Journal articles: 'Design Grammar'

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Li and, Xin, Linda C. Schmidt, Weidong He,, Lixing Li, and, and Yuanmei Qian. "Transformation of an EGT Grammar: New Grammar, New Designs." Journal of Mechanical Design 126, no. 4 (July 1, 2004): 753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1758256.

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True design with grammars lies in the creation of the grammar rules, not in the application of the rules to generate design alternatives. Existing grammars can be modified to describe new languages of designs [1–4]. Studying an epicyclic gear train graph grammar leads to purposeful relaxation of grammar rules and subsequent discovery of new designs. A revised new EGT grammar is presented, which is designed to generate a wider selection of valid EGTs.

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McCORMACK, JAY P., and JONATHAN CAGAN. "Designing inner hood panels through a shape grammar based framework." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 16, no. 4 (September 2002): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s089006040216402x.

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A framework for a design tool based on shape grammars is presented as an effective means for supporting the early stages of design. The framework uses a shape grammar interpreter to implement parametric shape grammars, allowing the grammar to be used interactively by a designer or optimization routine. A shape grammar to design inner hood panels of vehicles is introduced as an example of a parametric engineering shape grammar, and it is used with the framework to create standard and novel designs made possible by rules that take advantage of shape emergence.

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Königseder, Corinna, and Kristina Shea. "Systematic rule analysis of generative design grammars." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 28, no. 3 (July 22, 2014): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060414000195.

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AbstractThe use of generative design grammars for computational design synthesis has been shown to be successful in many application areas. The development of advanced search and optimization strategies to guide the computational synthesis process is an active research area with great improvements in the last decades. The development of the grammar rules, however, often resembles an art rather than a science. Poor grammars drive the need for problem specific and sophisticated search and optimization algorithms that guide the synthesis process toward valid and optimized designs in a reasonable amount of time. Instead of tuning search algorithms for inferior grammars, this research focuses on designing better grammars to not unnecessarily burden the search process. It presents a grammar rule analysis method to provide a more systematic development process for grammar rules. The goal of the grammar rule analysis method is to improve the quality of the rules and in turn have a major impact on the quality of the designs generated. Four different grammars for automated gearbox synthesis are used as a case study to validate the developed method and show its potential.

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Khan, Sumbul, and Scott C. Chase. "Strategic style change using grammar transformations." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 30, no. 4 (February 26, 2016): 488–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060416000135.

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AbstractNew styles can be created by modifying existing ones. In order to formalize style change using grammars, style has to be formally defined in the design language of a grammar. Previous studies in the use of grammars for style change do not give explicit rationale for transformation. How would designers decide which rules to modify in a grammar to generate necessary changes in style(s) of designs? This paper addresses the aforementioned issues by presenting a framework for strategic style change using goal-driven grammar transformations. The framework employs a style description scheme constructed by describing the aesthetic qualities of grammar elements using adjectival descriptors. We present techniques for the formal definition of style in the designs generated by grammars. The utility of the grammar transformation framework and the style description scheme is tested with an example of mobile phone design. Analyses reveal that constraining rules in grammars is a valid technique for generating designs with a dominance of desired adjectival descriptors, thus aiding in strategic style change.

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Strobbe, Tiemen, Sara Eloy, Pieter Pauwels, Ruben Verstraeten, Ronald De Meyer, and Jan Van Campenhout. "A graph-theoretic implementation of the Rabo-de-Bacalhau transformation grammar." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 30, no. 2 (April 18, 2016): 138–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060416000032.

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AbstractShape grammars are rule-based formalisms for the specification of shape languages. Most of the existing shape grammars are developed on paper and have not been implemented computationally thus far. Nevertheless, the computer implementation of shape grammar is an important research question, not only to automate design analysis and generation, but also to extend the impact of shape grammars toward design practice and computer-aided design tools. In this paper, we investigate the implementation of shape grammars on a computer system, using a graph-theoretic representation. In particular, we describe and evaluate the implementation of the existing Rabo-de-Bacalhau transformation grammar. A practical step-by-step approach is presented, together with a discussion of important findings noticed during the implementation and evaluation. The proposed approach is shown to be both feasible and valuable in several aspects: we show how the attempt to implement a grammar on a computer system leads to a deeper understanding of that grammar, and might result in the further development of the grammar; we show how the proposed approach is embedded within a commercial computer-aided design environment to make the shape grammar formalism more accessible to students and practitioners, thereby increasing the impact of grammars on design practice; and the proposed step-by-step implementation approach has shown to be feasible for the implementation of the Rabo-de-Bacalhau transformation grammar, but can also be generalized using different ontologies for the implementation.

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Zimmermann, Luca, Tian Chen, and Kristina Shea. "A 3D, performance-driven generative design framework: automating the link from a 3D spatial grammar interpreter to structural finite element analysis and stochastic optimization." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 32, no. 2 (May 2018): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060417000324.

