-simuleringar och experimentel-la tester möjliggör att detta krav uppfylls. Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka prestanda och det flödesfält som utvecklas i en centrifugalkompressor för turboladdare. Studien utförs genom nu-meriska simuleringar, både steady state och transient, baserat på RANS-modeller (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes-ekvationer). Koden som används för de numeriska simuleringarna är Ansys CFX.   Den första delen av arbetet ¨ar ett försöka att utveckla en CFD-metod för att förutsäga prestanda för en centrifugalkompressor med hjälp av steady-state RANS-modeller. De erhållna resultaten jämförs sedan med experimentella observationer. Studien fortsätter med en analys av känsligheten hos den utvecklade CFD-metoden till olika parametrar: Inflytande av både position och modell som används för rotor-statorgränssnitt samt axiellt spel mellan rotor och hus på de globala prestationerna studeras och kvantifieras.   I andra delen utförs en designoptimeringsstudie baserad på Design of Experiments (DoE). I detalj används tidsupplösta RANS-simuleringar för att identifiera vilken utformning av ported shroud som minskar backflöde i kompressorn under en snabb minskning av massflöde och varvtal och därmed ger bättre prestanda i transient surge. På tunga fordon kan dessa förhållanden uppstå under växling.

L’uso dell’idrossiapatite come sostituto osseo è molto diffuso grazie alla comprovata bioattività e osteoconduttività. La sostituzione di ioni calcio con magnesio nel reticolo strutturale dell'idrossiapatite favorisce il miglioramento dell’efficacia biologica del prodotto. Il magnesio è infatti strettamente coinvolto nella mineralizzazione dei tessuti calcificati stimolando direttamente la proliferazione degli osteoblasti. L’elaborato si pone come obiettivo lo studio del processo di produzione di idrossiapatite drogata magnesio, analizzando i parametri critici del processo individuati in studi precedenti e andando a definire le condizioni ottimali di sintesi. Lo scopo finale è l’identificazione di quei parametri che maggiormente influenzano la resa di processo e le caratteristiche reologiche del prodotto con particolare attenzione all’estrudibilità della pasta. Il progetto ha avuto inizio con l'analisi del processo attuale e l'individuazione di potenziali parametri critici (temperatura di reazione, granulometria del reagente calcio idrossido, portata di gocciolamento soluzione acida e tempo di maturazione). La pianificazione della sperimentazione in scala di laboratorio ha seguito le metodiche proposte dal DoE (Design of Experiment). L’output finale della sintesi (polvere e sostituto osseo estrudibile) è stato caratterizzato sia da un punto di vista chimico che fisico mediante misurazione della forza necessaria ad estrudere i prodotti ottenuti. Lo studio ha permesso di individuare una combinazione ottimale dei quattro parametri in relazione alle aspettative sul prodotto. Sulla base di questi risultati conseguiti, sarà valutata l’implementazione di modifiche al processo industriale, quali aumento della portata di gocciolamento e raffreddamento rapido della sospensione a termine reazione. I cambiamenti proposti favorirebbero l’incremento produttivo e la qualità finale del prodotto.

This master´s thesis deals with problems of wave soldering and application methods Design of Experiments for the new product production. Summarizes the basic knowledge of soldering technology, of solder alloys and Design of Experiments methods. Design of Experiments method has been applied to product to find the optimal for wave soldering setting.

The usage of statistical methods in the production industry has resulted in quality improvements for several organisations during the last decade. However, advanced statistical methods are still underutilised and underappreciated in quality improvement programs and projects in many companies. Therefore it is of interest to investigate how these methods can be used for quality improvements in the production industry. A case study was conducted at Teufelberger’s wire rope production plant in Wels, Austria. Wire rope type BS 909 was studied by utilising the arsenal of tools and methods that Six Sigma provides, with an emphasis on statistical methods -- especially Design of Experiments. Teufelberger is currently (2016) experiencing diameter issues along the rope and it has been found through customer reclamations and quality controls in the production that the variation in a production lot can be substantial. Furthermore, there is no master setting of process parameters and each operator has their own way of setting and adjusting them, as there are different ways to achieve a product which is within given tolerances. The purpose of this study is to investigate how statistical tools can be applied to minimise variance in a Teufelberger rope manufacturing process, by conducting a case study utilising the quality improvement methodology DMAIC. Experiments were conducted in the following four sub processes which produce input components used during the manufacturing of BS909: KL-A, KL-B, IL and Al. In KL-A the following main effects were identified as significant: Postformers Spin and Postformers Diameter. In KL-B the main effect Postformers Spin was significant. In IL the following main effects were identified as significant: Compacting device, Postformers Spin and Postformers Diameter. In AL the main effect Compacting device was significant. Based on the conclusion derived from analysing these experiments theoretical master setups were created in order to address the variance issue and standardise process parameters. Further verification testing must be conducted in order to verify and tune the proposed master setups before they can be utilised.
Det senaste årtiondet har användningen av statistiska metoder inom tillverkningsindustrin resulterat i kvalitetsförbättringar för flera organisationer men dessa metoder är fortfarande undervärderade och utnyttjas ej till fullo inom program och projekt för kvalitetsförbättringar. Därför är det av intresse att undersöka hur dessa metoder kan användas för kvalitetsförbättringar inom tillverkningsindustrin. Vid en av Teufelbergers produktionsanläggningar av stålvajrar i Wels, Österrike, har en fallstudie med kvalitetsförbättringsmetodiken DMAIC genomförts. Stålvajer typ BS 909 har studerats genom att använda den arsenal av verktyg och metoder som Six Sigma innefattar, med betoning på statistiska metoder och särskilt försöksplanering. Teufelberger hade för tillfället problem med främst diametern av stålvajern. Det har visat sig genom kundreklamationer och kvalitetskontroller i produktionen att variationen i en produktionsserie kan vara betydande. Dessutom finns det ej några dokumenterade optimala inställningar av processparametrar så varje maskinoperatör har sitt eget sätt att ställa in och justera processparametrarna. Detta är möjligt då det finns olika kombinationer av  parameterinställningar som kan ge en produkt som är inom givna toleranser. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur statistikverktyg kan användas för att minimera variansen i en tillverkningsprocess av stålvajer hos företaget Teufelberger, detta genom att utföra en fallstudie med kvalitetsförbättringsmetodiken DMAIC Experiment utfördes i följande fyra processer som producerar ingående komponenter som används vid tillverkningen av BS909: KL-A, KL-B, IL och Al. I processen för KL-A identifierades följande huvudeffekter som aktiva;  Postformers-Spin och Postformers-Diameter. Den enda huvudeffekt som identifierades vara aktiv för KL-B var Postformers-Spin. För IL var följande huvudeffekter aktiva: Compacting device, Postformers-Spin och Postformers-Diameter. I processen AL var endast huvudeffekten Compacting device aktiv. Baserat på det resultat som framkom vid analysen av dessa experiment har nya teoretiskt optimala inställningar beräknats, som förväntas minska variationen i responsvariabeln diameter. De nya rekommenderade inställningarna bör tills vidare kunna fungera som ny standard för produktionen, men verifieringsförsök bör ändå utföras för att bekräfta och finjustera  inställningarna.