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AbstractSince the introduction of spatial grammars 45 years ago, numerous grammars have been developed in a variety of fields from architecture to engineering design. Their benefits for solution space exploration when computationally implemented and combined with optimization have been demonstrated. However, there has been limited adoption of spatial grammars in engineering applications for various reasons. One main reason is the missing, automated, generalized link between the designs generated by the spatial grammar and their evaluation through finite-element analysis (FEA). However, the combination of spatial grammars with optimization and simulation has the advantage over continuous structural topology optimization in that explicit constraints, for example, modeling style and fabrication processes, can be included in the spatial grammar. This paper discusses the challenges in providing a generalized approach by demonstrating the implementation of a framework that combines a three-dimensional spatial grammar interpreter with automated FEA and stochastic optimization using simulated annealing (SA). Guidelines are provided for users to design spatial grammars in conjunction with FEA and integrate automatic application of boundary conditions. A simulated annealing method for use with spatial grammars is also presented including a new method to select rules through a neighborhood definition. To demonstrate the benefits of the framework, it is applied to the automated design and optimization of spokes for inline skate wheels. This example highlights the advantage of spatial grammars for modeling style and additive manufacturing (AM) constraints within the generative system combined with FEA and optimization to carry out topology and shape optimization. The results verify that the framework can generate structurally optimized designs within the style and AM constraints defined in the spatial grammar, and produce a set of topologically diverse, yet valid design solutions.

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Hoisl, Frank, and Kristina Shea. "An interactive, visual approach to developing and applying parametric three-dimensional spatial grammars." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 25, no. 4 (October 12, 2011): 333–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060411000205.

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AbstractSpatial grammars are rule based, generative systems for the specification of formal languages. Set and shape grammar formulations of spatial grammars enable the definition of spatial design languages and the creation of alternative designs. Since the introduction of the underlying formalism, they have been successfully applied to different domains including visual arts, architecture, and engineering. Although many spatial grammars exist on paper, only a few, limited spatial grammar systems have been computationally implemented to date; this is especially true for three-dimensional (3-D) systems. Most spatial grammars are hard-coded, that is, once implemented, the vocabulary and rules cannot be changed without reprogramming. This article presents a new approach and prototype implementation for a 3-D spatial grammar interpreter that enables interactive, visual development and application of grammar rules. The method is based on a set grammar that uses a set of parameterized primitives and includes the definition of nonparametric and parametric rules, as well as their automatic application. A method for the automatic matching of the left hand side of a rule in a current working shape, including defining parametric relations, is outlined. A prototype implementation is presented and used to illustrate the approach through three examples: the “kindergarten grammar,” vehicle wheel rims, and cylinder cooling fins. This approach puts the creation and use of 3-D spatial grammars on a more general level and supports designers with facilitated definition and application of their own rules in a familiar computer-aided design environment without requiring programming.

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Chau, Hau Hing, Alison McKay, Christopher F. Earl, Amar Kumar Behera, and Alan de Pennington. "Exploiting lattice structures in shape grammar implementations." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 32, no. 2 (May 2018): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060417000282.

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AbstractThe ability to work with ambiguity and compute new designs based on both defined and emergent shapes are unique advantages of shape grammars. Realizing these benefits in design practice requires the implementation of general purpose shape grammar interpreters that support: (a) the detection of arbitrary subshapes in arbitrary shapes and (b) the application of shape rules that use these subshapes to create new shapes. The complexity of currently available interpreters results from their combination of shape computation (for subshape detection and the application of rules) with computational geometry (for the geometric operations need to generate new shapes). This paper proposes a shape grammar implementation method for three-dimensional circular arcs represented as rational quadratic Bézier curves based on lattice theory that reduces this complexity by separating steps in a shape computation process from the geometrical operations associated with specific grammars and shapes. The method is demonstrated through application to two well-known shape grammars: Stiny's triangles grammar and Jowers and Earl's trefoil grammar. A prototype computer implementation of an interpreter kernel has been built and its application to both grammars is presented. The use of Bézier curves in three dimensions opens the possibility to extend shape grammar implementations to cover the wider range of applications that are needed before practical implementations for use in real life product design and development processes become feasible.

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LEE, EDWARD T., SHANG-YONG ZHU, and PENG-CHING CHU. "GENERATING RECTANGLES USING TWO-DIMENSIONAL GRAMMARS WITH TIME AND SPACE COMPLEXITY ANALYSES." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 03, no. 03n04 (December 1989): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001489000267.

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A two-dimensional grammar for generating all possible rectangles is presented and illustrated by examples. The time and space complexity analyses of this grammar together with a parallel context-free array grammar and a free grammar are also presented. Generating pictures using two-dimensional grammars appear to be a fertile field for further study. The study of two-dimensional grammars has useful applications in region filling. pattern recognition. robotics, pictorial information system design and related areas.

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Ondra, Martin, David Škaroupka, and Jan Rajlich. "Innovating product appearance within brand identity." International Journal of Innovation Science 9, no. 2 (June 5, 2017): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijis-12-2016-0055.

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Purpose This paper aims to study the appearance of drills from one brand by using currently available design tools. It aims to find and discuss the relationship between appearance innovation and maintaining key design features. Design/methodology/approach The innovation process is studied on drills of a Czech power tool maker and a previously created concept of a new drill. First, the authors explore the similarities between the designed concept and previous models of the brand by calculating the degree of similarity of given shape features. Second, they capture the drills simple shape grammar and strive to generate a sketch of the concept. Findings Results show the use of several similar shape features from previous models in the innovated design. Shape grammar can create a principally similar concept, but some innovations cannot be achieved this way. A description of appearance innovation within brand identity in terms of shape grammar is given. Research limitations/implications The research is limited mainly to a small group of previous products that can be analyzed. It is done only for one particular brand identity. When used with the shape grammars, design generation is limited. Practical implications Better understanding of the innovative process aids designers in working with designs for brand identity and may serve to shape grammar enhancement. Originality/value The paper describes what happens during the innovation of product appearance and implicates enhancement and meaning of design analysis done by shape grammars and exploring similarities.