In recent years gasoline engines have become increasingly complex, for example through the introduction of electronic control and monitoring systems for ignition, fuel injection and exhaust aftertreatment. Parallel to this the requirements placed upon engines have also increased hence the need to develop new engine technologies. This demand for new technologies is, in part, due to the self obligation of the automobile industry to reduce the CO2 emissions about 25% by 2005, and also to the increasingly stringent future exhaust limits. Some promising solutions are currently in development, e.g. the direct injection gasoline engine and variable valve trains. All these new technologies are characterised by increasing complexity and significantly higher degrees of freedom. The associated application expenditure rises drastically with the number of free parameters and also with improved quality standards. Possible solutions to meet the future requirements of the development process are based on model-based parameter optimisation and the use of test methods, such as "Design of Experiments" (DoE). The idea behind this approach is to produce models to describe the dependence of the responses of interest (i.e. fuel consumption) on the adjusted engine parameters. With these models offline optimisation of the engine can be carry out, independently of testbench resources. The measured data for the models are produced with the help of statistically designed experiments. Thus, the testing and analysis processes are structured and the expenditure limited. In the following the DoE methodology will be employed of a gasoline engine with electromechanical valve train
Der Ottomotor im Kraftfahrzeug hat in den letzten Jahren mit dem Einzug elektronischer Steuer- und Regelsysteme für Zündung, Einspritzung und Abgasnachbehandlung einen sehr hohen technischen Stand erreicht. Die wachsenden Ansprüche an die Motorenentwicklung im Hinblick auf Verbrauchsreduzierung bei gleichzeitiger Erfüllung der zukünftigen Abgasgrenzwerte, verschärfen den Druck zur Entwicklung weiterführender Technologien. Hierbei gibt es bereits einige vielversprechende Lösungsansätze, wie z.B. die Direkteinspritzung oder variable Ventilsteuerungen. All diese neuen Technologien zeichnen sich durch eine wachsende Komplexität durch die signifikant höhere Anzahl von Freiheitsgraden aus. Der damit verbundene Applikationsaufwand steigt drastisch durch die wachsende Anzahl freier Parameter, aber auch durch die steigenden Anforderungen an die Qualität der Applikationsergebnisse. Einen möglichen Lösungsansatz zur Realisierung der zukünftigen Anforderungen an den Entwicklungsprozess stellen die modellgestützte Parameteroptimierung sowie der Einsatz der "Statistischen Versuchsplanung" (SVP) - "Design of Experiments" (DoE) - dar. Der Grundgedanke basiert auf der Erstellung von Modellen zur Beschreibung der Abhängigkeiten variierter Verstellparameter. Mit diesen Modellen können Offline-Optimierungen unabhängig von Prüfstandsressourcen durchgeführt werden. Die für die Modellbildung benötigten Messdaten werden mit Hilfe der statistischen Versuchsplanung erzeugt. Dadurch wird der Prozess strukturiert und der Aufwand wird begrenzt. In der Arbeit wird der Einsatz der DoE-Methodik am Beispiel eines Ottomotors mit elektromechanischer Ventilsteuerung (EMVS) aufgezeigt

Dieser Vortrag beschreibt ein methodisches Vorgehen zur Auslegung von Bauteilen, die von mehreren Eingangsgrößen und mehren Zielgrößen bestimmt sind. Als Praxisbeispiel wird eine dünnwandige Mittnehmerwelle untersucht. Im Automotivbereich besteht auf Grund der Forderungen nach Leichtbau und höherem Leistungsgewicht verstärkt der Wunsch nach einer hohen Auslastung über das ganze Bauteil hinweg. Eine Gewichtsreduktion kann durch Materialeinsparungen an unkritischen Stellen, wie zum Beispiel im Wellenkern einer Zahnwelle, erreicht werden. Die Verwendung von dünnwandigen Rohren als Ausgangsmaterial, aus denen lastangepasste Zahnprofile umformend hergestellt werden, versprechen eine deutliche Steigerung der Drehmomentübertragbarkeit bezogen auf den Materialeinsatz. Dazu wird eine neue Verzahnungsgeometrie entwickelt. Das Profil wird über eine Vielzahl an Parametern definiert, welche die Form und damit die Drehmomentübertragbarkeit beeinflussen. Durch die Verwendung einer bidirektionalen Schnittstelle kann eine Zahn-Geometrie in einem CAD-Programm mit einem FEM-Programm gekoppelt werden. Es zeigt sich, dass sich einige Geometrieparameter bereits durch die Wahl des Ausgangsrohres ergeben oder vorab festgelegt werden können. Mit vorgegebenem Außendurchmesser und Wandstärke des Ausgangsrohres sowie der Zähnezahl verbleiben bei dieser Profilform nur weitere fünf Parameter, welche hinsichtlich der Drehmomentübertragbarkeit zu optimieren sind. Mit Hilfe von numerischen Variantenberechnungen, welche sich nach den Vorgaben eines statistischen Versuchsplanes / Design of Experiments durch Veränderung der Parameter ergeben, kann ein mathematisches Ersatzmodell gebildet werden. Dieses beschreibt die (Wechsel-)Wirkungen der Eingangsgrößen auf die Ausgangsgrößen, wie zum Beispiel der Einfluss des Fußkreisdurchmessers und des Eingriffswinkels auf die dynamische Beanspruchbarkeit. Mit Hilfe von Optimierungsalgorithmen kann ein Optimum der Parameter an Hand des Ersatzmodelles ohne erneute aufwändige FEM-Berechnung gefunden werden.