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Schmidt, Linda C., Hai Shi, and Sameer Kerkar. "A Constraint Satisfaction Problem Approach Linking Function and Grammar-Based Design Generation to Assembly." Journal of Mechanical Design 127, no. 2 (March 1, 2005): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1799632.

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This work presents a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) approach to design, integrating a function-based design generation algorithm to a geometric modeler. Our long-term goal is to create a unified graph-grammar based designer assistance tool that generates geometrically valid designs from functionally feasible design concepts. This paper introduces the Assembler, a graph-grammar based algorithm that takes a functionally valid but geometrically ambiguous design of a cart made of Meccano Erector Set components and converts it into geometrically valid models of cart designs. Assembler uses grammars to implement solving the CSP formulation of the assembly problem. From the exploration of Assembler’s geometric models, we conclude that the assembly problems of our carts require more sophisticated constraining to generate more realistic designs.

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Strobbe, Tiemen, Pieter Pauwels, Ruben Verstraeten, Ronald De Meyer, and Jan Van Campenhout. "Toward a visual approach in the exploration of shape grammars." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 29, no. 4 (October 7, 2015): 503–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060415000475.

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AbstractThe concept of shape grammars has often been proposed to improve or support creative design processes. Shape grammar implementations have the potential to both automate parts of the design process and allow exploration of design alternatives. In many of the existing implementations, the main focus is either on capturing the rationale of a particular existing grammar or on allowing designers to develop a new grammar. However, little attention is typically given to the actual representation of the design space that can be explored in the interface of the implementation. With such representation, a shape grammar implementation could properly support designers who are still in the process of designing and may not yet have a clear shape grammar in mind. In this article, an approach and a proof-of-concept software system is proposed for a shape grammar implementation that provides a visual and interactive way to support design space exploration in a creative design process. We describe the method by which this software system can be used and focus on how designers can interact with the exploration process. In particular, we point out how the proposed approach realizes several important amplification strategies to support design space exploration.

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Duarte, José P., João M. Rocha, and Gonçalo Ducla Soares. "Unveiling the structure of the Marrakech Medina: A shape grammar and an interpreter for generating urban form." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 21, no. 4 (September 19, 2007): 317–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060407000315.

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AbstractThis paper describes research carried out to develop a parametric urban shape grammar for the Zaouiat Lakhdar quarter of the Medina of Marrakech in Morocco. The goal is to create the basis for a system that could capture some features of the existing urban fabric and apply them in contemporary urban planning and architectural design. The methodology used is described, from the initial historical analysis and fieldwork to the identification of three subgrammars necessary to encode the complexity of the urban preexistences: the urban grammar, the negotiation grammar, and the housing grammar. Top-down and bottom-up approaches to grammar design are analyzed and compared. The bottom-up urban grammar developed is then described, and a hand derivation of the existing urban fabric is proposed. Visual, symbolic, and tagged computer implementations of shape grammars are briefly discussed and a novel design generated by the tagged interpreter is presented.

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Tepavcevic, Bojan, and Vesna Stojakovic. "Shape grammar in contemporary architectural theory and design." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 10, no. 2 (2012): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace1202169t.

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In the past decade, digital technologies had a great impact on contemporary architectural practice, design and theory. CAD/CAM technologies opened up new opportunities by allowing design and production of complex geometric shapes. One of the first applications of computational process in architecture was based on using shape grammars, a rule-based expert systems in artificial intelligence generating geometric shapes. Early applications of shape grammars in art and architecture started shortly after its invention during the 70ies and 80ies of the XX century, however, their potential as a generative design tool still has not been fully exploited in practice. Despite their popularity in academic circles, shape grammars have not found a widespread place/usage in computer aided architectural design. Role of shape grammar as a generative design and analysis tool and their influence on contemporary architectural design and theory are examined in this paper. Also, new and ongoing issues concerning shape grammars are discussed in order to indicate further directions of their usage.

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Knight, Terry. "Computing with Emergence." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 30, no. 1 (February 2003): 125–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b12914.

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The concept of emergence has its roots in 19th-century philosophy. Today it is central to many computational systems which retain the hallmarks of emergence laid out much earlier. The role of emergence in creative design and its unique embodiment in shape grammars have been emphasized by March, Stiny, and others. Shape grammars generate emergent shapes—shapes not predefined in a grammar. Emergent shapes are not only the output of a shape grammar computation; they can be the input for further computation. The history of emergence and its characterization in shape grammars are discussed here. Different sorts of shape emergence in grammars are then distinguished: anticipated, possible, and unanticipated. Unanticipated emergent shapes are shapes not premeditated by the author or user of a grammar. Generally, unanticipated shapes require on-the-spot definitions of rules to compute with them. However, for some interesting design problems, it is possible to know in advance what to do with unanticipated shapes, and to predefine rules accordingly. Special rules for computing with unanticipated shapes are proposed here. These rules allow for processes that have previously been handled extragrammatically—outside of grammars—to be handled within grammars. Examples of applications of these rules within a single grammar and across parallel grammars are given.

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Gong, Qingyu, Jingzhu Li, Tong Liu, and Na Wang. "Generating urban fabric in the orthogonal or non-orthogonal urban landscape." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 47, no. 1 (March 22, 2018): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808318761667.

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Urban designers find it virtually impossible to (re)construct self-organising urban fabric formed by a synthesis of various builders. Here we show how generic, bottom-up grammars represent historic urban fabric in a unique context, and how shape rules are embedded in the evolutionary context. This paper generalises and formalises a context-free grammar and a context-sensitive grammar to describe and design two broadly categorised (i.e. orthogonal and non-orthogonal) urban patterns. Both grammars are constructive and employ morphological parameters to govern the patterning towards a desired form. The context-free grammar describes the density and aggregation of built forms while the context-sensitive grammar represents the interactions between streets and plots. Both grammars were applied to preserve the figure-ground relationship and proved effective in designing complex urban fabric.

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Beirão, José, and José P. Duarte. "Generic grammars for design domains." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 32, no. 2 (May 2018): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060417000452.

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AbstractShape grammars have been developed to codify a specific type of artifact – Queen Anne houses, Buffalo bungalows – or the style of a particular designer – Andrea Palladio, Frank Lloyd Wright, or Álvaro Siza Vieira. However, these specific grammars fail to encode recurrent design moves or features that are above the particularities of a specific design style or the idiosyncrasies of a specific designer and, therefore, are common to a larger category of designs and maybe reutilized and incorporated in the definition of new, specific design languages. To overcome these limitations, the notion of generic grammars for defining design domains is introduced. Its application to the urban design domain is illustrated by showing a generic grammar implementation resulting in a City Information Modeling platform composed of a parametric design interface connected to a geographic database.

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Wutte, Anja, and José Pinto Duarte. "Shape Grammar as a Typology Defining Tool for Ancient Egyptian Funerary Monuments." Nexus Network Journal 23, no. 2 (January 16, 2021): 319–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00004-020-00543-8.

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AbstractThis paper proposes a parametric shape grammar for ancient Egyptian funerary monuments. The corpus of monuments includes ten rock-cut structures, duly documented. They exhibit different grades of completion and preservation and possess variant archaeological documentation. The generation of a design following the proposed grammar depends both on formal and functional aspects. Metadata indicates the evidential value and numerical occurrence of rules in the generation of designs. The developed grammar can be used to reconstruct unfinished tombs, extend an existing one, or generate new designs according to the rules. It denotes the linear and symmetric structure characteristic of the monuments and reflects the chronological sequence of construction. The proposed grammar encodes the typology of the studied monuments and suggests that ancient Egyptian architecture may have implied a clear set of canons that may be made explicit by developing additional grammars for other building types.

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Duarte, José Pinto. "Towards the Mass Customization of Housing: The Grammar of Siza's Houses at Malagueira." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 32, no. 3 (June 2005): 347–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b31124.

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The goal of the described research is an interactive computer system for the design of customized mass housing. Shape grammars are the formalism proposed to systematize the design rules required for such a system. A shape grammar for Alvaro Siza's patio houses at Malagueira, a 1200-unit development still being designed and constructed today, is presented. The grammar is based on the corpus of thirty-five houses designed between 1977 and 1996. The generation of houses in the grammar proceeds by the recursive dissection of rectangles locating four different functional zones (patio, living, services, and sleeping) and the key placement of the staircase. The schematic generations of two existing houses and the detailed generation of a novel one illustrate the grammar.

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McCormack, Jay P., and Jonathan Cagan. "Supporting Designers' Hierarchies through Parametric Shape Recognition." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 29, no. 6 (December 2002): 913–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b12839.

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The need to implement shape grammars efficiently, rather than hardcode them, in a way that supports creativity through shape emergence is an ongoing research challenge. This paper introduces a shape grammar interpreter that supports parametric subshape recognition, and thereby shape emergence. The approach divides shapes into hierarchies of subshapes based on specified geometric relationships within the shape. A default hierarchy based on geometric relations often found in engineering and architectural designs is presented as an efficient example of one appropriate hierarchy. The interpreter's shape recognition and generation abilities are demonstrated with two examples: a new engineering shape grammar for the design of vehicle inner panels and a modified version of the classical ice-ray shape grammar.

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Sygal, Yael, and Shuly Wintner. "Towards Modular Development of Typed Unification Grammars." Computational Linguistics 37, no. 1 (March 2011): 29–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00035.

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Development of large-scale grammars for natural languages is a complicated endeavor: Grammars are developed collaboratively by teams of linguists, computational linguists, and computer scientists, in a process very similar to the development of large-scale software. Grammars are written in grammatical formalisms that resemble very-high-level programming languages, and are thus very similar to computer programs. Yet grammar engineering is still in its infancy: Few grammar development environments support sophisticated modularized grammar development, in the form of distribution of the grammar development effort, combination of sub-grammars, separate compilation and automatic linkage, information encapsulation, and so forth. This work provides preliminary foundations for modular construction of (typed) unification grammars for natural languages. Much of the information in such formalisms is encoded by the type signature, and we subsequently address the problem through the distribution of the signature among the different modules. We define signature modules and provide operators of module combination. Modules may specify only partial information about the components of the signature and may communicate through parameters, similarly to function calls in programming languages. Our definitions are inspired by methods and techniques of programming language theory and software engineering and are motivated by the actual needs of grammar developers, obtained through a careful examination of existing grammars. We show that our definitions meet these needs by conforming to a detailed set of desiderata. We demonstrate the utility of our definitions by providing a modular design of the HPSG grammar of Pollard and Sag.