No Brasil, tanto o agronegócio quanto a fabricação de celulose trazem resultados relevantes para a economia. Sob uma perspectiva de sustentabilidade, as indústrias beneficiadoras de materiais vegetais geram grande volume de resíduos, os quais podem servir de fonte de celulose, configurando-se numa alternativa atraente para gerar lucros e diminuir impactos ambientais negativos. O objetivo geral desta dissertação é realizar um estudo exploratório de extração de celulose a partir de resíduo do processo produtivo de empresa beneficiadora de material vegetal, sob perspectiva das dimensões ambiental e econômica da sustentabilidade. O estudo foi desdobrado em cinco etapas: i) identificação na literatura das diretrizes para os processos produtivos sustentáveis, por meio das abordagens que tratam da sustentabilidade; ii) identificação dos processos industriais de extração de celulose e suas características operacionais; iii) definição da empresa para realização do estudo, a sazonalidade e o volume disponível dos resíduos vegetais provenientes do processo de beneficiamento de vegetais; iv) adaptação do processo industrial de extração de celulose para uso com resíduos vegetais e atendimento às restrições da fábrica definida para o estudo e v) realização de testes de extração com o uso de projeto de experimentos para posterior caracterização da polpa de celulose obtida do resíduo. Neste último, foi empregado um Projeto Fatorial Composto de Segunda Ordem (PSCO) com Metodologia de Superfície Resposta (MSR) para analisar a influência dos fatores controláveis sobre as variáveis de resposta. Os fatores controláveis foram definidos de acordo com dados da literatura específica e foram analisadas as variáveis de resposta que caracterizam polpa de celulose, aplicáveis a fins sanitários, como Número Kappa, capacidade de absorção, velocidade de absorção e densidade. Resultados indicaram que limitações quanto ao uso de altas temperaturas no processo de extração é um fator relevante, para atingir maiores teores de deslignificação. Os estudos mostraram a influência do uso de aditivo de processo, antraquinona, carga alcalina e tempo de polpeamento, bem como, tratamento de hidrólise ácida no resíduo na qualidade da polpa.
Agribusiness and pulp production bring both relevant results to the Brazilian economy. In a sustainable perspective, the wastes of Industries that benefit vegetable materials may serve as pulp’s source, configuring itself as an attractive alternative for profit generation and reduction of negative environmental impacts. The aim in this dissertation is to carry out an exploratory study of pulp extraction from the waste of productive process of a firm which processes vegetal material, under the perspective of environmental and economic dimensions of sustainability. The study was unfolded in five steps: i) identification, in literature, the guidelines for sustainable productive processes, through approaches that embrace sustainability; ii) identification of industrial processes of pulp extraction and respective operational features; iii) definition of an industrial unit to perform the study, as well as the seasonality and the availability of vegetal wastes coming from the vegetable process; iv) adaptation of the industrial process of pulp extraction for using with vegetable wastes, and attendance to constraints of the current process in the industrial unit chosen for the study; and v) the performance of extraction tests using a project of experiments for further characterization of the cellulose pulp resulting from the waste. It was employed a Factorial composite second-order design in a Surface Response Methodology (SRM) in order to analyze the influence of the controlled variables over the response variables. Variables of the extraction process were defined according with the specific literature’s data, and response variables, adequate to the cellulose pulp characterization as Kappa Number, capability, absortion speed and apparent density were analyzed. Results indicate that constraints related to the high temperature used in the equipment available for extraction is a relevant factor in the process for obtaining higher contents of delignification. Studies show the influence of using additive process, anthraquinone, load time and alkaline pulping, as well as treatment of hydrolysis in the waste of pulp quality. The remarkable difference in the quality of vegetable waste after hydrolysis treatment indicates that a pretreatment stage of such waste is interesting, since the fiber is resistant and requires high alkali and addictive charges.

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a influência dos parâmetros do processo de soldagem MAG com transferência do metal do tipo Curto-circuito Controlado (CCC) sobre a geometria do cordão de solda. Foi utilizado um dispositivo de soldagem automatizado para realização dos testes de simples deposição sobre um tubo de aço API 5L X65 diâmetro interno 204 mm e espessura 8 mm. Os parâmetros do processo analisados foram a corrente de pico de arco (Ia1), o tempo de atuação desta corrente (ta1), o tempo de atuação da corrente Ia2 (ta2), a velocidade de alimentação do arame (W) e a velocidade de soldagem (v). Tais parâmetros foram ajustados na interface homem-máquina (IHM) de uma fonte de potência microprocessada e do dispositivo de soldagem automatizado. As características geométricas do cordão de solda analisadas foram a largura, a altura do reforço e a penetração. Foi utilizado um Projeto de Experimento Composto de Segunda Ordem para obter a relação entre os parâmetros do processo e as características geométricas do cordão. Os modelos matemáticos obtidos foram considerados adequados, sendo possível determinar estatisticamente o nível de significância de cada um dos parâmetros controláveis – e de suas interações – sobre as respostas analisadas. Foram encontradas sobreposição e falta de fusão lateral em 60% dos corpos de prova avaliados, sendo levantada a hipótese de que a combinação de altos valores da corrente de pico de arco Ia1 com baixos valores do tempo de atuação deste parâmetro – ta1, aliada à utilização de gases de proteção com alta porcentagem de Ar, pode comprometer a eficiência de fusão nas laterais do cordão de solda. Os cordões de solda foram produzidos com quantidade reduzida de salpicos, representando um avanço do processo CCC quando comparado ao processo com transferência do metal por curto-circuito convencional. Os parâmetros controláveis Ia1 e ta1 produziram efeitos muito similares nas respostas de largura e penetração, quando considerados de forma isolada e também quando da interação destes com os demais parâmetros controláveis. A análise dos efeitos das interações principais revelou que Ia1 e ta1 são os parâmetros de maior influência nas respostas da geometria do cordão de solda, porém, com elevada dependência de um ajuste adequado da velocidade de alimentação do arame W para a obtenção de estabilidade do processo.
This work aims to study the influence of MAG welding process parameters with controlled short-circuit (CSC) metal transfer mode on weld bead geometry. The simple deposition weld tests were performed using a micro controlled power supply and an automatized device which enabled achievement of weld beads with standard conditions on API 5L X65 steel pipe whose inner diameter is 204 mm and thickness is 8 mm. The welding process parameters analyzed were the peak arcing current (Ia1), times (ta1) and (ta2), wire feed speed (W) and welding speed (v). Such parameters were set on Human-Machine Interface (HMI) of the micro controlled power supply and automatized welding device. The weld bead geometric features evaluated were width, reinforcement height and penetration depth. A Central Composite Face- Centred Design of Experiment was performed to obtain the relationship between the process parameters and the weld bead geometric features. Statistical analysis allowed development of mathematical models and they were found appropriate to determine the significance level of the process parameters – and their interactions – on output responses analyzed. Overlap and lack of fusion was detected on weld beads side in 60% of all specimens evaluated. The hypothesis formulated states that the origin of these discontinuities is from specific combination of parameters – high values of Ia1 and low values of ta1 together with usage of a shielding gas with high percentage of Ar – which would lead to lower fusion efficiency on weld bead side. The weld beads were produced with low spatter rates so it can be considered an improvement of the CSC process if compared with conventional short-circuit metal transfer mode. The peak arcing current Ia1 and time ta1 yielded similar effects on width and penetration depth, and it was valid when that parameters were taken both isolated and on interactions with other welding process parameters. The present study also revealed that Ia1 and ta1 are the most important parameters on influencing weld bead geometry, however, there is also strong dependence on a proper adjustment of wire feed speed W to obtain process stability.

Laser technologies have made distinguished contributions to modern industry. These have typically been realised through the important role played by lasers in the advancement of manufacturing technology in many areas such as welding, which has become an important joining technique and thus promoted the use of lasers in a wide variety of applications in the oil, gas, aerospace, aircraft, automotive, electronics and medical industries. A detailed review of previous work in the use of lasers for advanced manufacturing, and in particular, laser beam welding is given. The work reported in this thesis aims to develop a new method of laser welding. This is connected with investigations relating to the production of net shape welds for bead-on-plate welding and butt welding of mild steel plates. Based on the nature of its operation, use of a fibre laser was considered most suitable compared to other solid state lasers. Net-shape welds were demonstrated on mild steel plates using an IPG 1 kW single mode fibre laser with a maximum power output of 1000 W.The thesis shows results from experimental and modelling (based on finite element and computational fluid dynamic modelling) to validate the idea and the understanding of underlying scientific principles. The thesis is presented in the form of a collection of published work generated by the author during the course of this project. In addition, some results that are not yet published are also included. Design of experiments and statistical modelling has been used in the experimental work to understand the process parameter interactions. Microstructural and mechanical testing have been carried out to evaluate the performance of the welds. Net shaped (the weld bead is flat to the parent material surface) welds have been achieved and compared with standard welds. The understanding of net-shape weld formation and the effect of the laser welding parameters was enhanced by the theoretical modelling. The thesis concludes with a summary of scientific findings and an overview of future work.

This thesis deals with choises of using mathematical statistics when optimising the compression casting process of high-voltage device transformer. There is a theoretical consideration to be found in the introduction which concerns the compression casting itself and all necessary information connected with it. Then there is a key numerical analysis part following. In the first instance there are variability problems of individual casting device discussed and then a regression analysis made to demonstrate and prove a link between the partial discharge and the key parameters of casting process. Finally an “optimal” casting sequence is suggested and alternative attitude problems with the assistance of Design of Experiments (DOE) are discussed.

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Filmes finos de Nitreto de titânio (TiN) e Nitreto de titânio-zircônio (TiZrN) foram depositados sobre substratos de aço inoxidável 316 usando o método de Sputtering RF para deposição dos filmes. O planejamento de experimentos (DOE) tem sido reconhecido como um método poderoso para otimizar um processo complexo na indústria. Os efeitos do presente estudo foram verificar a viabilidade e confiabilidade da aplicação do método DOE em processos de Sputtering RF, otimizar os parâmetros de processamento para o processo de deposição, identificando os parâmetros sensíveis que afetam a espessura da camada depositada (E.C.D) e a resistência à corrosão (Ecorr.). Para o método de Sputtering RF, dois parâmetros, a taxa e tempo de deposição foram escolhidos para serem os parâmetros do processo. Depois da deposição, a estrutura de camada depositada foi caracterizada por Difração de Raios X (DRX) e por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Após o ensaio de polarização, a corrosão foi realizada a fim de investigar a relação entre o início da corrosão e a espessura da camada depositada. A análise de variância (ANOVA) foi realizada para avaliar os parâmetros sensíveis e prever as condições ideais. Com base na análise estatística, os parâmetros mais sensíveis no processo de Sputtering RF foram tanto a taxa como o tempo de deposição do filme fino. As melhores condições de deposição foram a taxa de deposição máxima e tempo máximo.
Titanium nitride (TiN) and titanium-zirconium nitride (TiZrN) thin films were deposited on ASTM F 138 stainless steel substrates using de Sputtering RF methods. Design of experiment (DOE) has long been recognized as a powerful method to optimize a complex process in industry. The purposes of present study were to verify the feasibility and reliability of the application of DOE method on de Sputtering RF processes and optimize the processing parameters for the deposition process, in which the sensitive parameters that affected the film properties were also identified. For de Sputtering RF method, two parameters, deposition rate and time were chosen to be the operating parameters. After deposition, the thin film structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After the polarization test, the corrosion analysis was carried out in order to investigate the relationship between the corrosion initiation and the thickness of the deposited layer. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to assess the sensitive parameters and predict the optimum conditions. Based on the statistical analysis, the most sensitive parameters in de Sputtering RF process were both the deposition rate and time. The optimum deposition conditions in each system were maximum deposition rate and time.

In recent years gasoline engines have become increasingly complex, for example through the introduction of electronic control and monitoring systems for ignition, fuel injection and exhaust aftertreatment. Parallel to this the requirements placed upon engines have also increased hence the need to develop new engine technologies. This demand for new technologies is, in part, due to the self obligation of the automobile industry to reduce the CO2 emissions about 25% by 2005, and also to the increasingly stringent future exhaust limits. Some promising solutions are currently in development, e.g. the direct injection gasoline engine and variable valve trains. All these new technologies are characterised by increasing complexity and significantly higher degrees of freedom. The associated application expenditure rises drastically with the number of free parameters and also with improved quality standards. Possible solutions to meet the future requirements of the development process are based on model-based parameter optimisation and the use of test methods, such as "Design of Experiments" (DoE). The idea behind this approach is to produce models to describe the dependence of the responses of interest (i.e. fuel consumption) on the adjusted engine parameters. With these models offline optimisation of the engine can be carry out, independently of testbench resources. The measured data for the models are produced with the help of statistically designed experiments. Thus, the testing and analysis processes are structured and the expenditure limited. In the following the DoE methodology will be employed of a gasoline engine with electromechanical valve train.
Der Ottomotor im Kraftfahrzeug hat in den letzten Jahren mit dem Einzug elektronischer Steuer- und Regelsysteme für Zündung, Einspritzung und Abgasnachbehandlung einen sehr hohen technischen Stand erreicht. Die wachsenden Ansprüche an die Motorenentwicklung im Hinblick auf Verbrauchsreduzierung bei gleichzeitiger Erfüllung der zukünftigen Abgasgrenzwerte, verschärfen den Druck zur Entwicklung weiterführender Technologien. Hierbei gibt es bereits einige vielversprechende Lösungsansätze, wie z.B. die Direkteinspritzung oder variable Ventilsteuerungen. All diese neuen Technologien zeichnen sich durch eine wachsende Komplexität durch die signifikant höhere Anzahl von Freiheitsgraden aus. Der damit verbundene Applikationsaufwand steigt drastisch durch die wachsende Anzahl freier Parameter, aber auch durch die steigenden Anforderungen an die Qualität der Applikationsergebnisse. Einen möglichen Lösungsansatz zur Realisierung der zukünftigen Anforderungen an den Entwicklungsprozess stellen die modellgestützte Parameteroptimierung sowie der Einsatz der "Statistischen Versuchsplanung" (SVP) - "Design of Experiments" (DoE) - dar. Der Grundgedanke basiert auf der Erstellung von Modellen zur Beschreibung der Abhängigkeiten variierter Verstellparameter. Mit diesen Modellen können Offline-Optimierungen unabhängig von Prüfstandsressourcen durchgeführt werden. Die für die Modellbildung benötigten Messdaten werden mit Hilfe der statistischen Versuchsplanung erzeugt. Dadurch wird der Prozess strukturiert und der Aufwand wird begrenzt. In der Arbeit wird der Einsatz der DoE-Methodik am Beispiel eines Ottomotors mit elektromechanischer Ventilsteuerung (EMVS) aufgezeigt.