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Hoisl, Frank, and Kristina Shea. "Three-dimensional labels: A unified approach to labels for a general spatial grammar interpreter." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 27, no. 4 (June 19, 2013): 359–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060413000188.

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AbstractSpatial grammars are rule-based, generative systems for the specification of formal languages. Set and shape grammar formulations of spatial grammars enable the definition of spatial design languages and the creation of alternative designs. The original formalism includes labels that provide the possibility to restrict the application of rules or to incorporate additional, nongeometric information in grammar rules. Labels have been used in various ways. This paper investigates the different uses of labels in existing spatial grammars, both paper based and computational, and introduces a new concept of three-dimensional (3-D) labels for spatial grammars. The approach consolidates the different label types in one integrated concept. The main use of 3-D labels is that they can simplify the matching of the left-hand side of rules in parametric grammars. A prototype implementation is used to illustrate the approach through a mechanical engineering example of generating robot arm concepts. This approach more readily enables the use of complex solid geometry in the definition and application of parametric rules. Thus, the flexible generation of complex, meaningful design solutions for mechanical engineering applications can be achieved using parametric spatial grammars combined with 3-D labels.

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AGARWAL, MANISH, JONATHAN CAGAN, and KATHERINE G. CONSTANTINE. "Influencing generative design through continuous evaluation: Associating costs with the coffeemaker shape grammar." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 13, no. 4 (September 1999): 253–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060499134024.

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A grammatical approach to product design is demonstrated. In particular, shape grammars are shown to be especially useful for products that are differentiated primarily on the basis of form yet driven by function; they allow products to be designed as a sequence of well-defined steps. However, it is not always clear how to choose the sequence of rules that should be applied to generate the final shape. In this paper we demonstrate that at each stage during the process, partial designs of the final product can be used to provide feedback to the designer based on specific design objectives and thus suggest possible rule choices. We take advantage of the shape grammar for the generation of coffeemakers introduced by Agarwal and Cagan, and associate with the grammar rules expressions that model manufacturing costs. With each application of a shape grammar rule, an understanding of the overall cost of manufacturing the product is incrementally improved. Thus, at each stage of the design process the designer has an indication of what the overall cost of the product will be and how the selection of one grammar rule over another influences the final cost. Once the complete product is generated, an appraisal of its manufacturing cost is given to the designer. This evaluation methodology helps the designer understand the implications of decisions made early on in the design process. We have also verified the accuracy of this approach through the costs of some commercially available coffeemakers, generated by this method, which are comparable to the costs for those designs listed in the literature.

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Wortmann, Thomas, and Rudi Stouffs. "Algorithmic complexity of shape grammar implementation." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 32, no. 2 (May 2018): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060417000440.

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AbstractComputer-based shape grammar implementations aim to support creative design exploration by automating rule-application. This paper reviews existing shape grammar implementations in terms of their algorithmic complexity, extends the definition of shape grammars with sets of transformations for rule application, categorizes (parametric and non-parametric) sets of transformations, and analyses these categories in terms of the resulting algorithmic complexity. Specifically, it describes how different sets of transformations admit different numbers of targets (i.e., potential inputs) for rule application. In the non-parametric case, this number is quadratic or cubic, while in the parametric case, it can be non-polynomial, depending on the size of the target shape. The analysis thus yields lower bounds for the algorithmic complexity of shape grammar implementations that hold independently of the employed algorithm or data structure. Based on these bounds, we propose novel matching algorithms for non-parametric and parametric shape grammar implementation and analyze their complexity. The results provide guidance for future, general-purpose shape grammar implementations for design exploration.

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Garcia, Sara, and António Menezes Leitão. "Shape grammars as design tools: an implementation of a multipurpose chair grammar." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 32, no. 2 (May 2018): 240–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060417000610.

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AbstractThis paper presents a multipurpose chair grammar and its implementation in the design tool ChairDNA. This tool is oriented for the exploration of design alternatives in the early concept phase of the chair design process. This work addresses two shortcomings within the research area of shape grammars (SGs), namely, the lack of implementation of SGs applied to design domains, and the lack of practical applications in real-life design scenarios. To address these problems, a methodology is proposed for the implementation of a SG (more specifically, a set grammar) into a tool, comprising the translation of the grammar into user-interface elements oriented for design practitioners. By using the proposed tool, the user can add/delete chair components and edit shape parameters, while visualizing the effects on a three-dimensional digital model presented in a variety of CAD applications. Compared with other SG implementations, ChairDNA uses an approach that keeps under control the combinatorial explosion of rule applications, which simplifies the use of the tool by designers that do not have experience in SGs. The generative potential of the tool is demonstrated by generating chairs of different types, and its usability and utility in aiding the designer are evaluated by design students and design practitioners.

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Agarwal, Manish, Jonathan Cagan, and George Stiny. "A Micro Language: Generating MEMS Resonators by Using a Coupled Form — Function Shape Grammar." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 27, no. 4 (August 2000): 615–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b2619.

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Shape grammars are shown to be capable of generating coupled form — function devices by first satisfying the minimum required functionality and then modifying the device to obtain the desired specifications. Advantages of a weighted U22 algebra in conjunction with a U12 grammar are also discussed. The approach is demonstrated by describing a shape grammar for the design of MEMS resonators.