Orientador: Messias Borges Silva
Resumo: O cultivo de microalgas tem sido considerado como uma fonte promissora de lipídeos para a obtenção de ácidos graxos de alto valor agregado, como é o caso dos ômegas 3 (ω3) e ômegas 6 (ω6). O uso do planejamento de experimentos (DOE) permite estabelecer condições apropriadas de cultivo para as microalgas que favorece o acúmulo desses ácidos graxos. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo melhorar o desempenho dos cultivos das microalgas Nannochloropsis gaditana e Dunaliella salina, visando a produção de ω3 e ω6. Primeiramente, foram avaliadas, com o uso de uma matriz ortogonal Taguchi L4, as influências das concentrações de nitrato de sódio (de 25 a 75 mg L-1), de acetato de sódio e bicarbonato de sódio (ambas de 0 a 2 g L-1), sobre a produtividade de biomassa (Pb) e de lipídeos (Po). Como resultado, foi notado que tanto o acetato quanto o nitrato, influenciaram positivamente na Pb e na Po, para ambas as microalgas estudadas. O bicarbonato, por outro lado, não melhorou a Po, sendo excluído das etapas posteriores. Na etapa seguinte do trabalho foi realizado um planejamento fatorial completo 22 com ponto central, focando no estudo da concentração de nitrato (75 a 225 mg L-1) e acetato (2 a 6 gL-1) sobre a produtividade dos cultivos. As maiores Pb obtidas foram: 188,93 mg L-1 dia-1 para a microalga N. gaditana (225 mg L-1 de nitrato e 6 g L-1 de acetato) e 118,93 mg L-1 dia-1 para a D. salina (150 mg L-1 de nitrato e 4 g L-1 de acetato). Nestas condições de cultivo, a... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Doutor

The diploma thesis deals with the processing of digestate, which is the remaining material after biogas production. It aims to experimentally prove how chosen operational parameters of antifoaming agents influence digestate foaming associated with the vacuum evaporating technology. Based on the research of available antifoamers and the issue of digestate foaming itself, it was observed how three selected antifoamers (i.e. rapeseed oil, silicone antifoamer Erbslöh Schaum-ex and oleic acid), together with the decrease in the pH factor of the evaporating digestate, influence the final foam production. For the purposes of the research, an apparatus simulating the vacuum evaporating process was set up in which the heated sample was brought to boil by gradual pressure decrease. The process of foaming was observed in a transparent cylinder of a testing culumn. The essential part of the experimental activity is represented by a planned experiment which by means of a DoE (Design of experiments) method proved rapeseed oil to be very efficient. In contrast, other antifoamers, as well as the influence of the pH factor decrease, manifested themselves as insignificant factors, while the oleic acid even supported the foaming. The supplementary measurements led to a more detailed research of the effects of rapeseed oil and to the construction of a mathematical model describing how the concentration of rapeseed oil undermines the amount of generated foam. The main contribution of the thesis is firstly the evidence that rapeseed oil plays an important part in the reduction process of digestate foaming and secondly the determination of minimum substance concentration leading to the foaming reduction of a particular sample which is considered efficient enough to enable functioning of a vacuum evaporator. The thesis has also experimentally demonstrated the influence of some polymer organic flocculants which have been proved to support the foaming.

The Veo+ projector is using a cooling system that consists of fan and blowers. This system is cooling the electronic components of the device and the lamp of the projector, however extracting a high noise. To lower this noise the rpm speeds (rotational speed) of the fan and blowers should be decreased. Thus, lowering the speed will result in higher temperature values in whole system (inside the device). While lowering the speed, the higher temperature values should be kept within the thermal design specifications of the electronic components. The purpose of this thesis work is to find an optimal solution with lower rpm speeds of the fan and blowers while keeping the temperatures of the various components of the device (touch temperature of the enclosure and electronic components) within the temperature design limits. Before testing the device to find the optimum state, the design limits of the device are determined. Then, by using the design of experiment methods like Taguchi, the optimum state for the device within the design specifications is obtained. Finally, additional tests are applied within the optimum state to demonstrate a fan algorithm as a final solution. While doing the experiments thermocouples are used for measuring the component temperatures.

Work in this dissertation is motivated by reducing the design cost at the early design stage while maintaining high design accuracy throughout all design stages. It presents four key design methods to improve the performance of Efficient Global Optimization for multidisciplinary problems. First, a fidelity-calibration method is developed and applied to lower-fidelity samples. Function values analyzed by lower fidelity analysis methods are updated to have equivalent accuracy to that of the highest fidelity samples, and these calibrated data sets are used to construct a variable-fidelity Kriging model. For the design of experiment (DOE), a dynamic sampling method is developed and includes filtering and infilling data based on mathematical criteria on the model accuracy. In the sample infilling process, multi-objective optimization for exploitation and exploration of design space is carried out. To indicate the fidelity of function analysis for additional samples in the variable-fidelity Kriging model, a dynamic fidelity indicator with the overlapping coefficient is proposed. For the multidisciplinary design problems, where multiple physics are tightly coupled with different coupling strengths, multi-response Kriging model is introduced and utilizes the method of iterative Maximum Likelihood Estimation (iMLE). Through the iMLE process, a large number of hyper-parameters in multi-response Kriging can be calculated with great accuracy and improved numerical stability. The optimization methods developed in the study are validated with analytic functions and showed considerable performance improvement. Consequentially, three practical design optimization problems of NACA0012 airfoil, Multi-element NLR 7301 airfoil, and all-moving-wingtip control surface of tailless aircraft are performed, respectively. The results are compared with those of existing methods, and it is concluded that these methods guarantee the equivalent design accuracy at computational cost reduced significantly.
Doctor of Philosophy
In recent years, as the cost of aircraft design is growing rapidly, and aviation industry is interested in saving time and cost for the design, an accurate design result during the early design stages is particularly important to reduce overall life cycle cost. The purpose of the work to reducing the design cost at the early design stage with design accuracy as high as that of the detailed design. The method of an efficient global optimization (EGO) with variable-fidelity analysis and multidisciplinary design is proposed. Using the variable-fidelity analysis for the function evaluation, high fidelity function evaluations can be replaced by low-fidelity analyses of equivalent accuracy, which leads to considerable cost reduction. As the aircraft system has sub-disciplines coupled by multiple physics, including aerodynamics, structures, and thermodynamics, the accuracy of an individual discipline affects that of all others, and thus the design accuracy during in the early design states. Four distinctive design methods are developed and implemented into the standard Efficient Global Optimization (EGO) framework: 1) the variable-fidelity analysis based on error approximation and calibration of low-fidelity samples, 2) dynamic sampling criteria for both filtering and infilling samples, 3) a dynamic fidelity indicator (DFI) for the selection of analysis fidelity for infilled samples, and 4) Multi-response Kriging model with an iterative Maximum Likelihood estimation (iMLE). The methods are validated with analytic functions, and the improvement in cost efficiency through the overall design process is observed, while maintaining the design accuracy, by a comparison with existing design methods. For the practical applications, the methods are applied to the design optimization of airfoil and complete aircraft configuration, respectively. The design results are compared with those by existing methods, and it is found the method results design results of accuracies equivalent to or higher than high-fidelity analysis-alone design at cost reduced by orders of magnitude.

[ES] En la presente Tesis Doctoral se investigó la aplicación del proceso de ultrafiltración (UF) y el fenómeno de ensuciamiento de las membranas en la eliminación de sustancias disueltas y coloidales (DCS) de efluentes tratados de la industria papelera (PMTE) para su reutilización en los diferentes procesos de fabricación de papel y cartón reciclado. El objetivo general de esta investigación se dividió en tres partes principales: i) describe cómo encontrar las condiciones óptimas de operación de cuatro parámetros de proceso: presión transmembrana (TMP), velocidad de flujo cruzado (CFV), temperatura y corte de peso molecular (MWCO) para maximizar el flujo promedio de permeado (Jp) y rechazo de la demanda química de oxígeno (COD) y minimizar el descenso del flujo de permeado acumulado (SFD) utilizando el método de Taguchi (Design Robusto) y utility concept aplicado a un proceso de UF a flujo cruzado, para remover DCS de efluentes tratados de la industria papelera, ii) el descenso del flujo de permeado y los mecanismos de ensuciamiento de las membranas de UF ensuciadas con PMTE se examinaron mediante modelos matemáticos semi-empíricos. Los resultados para los diferentes ensayos de UF se expresaron en términos de variación del Jp en función del tiempo para verificar la precisión del ajuste (mayor valor de R2 y menor valor de desviación estándar) de los distintos modelos de Hermia adaptados a flujo tangencial y del modelo de formación de torta en filtración a presión constante ajustados a los datos experimentales, y iii) describe métodos de identificación, caracterización y posibles orígenes de las sustancias contaminantes (foulants) en las membranas de UF. Técnicas como el análisis físico-química, FESEM, SEM-EDS, ATR-FTIR y 3DEEM se llevaron a cabo para comprender qué fracción de los contaminantes son responsables por la formación de incrustaciones en las membranas. Los resultados obtenidos durante la etapa de optimización de parámetros del procesos demostraron que TMP y MWCO tienen la mayor contribución en el Jp y SFD. En el caso de la tasa de rechazo de COD, los resultados mostraron que MWCO tiene la mayor contribución seguida de CFV. Por consiguiente, las condiciones óptimas se encontraron para el segundo nivel de TMP (2.0 bar), el tercer nivel del CFV (1.041 m/s), el segundo nivel de la temperatura (15°C) y el tercer nivel de MWCO (100 kDa). Bajo estas condiciones óptimas de operación Jp, rechazo de COD y SFD alcanzaron respuestas de 81.15 L/m2.h, 43.90% y 6.01 (alrededor de 28.96 % para (FD), respectivamente, valores dentro del rango previsto del intervalo de confianza del 95%. Además, los modelos de Hermia adaptados a UF en flujo tangencial fueron capaces de predecir con gran precisión el descenso del Jp y los mecanismos de ensuciamiento en función del tiempo para todas las membranas seleccionadas (10, 30 y 100 kDa) y bajo diferentes condiciones ensayadas de UF. Por lo tanto, los modelos que presentan un mayor grado de ajuste son el bloqueo completo de poros (coeficiente de determinación R2 >0.97) y bloqueo intermedio (R2 >0.96), seguido por el modelo de formación de torta (R2 >0.94), lo que indica que estés son los principales mecanismos de ensuciamiento de las membranas. Análisis de 3DEEM revelaron que la mayoría de la materia orgánica fluorescentes en las membranas sucias eran proteínas coloidales (componentes similares a proteínas I + II) y proteínas macromoleculares (componentes similares a SMP). Además, polisacáridos (especie celulósica) y sustancias como ácidos grasos y resinosos fueron identificadas en las membranas contaminadas mediante análisis ATR-FTIR. Por fin, análisis SEM-EDS para las membranas ensuciadas con PMTE se detectó concentración de contaminantes inorgánicos (iones metálicos multivalentes) especialmente el Ca2+ que podría acelerar la formación torta en la superficie de la membrana.
[CA] En la present Tesi Doctoral es va investigar l'aplicació del procés d'ultrafiltració (UF) i el fenomen d'embrutiment de les membranes en l'eliminació de substàncies dissoltes i col·loïdals (DCS) d'efluents tractats de la indústria paperera (PMTE) per al seu reutilització en els diferents processos de fabricació de paper i cartó reciclatge. L'objectiu general d'aquesta investigació es va dividir en tres parts principals: i) descriu com trobar les condicions òptimes d'operació de quatre paràmetres de procés: pressió transmembrana (TMP), velocitat de flux creuat (CFV), temperatura i tall de pes molecular (MWCO) per a maximitzar el flux mitjà de permeat (Jp) i rebuig de la demanda química d'oxigen (COD) i minimitzar el descens del flux de permeado acumulat (SFD) utilitzant el mètode de Taguchi (Design Robust) i utility concept aplicat a un procés de UF a flux creuat en escala pilot, per a remoure DCS d'efluents tractats de la indústria paperera (PMTE), ii) el descens del flux de permeat i els mecanismes de embrutiment (fouling) de les membranes de UF embrutades amb PMTE es van examinar mitjançant models matemàtics semi-empírics. Els resultats per als diferents assajos de UF es van expressar en termes de variació del flux de permeat (Jp) en funció del temps per a verificar la precisió de l'ajust (major valor de R2 i menor valor de desviació estàndard) dels diferents models de Hermia adaptats a flux tangencial i del model de formació de coca en filtració a pressió constant ajustats a les dades experimentals, i iii) descriu mètodes d'identificació, caracterització i possibles orígens de les substàncies contaminants (foulants) en les membranes de UF. Tècniques com l'anàlisi física-química, FESEM, SEM-EDS, ATR-FTIR i 3DEEM es van dur a terme per a comprendre quina fracció dels contaminants són responsables per la formació d'incrustacions sobre la superfície i adsorció dins dels porus de les membranes. Els resultats obtinguts durant l'etapa d'optimització de paràmetres del processos van demostrar que TMP i MWCO tenen la major contribució en el Jp i SFD. En el cas de la taxa de rebuig de COD, els resultats van mostrar que MWCO té la major contribució seguida de CFV. Per consegüent, les condicions òptimes es van trobar per al segon nivell de TMP (2.0 bar), el tercer nivell del CFV (1.041 m/s), el segon nivell de la temperatura (15°C) i el tercer nivell de MWCO (100 kDa). Sota aquestes condicions òptimes d'operació Jp, rebuig de COD i SFD van aconseguir respostes de 81.15 L/m².h, 43.90% i 6.01 (al voltant de 28.96% per a (FD)), respectivament, valors dins del rang previst de l'interval de confiança del 95%. A més, els models de Hermia adaptats a UF en flux tangencial van ser capaços de predir amb gran precisió el descens del Jp i els mecanismes de embrutiment en funció del temps per a totes les membranes seleccionades (10, 30 i 100 kDa) i baix diferents condicions assajades de UF. Per tant, els models que presenten un major grau d'ajust són el bloqueig complet de porus (coeficient de determinació R2 >0.97) i bloqueig intermedi (R2 >0.96), seguit pel model de formació de coca (R2 >0.94), la qual cosa indica que estigues són els principals mecanismes de embrutiment de les membranes. Anàlisi de 3DEEM van revelar que la majoria de la matèria orgànica fluorescents en les membranes brutes eren proteïnes col·loidals (components similars a proteïnes I + II) i proteïnes macromoleculars (components similars a SMP). A més, polisacàrids (espècie cel·lulòsica) i substàncies com a àcids grassos i resinosos van ser identificades en les membranes contaminades mitjançant anàlisis ATR-FTIR, tals substàncies exerceixen un paper important en el embrutiment de les membranes. Per fi, anàlisi SEM-EDS per a les membranes embrutades amb PMTE es va detectar concentració de contaminants inorgànics (ions metàl·lics multivalents) especialment el Ca2+ que podria accelerar la formació coca en la àrea de la membrana.
[EN] In this PhD Thesis, the application of ultrafiltration process (UF) and membrane fouling phenomenon used to remove dissolved and colloidal substances (DCS) from paper mill treated effluent (PMTE) for reuse in different recycled paper and cardboard manufacturing processes was investigated. The overall goal of this research has been divided into three main parts: i) describes how to find optimal operating conditions of four controlling parameters, such as transmembrane pressure (TMP), cross-flow velocity (CFV), temperature and molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) for maximizing the average permeate flux (Jp) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) rejection, and minimizing the cumulative flux decline (SFD) using Taguchi method and utility concept for a cross-flow UF in pilot scale, used to remove DCS from a paper mill treated effluent (PMTE), ii) flux decline and fouling mechanisms of UF membranes fouled with PMTE were examined by theoretical modelling. The results from UF tests were expressed in terms of permeate flux (Jp) as a function of time to check modified Hermia's models adapted to crossflow filtration and cake formation in constant-pressure filtration, and iii) describes the Identification, characterization and possible origins of UF membrane foulants. Techniques such as chemical analysis, FESEM, SEM-EDS, ATR-FTIR and 3DEEM analysis were applied to understand which fraction of the foulants caused the fouling. This research found that the TMP and MWCO have the greatest contribution to the average permeate flux and SFD. In the case of the COD rejection rate, the results showed that MWCO has the highest contribution followed by CFV. The optimum conditions were found to be the second level of TMP (2.0 bar), the third level of the CFV (1.041 m/s), the second level of the temperature (15°C), and the third level of MWCO (100 kDa). Under these optimum conditions Jp, COD rejection and SFD resistance of 81.15 L/m2/h, 43.90% and 6.01 (around 28.96 % of (FD), respectively, were obtained and they were within of the predicted range at the 95% confidence interval. Furthermore, the results showed that the predictions of the modified Hermia's models adapted to cross-flow UF had good agreements with experimental data, under different conditions tested for PMTE. Therefore, it can be concluded that for all cases the best fit (higher accuracy) to the experimental data corresponds to the complete (coefficient of determination R2 >0.97) and intermediate (R2 >0.96) blocking, followed by the cake layer formation (R2 >0.94). Moreover, measurements of particle size distribution and zeta potential near the isoelectric point, showed a substantial reduction in colloidal compounds. The 3DEEM analysis revealed that the majority of the organic foulants with fluorescence characteristics on the fouled membranes were colloidal proteins (protein-like substances I+II) and macromolecular proteins (SMP-like substances). Further, polysaccharide (cellulosic specie), fatty and resin acid substances were identified on the fouled membrane by the ATR-FTIR analysis and they play an important role in membrane fouling. In addition, the membrane SEM-EDS analysis showed accumulate and adsorbed onto the membrane surfaces of inorganic foulants, such as multivalent metal ions and especially Ca2+ (acts as a binding agent) that could accelerate cake layer formation on the membrane.
Santos Sousa, MR. (2020). Optimization of Operation Parameters in Ultrafiltration by Experiment Design, Mathematical Modelling and Fouling Characterization of the Membranes Used to Remove Dissolved and Colloidal Substances from a Treated Paper Mill Effluent [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/155975
TESIS