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Su, Hang. "Patterns, local grammars, and the design of English teaching materials1." ELT Journal 74, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccz046.

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Abstract This paper explores the applications of pattern grammar and local grammar in English language teaching, focusing specifically on the design of teaching materials. It shows that grammar patterns can be systematically analysed from a local grammar perspective, and further argues that the practice of local grammar analyses helps to raise language learners’ awareness of the patterned nature of language in use and the close association between patterns and meanings. These in turn offer insights into materials writing. A sample coursebook unit is then offered to exemplify how pattern grammar and local grammar can be applied to derive pedagogical materials for English language teaching.

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Sass, Larry. "A Palladian construction grammar—design reasoning with shape grammars and rapid prototyping." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 34, no. 1 (2007): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b32071.

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ALLAUZEN, CYRIL, MEHRYAR MOHRI, and BRIAN ROARK. "THE DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND ALGORITHMS OF A WEIGHTED GRAMMAR LIBRARY." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 16, no. 03 (June 2005): 403–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054105003066.

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We present the software design principles, algorithms, and utilities of a general weighted grammar library, the GRM Library, that can be used in a variety of applications in text, speech, and biosequence processing. Several of the algorithms and utilities of this library are described, including in some cases their pseudocodes and pointers to their use in applications. The algorithms and the utilities were designed to support a wide variety of semirings and the representation and use of large grammars and automata of several hundred million rules or transitions.

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Whiting, Mark E., Jonathan Cagan, and Philip LeDuc. "Efficient probabilistic grammar induction for design." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 32, no. 2 (May 2018): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060417000464.

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AbstractThe use of grammars in design and analysis has been set back by the lack of automated ways to induce them from arbitrarily structured datasets. Machine translation methods provide a construct for inducing grammars from coded data which have been extended to be used for design through pre-coded design data. This work introduces a four-step process for inducing grammars from un-coded structured datasets which can constitute a wide variety of data types, including many used in the design. The method includes: (1) extracting objects from the data, (2) forming structures from objects, (3) expanding structures into rules based on frequency, and (4) finding rule similarities that lead to consolidation or abstraction. To evaluate this method, grammars are induced from generated data, architectural layouts and three-dimensional design models to demonstrate that this method offers usable grammars automatically which are functionally similar to grammars produced by hand.

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Liebich, Thomas. "A design grammar for architectural languages." Automation in Construction 2, no. 4 (April 1994): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-5805(94)90002-7.

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Öberg, Johnny, Mattias O'Nils, Axel Jantsch, Adam Postula, and Ahmed Hemani. "Grammar-based design of embedded systems." Journal of Systems Architecture 47, no. 3-4 (April 2001): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1383-7621(00)00047-3.

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Bowie, Anneli. "Towards a Grammar of Design Motives." Design and Culture 12, no. 3 (July 23, 2020): 289–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17547075.2020.1790795.

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Repel, Dusan, and Ingo Stengel. "Grammar-based transformations: attack and defence." Information Management & Computer Security 22, no. 2 (June 3, 2014): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imcs-09-2013-0071.

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Purpose – This research aims to propose an attack that de-obfuscates codes by exploiting the properties of context-free grammars since it is important to understand the strength of obfuscation provided by context-free grammar-based obfuscators. In addition, the possibility of automatically generated transformations is explored. Design/methodology/approach – As part of our empirical investigation, a development environment for obfuscating transformations is built. The tool is used to simulate a context-free obfuscator and to devise ways of reversing such transformations. Furthermore, a theoretical investigation of subset grammars and subset languages is carried out. Findings – It is concluded that context-free grammar-based obfuscators provide limited levels of protection. Nevertheless, their application is appropriate when combined with other obfuscating techniques. Research limitations/implications – The algorithms behave as expected on a limited number of test samples. Further work is required to increase their practicality and to establish their average reliability. Originality/value – This research shows how a frequency analysis attack can threaten the security of code scrambled by context-free grammar-based obfuscators.

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Vijayakumar, Jayakrishna, Lisa Mathew, and Atulya K. Nagar. "A New Class of Graph Grammars and Modelling of Certain Biological Structures." Symmetry 15, no. 2 (January 27, 2023): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15020349.

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Graph grammars can be used to model the development of diverse graph families. Since their creation in the late 1960s, graph grammars have found usage in a variety of fields, such as the design of sophisticated computer systems and electronic circuits, as well as visual languages, computer animation, and even the modelling of intricate molecular structures Replacement of edges and nodes are the two primary approaches of graph rewriting. In this paper we introduce a new type of node replacement graph grammar known as nc-eNCE graph grammar. With this new class of graph grammars we generated certain graph classes and we showed that these class of graph grammars are more powerful than the existing edge and node controlled embedding graph grammars. In addition, these graph grammars were used to model several common protein secondary structures such as parallel and anti-parallel β-sheet structures in different configurations. The use of these graph grammars in modelling other bio-chemical structures and their interactions remains to be explored.

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Du, Xuehong, Jianxin Jiao, and Mitchell M. Tseng. "Graph Grammar Based Product Family Modeling." Concurrent Engineering 10, no. 2 (June 2002): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1063293x02010002635.