Os protetores solares (PS) são os grandes responsáveis pela proteção da pele quando exposta à radiação solar, por isso a importância sanitária de se otimizar o desenvolvimento deste cosmético tipo II e monitorar para que seja eficaz em seu propósito. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é aplicar os conceitos de Qualidade por Design (QbD), ferramentas estatísticas de desenho experimental (DoE - Design of Experiments) e o conceito de tecnologia analítica de processo (PAT - Process Analytical Technology) para desenvolver uma formulação e processo produtivo de um PS de modo a modernizar os processos da indústria cosmética, fazendo as análises durante o processo e eliminando o controle de qualidade final. Trata-se de um sistema de desenvolvimento sistematizado, onde se executa as ferramentas de QbD para avaliar os dados obtidos ao longo da fase experimental. Para a fase experimental, empregou-se o desenho fatorial e desenho do compósito central (CCD - Central Composite Design) como ferramenta estatística, para a execução do planejamento de experimentos (DoE - Design of Experiments). As respostas foram analisadas através da metodologia de superfície resposta (RSM - Response Surface Methodology). Tais ferramentas são fundamentais para a determinação do desenho de concepção (design space), para se obter o PS com as melhores características físico-químicas e de processo dentro do escopo delineado. Para o desenvolvimento da metodologia de análise in line, optou-se pela utilização da espectrometria UV, utilizando-se ferramentas como análise de regressão dos mínimos quadrados (PLS) devido a praticidade em transforma-la em uma ferramenta PAT, para isto, a quimiometria foi empregada para modelar sistemas que são desconhecidos e complexos, como um PS, e trazendo respostas diretas como a aprovação do produto antes de ser embalado, por exemplo. A abordagem apresentada baseia-se na construção da qualidade ao longo do desenvolvimento e otimização de PS e torna possível o monitoramento da qualidade em tempo real.
The sunscreens are great responsible for the skin protection when it is exposed to direct sunlight, so it means a great importance of health to optimize the development of type II cosmetic and monitor for it to be effective in its purpose. The objective of this work is to apply the concepts of Quality by Design and statistical tools of experimental design (DoE - Design of experiments), as well as applying the process analytical technology (PAT - Process Analytical Technology) concept for formulation and manufacturing process development of a topical sunscreen being able to modernize the cosmetic industry processing, including real time analyses and eliminating quarantine step, which waits analysis approval performed by the quality assurance, and then release the product for sale. As it is a systematic development, where critical quality attributes and risk assessment were performed to evaluate over obtained data. During experimental phase, the factorial design was used as a statistical tool for design of experiments implementation, and the responses were analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM - Response Surface Methodology). This mapping is critical to determination of the product design (design space), i.e. get sunscreen with the best physical and chemical characteristics and processing within the outlined scope. For in line methodology development, UV spectrometry was opted to be used due to less effort in sample preparation and due to great easiness to turn it into a PAT tool. For this, chemometrics was used, which brings together chemical and statistical elements to obtain three main elements: empirical modeling, multivariate modeling and chemical data, making it able to model systems that are unknown and complex, as a sunscreen, getting direct answers as product release approval before being packed, for example. The presented approach was based on the construction of quality throughout the sunscreen development and optimization making possible the real time quality monitoring.