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Many industries are shifting from mass production to mass customization, which demands quick response to the needs of individual customers with high quality and low costs. The development of product families has received an increasing interest in recent years because, by sharing components across products, a family of products can be derived to cater variety while maintaining the economy of scale. Aiming at the computerization, and eventual automation, of product family design, this paper tackles the formal representation issue surrounding this economically important class of engineering design problem. Breaking free from conventional understanding of product families, which is limited as shared components, the paper defines a product family as a structured system to create variety of products with shared core product technologies. It not only involves the shared base product, but also encompasses customization modules, standard designs, and primary patterns of variety to generate custom designs. The paper introduces graph grammar formalisms to the modeling of such a product family. Based on Programmed Attributed Graph Grammars (PAGG), the graph language is developed to specify the design space of the product family. The process of customizing the base product through manipulating particular modules is modeled by rewriting the starting graph using a series of productions according to the control diagram. Configuration constraints are dealt with by defining application conditions for production rules. Control diagrams are constructed to capture complex relationships among modules and used to control the application sequence of production rules. A case study of power supplies is presented to demonstrate the potential of the graph grammar based modeling approach.

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Ozdemir, Sahika, and Yavuz Ozdemir. "Prioritizing store plan alternatives produced with shape grammar using multi-criteria decision-making techniques." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 45, no. 4 (January 6, 2017): 751–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265813516686566.

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To generate alternatives and variations of specific architectural models, shape grammars can be used by applying a set of geometric rules step by step. With the development in human life, advances in store design, design concept, commercial buildings’ architectural and spatial fiction, the magazine of the interior, and facade design cause rising competition between stores and also between designers. For this reason, in this paper we study the evaluation of store plan alternatives produced with shape grammar using two of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques with fuzzy numbers, namely fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy analytic network process. The main contribution of this paper is to prioritize plan alternatives using numerical methods with experts’ view. To the authors’ knowledge, this will be the first interdisciplinary study which uses MCDM techniques for evaluating shape grammar outputs in architectural design.

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Madhavan, Ravichandhran, Mikaël Mayer, Sumit Gulwani, and Viktor Kuncak. "Automating grammar comparison." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 50, no. 10 (December 18, 2015): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2858965.2814304.

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PENN, GERALD. "Design space and typed feature logic." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 20, no. 2 (March 10, 2006): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060406060112.

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The logic of typed feature structures is a sorted description logic that has enjoyed widespread usage in grammar design for the last 20 years. Woodbury and Burrow have faithfully preserved its strengths in adapting it to design space navigation research, although the weaknesses it has exhibited in the context of natural language grammar design are likely to surface here as well.

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Lambe, Neeta Rajesh, and Alpana R. Dongre. "A shape grammar approach to contextual design: A case study of the Pol houses of Ahmedabad, India." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 46, no. 5 (October 13, 2017): 845–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808317734207.

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In architecture, context refers to the surrounding area or setting in which the building is placed. In architectural theory and practice, context plays an important role in proposing architectural vocabulary. Since the mid-20th-century, creating harmony with traditional context amidst growing development has been a major concern and interest of designers. Contextualism theory in architecture refers to the relationship between new buildings and the existing surroundings while addressing the issue of fitting new to old structures together to achieve congruence and continuity. The analysis of traditional architectural style significantly influences a designer’s decision-making process when adopting contextual design approach. In this study, a shape grammar approach is proposed to create a harmonious environment through the generation of new designs based on the grammar of existing architectural style without curbing the designer’s creativity. This paper demonstrates the pattern-generating quality of traditional Pol row houses of Ahmedabad, India. The grammar of the traditional Pol house forms the architectural context for the new in-fill development in the area. The shape grammar approach to architectural design is examined as a process of interpreting the context as socio-cultural experience through rule schema when addressing the issue of contemporary demands and needs. Here, shape grammar is explored as a tool to analyse the existing design through the generation of new designs. The grammar differs from the previous work in terms of the derivation method and identification of the clues for rule schema in the Indian context. This method has been examined in the process of resolving the issue of unsympathetic development by providing design variations within the grammar for in-fill development to derive spatial clues for generation of new designs, which would be argued as the first step towards achieving aesthetic congruence.

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Weitzman, Louis, and Kent Wittenburg. "Grammar-based articulation for multimedia document design." Multimedia Systems 4, no. 3 (June 1996): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005300050015.

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Sag, Ivan A., and Thomas Wasow. "Flexible Processing and the Design of Grammar." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 44, no. 1 (November 11, 2014): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10936-014-9332-4.

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43

Hou, Dan, and Rudi Stouffs. "An algorithmic design grammar for problem solving." Automation in Construction 94 (October 2018): 417–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2018.07.013.

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Hou, Dan, and Rudi Stouffs. "An algorithmic design grammar embedded with heuristics." Automation in Construction 102 (June 2019): 308–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.01.024.

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McKay, Alison, Scott Chase, Kristina Shea, and Hau Hing Chau. "Spatial grammar implementation: From theory to useable software." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 26, no. 2 (April 20, 2012): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060412000042.

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AbstractCurrently available computer-aided design tools provide strong support for the later stages of product development processes where the structure and shape of the design have been fixed. Support for earlier stages of product development, when both the structure and shape of the design are still fluid, demands conceptual design tools that support designers' ways of thinking and working, and enhance creativity, for example, by offering design alternatives, difficult or not, possible without the use of such tools. The potential of spatial grammars as a technology to support such design tools has been demonstrated through experimental research prototypes since the 1970s. In this paper, we provide a review of recent spatial grammar implementations, which were presented in the Design Computing and Cognition 2010 workshop on which this paper is based, in the light of requirements for conceptual design tools and identify future research directions in both research and design education.