In the last decades, the ceramic world has increased its interest in developing tile formats larger and larger, using mainly the porcelain stoneware as type of material. Therefore the ceramic machine producer must adapt their products creating processes capable to follow this will. This thesis will focus on two different, but connected, works to manage the trend of this market. The first one is about the optimization of the procedure for the mixture creation, to reach a new high level of precision in foreseeing the mixture composition and the firing temperature for the creation of a tile with specific technological output parameters to satisfy both the client request and the international standards without any knowledge of the technological properties of the raw materials. The second task aim is to connect through a numerical model the input variables of two different types of compaction process: the traditional hydraulic axial press and the new continuous compaction press, named PCR, which represents the “heart” of the CONTINUA+Ⓡ process. Thanks to these correlations a reduction of wastes and costs during the start-up of the CONTINUA+Ⓡ will be possible. This project has been carried on by the University of Bologna, DICAM Department, with the strict collaboration of R&D Ceramics Department of SACMI Imola s.c.

This thesis illustrates analysis of the influence of the non-machining processes on product quality by experimental design and statistical analysis. For the analysis objective
dishwasher production in Arcelik Dishwasher plant is examined. Sheet metal forming processes of dishwasher production constitutes the greatest portion of production cost and using the Pareto analysis technique
four pieces among twenty six pieces are determined to be investigated. These four pieces are the U Sheet, L Sheet, Inner Door and Side Panel of the dishwasher. By the help of the flow diagrams production process of the determined pieces are defined. Brainstorming technique and cause&
effect diagrams are used to determine which non-machining process parameters can cause pieces to be scrapped. These parameters are used as control factors in experimental design. Taguchi&
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s L16(215) orthogonal array, Taguchi&
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s L16(215) orthogonal array using S/N transformation and 28-4 fractional factorial design are used on purpose. With repetitions and confirmation experiments the effective parameters are determined and optimum level of these parameters are defined for the improvements on scrap quantity and quality of production.

Nanomaterials have attracted substantial attention in the area of catalysis due to the unique properties they exhibit such as high surface areas, intricate pore networks and unique morphologies. TiO2 has attracted attention as a catalyst since the discovery of its high photocatalytic activity by Fuishima and Honda in 1972. Given its high thermal stability, low cost, low environmental impact, and versatility, TiO2 is a widely used commercial catalyst and catalyst support. TiO2 is used in many applications such as photocatalysis is also an excellent support material for noble metals in a number of oxidative synthesis and pollution-control reactions. Though TiO2 is a widely used catalyst support, currently available commercial titanias often have low surface area and poor thermal and hydrothermal stability. While several methods reported in literature produce materials of higher surface area and more ideal porosity relative to commercially available titanias, these procedures generally involve inherent drawbacks including time-consuming, complicated, and expensive processes that are not industrially viable. Cost-effective, large-scale preparations of stable, high surface area, mesoporous TiO2 need to be developed. The work in this dissertation focuses on (1) producing high surface area stabilized TiO2 supports of controlled pore diameters and (2) the preparation of well dispersed Pt on these supports using industrially viable processes. The effects of dopants Al, La, Si, and Zr on the stability, surface area, and porosity of anatase TiO2 supports were investigated. Results show that dopants increased the surface area and thermal stability of anatase through structural modifications and grain growth inhibition. Stabilized titanias produced by this method demonstrated equivalent or higher thermal stability and surface area compared with pure anatase and previously reported materials after treatment at 400°C and 700°C including 22 mol% Al-TiO2 calcined at 400°C which had a surface area of 479 ± 39 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.46 ± 0.04 cm3/g, and a pore diameter of 2.9 ± 0.2 nm. Ten synthesis variables were examined and optimized using statistically designed experiments (DOEs). Equations were developed to predict the conditions to obtain the highest surface area and pore volume at the desired pore diameter and predict the pore diameter range that may be obtained for aluminum-modified anatase TiO2. Confirmation trials closely matched predicted surface areas, pore volumes, and pore diameters in all but one trial, demonstrating the power of DOEs in identifying and controlling synthesis variables in relatively few experiments. The structure of Al-modified anatase TiO2 was analyzed to determine the mechanism of Al stabilization. Surface Al stabilized TiO2 by lowering anatase surface energy, stabilizing planes of high surface energy which would otherwise join to achieve stabilization. Al in TiO2 lattice vacancies stabilized TiO2 through increasing lattice strain and limiting mass transport necessary for grain growth. Results demonstrate the importance of structure analysis of doped nanomaterials in the development of stabilized catalysts and catalyst supports. An industrially viable, one-pot synthesis of Pt supported on 22 mol% Al-modified anatase is presented. Pt dispersions as high as 54% (one-pot method) and 59% (DI method) have been obtained. Results show that this one-pot method and the DI method using our Al-modified supports are promising syntheses of highly dispersed Pt catalysts and demonstrate that the alumina-stabilized anatase support is superior to other many available anatase supports.

To be able to make informed descicions regarding the research of new drug molecules (ligands), it is crucial to have access to information regarding the chemical interaction between the drug and its biological target (protein). Computer-based methods have a given role in drug research today and, by using methods such as molecular docking, it is possible to investigate the way in which ligands and proteins interact. Despite the acceleration in computer power experienced in the last decades many problems persist in modelling these complicated interactions. The main objective of this thesis was to investigate and improve molecular modelling methods aimed to estimate protein-ligand binding. In order to do so, we have utilised chemometric tools, e.g. design of experiments (DoE) and principal component analysis (PCA), in the field of molecular modelling. More specifically, molecular docking was investigated as a tool for reproduction of ligand poses in protein 3D structures and for virtual screening. Adjustable parameters in two docking software were varied using DoE and parameter settings were identified which lead to improved results. In an additional study, we explored the nature of ligand-binding cavities in proteins since they are important factors in protein-ligand interactions, especially in the prediction of the function of newly found proteins. We developed a strategy, comprising a new set of descriptors and PCA, to map proteins based on their cavity physicochemical properties. Finally, we applied our developed strategies to design a set of glycopeptides which were used to study autoimmune arthritis. A combination of docking and statistical molecular design, synthesis and biological evaluation led to new binders for two different class II MHC proteins and recognition by a panel of T-cell hybridomas. New and interesting SAR conclusions could be drawn and the results will serve as a basis for selection of peptides to include in in vivo studies.