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Rosen, D. W., J. R. Dixon, and S. Finger. "Conversions of Feature-Based Design Representations Using Graph Grammar Parsing." Journal of Mechanical Design 116, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): 785–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919451.

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In order to trade off required functionality with manufacturing, cost, and other life-cycle considerations, it is necessary to evaluate designs in these secondary view-points. Representations of mechanical components designed with design features must be converted into representations containing relevant secondary viewpoint features. When describing a design verbally, designers often use languages of design features. In other viewpoints, different languages of viewpoint-specific features are used. Thus, translation capability between viewpoint languages is needed to convert from one representation to another. The approach taken here is to use formal graph grammars to define the feature-based design of thin-walled components and the secondary feature languages. Features are defined by graphs that explicitly represent the feature, its geometric entities, and their connectivity. Components are built up by combining feature graphs based on designer specified feature connectivity. To convert from the design to a secondary viewpoint, a three-step process is used where the last step is parsing by a grammar from the secondary viewpoint. To illustrate the conversion process, a converter for tool cost evaluation in injection molding and die casting is developed and applied to an example component.

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Griz, Cristiana, Luiz Amorim, Leticia Mendes, Maria Augusta Holanda, and Thais Carvalho. "A Customization Grammar: Describing the customization process of apartment design." International Journal of Architectural Computing 15, no. 3 (September 2017): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478077117734671.

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This article introduces the concept of Customization Grammar, an analytical shape grammar that describes the alterations introduced by homeowners to high-standard apartments before occupation. This is viewed as a contemporary phenomenon that reveals the incompatibility between social demands and housing units offered by the current real estate market in Recife, Brazil. It is expected that the proposed grammar could support mass customization design procedures and able to generate suitable housing units to current and future lifestyles.

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Carlson, Lauri, and Krister Linden. "Unification as a Grammatical Tool." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 10, no. 2 (December 1987): 111–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s033258650000161x.

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The present paper is an introduction to unification as a formalism for writing grammars for natural languages. The paper is structured as follows. Section 1 briefly describes the history and the current scene of unification based grammar formalisms. Sections 2–3 describe the basic design of current formalisms. Section 4 constitutes a tutorial introduction to a representative unification based grammar formalism, the D–PATR system of Karttunen (1986). Sections 5—6 consider extensions of the unification formalism and its limitations. Section 7 examines implementation questions and addresses the question of the computational complexity of unification. — Some notes on terminology.

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Pan, Dandan, and Hongzhi Zhou. "English Learning System Design for College Students Personalized English Grammar Check and Diagnosis." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 13, no. 04 (March 30, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v13i04.8467.

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The development of computer technologies help enrich the content of Eng-lish education and provide more convenience for English learning. English grammar is one of the basic elements and affects the expression and recep-tion in English listening, speaking, reading and writing directly. How a stu-dent masters English grammar has a critical impact on his or her overall English level. This paper attempts to achieve personalized check and diagno-sis of college students’ English grammar. by integrating relevant computer theories and learning theories. With the help of Visual Studio and SQL computer technology, we can achieve functional design and database design for personalized grammar check and diagnosis for both learning and teach-ing. The paper also completes the design of the question bank, learning fea-ture database and user feature database Computer-technology-based person-alized English grammar check and diagnosis system for college students de-signed and implemented in this paper can help students grasp English grammatical rules better, improve their grammar test and application abili-ties and increase their interest in English learning, thus, it has a certain prac-tical value in the college English grammar teaching and learning.

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Crabbé, Benoît, Denys Duchier, Claire Gardent, Joseph Roux, and Yannick Parmentier. "XMG: eXtensible MetaGrammar." Computational Linguistics 39, no. 3 (September 2013): 591–629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00144.

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In this article, we introduce eXtensible MetaGrammar (XMG), a framework for specifying tree-based grammars such as Feature-Based Lexicalized Tree-Adjoining Grammars (FB-LTAG) and Interaction Grammars (IG). We argue that XMG displays three features that facilitate both grammar writing and a fast prototyping of tree-based grammars. Firstly, XMG is fully declarative. For instance, it permits a declarative treatment of diathesis that markedly departs from the procedural lexical rules often used to specify tree-based grammars. Secondly, the XMG language has a high notational expressivity in that it supports multiple linguistic dimensions, inheritance, and a sophisticated treatment of identifiers. Thirdly, XMG is extensible in that its computational architecture facilitates the extension to other linguistic formalisms. We explain how this architecture naturally supports the design of three linguistic formalisms, namely, FB-LTAG, IG, and Multi-Component Tree-Adjoining Grammar (MC-TAG). We further show how it permits a straightforward integration of additional mechanisms such as linguistic and formal principles. To further illustrate the declarativity, notational expressivity, and extensibility of XMG, we describe the methodology used to specify an FB-LTAG for French augmented with a unification-based compositional semantics. This illustrates both how XMG facilitates the modeling of the tree fragment hierarchies required to specify tree-based grammars and of a syntax/semantics interface between semantic representations and syntactic trees. Finally, we briefly report on several grammars for French, English, and German that were implemented using XMG and compare XMG with other existing grammar specification frameworks for tree-based grammars.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Design Grammar'

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